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FOREST FIRE WARDEN MANUAL

Compiled by

C. H. LATHROP Au't State Forest Fire Warden

CONNECTICUT FOREST FIRE SERVICE AUSTIN F. HAWES, State Forester HARTFORD, CONN.

REVISION OF 1935 MODERN FORES'I' FIRE FIGHTING APPARATUS Cal'l'it>s: 425 ~a l. of '"'R.t'-'1': 1 t1·ansmi~'iion pump. capacit.y 100 gal. l)eJ' min.: 1 Fit.zhcnJ·y­ Cuptill pump, capacity :!0 gal. ncr min. ; 1 mill' li ghl-¥-c i ~ht ho!-ic: t'quipmcnt fo1· :5 nH.. n. CONTENTS

Preface 5 Appointments 6 Duties and Powers of Wardens ...... 8 Reports ...... 11 Compensation ...... 17 Bills ...... ········ ··· ··········· ···· · 18 Organization of District ...... ····· .. 22 Registered Forest Fire Crews ...... 26 Law Enforcement ...... 32 P ermits ...... 36 Railroad Fires ...... 41 Supplies ...... 45 Equipment ...... 47 Power Pumps ...... 49 Explanation of terms used ...... 51 Fire Fighting Methods ...... 58 Fire Control ...... 64 Patrol and Mop-up ...... 71 Patrolmen ...... 73 Lookout Towers ...... 75 Protective Associations ...... 78 Forest Guides ...... 82 Co-operation of Bus Companies and , New England Telephone Company 82 3

PREFACE

This is the third Manual which has been written for the use of the fire wardens. We have endeavored to cover every phase of fire fighting and any question which might arise in regard to subjects connected with your work as fire warden. While you may understand your work thoroughly, and feel that some sections of this Manual are unnecessary and contrary to your views, it is the result of comparative studies of the best methods of fire fighting. You will seldom find it necessary to write to us on any subject if you will read care­ fully the instructions covering your work. These instructions are necessary and must be followed to prevent friction between the administrative and the working forces of the Department. It is hoped that you will read the Manual carefully to make certain that you are familiar with the details of your work. C. H. Lathrop, Ass't State Forest Fire Warden

5 APPOINTMENTS

( 1) District Wardens. A district fire warden is appointed by the state forest fire warden, to whom he is responsible for the performance of his duties. Formerly fire wardens were appointed by the selectmen and were town officers. This law adopted in 1921 virtually makes them state officers. (2) The law provides that the town may be retained as the unit under a war­ den, or if conditions warrant a district may be established by the state forest fire war­ den. Such a district may comprise a part of one or more towns and the warden in charge will be termed a district warden. (Sec. 2179) The district warden is the chief of the forest fire service in his town or district and should see that it is properly organized. All reports of fires in the town or district should be endorsed by him whether or not he was present at the time of the fire. (3) A deputy fire warden is appointed by the district warden, and is assigned a definite section within which he is respon­ sible for the prevention and extinguishing of forest fires. At a fire in his section he has authority over all fire fighters except the district warden. When called to fires outside his district he should take charge if he is the only warden present, but report to the warden of the district, if he is pres­ ent. 6 The deputy warden in charge of a fire should send all reports and bills to the district warden in the district where the fire occurred for his endorsement. (Sec. 2179) ( 4) The term of office for district and deputy wardens is the calendar year end­ ing December 31, and appointments must be renewed annually. A district warden's appointment (Form A) should be signed by the state forest fire warden or his deputy. A deputy warden's appointment (Form B) requires the signature of the dis­ trict warden only. (5) Acceptances f1·om all wardens are required each year. (Form H.) Unless a signed acceptance for the current year is on file in the state warden's office, sup­ plies and instructions will not be sent to a warden nor will his bills be recognized as legal. ( 6) In cities having paid fire depart­ ments and whose boundaries are co-termin­ ous with the town boundaries, a fire warden will be appointed only upon the request of the mayor of the city. (Sec. 2179.) Such cities are Bridgeport, Bristol, Hartford, Meriden, New Britain, New Haven, New London, Waterbury, Norwalk, Torrington and Middletown. (7) Cities without paid fire depart­ ments and portions of towns outside of city limits are to be included in forest fire dis­ tricts and a district fire warden will be ap­ pointed over such territory. Cities which are not co-terminous with the town bound­ aries are Danbury, Norwich, Putnam, Stam­ ford, Winsted, Rockville and Willimantic. 7 Cities with town and city boundaries co­ terminous, but without paid fire depart­ ments, are Ansonia, Derby and Shelton.

DUTIES AND POWERS OF WARDENS (8) It is the first duty of the district fire warden to organize his district and ap­ point deputies in the various sections where there is danger of fire. Men should be selected who will take an interest and be efficient in extinguishing fires. Wherever possible men having telephones should be appointed. Three or four deputies in a town or district will usually be sufficient. If more are desired write to the state fire warden stating reasons. Appointments should be made on Form B. (9) A fire warden's duties include not only the prevention and extinguishing of forest fires, but the enforcement of all laws enacted by the state for the protection of forest and timber land from fire. He should make himself thoroughly familiar with the laws, and these instructions which supplement and explain them. If any point in either is not clear to him, he should write to the state warden regarding it. (10) A fire warden has legal authority to summon any male resident of the town between the ages of eighteen and fifty years to assist in extinguishing fires, and may re­ quire the use of horses and other property needed for such purpose. He may destroy fences, plow land, or set back fires if such action is necessary to check any fire. He has the power to arrest without warrant all persons whom he finds violating any of the 8 laws enacted by the state for the protection of forest and timber land, and may bring them before any justice, judge, or other proper authority for immediate trial. Any fire warden or deputy also has the same authority in the service of criminal prosecu­ tion as do deputy sheriffs in their respective jurisdiction, and shall be allowed the same fees as woul d be allowed a deputy sheriff. (See Sec. 585b).

