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Cuo Nr E Wonr,O Or Prcrunbs-Anorunr Loor,Cr Rh¡ Lecrusu R¡Rmrs ¡'Rou Snrnecherrb's Souruwrsr Peracs at Nr¡Rplus- Introductio

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Cuo Nr E Wonr,O Or Prcrunbs-Anorunr Loor,Cr Rh¡ Lecrusu R¡Rmrs ¡'Rou Snrnecherrb's Souruwrsr Peracs at Nr¡Rplus- Introductio ,Like 220 a Bird in a Cagel reco¡ded in the Bible of Judah.'6a The author of Account 82 found it necessary to update the early prophetic story, to counter the critique and respond to the Rabshakeh's political and theological claims, an¿ tå ñt trre messages of the story to the new experience of the Jewish community in Babylonia in the second half of the sixth century ncr. Cuo nr e Wonr,o or PrcrunBs-ANorunR Loor,cr rH¡ Lecrusu R¡rmrs ¡'Rou SnrNecHERrB's Souruwrsr peracs AT Nr¡rplus- Christoph Uehlinger So, when we look at these Assyrian sculptwes, we have to see them not merely as products of one age and place, but as the ¡esults of a process which began when they were being manufactwed, continued through thou- sands ofyears, and is still continuing.. Nearly all these things, moreover, are now fragmentary or decontextualized. In interpreting them, we have to allow not only for assumptions that may colour our own image of what they meant and mean, but also for physical changes not directly related to their original appearance and function.l Introduction The so-called'Lachish reliefs' fr om room xxxvl of s ennacherib' s' palace wjthout Rival' in Nineveh2 were discovered by A.H. Layard during his * I am grateful to Lester Grabbe for inviting me to contribute a piece to the present volume, and for editorial improvements. This article is based on observations made years ago when I assisted othmar Keel in the preparation of a monograph on the history of interpretation of ancient Near Eastem iconography and the Bible; see provisionally the enky, 'Iconography and the Bible, , n ABD III, pp. 358-74 (359-60 for ðomments on the Lachish reliefs). My own interest in Assyrian palace reliefs goes back to 1983-84, when I was able to study them in London r.rnder the guidance of Julian Reade, to whom I owe essential insights in Assyrian monumental a¡t. A few years before, in 1981, I had been lucþ to participate in the Lachish excavations directed by David ussishkin, who was then fully engaged in the interpretation of sennacherib's room )O(XVI reliefs on the basis ofhis stratum III flndings. My critical discussion of his theory should not obliterate the lasting gratitude I owe to this admi- rable field director, perspicuous interpreter and stimulating writer. l. J. Reade, 'Restructuring the Assyrian sculptures', in R. Dittmann et at. (ed.), Yaríatío Delectat: Iran und der Westen (Gedenkschrift fü¡ peter Calmeyer; AOAT 272;Mínster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2000), pp. 607-25 (625). 2. A. Paterson, Assyrian Sculptures: Palace of Sinacherib, plates and Grotmd- 64. Plan of the Palace (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, n.d. [several printings 1912-15D, Machinist,'The Rab Saqelt atthe Wall of Jerusalem', pp, 156-5g. Pls. 68-78; D. Ussishkin, The Conquest of Lachish by Sennacherib (Tel Aviv publi- 'Like a Bird in a Cage' The Invasion of Sennacherib in 701 ece edited by Lester L. Grabbe Joumal for the Str.rdy of the OId Testament Supplement Series 363 European Seminar in Historical Methodology 4 Comxrs Abbreviations vtl List of Contributors xiii Part I Copyright @ 2003 Shefñeld Academic p¡ess IurRoouctlo¡t A Continuum imprínt LnsrenL. Gnansp Published by ShefÊeld Academic Press Ltd Introduction 2 The Towe¡ Building, 11 York Road, London SEl ZNX Preliminary Remarks 2 370 Lexington Avenue, New York NY 10017-6550 Archaeology and Sennacherib ) www. continuumbooks. com Two Centuries of Sennacherib Study: A Survey 20 Summary of Papers in this Volume 36 Al1 rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in Part II writing from the publishers. Anïct,es Boe BpcKrNc British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Chronology: A Skeleton without Flesh? Sennacherib's Campaign A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library as a Case-Study 46 Typeset by Sheffield Academic Press Erruo B¡N ZvI Printed on acid-free paper in Great Britain by Bookcraft Ltd, Midsomer Norton, Bath Malleability and its Limits: Sennacherib's Campaign against Judah as a Case-Study IJ PrurpR. Deuss ISBN 0-8264-6215-4 This Is What Happens 106 LpsrsnL. Gn¡ssB Of Mice and Dead Men: Herodotus 2.141 and Sennacherib's Campaign in 701 scn 119 v1 Like a Bird in a Cage EnNsrAxBrKNeur 701: Sennacherib at the Berezina t4t Nmrs PereRI-sl\4cHr On the Problems of Reconstructing Pre-Hellenistic Israelite (Palestinian) History 150 A¡sREVIerIoNs WerrenMAyER Sennacherib's Campaign of 701 ncp: The Assyrian View 168 Ä¡.r Agypten und Altes Testament AB Anchor Bible N¡oavNe'eueN ABD David Noel Freedman (ed.), The Anchor Bible Díctionary (lr{ew York: Doubleday, 1992) Updating the Messages: Hezekiah's Second Prophetic Story AbrN Abr-Nahrain (2 and Kings 19.9b-35) the Community of Babylonian Deportees 201 ABS Archaeology and Biblical