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Parasitic Copepods of Mackerel - and Tuna-Like Fishes (Scombridae) of the World

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Parasitic Copepods of Mackerel - and Tuna-Like Fishes (Scombridae) of the World Parasitic Copepods of Mackerel - and Tuna-like Fishes (Scombridae) of the World ROGER CRESSEY and HILLARY BOYLE CRESSEY m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 311 SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report the research and collections of its various museums and bureaux or of professional colleagues in the world cf science and scholarship. The publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Papers or monographs submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Press, subject to its own review for format and style, only through departments of the various Smithsonian museums or bureaux, where the manuscripts are given substantive review. Press requirements for manuscript and art preparation are outlined on the inside back cover. S. Dillon Ripley Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY • NUMBER 311 Parasitic Copepods of Mackerel and Tuna-like Fishes (Scombridae) of the World Roger Cressey and Hillary Boyle Cressey SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington 1980 ABSTRACT Cressey, Roger, and Hillary Boyle Cressey. Parasitic Copepods of Mackerel- and Tuna-like Fishes (Scombridae] of the World. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 311, 186 pages, 139 figures, 1980.—Forty-six species of parasitic copepods (one new genus, 8 new species) are reported from all known 46 species of Scombridae subfamily Scombrinae from the world. Literature records are included only where host and/or copepod identifications could be verified. Copepod families include: Bomolochidae; Shiinoidae; Caligidae; Euryphoridae; Tuxophoridae; Pseudocycnidae; Lernanthropidae; Lerneopodidae. The new bomolochid genus is Unicolax. The new species are U. collaterals, U. ciliatus, U. reductus, Holobomolochus divaricatus, H. nudiusculus, and H. asperatus (Bomolochidae) ; Caligus omissus (Caligidae) ; and Tuxophorus collettei (Tuxophoridae). The genus Pseudocynopsis Yamaguti has been placed in synonymy with Pseudocycnoides Yamaguti. Lists are included of all species of the Scombrinae and their geographic distribution, copepods parasitic on each scombrid species with the relative abundance of each copepod species on each host species, and the scombrid hosts for each copepod species indicating host preferences. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATE is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SERIES COVER DESIGN : The coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Cressey Roger F 1930- Parasitic copepods of mackerel- and tuna-like fishes (Scombridae) of the world. (Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 311) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27:311 1. Copepoda. 2. Parasites—Fishes. 3. Scombridae—Diseases. 4. Fishes—Diseases. I. Cres- sey, Hillary Boyle, 1949- joint author. II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology ; no. 311. QL1.S54 no. 311 [QL444.C7] 591'.08s [595'.34'04524] 79-20297 Contents Page Introduction 1 Known Host Species with Distribution 2 Specimens Examined 3 Acknowledgments 3 Holobomolochus Vervoort, 1969 4 Holobomolochus divaricatus, new species 4 Holobomolochus nudiusculus, new species 6 Holobomolochus asperatus, new species 7 Discussion 8 Unicolax, new genus 8 Unicolax collateralis, new species 8 Unicolax anonymous (Vervoort, 1965), new combination 11 Unicolax mycterobius (Vervoort, 1965), new combination 13 Unicolax ciliatus, new species 15 Unicolax reductus, new species 17 Ceratacolax Vervoort, 1965 18 Ceratacolax euthynni Vervoort, 1965 18 Nothobomolochus Vervoort, 1962 19 Nothobomolochus kanagurta (Pillai, 1965), new combination 19 Orbitacolax Shen, 1957 20 Orbitacolax aculeatus (Pillai, 1962), new combination 20 Pumiliopes Shen, 1957 20 Pumiliopes capitulatus Cressey and Boyle, 1973 20 Shiinoa Kabata, 1968 21 Shiinoa inauris Cressey, 1975 21 Shiinoa occlusa Kabata, 1968 22 Caligus Miiller, 1785 22 Caligus coryphaenae Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861 22 Caligus regalis Leigh-Sharpe, 1930 23 Caligus productus Dana, 1852 24 Caligus asymmetricus