OPINION OF ATTORNEY GENERAL RELATIVE TO SPE EDING TO FIRES BY WARDENS "Austin F. Hawes, Esq., "State Forest Fire Warden. "Dear Sir:- "In your communication to me you a~k for my opinion as to whether a fire warden appointed by you is subject to arrest for speeding in the streets of a city while in the performance of his duty on his way to a forest fire. "(Deputy) fire wardens are state officers under the law and are given very broad powers to ac­ complish the duties which the law imposes on them. Among these, is the power to arrest without warrant persons violating any of the laws for the protection of forest and timber lands. "Section 27 of Chapter 400 of the Session Laws of 19 21 reads as follows: " 'Motor vehicles in the custody and use of officers in the performance of their duties shall be exempt from any traffic regulations of any town, city or borough, and from the provisions of this act or of chapter 334 of the public acts of 1921, in so far as such exemption shall be necessary for the effective enforcement of any of the provisions of the general statutes.' "The state fire warden or his deputies come within the provisions of this statute, and I therefore advise you that fire wardens when in the performance of their duties are not subject to arrest for speeding in city streets. "Respectfully submitted, "FRANK E . HEALY, "Attorney General.'' 9 District Mao Back of District Map REPORTS

(12) The district warden should keep a record of every fire occurring in his dis­ trict. Number all fires consecutively in the order in which they occur, beginning a new series each calendar year. In the upper left-hand corner of the Fire Report, Form C (Fig. 2) there is a space for your number. At the end of each year a map will be fur­ nished you by the state forest fire warden. Place a dot on the map as nearly as possible on the exact location of the fire and beside it the number of the fire. Thus, a dot with the number five beside it on the map will indicate the location of the fifth fire of the year. On the back of this map is stamped a form which will give the number of fires in your district. The number in the space marked "No." should correspond to the number on the face of the map and the area burned should appear in the column marked "Area" opposite the number of the fire. (See Fig. 1, District Map) For your convenience, keep a record of each fire on the stub in the book of reports. ( 13) All reports must be sent to the state forest fire warden by the district war­ dens. Deputy wardens should send their reports to their district warden for his ap­ proval, in order that he may have knowl­ edge of all fires occurring in his district. A district _warden who employs men in fighting a fire in a district other than his own should send his report and bill to the warden of that district, who will forward them to the state forest fire warden after locating the fire on his map and numbering 11 ~ it. The report should state plainly the state fire district in which the fire occurred (not local district) and the number of the fire. (14) Report each fire on a Form C blank as soon as possible after its occur­ rence. If you cannot send the bill at once, do not wait for it. The law allows one month in which to submit bills, but the state fire warden should have a prompt report of every fire. If possible, get all necessary information before you leave the fire and make out the report while the facts are fresh in your mind. Fill in all spaces on the report, using a dash when any item does not apply. Only one report is necessary, and only one should be submitted on a fire, that to be made by the warden in charge of the fire. Where several wardens and deputies are at a fire it should be agreed as to which one will report the fire, and that warden should make his report immediately on Form C. The other wardens should submit their bills to the district warden of the district in which the fire occurred, but should not make out a Form C report. Only one report is required regardless of the length of the fire, which might burn for four or five days. The length of the fire is covered by Section 7 of the report. (Form C, Fig .. 2). ( 15) No fire should be reported as of unknown cause. If unable to determine the exact cause, the probable cause should be reported, even though the evidence is only circumstantial. Such information will be useful in studying the causes of fires throughout the state. 12 Hou r ~ }=._.a, " LhL.. t.=~ .. .LM_~~ fi.. "~t=-~ .. ..L...IL;~s. .. $..JL._ ~~ Ii-

FIGURE 2 FORM C (16) Estimates of area and damage should be made at the time of the fire, so far as possible, in order to save expense. They are for the warden's record and will only be used in summaries for the counties, or the state as a whole. Your own conser­ vative estimate is what is wanted without regard to any claim made by the owner. Fire wardens are not officially responsible to anyone other than the state forest fire warden for estimates or appraisals of fire •damage. As private citizens they may be employed to appraise damage, and may be subpoenaed in damage suits to testify re­ garding the fires. A record of each fire should, therefore, be kept on the Form C stub provided for the purpose. (17) The following table, arranged by H. 0. Cook, Chief Forester, Massachusetts Department of Forestry, may be of assist­ ance in estimating damage: HARDWOODS Age Height Value Years Feet Volume Per Acre 0-5 1-10 0 $2.00 5-10 10-15 0 3.00 15-15 15-25 0 4.00 15-20 20-30 0 5.00 Cords 20-25 25-35 10-15 7.00 25-30 30-45 15-20 10.00 30-35 35-50 20-25 15.00 35-40 40-55 25-30 20.00 40-45 45-60 30-35 25.00 45-50 50-65 4,000 Ft. 30.00 50-60 55-70 5,000 Ft. 40.00 60-70 60-75 7,000 Ft. 50.00 70-80 65-80 8,000 Ft. 60.00 14 WHITE PINE OR PINE AND HEMLOCK Age Height Value Years Feet Volume Per Acre 0-5 1-3 0 $5.00 5-10 3-10 0 8.00 10-15 10-20 0 10.00 15-20 20-30 0 20.00 20-30 30-40 10,000 Ft. 40.00 30-40 40-50 20,000 Ft. 100.00 40-50 50-60 30,000 Ft. 150.00 50-60 55-65 35,000 Ft. 175.00 60-70 60-75 40,000 Ft. 200.00 Considerable care should be taken in esti­ mating the area burned over. Whenever possible one or two dimensions of the burned area should be paced. If the fire occurred in the night, it will be well to re­ turn to the burn in the ·day time in order to estimate the area. Remember that an acre contains 43,560 square feet and that a sauare acre is 208 feet on each side. A circie with a diameter of 120 feet contains approximately one-quarter acre. If you know that the area of a certain field near your home is 10 acres, it may help to com­ pare the area burned with the area of that field. The tendency in making estimates is to call a fire of 15 acres, 20 acres; of 50 acres, 100 acres; and one of 1,000 acres, 2,000 or 3,000 acres. Care should be used in making these estimates, but an error of 10 to 15 % is allowable. Surveyed fires show that the tendency is to over-estimate the area 50 % or more. (18) An accurate location of every fire should be given on the report. This is es­ pecially true in the case of railroad fires. 15 The number of any telephone or telegraph poles in the vicinity, and the land owner's name should be given, if possible. The reports of railroad fires should con­ tain all the evidence obtainable regarding their origin, also the time of day and either the number of the locomotive, or the num­ ber of the train should be given. Station agents are instructed to furnish such infor­ mation, where requested by the fire war­ den. Failure to do so should be reported to this office. In reporting a railroad fire be very careful in describing the location. The numbers which appear on any poles in the vicinity, the distance burned along the track, and if possible, a list of property owners affected should be given; the name of the railroad, and name of the division or branch should be given, also the side of the track on which the fire occurred. This information is necessary to assure prompt reimbursement to the state by the railroad company, and if not given in reports, bills may be held in this office until the missing facts can be secured. Complete, prompt, and accurate reports are absolutely neces­ sary to secure reimbursement from the rail­ road companies. If you know that a fire has been caused by a certain locomotive, report the fact at once to the Hartford office (the telephone number of which is listed in the current Department Directory) giving the engine number if possible, and the time that the fire was set, in order that the matter may be immediately taken up with the railroad company and an inspection made of the locomotive. 16 (19) False alarms should be reported the same as a regular fire, and bill sub­ mitted for any expense incurred in respond­ ing to them. (20) Prompt, accurate and complete reports on all fires are absolutely necessary if you expect your bills to be paid promptly. It is often necessary to hold up the payment of bills for information which should be given on your report. Remember, only one report is required on ·each fire, and care should be exercised by the wardens not to make more than one report covering a fire. I l'IJ ' . COMPENSATION (21) Wardens may submit bills for ex­ penses other than fire fighting before the lOth day of December and the lOth day of June in each year which, if approved by the state forest fire warden, will be paid. In the case of district wardens the sum of $5.00 will be ad·ded to each semi-annual bill (see Sec. 2182), which covers time in organizing of the district, approving bills, answering telephones, etc. This stipend will not be paid unless a bill for expenses other than fire fighting is rendered before the lOth day of December and the lOth day of June, nor will it be paid in any event to wardens who cause unnecessary expense to the State by failure to return their ac­ ceptance as district warden, and properly organize their district, who fail to return blue print maps for the previous year, or who do not report fires promptly. (22) Rates of pay are as follows: Dis­ trict and deputy wardens, 60 cents per hour 17 for time actually employed on forest fires, or in their prevention, and other time which is necessary in the performance of their duty as fire wardens (Sec. 2182). Where the chief of a fire department, with regular salary, is also fire warden, he will receive no additional compensation for acting' as fire warden. (Sec. 2182). Members of trained crews, organized in accordance with rules laid down by the state fire war­ den, shall be paid not to exceed 50 cents per hour. Other fire fighters, including volunteer fire companies, shall be paid not to exceed 35 cents per hour (Sec. 2182) . Rates of pay will be announced annually by the State Forest Fire Warden for this class of labor. (Since August 1932, the rate has been 30 cents per hour.) Owners of passenger cars used for trans­ porting help on forest fires may receive a maximum of $2.00 up to including 20 miles, and shall be paid not to exceed 10 cents per mile for each mile thereafter. For trucks of three-quarter ton capacity or over there may be paid a maximum of $2.00 up to 10 miles and not to exceed 20 cents per mile thereafter. Fire engines and buses may be classed as trucks as there are very few pieces of fire apparatus in the state which are of any value in forest fire work except as a means of transportation. BILLS ( 23) All bills must be submitted to this office w ithin 30 days from date of contrac­ tion. (Sec. 2182). (24) All bills must be submitted on Form CO, which is furnished by the state 18 FIGURE 3. Form CO