Studies Afo Ar chív f)r Or íenfor s chung Crmsropu UprrrNcsR AGru Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Clio in a World of Pictures-Another Look at the Lachish Urchristentums Reliefs from Sennacherib's Southwest Palace at Nineveh 221 AHw Wolfram von Soden, lkËadisches Handwörterbuch (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1 95 9-8 l) ALASPM Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Slrien-Palästinas und Part III Mesopotamiens CoNclusrons ALGHJ A¡beiten zur Literatur und Geschichte des hellenistischen Judentums LtrsrERL. Gnessp AMI Archàologische Mitteilungen aus Iran Reflections on the Discussion 308 AnBib Analecta biblica ANET James B. P¡itchard (ed.), Ancíent Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton: Princeton University Press, l9s0) Bibliography 324 AnOr Analecta orientalia Index ofReferences 347 AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament of Index Authors 350 AOS American Oriental Series ARAB Daniel David Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (2 vols.; 1926-1927) ASOR American Schools of Oriental Research Ash. R. Borger, Die Inschriften Asarhaddons (AfO Beiheft 9; Osnabrück: Biblio Veriag, 1956) ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch ATD, E Das Alte Testament Deutsch, Ergåinzungsband AUSS Andrews Universíty Semínary Studies BA Biblical Archaeologist BAIAS Bulletin of Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society BAL2 R. Borger, Babylonisch-Assyrßche Lesestücke (Analecta Orientalia, 54; Rome: Pontificium Institutwn Biblicum, 2nd edn, 1979) ,Like 222 a Bird in a Cage, U¡HlrNc¡R Clio in a World of Pictures 223 second expedition to g49 g5l). Nineveh (october I to April 1 In contast to J'L. starkey fuom 7932 to 1938 and two Tel Aviv expeditions headed most other Assy.ian reliefs, except the Black obelisþ3 these slabs could by Y. Aharoniinl966l68 and D. Ussishkin from 1973 To l994,the ciry attacked by sennacherib's army can today be identified beyond reasonable doubt with the remains of Lachish stratum III. The last-mentioned project has paid particular attention to the investigation of remains related to the Assyrian attack and to the ¡estoration of major stratum III structures.? In and the ancient Near East.6 Moreover, modem archaeological research has the words of David Ussishkin, definitely established the identification oflachish with iell ed-Duweir in There is no other case in biblical archaeology in which a detailed the Judean shephelah. As a result of substantial excavations on behalf of Assyrian three reliefdepicting a city under attack can be compared to the actual remains of major expeditions; the British weilcome-Marston expedition led by that city and that battle uncovered by the archaeologist's spade, while the same events are corroborated by the Old Testament as well as the Assyrian cations I Aviv: Tel Aviv University, l9g2),pp. 76-93; sourc"a.8 Tumer, Sculptures from the Southwest Definitely, here is more than Palace :TheBritishMuseum, l99g), I,pp. l0l_ 'virtual history'e , and a pictorial source seems 105, II, for once to be able to play a major role in historical reconstruction. It comes 3 see ' o- Keel and ch. uehlinger, 'Der Assyrerkönig salmanassar III. und Jehu as no surprise that the 'European Seminar on Historical Methodology' von Is¡ael aufdem Schwarzen Obelisken, , ZKT should move beyond its generally text-and-archaeology-focused approach pp. 3 9 I -420 Ch. Uehlinger,, B ildquellen ; und, Ge and consider the potential ofthis apparently unique pictorial source when legungen und Fallbeispiele', in C. Hardmeier (ed addressing problems related to Sennacherib's campaign Evidenz auJJerbiblischer against Judah.10 und biblischer eueilen (Arbeiten zur Bibel und ih¡er Ge- schichte, 5;LeipzigEvangelische Verlagsanstalt ,2001), pp. 25_77 . 7. See below, nn. 76-80 for referénces; final reports are in press. 4. As early as 1851, the lrish reverend E. Hi¡cks identified the names of sennach- 8. Ussishkin, Conquest,p. Il. 9. Cf. Diana Edelman, 'What If We Had No Accounts of Sennacherib,s Third Campaign or the Palace Reließ Depicting His Capture of Lachish?,, in J. Cheryl Exum (ed.),ltirtttal History andtheBible (Leiden:8.J. Brill,2000), pp. 88-103, whose a¡ricle opens with the startling invitation: 'suppose no accounts of sennacherib's third cam- paign in 701 BCE or the palace reließ from room 36 ofthe palace ofNineveh, depicting the conquest of Lachish vvith the accompanying epigraph identifing the scene as 5. in the Brirish Lachish, had survived'. Edelman then concentrates on the virtual absence of verbal Muse Barnettet al., accounts, which according to her would not change much of the outlines of the ¡e- Sculp ent inventory numb gional history which should be based on archaeology. As far as the reliefs are con- 16. See C.J. cemed, she does not consider them for thei¡ own sake as independent historical sources but only in an indirect way: 'Without the drawings (slc) of the siege of Lachish from the palace of Nineveh, archaeologists would lose a primary anchoring pin for their dating system' (p.
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