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Scomber Japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 ISSN 0014-5602 FtRS(S 157 FAO Fisheries Synopsis No 157 SAST- Scomberjaponicus 1,75(O1OO1,O1 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE CHU3 MACKEREL (Scomberjaponicus Houttuyn, 1782) * Food and A Agriculture Organization i'o of the / x+ United .qr Nations ÊAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 157 FIR/Si 57 SAST - Scomberjaponicus 1,75(01)001 01 SYNOPSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA ON THE CHUB MACKEREL (Scomberjaponicus Houttuyn, 1782) Prepared by José J. Castro Hernández and Ana T. Santana Ortega Departamento de Biología Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Apdo. 550, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2000 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-1 04404-X All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani- cal, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. © FAO 2000 FIR/S 157Scomber/aponicus iii PREPARATION OF THIS SYNOPSIS The chub mackerel Scomberjaponicus is a very important species in commercial andartisanal fisheries throughout the world. Although it is heavily fished and detailed fishery information is available,this is the first time biological data and fishery information is brought together by the authors ina single edition. As quantita- tive and qualitative information of various aspects of the biology, ecology, stocks and utilization of thechub mackerel is widely scattered in the literature, this synopsis was undertaken to fill the need forcomprised and de- tailed information on this important scombrid to help to improve the knowledge about this species and to maintain it as an important food resource for human consumption. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to thank Professor Carlos Bas for the scientific support that he gave us during his stance in the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Thanks are also given to Dr Beatriz Morales-Nm, Consejo Su- perior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Mallorca, Dr Enric Massutí, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Mallorca and Dr Pere Oliver of FAO, Rome, Italy for their valuable suggestions. We would like to emphasize the important collaboration and comments of the staff of the FAO Fisheries Department during the edition of this synopsis. Project Manager: P. Oliver (FAO, Rome). Technical Editors: R. Bonfil (University of British Columbia, Canada), J. Minow (FAO, Rome). Illustrators:P. Lastrico, E. D'Antoni (FAO, Rome) and J. Varela. Page Composition: M. Kautenberger (FAO, Rome). Maps: F. Carocci (FAO, Rome). Contact Address: Tel: 34 928454549; Fax: 34 928452922; E-mail: [email protected] Castro Hernández, J.J.; Santana Ortega, A.T. Synopsis of biological data on the chub mackerel (Scomberjaponicus Houttuyn, 1782). FAO Fisheries Synorsis. No. 157. Rome, FAO. 2000. 77p. ABSTRACT Chub mackerel (Scomberjaponicus) is a pelagic species that inhabits warm and temperate coastal waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Chub mackerel undertakes consider- able seasonal migrations between feeding and spawning areas. This species reaches its fastest growth in length (between 35.4 and 62.6% of the maximum length of the species in each area) during the first year of life. The maximum reported age is 18 years. Spawning is normally limited to the first half of the year in the northern hemisphere, and to the second half in the south- ern hemisphere, but spawning takes place all year round around the equator. Chub mackerel feed on zooplankton, although cephalopods and small pelagic fishes, especially anchovies and sardines, are also frequent in the diet. There is also evidence of cannibalism in this spe- cies. Chub mackerel are frequently preyed bytunas, marlins, sailfish, dolphin-fish, sharks, sea lions and sea birds. This species is of great importance for fisheries worldwide. In 1978, the chub mackerel ranked third in importance in catches by species (3.4 million tons), while in 1979 and 1980 it ranked fourth and fifth, with 2.8 and 2.6 million tons, respectively. In 1966 this spe- cies ranked fifth with a worldwide catch of 2.1 million tons. lt is mainly caughtwith purse seines, sometimes using light, and also by trolling, lines, gilinets, traps, beach seines and midwater trawls. Distribution: Authors FAO Fisheries Officers Regional Fisheries Councils and Commissions Selector SC FIR/S 157Scomberjaponicus y TABLE OF CONTENTS Page IDENTITY ... i 1.1 Nomenclature i 1.1.1Valid name i 1.1.2 