19 forest fire warden's office. A separate bill should be made to cover each fire. (See Fig. 3, Form CO). All bills must be sub­ mitted to the district fire warden for his approval in the same way as reports. (25) You will notice that there are three copies of Form CO, the first of which is white, marked "Original, Send this copy to Hartford"; the second yellow, "Dupli­ cate, Send this copy to Hartford"; the third blue, "Triplicate, Wardens copy-Keep this," which is for your reference and should be used in connection with the stub furnished on Form C. Care should be used to make these bills as clear as possible. In the upper right-hand corner you will notice there is a space to show the district in which the fire occurred. This should be filled in by you. Careful work on these bills may mean that they will be paid promptly, as, if not submitted clearly, or on the proper forms, a delay is caused which may add several days or even weeks to the time in which the bill may be paid. When the district warden finds that the bill is correct, he should write "Approved" and sign his name across the face of the bill. (See Fig. 3, Form CO). (26) All bills must show in detail the amount and character of service rendered together with the exact duration thereof. A voucher should be attached covering the cost of any food or supplies furnished to fire fighters and bills must be fully item­ ized. The State will not pay for clothing or equipment damaged in fire fighting. (27) All items for which you wish to be reimbursed must appear on your bill 20 (F orm CO ). No money is paid for any item appearing on the fire report (Form C ). (28) On or before the l Oth day of J une and the lOth day of December each year, district and deputy fire wardens shall sub­ mit to the state fire warden their bill for expenses incurred or services rendered in the performance of their duty, other than fire fighting. These bills should cover such duties as posting notices, writing permits, telephone toll calls, etc. These bills should be itemized to show the number of hours required in posting notices, necessary mile­ age, and the number of permits issued dur­ ing the previous six months, at the rate of six or more permits per hour. Telephone calls should show the point called, and the rate charged . . Where more than 100 permits are issued during any six months period, stubs must accompany bill. (29) Where the expense in extinguish­ ing any fire amounts to more than $40.00, the bills will be paid directly to the men by the State Comptroller, an individual check being sent. On large fires, therefore, it is particularly necessary that you have on your bill the correct name and address of every man employed. (30) If, in the opinion of the state for­ est fire warden, negligence in promptly sub­ mitting bills has caused loss to the state, he may pay direct all assistants on such forest fires. 21 ORGANIZATION OF DISTRICT FOR FIRE PREVENTION (31) It has been said that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." It is the duty of each district warden, upon re­ ceiving his appointment, to give careful consideration to the problem of appointing deputies. In most towns three, well lo­ cated, are sufficient. However, you may ap­ point five if you feel that they are neces­ sary, but if you wish more than five, it will be necessary to have special permission from the state forest fire warden. Go over your district carefully, with the idea of placing your deputies in such positions that the entire section can be covered very quickly by one or more deputies or yourself. It is well to draw lines for the issuing of permits but make it clear that there are no section or district lines where fire fighting is concerned, and that each deputy occupies the same position in relation to the district as a whole that the various companies in a city fire department do to the city organiza­ tion. When a fire occurs, a deputy should ex­ tinguish it if he can. If not, it should be understood that he will call the district warden or a deputy near him, and so on, until in serious fires the district wardens and all the deputies and equipment have been mobilized on the fire. Wardens from other districts, together with their deputies, should respond in cases of serious fires. Arrangement for assembling of men and equipment for each section of the district should be made during the winter months 22 when there is no danger of forest fires. Un­ less by special arrangement with the fire warden, help called by the blowing of a siren or ringing of a bell will not be paid for by this department, as in the past a large number of men without equipment and with practically no knowledge of forest fire work have been called to fires, and their presence has constituted more of a fire haz­ ard than would have existed had they not been called out. However, if you have the necessary equipment and cause the alarm to be sounded, the men will be paid, but if the alarm is sounded by someone without authority, the names of men so called should not be placed upon the bill unless they had been able to render services of value. (32) Warning notices containing the forest fire laws will be furnished upon re­ quest, and should be posted at all places where the public is apt to congregate, as for instance, in sections of highways, rail­ road stations, bus and street-car stops, and any other place which in your opinion would help to inform the public as to what the fire laws are. At times, these notices can be posted in connection with other trips, but a day or two devoted to the work is justified, and will be paid for by this department. According to an opinion of the Attorney­ general, it is legal to post fire notices on trees in the public highway where the af­ fixing of other signs is forbidden, since such notices are for the protection of trees from injury by fire. (Sec. 2181). Be sure that you are thoroughly familiar with the vari- 23 ous laws which it is your duty to enforce, and explain carefully any questions which may be asked by anyone in regard to the various laws concerning the kindling of fires or for the protection of forests. Care should be taken to renew these notices whenever there is a change in the law. We have smaller and less expensive signs calling attention to the danger of forest fires that are just as effective for general use and may be posted along the highways or any point where you wish to call the attention of the public to the dan­ ger of carelessness with fires. It is seldom that you will meet with any opposition up­ on the part of general-store keepers, post­ masters, etc., in giving these fire notices a conspicuous position. Let them know that their cooperation along this line is greatly appreciated by you as well as by the public at large. The more publicity that you can give the laws for the prevention of forest fires, the less trouble you will have when the fire season opens. Newspapers are generally willing to print as news any item of educational value which you bring to their attention. Upon request we will furnish you attrac­ tive pictures with a paster which may be stuck on the bottom, showing your name and address, and the names and addresses of three of your deputies. (33) Use of newspapers in time of seri­ ous fire hazard as a means of warning the public of the necessity of being careful while driving through or working in the woods or fields is beneficial. It may also be well to call attention to the permit 24 law occasionally. If you wish to print a notice giving your name, address, and tele­ phone number, as well as that of your dep­ uties in the various sections of your district, this department will be very glad to author­ ize you to do so, and will bear the expense, but usually this will be printed as a news item. (34) All wardens should be on the alert during the dry periods when grass or woO'dland will burn and if you are not so located that you can overlook wooded areas, it may be well to make arrangements with someone who can act as a key man to notify you whenever he discovers a sus­ picious smoke. If you are notified of a fire or discover a smoke, locate it by tele­ phone if possible, and unless you are sure that it is burning with a proper permit, go to it at once. It is better to lose a few minutes' time than several days in extin­ guishing a serious fire. ( 35) Rural mail carriers are instructed by the post-master general to notify the nearest fire warden of any fire seen along their routes. Be sure that all carriers in your territory know how to reach you and your deputies by telephone. If any difficulty is found in securing cooperation, please take the matter up with this office. Any assist­ ance rendered you by rural carriers should be noted on your report, Form C. (36) In some districts there are special fire hazards. If you have one in your dis­ trict, it should be called to the attention of the warden supervisor or patrolman, who will report it on a special Fire Hazard Report (Form HR). If your district is not 25 regularly covered by either of these officers, notify the lookout tower nearest you, or the Hartford office. 