Kabata, 1965 25 Caligus bonito Wilson, 1905 26 Caligus mutabilis Wilson, 1905 27 Caligus omissus, new species 28 Caligus biseriodentatus Shen, 1957 29 Discussion 31 Caligus cybii Bassett-Smith, 1898 31 Caligus pelamydis Kroyer, 1863 32 Caligus infestans Heller, 1868 33 Caligus diaphanus Nordmann, 1832 34 iii iv SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY Page Caligus savala Gnanamuthu, 1948 35 Caligus macarovi Gussev, 1951 35 Caligus amblygenitalis Pillai, 1961 36 Caligus pseudokalumai Lewis, 1968 36 Elytrophora Gerstaecker, 1853 36 Elytrophora brachyptera Gerstaecker, 1853 36 Elytrophora indica Shiino, 1958 37 Gloiopotes Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861 38 Gloiopotes hygomianus Steenstrup and Liitken, 1861 38 Caligulus Heegaard, 1962 38 Caligulus longispinosus Heegaard, 1962 38 Tuxophorus Wilson, 1908 39 Tuxophorus cybii Nunes-Ruivo and Fourmanoir, 1956 39 Tuxophorus cervicornis Heegaard, 1962 39 Tuxophorus collettei, new species 39 Pseudocycnus Heller, 1868 41 Pseudocycnus appendiculatus Heller, 1968 41 Pseudocycnoides Yamaguti, 1963 42 Pseudocycnoides armatus (Bassett-Smith, 1898) 42 Pseudocycnoides scomberomori (Yamaguti, 1939) 43 Pseudocycnoides buccata (Wilson, 1922), new combination 43 Lernanthropus Blainville, 1822 44 Lernanthropus kanagurta Tripathi, 1962 44 Brachiella Cuvier, 1830 45 Brachiella thynni Cuvier, 1830 45 Brachiella magna Kabata, 1968 45 Clavellisa Wilson, 1915 45 Clavellisa scombri (Kurz, 1877) 45 Clavellopsis Wilson, 1915 45 Clavellopsis saba Yamaguti, 1939 45 Pennella Oken, 1816 46 Pennella species 46 Summary 46 Literature Cited 51 Figures 54 Parasitic Copepods of Mackerel- and Tuna-like Fishes (Scombridae) of the World Roger Cressey and Hillary Boyle Cressey Introduction here, resolving problems of synonymy with several copepod species, and working closely with scombrid taxonomists (R. H. Gibbs and B. B. Collette) to assure There are 47 currently recognized species of the proper host identifications, we feel we have reached family Scombridae; plus an additional new species of that objective. We do not feel that we have produced Scomberomorus being described by Collette and Russo. a definitive work, but hopefully, a solid foundation to One species, Gasterochisma melampus Richardson, is which information in future collections can be added. placed in a separate subfamily and has not been con- Previous works by Lewis, Kabata, Shiino, and Pillai sidered in this study. For approximately the last 20 concerned with scombrid copepods are excellent and years the first author has been collecting and receiving we have included some of their information where it collections of the copepods parasitic on these fishes. fills gaps in our own collection data. For reasons stated Of the 46 species of parasitic copepods reported here, above, however, we have not considered most of the 40 species are represented in our collections. These earlier works in our host-parasite data. 40 species have been collected from 2422 individual Because most species of scombrid fishes are commer- fish from all 46 species of Scombrinae. As a result of cially important, various aspects of their biology have this exhaustive collection we have presented a com- been investigated for several years. One result of this prehensive account of the copepods parasitic on tunas interest has been the many reports of copepods para- and tuna-related fishes. sitic on them since the last century. The major failing Our primary objective has been to produce a base- in this, however, has been the general lack of coopera- line study of the copepods parasitic on scombrid fishes. tive effort between parasitologists and ichthyologists. Because of the unreliability of most past literature it Too often, the copepod worker has been content to has been impossible to assess the host-parasite relation- repeat unverified host identifications or unreliable ship, especially the degree of host specificity. By com- common names. This casual approach to that aspect piling a comprehensive collection such as we report of the record has resulted in an account too confusing to be of much value in determining true relationships Roger Cressey and Hillary Boyle Cressey, Department of between the copepod species and their hosts. Except Invertebrate
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