FAO code 1 1.1.3 Synonyms 1 1.2 Taxonomy 1 1.2.1Affinities 1 1.2.1.1 Suprageneric 1 1.2.1.2 Generic 2 1.2.1.3 Specific 2 1 .2.2Taxonomical status 3 1.2.3 Subspecies 3 1.2.3.1 Standard common names, vernacular names 3 1 .3Morphology 4 1.3.1External morphology 5 1.3.2Internal morphology 6 1 .3.3Cytomorphology 6 1 .3.4Protein specificity 8 DISTRIBUTION 8 2.1Total area 8 2.2Determinant of distribution changes 9 2.3Hybridization 9 BIONOMIC AND LIFE HISTORY 9 3.1Reproduction 9 3.1.1Sexuality 9 3.1.2Maturity 9 3.1.3Mating 10 3.1.4Fertilization 10 3.1.5 Gonads 10 3.1.5.1Description of maturity stages 10 3.1.5.2 Fecundity and egg size 11 3.1.6 Spawning 12 3.1.6.1 Spawning season and location 12 3.1.6.2 Induction of spawning 15 3.2Preadult phase 15 3.2.1Embryonic phase 15 3.2.2Larvalphase 15 3.2.3Adolescent phase 17 3.3Adult phase 17 3.3.1Longevity 17 3.3.2Hardiness 17 3.3.3Competitors 17 3.3.4Predators 18 3.3.5Parasites, diseases, injuries, and abnormalities 18 vi FIR/S 157Scomberjaponicus Page 3.4Nutrition and growth 20 3.4.1Feeding 20 3.4.1.1 Food intake 20 3.4.1.2 Intestinal rnicroflora 20 3.4.2Food 20 3.4.2.1 Diet of larvae 20 3.4.2.2 Diet of juveniles 20 3.4.2.3 Diet of adults 21 3.4.3 Growth rate 26 3.4.4 Metabolism 29 3.5Behaviour 30 3.5.1Migrations and local movements 30 3.5.2Schooling 32 3.5.3 Swimming behaviour 33 3.5.4 Responses to stimuli 33 3.5.5 Temperature range 34 POPULATION 34 4.1 Structure 34 4.1.1Sex ratio 34 4.1.2 Age composition 34 4.1.3Size composition 35 4.2 Abundance and density 36 4.2.1Average abundance 36 4.2.2 Changes in abundance 36 4.3Natality and recruitment 37 4.3.1Reproduction rates 37 4.3.2Recruitment 37 4.4Mortality and morbidity 38 4.4.1Mortality rates 38 4.4.2Factors causing or affecting mortality 39 4.5Dynamics of the population 39 EXPLOITATION 40 5.1 Fishing equipment 40 5.1.1Gears 40 5.1.2Boats 41 5.2Fishing areas 42 5.2.1Geographic range 42 5.2.2Depth ranges 43 5.3Fishing seasons 43 5.4Fishing operation and results 43 5.5Climatic influences 51 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 52 CULTURE 53 REFERENCES FIR/S 157Scomber/aponicus 1 1. IDENTITY S.diegoAyres, 1857 1.1 Nomenclature Pneumatophorus diego(Ayres, 1858) 1.1.1Valid name S.janesaba:Günther, 1860 The scientific name for the chub mackerel is P.japonicusStarks, 1922 Scomberjaponicus(Houttuyn, 1782) (Fig. 1). P.coliasStarks, 1922 1.1.2 FAO Code P. grex Jordan & Hubbs, 1925 1.75(01)001.01 P. diego Jordan & Hubbs, 1925 1.1.3 Synonyms P. peruanus Jordan & Hubbs, 1925 ScomberjaponicusjaponicusHouttuyn, 1782 S.japonicusperuanusJordan & Hubbs, 1925 PneumatophorusjaponicusjaponicusHo uttuyn, 1782 S.gigasFowler, 1935 S.japonicus:Bonnaterre, 1788 P.japonicus marplatensisLópez, 1955 S.coliasGmelin, 1789 S.japonicus eoliasPadoa, 1956 S.japonicus eolias(Gmelin, 1789) S.japonicus marplatensis(Sánchez, 1959) S.pneumatophorusDelaroche, 1809 P.peruanus:Kramer, 1960 S.eolias:Rafinesque, 1810 S.peruanusFitch & Craig, 1964 S.macrophthalmusRafinesque, 1810 S. diego: Fitch & Craig, 1964 S.grexMitchill, 1815 S.(Pneumatophorus)japonicus:LIons, 1986. S.grex:Cuvier, 1 829 S.pneumathophorus:Cuvier, 1829 S.capensisCuvier, 1831 1.2Taxonomy S.maculatusCouch, 1832 1.2.1Affinities S.undulatusSwainson, 1839 1.2.1.1 Suprageneric S.gracilisSwainson, 1839 Kingdom: Animalia S.macrophthalmus:Bonaparte, 1845 Phylum: Chordata S.sabaBleeker, 1854 Subphylum: Vertebrata S.janesabaBleeker, 1854 Superclass: Pisces S.dekayiStorer, 1855 Class: Osteichthyes Figure 1. Chub mackerel (Scomberjaponicus Houttuyn, 1782) (from Collette & Nauen, 1983) 2 FIR/S 157Scomber/aponicus Subclass: Neopterygii -Specific diagnosis Order: Perciformes la. Space between end of first dorsal fin Suborder: Scombroidei groove and origin of second dorsal fin (x) greater than length of groove (y), Family: Scombridae about 1.5 times as long (Fig. 2a); Subfamily: Scombrinae swimbladderabsent; belly unmarked; 13 precaudal plus 18 caudal verte- Tribe: Scombrini brae; 21 to 28 interneural bones un- Genus: Scomber der first dorsal fin Scomber scombrus lb. Space between end of first dorsal-fin groove and origin of second dorsal fin (x) about equal to or less than length of groove (y) (Fig. 2b); swimbladder present; belly unmarked or marked 1.2.1.2 Generic by spots or wavy broken lines; 14 In 1847, the Count of Buffon reported that the precaudal plus 17 caudal vertebrae; 12 to 20 interneural bones under first "escombro of Japan" (the chub mackerel) was possi- bly a variety of the "mackerel escombro" (Scomber dorsal fin scombrus), as professor Gmelin suspected.
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