'fhere are some sec­ tions of towns that are frequented by people from out of town or from populated centers on Saturdays, Sundays, and holi­ days, in the search of berries, arbutus, etc. The presence of a man in these sections may prevent a great deal of damage dur­ ing dry seasons, and if in the opinion of the state forest fire warden fires can be prevented by the appointment of a special patrolman for those sections he will be ap­ pointed. One so appointed should not only be on the lookout for fires, but should cau­ tion anyone seen in the woods regarding the danger of forest fire. This also applies to hunters and fishermen during dry periods. If approved by the state forest fire warden, the expense of such a patrolman will be borne by the state. Patrolmen so apJ?ointed have the same authority as regu­ lar patrolmen. (Sec. 586b). (37) Arrangements should be made with the local telephone operator before the fi1:e season in order to get men to a fire promptly. The telephone company sug­ gests that the fire warden request the oper­ ator to reserve the line for him until he has called the necessary help. Arrangements thus made may prevent an outside party from getting control of the wire at a time when it is necessary in getting help for the extinguishing of a serious forest fire. REGISTERED FOREST FIRE CREWS (38) Registered forest fire crews are provided for in Sec. 2179 and 2182 of the 26 General Statutes. It is a recognized fact that men experienced in forest fire fight­ ing are more efficient in extinguishing for­ est fires than those who have had little or no experience along that line. If you have six to ten men in your district who will volunteer to organize as a trained crew and who can pass an inspection according to rules laid down by the state forest fire warden, they will be paid a rate not to exceed 50 cents per hour. (See schedule of rates, par. 22). Where less than six members of a crew appear for an inspec­ tion, or where a crew does not meet with the approval of the inspection officer, they will not be approved as a crew and will not be paid at the higher rate assigned to crews. (39) When the state forest fire warden, his deputy, or warden supervisor sees a warden with a trained crew doing good work on a fire, he may assume that ,such warden is capable of organizing a crew and may approve his crew for the next year without inspection. If, however, a warden comes to a fire with his crew and shows that his crew is not efficient, that crew will be discontinued and no new crew approved until after proper instruction and inspec­ tion. Where less than fiye members of~ train­ ed crew appear at a fire, they are unable to function as a crew, and will not be paid the crew rate. ( 40) Rules concerning trained crews: (a) The names and addresses of all members of the crew must be sent to the state forest fire warden on Form G before 27 March 15 in the spring, or September 15 in the fall. Such registration shall cover the calendar year. No crews will be inspected nor will they receive additional compensa­ tion unless they are listed with the state forest fire warden prior to the above men­ tioned dates. (b) A crew shall have not less than six nor more than ten men. (c) The district warden may appoint not more than two crews in his district, ex­ cept by special permission of the state for­ est fire warden. (d) Each crew shall function as a unit and the members are not to be separated. They should be informed of this by the district warden or deputy in charge and should they be ordered by another warden or deputy unfamiliar with the fact that they are members of such a crew, they shall inform him of the fact, and remain with the organization. The only exception to this rule is by the order of the state forest fire warden, his assistant, any warden supervisor, or district forester, and then only as an emergency measure where men are needed to take charge of crews on large fires. (e) In organizing crews select those who have had experience in fire fighting and who are able and willing to respond not only to local fires but to fires in neigh­ boring towns should they be called. They should all be residents of one community if possible, in order that they may get to­ gether quickly in an emergency. (f) Arrangements for transporting crews and equipment should be made, and 28 a sufficient number of cars be available at any time to transport the crew and its equipment. (g) Each crew should be given a local name. (h) One member of the crew should be appointed captain to take charge ·dur­ ing the warden's absence or when he is unable to be on the fire line. Each man in the crew should be responsible for the piece of equipment which he uses. The crew should be given a drill each season, preferably before they are inspected. While engaged on a forest fire, for con­ Yenience in describing the work of a crew, each man will be given a number: 1, cap­ tain; 2 and 3, pump men; 4 and 5, water carriers; 6 and 7, shovels or fire tools, fol­ lowing pumps; 8 and 9, patrolling after fire has been extinguished; and 10, unassigned. (May be used for carrying water or on shovels or fire tools as necessity demands.) (i) No. 1, captain, should not be as­ signed to any special position, but left free to give a hand wherever it is necessary and to see that the other members of the crew are carrying out the work assigned to them. In the absence of a warden or deputy, he may take charge of any fire to which he is called. He should locate water holes. take advantage of the natural barriers, and do all that is possible to assist the crew in extinguishing a forest fire, under direction of the warden in charge. Nos. 2 and 3, pump men: while working on a forest fire, the best arrangement is for two pumps to attack the fire at the head if possible, but if the fire is travelling to~ 29 rapidly, to begin at some advantageous point, No. 2 proceeding along' the line, pumping water on to the bright spots, cool­ ing them to a certain extent, proceeding as rapidly as conditions will permit. No. 3 should follow No. 2, using his pump in the same way, cooling the bright spots. When 2 finds that his pump is empty, he should remove it and set it on the ground. No. 3 will not wait until 2's pump has been filled, but will proceed along the line taking the place first occupied by 2. As soon as 2's pump has been filled by the water carriers, the water carrier should lift the pump from the ground and assist 2 in replacing it on his back. He should then take the position formerly occupied by 3. When 3's pump is empty, the performance should be repeat­ ed. (This method, if practiced, is as quick as filling on a man's back, and may prevent serious consequences which have resulted from wet backs.) Nos. 4 and 5, after filling the pumps either with pails or water carriers, should proceed as rapidly as possible to the near­ est water supply, refill their equipment, and return to the fire line. If 4 or 5 find that they cannot furnish water rapidly enough to keep the pumps operating efficiently, they should notify the captain of the crew and ask for assistance. Water is very im­ portant, and while it will not completely ex­ tinguish the fire, will cool it to such an ex­ tent that the men following are able to work comfortably along the line. Nos. 6 and 7 may use either shovels or fire tools, whichever they prefer, and should leave the fire line in a clean con- 30 clition. By this is meant a strip, eighteen or more inches wide from which all in­ flammable material has been removed. No.8 should follow the shovel men, using shovel or fire tool, as he may prefer, and add the finishing touches to the line pro­ duced by 6 and 7. No. 9 represents one of the most impor­ tant positions on the crew, that of patrol­ ling the extinguished fire line. This man should be back far enough so that only in extreme cases will a fire spring up after he has passed. Five hundred feet or more back of the rest of the crew is not, as a rl' ie, too far. Provided a spark jumps across the fire line and a fire is kindled which 8 or 9 cannot control, they should not ify the captain of the crew immediately, who should return with the crew and ex­ tingui h the fire which has started. No. 10 should familiarize himself with the duties of every member of the crew and be in a position to take the place of any member who is forced to give up for any reason, or to act as a messenger or assist­ ant to the captain. This sch edule should be borne in mind by the warden organizing the crew, and the p erson making the inspection. Crews not f oll owing this outline will not be passed. (j) On any fire a crew should be re­ sponsible for one side of the fire, or in case of a large fire, the section assigned to it, and should stay on that section until di­ rected elsewhere by the warden. ( 41) Through a special act of the Leg­ islature, fire fighting' crews are maintained 31 on a number of the State Forests. These crews, should they be needed on a forest fire, may be obtained by calling the Ranger on the Forest, the nearest branch office of the Forestry Department, the nearest look­ out tower, or the Hartford Office. (See cur­ rent Department Directory.) In certain sec­ tions not near a State Forest, 20-mile crews have been organized which will give the same senice, and may be called in the same way. Trained crews are also maintained in CCC Camps at present, but will respond to fires only when called by the Hartford Of­ fi.ce or one of its branches.

LAW ENFORCEMENT ( 42) Arrest and prosecution should follow Yiolation of the laws whenever suffi­ cient e\'idence can be secured. If taken in the act by the fire warden, the offender should be brought before the proper au­ thority and the case disposed of. ( 4:q When eYer you learn of a violation :.mel are able to secur~ sufficient evidence, place this in the hands of a grand juror or other prosecuting officer, with the request t or a walTdnt for the arrest of the person again;;t whom you have secured the evi­ dence. The warrant should be made out for sen·ice showing your title. This au­ thority is granted under Sec. 585b and you ha\·e the right to arrest for any violation of the Ia ws for the protection of forest and timber Janel. (Sec. 585b). ( 4-1) All prosecutions, \Vhether success­ ful or not, should be reported to this office 32 on Form D blanks which will be supplied on request. Should you have evidence of a nature which is convinc;ng and the prose­ cutor of the proper court refuses for any reason to grant you the necessary papers for making an arrest, or if you know that the prosecutor in the court is prejudiced against the enforcement of forest laws, you may appeal to the state forest fire warden who may, if upon investigation he feels that the case is of suffic ient importance, issue the necessary warrant and act as prosecu­ tor. (Sec. 588b). In the case of a justice court wher e you have reason to believe that the local justice is prejudiced against the enforcement of forest laws, you may bring in a justice from another town in the county. But all cases must be tried in the town where the offence was committed. ( 45) In the service of a criminal pro­ cess under Sec. 585b or 588b, you are en­ titled to the following· fees, as provided in Sec. 2280: Arrest ...... $1.00 For attending court other than Common Pleas or higher .... 1.00 Holding prisoner in custody for each 12 hours or fraction thereof ...... 1.00 Travel to court with prisoner, per mile ...... 25 Travel to servi ce of process from place of abode, per mile ...... 15 Summoning of witnesses, per reading ...... 12 For necessary assistance, a rea­ sonable sum, the necessity 33 of such assistance to be proved by the oath of the officer, or in other words a sworn statement to the ef­ fect that such assistance was neces ary, shall be attached to the warrant. (46) Fines imposed for the following violations must be deposited with the state treasurer by the court official to whom they are paid: Sections 2191, Kindling of fire in the open which causes injury to an­ other; 587b which is the pennit law; 6125, Unlawful injury to certain property, set­ ting on fire any woods, stack of hay, etc.; 1162b, Fires kindled by cigars or burning sub tances; 6146, cutting trees on land of another. On request of the state forest fire warden, the state comptroller will pay one-half the amount of such fines, not ex­ ceeding $50.00 m any one case. to the fire warden or other person on whose informa­ tion the proceedings were instituted. The report of the casP. on Form D is necesgary to secure such action. (47) Reference table of punishable of­ fenc s for which wardens and patrolmen ha,·e authority to make arrests: (Sec. 2191) Kindling of fire in the open air vvhich causes injury to an­ other. (Sec. 587b) Permit for kindling fire and exemptions. The permit law. (Sec. 2J 95) Portable steam boiler;; to be equipped with spark arrest­ ers.

34 (Sec. 3738) Prevention of fire along the lines of steam railroads. Ef- fective spark arrester and ash pan. (Sec. 2677) Fire Balloons. (Sec. 2181) Notices containing fire laws. Fine for removal. (Sec. 1162b) Fires kindled by cigars or burning substances. Drop- ping of matches, cigarettes, etc. (Sec. 1163b) Taking and transportation of evergreen trees and foilage. (Sec. 6125) Unlawful injury to certain property of another. Setting on fire woods, hay, etc. (Sec. 6127) Malicious injury to wood, boards, or timber. (Sec. 6128) Kindling fires without per­ mission on public land, or land of another. (Sec. 6129) Fires in woodland, when pro­ hibited. All combustible ma­ terial must be cleared for a space of 20 feet surrounding the fire. (Sec. 6133) Wilful destruction of trail­ ing arbutus. (Sec. 585b) Powers and duties of war­ dens. Destroy fences. Emer- gency back fires. May re­ quire assistance of persons or property. Powers of deputy sheriff. (For further information, see hand book of forest laws)

35 ARREST OF CHILDREN UNDER SIXTEEN (48) The law covering the arrest and prosecution of children under sixteen years of age is very complicated, and provides heavy penalties for an officer who may in­ nocently violate some of the provisions. It is, therefore, better for wardens, provided they must deal with children under sixteen, to take the matter up with this department, or turn it over to a patrolman.

PERMITS ( 49) Permits for fires in the open are required from March 1 to December 1, ex­ cept as noted in the following subsections. No permit is required from December 1 to March 1. (a) No permit is neede·d at any time to kindle a fire in a plowed field, garden or p ublic highway which is more than 200 feet away from woodland, brush land, dry grass, or other inflammable material. (b) No permit from a fire warden is required for fires on land within t he limits of a city, borough or organized fire district. (c) No permit is required in districts laid out by t he state forest fire warden, as described in Sec. 587b. (·d) Fires kindled in an incinerator wit h sides of solid material or of a meshing not greater than one inch in any direction, pr ovided the same is covered, are not con­ sidered fires in the open by this Depart­ ment. 36 RUBBISH BURNERS OR INCINERATORS r Fi1·es in burners similar to these are not considered fires in the open by the Department.

37 (e) No permit for a fire is required in a fire place which has been inspected and approved by this department. A certificate of inspection m ust be posted near th e fire p lace at all times when in use. (If no cer­ tificate is posted, a permit is required. See Sec. 587b.) (50) Permits must be in writing and issued by a warden or deputy warden in the district in which the fire is to be kindled and should be on a regular permit blank, Form P .B., furnished by the state forest fire warden. Care should be exercised in the issuing of permits not to encrouch on the territory of another warden. (This does not apply to fire fighting). Where a permit is issued close to the line, the party issuing the permit should notify the warden of the location where he has issued the permit, together with the date, in order that no confusion may exist. (51) Telephone requests for permits may be granted, provided weather condi­ tions are satisfactory for burning when the request is made. Each request granted by telephone should, however, be immedi­ ately followed by a written permit mailed to the applicant. This is very important, as others than the fire wardens and fire patrolmen have the rig'ht to enforce the permit law and might not recognize a per­ mit issued in this way. Permits must be issued without cost to the applicant. You are allowed, however, to present a bill for such permits at t h e rate of six or more per hour, to be submitted with other miscella­ neous expense in June and December . W here more than 100 permits are issued 38 during any six months period, stubs must accompany your bill. (See Par. 28) (52) Permits for several days or a week may be granted if in the judgment of the warden it is safe to do so, and if a suitable day will be picked by the appli­ cant, but in such cases the party receiving the permit should be requested to notify the warden by telephone on the day on which he burns. (53) No permits should be issued for any considerable period except to persons financially responsible, and who have an organized force capable of controlling any fire which they may kindle, and even these should not be allowed to burn in extremely dry periods. Careful handling of permits will prevent many serious fires. (54) In extremely dry perio·ds a red card will be sent from the office of the state forest fire warden, requesting that no permits be issued until weather condi­ tions improve. During the period covered by these cards no permits should be issued except on the day it rains or the day im­ mediately following a heavy rain. All per­ mits issued under Sec. 587b should be can­ celled after receipt of this red card. When the state forest fire warden deems that the period of drought has passed and condi­ tions are again normal, you will receive a green card, after the receipt of which you may use your own judgment in the issuing of permits. (55) No permit should be issued to any one unless the applicant has the written permission of the property owner or his 39 authorized agent, unless you are satisfied that he has such authority from the owner or agent. (Sec. 6128.) (56) If your district is covered by a lookout tower, considerable annoyance may be a voided provided you notify the look­ out tower of all permits issued during' the period that the observer is on duty. This is especially necessary where permits are issued for a considerable period, as it is impossible for the observer to distinguish between fires kindled with a permit, and those kindled illegally by smokers or others. lt is the duty of the observer to report all smokes which appear and you may be saved considerable time and annoy­ ance by working with the lookout tower. (57) Persons wishing to dispose of brush, rubbish, etc., should be encouraged to ·do so when there is little danger from fire, and any person asking for a permit should be given one unless conditions are such that it is unsafe. Make the law a safeguard but not a burden to your neigh­ bors. You have a perfect right to refuse to issue a permit for cause. If the party applying has allowed fires to escape in the past or if conditions at the point where the fire is to be kindled are unsafe, no permit should be issued. Many fires escape from persons too old to burn and others who do not have sufficient help to control the fires. If it is necessary, you may visit the place specified before issuing a permit. This is necessary, however, only in exceptional cases. Try to impress upon the public that the permit law is a safeguard to them. All violators should be prosecuted. If you do 40 not wish to make these arrests yourself, see section covering forest patrolmen. (58) Campfires in well constructed stone or brick fire places should be en­ couraged. Wherever the land owner or lessee constructs a suitable fire place which after inspection, meets with the approval of the state forest fire warden, a certificate of inspection will be issued, and thereafter no permit will be required for fires kindled in such fire places. If you have places of exceptional interest or points suitable for camp sites in your district, get in touch with the owners and see whether or not camping at these points might be encourag·ed. If the public knows that it can go to certain places and enjoy a day's camping, it will not choose a less desirable place which is more of a fire hazard. The public should be encouraged to use these improved camp sites as much as possible. (59) There is a growing fad for the construction of fire places which may also be used as incinerators or rubbish burners. When properly constructed and screened, these are ideal and add much to the at­ tractiveness of the home grounds. How­ e,·er, unless they are constructed in such a way that burning embers cannot escape, they constitute a fire hazard, and a per­ mit is required.

RAILROADS AND FOREST FIRES (60) Spark arresters and ash pans on steam locomotives must be maintained in condition to prevent the escape of live coals or sparks. The state forest fire warden or 41 his authorized deputy may examine loco­ motives and require the assistance of rail­ road employees in doing so. Local wardens should not attempt to make such examina­ tions unless specially deputized to do so by the state forest fire warden. They should inform this office promptly, by telephone, whenever a locomotive, by setting numer­ ous fires, indicates that its spark arrester or ash pan is not in proper condition. Be sure to give full particulars, as time, and num­ ber of locomotive, if possible. The rail­ roads are as much interested in preventing forest fires as we are, and wardens in towns where railroad fires occur are particularly urged to assist by reporting immediately all fires which may have been caused by railroads. (61) The state forest fire warden, through his assistants, has charge of safety strips along all railroad right-of-ways, and an inspection is made usually just before the spring fire season to see whether or not the employees of the railroad have com­ plied with the law in this respect. Any point in your district where serious fires have occurred in the past and which has not been burned prior to April 1 may be taken up with the Hartford office. (62) Through the section foremen and track supervisors arrangements have been made in some districts for local wardens to burn along the railroad right-of-ways. Should you be requested to burn, all ar­ rangements should be made with a repre­ sentative of the railroad company and all bills will be paid by them direct to you, just as though you were an employee of the rail- 42 road company. In burning along the right­ of-way, permission should first be obtained from all of the property owners along the section where you expect to burn, provi-ded it is necessary to go back on to private prop­ erty. Should any property owner refuse to allow you to burn such a strip along the right-of-way after you have explained to hi.m that it is for his protection and used j· reasonable amount of persuasion, the mat­ ter should be taken up with the state forest fire warden, who may, if in his opinion it is necessary, burn such a strip, (Sec. 3738), which should extend not more than 100 feet from the track. In some instances, and with the permission of the land owner, it may be advisable to carry your strip back a greater distance. This burning is not a part of your duty as a fire warden, but is encouraged by the Forestry Department. ( 63) In burning along the right-of-way, it should be kept in mind that a spark from the stack of a locomotive cools rapidly and where the track is approximately on a level of the adjoining property, a strip 50 to 75 feet is generally sufficient to prevent stack fires from occurring. On fills, this distance may be reduced somewhat, but where the right-of-way passes close to a hill-side or through a cut the line should be carried back a considerable distance farther, as the sparks from the stack have a much shorter distance to travel in such cases, and are therefore more liable to kindle fires. The expense of burning a strip 150 feet wide is very little greater than that of burning a strip 50 feet in width, as the same pre­ liminary work is necessary before the burn- 43 SAFETY STRIP ALONG R. R. RIGHT-OF-WAY, ANDOVER, CONN. CONSTRUCTED BY C. W. A. DURING THE WIN1'ER OF 1934. ing is done. A permit is required for all burning, and other rules and regulations should be complied with. In burning, care should be used in seeing that all points along the right-of-way are burned, as one point unburned may act like the puncture of an automobile tire, and render all your work of no value. In some sections, railroad right-of-ways have been inspected and the necessary safety strips laid out upon blue print maps furnished by the railroad company. It is hoped that these plans may be put into operation soon, thus relieving the party burning from responsibility as to the amount of burning necessary, etc. ( 64) A railroad section foreman is re­ quired by law to assist fire wardens in con­ trolling fires along' the railroad right-of­ way which is under his supervision, and for which the railroad company is liable under the provisions of Section 2186, and shall receive no compensation for the time which he would otherwise spend on duty. (Sec. 2186).

SUPPLIES (65) Supplies in the following list will be sent to new wardens and deputies upon receipt of their acceptance, but wardens who have been reappointed for several years, will not be sent supplies except as re­ quested. You should always have on hand: Form C, Report blanks; Form CO 17, Bill blanks; Form PB, Permit blanks; together with addressed envelopes for use in mail­ ing reports and bills to the state forest fire 45 warden. Send for a fresh supply before your entire stock is used. ( 66) List of official forms. In writing for supplies, ask for the blank needed, using the letter of the form. Form Description * A District Warden Appointment B Deputy Warden Appointment c Report Blank (Books of 10) co Expense Bill (In triplicate) D For reporting prosecutions * F Railroad Pay Roll * FC Certificate of Inspection, outdoor fire place G Crew Card for listing names of trained crews HR Special Fire Hazard Report * I Receipt for Equipment J Inventory of Equipment (Mailed June 1 by State forest fire war­ den) M Time Slips to be given to fire fighters for reporting time P Court Summons and Warning PB Permit Blanks (Books of 10) (Starred ( *) forms not furnished to fire wardens.) (67) Wardens should also have a di­ rectory for the current year, a hand book containing forest laws, a fire warden man­ ual, and a fire warden badge. A record is kept of these badges and a warden is re­ quired to return his badge to the state for­ est fire warden upon the completion of his term of office. Failure to do so will necessi­ tate a deduction of the value of the badge from his expense bill. 46 EQUIPMENT (68) Standard equipment for district wardens is as follows : 2 pumps, 4 pails, 3 shovels, 3 fire tools, 3 brooms, and water carriers if available. Deputy warden equipment is the same except that dep­ uties receive but one pump. More will be furnished as funds will permit. This does not include equipment which will be furnished to members of trained crews. (69) State law requires that an inven­ tory of all equipment in the possession of district and deputy wardens be sent to the state forest fire warden on Form J before June 15. These forms, tog'ether, with a stamped envelope will be mailed to each warden and deputy. They should be filled promptly and returned, as considerable ex­ pense may be avoided if you do not lay them aside. Each year about 5 % of the wardens cause most of the expense incurred by this inventory. Do not be one of the expensive 5 % . (70) Equipment sufficient to equip 150 men is maintained on the following forests: Cockaponset-at Haddam. Mattatuck-at Thomaston. Mohawk-at Cornwall. Natchaug-at Eastford. Pachaug-at Voluntown. Peoples-at Barkhamsted. Smaller amounts are maintained at Sims­ bury and Lebanon. In order to secure this additional equipment for serious fires in your vicinity call the Hartford office, but do not call unless the situation is serious. 47 HAND EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED TO WARDENS 1. Fire tool 2. Broom 3. Shovel 4. Knapsack Pump

48 POWER PUMPS (71) A gasoline power pump, carry­ ing 2,000 feet or more of hose, is main­ tained in each county during the fire season. These pumps may and should be callad for any fire on which they can be used, either to extinguish or to wet down fire lines after the spread of the fire has been checked. During dry periods it is essential that they be used for wetting down the line, as other­ wise fires burn deep into the ground, often causing trouble for several days or weeks. For location of power pumps, see current Department directory. (72) Water trucks which can supply water for hand equipment are maintained during exceptionally dry seasons and may be obtained by calling Hartford or any branch office. (73) When a power pump is sum­ moned, or arrives on a fire, the warden should endeavor to find a suitable location where the pump may be placed in opera­ tion . As far as possible men enough to han­ dle the outfit will be carried from head­ quarters. However, if there are not four or five men on the pump, it may be neces­ sary to assign a group of four to six men to assist on the hose line. (74) Hose Laying. (a) Laying of rubber and cotton­ covered rubber-lined hose. This hose is coiled in fifty foot lengths with the ends coupled together. The hose should be car­ ried to a point nearly where it is to be used in this coil, then uncoupled and the male end dragged out so that the female cou­ pling will always be toward the pump. The 49 pump will be started as soon as the first few lengths of hose are put on. There­ after, it will be necessary in coupling for one man to grip the hose firmly in both hands, about sixteen inches apart, bringing both hands together in such a way that a kink is formed in the hose by which water will not pass. A relief valve on the pump will take care of the added pressure thus imposed. If the person holding the kinked hose finds that the pressure is becoming too great, he should straighten the hose, thus relieving the pressure, then get a new grip so as not to blow hose couplings by causing too great a pressure. In laying of rubber and rubber-lined hose, especially on a long line, the hose should not be pulled tight, but slack of one or two feet allowed in every fifty, as when the hose expands in diameter, it contracts in length, thus pulling the couplings apart. (b) Laying of light-weight hose. This hose is in 100 foot lengths, and where pos­ sible, is packed in carrying bags holding from 300 to 500 feet, already coupled, most of which is equipped with the Presto coup­ ling. In order to add more hose, it should be kinked the same as rubber hose, then with a quick turn of the coupling it is con­ nected. The knapsack is to be placed on the man's back, one end of the hose coupled to the pump, then the carrier should walk out in the shortest possible line to the fire. The hose will feed from the knapsack with­ out trouble. Where you are working along the fire line each 100 foot length may be uncoupled, doubled back, and then re- 50 coupled when the line has been thoroughlv wet. This type of hose should be pulled tight when laying. (75) A little common sense is required in handling hose and any one who has the ~rrip and tenacity of a bull dog should not be p laced on the line, as their presence is too expensive. A little practice wq] soon ~how how the hose may be coupled, and no delay from broken couplings caused. In picking up hose it may be found easier at times to drag whole lengths back to the loading point where it may again be rolled into coils. It must be kent turning the same as in coiling rope. When coiled, the ends should again be coupled in single lengths. While the pump operator is under your direction, remember that he has had consi-derable experience in handling of for­ est fires, and knows what the outfit can do and what it cannot do. The pump operator is a good man to have around on any fire.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN FIRE CONTROL (76)- Azimuth. The ang'le, measured from the north in a clockwise direction, which any line makes with a true north and south reference line. Back fire. A fire started intentionally along a natural barrier such as a road, path, stream, swamp, etc., some dis­ tance ahead of an advancing fire to remove inflammable material, for the purpose of stopping the main fire. 51 Berry picker. A person engaged in the pickmg of berries or wild fruit of any kind. Drush Burning. A fire kindled for the re­ mo\ al or cut brush, slash, or debris. Burn. An area over which fire has passed. Gamp fire. A fire built by a camper or picnicker, for human comfort, plea::;­ ure, or for cooking. Causes and agencies of fires: Agencies Berry pickers Children Farmers F ishermen H unters Lumbermen Tourists Unknown Causes Incendiary Lightning Lumbering Railroad Smokmg Miscellaneous (Any fire which does not fall in the classification listed above.) Children. Persons under 16 years of age unintentionally causing fires through carelessness. Control fire. A fire kindled intentionally along a prepared line parallel with and but a short distance from the edge of an adYancing fire. The object is to keep just far enough in advance of 52 the main fire to avoid heat, the dis­ tance varying from 6 to 100 feet. It is distinguished from a back fire by being closer to the main fire and started from an emergency barrier. Crown fire. A fire which runs in the tops of, or burns all or part of the upper branches or foilage of trees. Debris burning. Fire kindled for the re­ moval of brush, leaves, refuse, etc. Direct method. A method of suppression consisting of applying work imme­ diately at the edge of t h e advancing fire. Equipment. All tools furnished for th e ex­ tinguishing' of fires, including pumps, water carriers, shovels, fire tools, pails, etc. Extinguished. Completely out. Synony­ mous with "dead." (Does not refer to fires which have been controlled but which still burn inside of the fire line. Such fires are referred to as under con­ trol.) False Alarm. An actual fire reported but requiring no action in suppression, as brush burning, camp fires, etc., or other fires under control. No fire lo­ cated. Farmers. Any person or group of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits, as orchardists, dairymen, vegetable­ growers, etc. Fire area. The area burned by a specific fire expressed either in (1) Acres, (2) Location. Firebreak. A natural or constructed bar­ rier made before a fire occurs, de- 53 signed to stop or check fires which may occur or to be used as a line from which to work. (See fire line). Fires, character of. (See ground fire, crown fire, surface fire.) Fire control plan. An organized state­ ment of policy and written plan of ac­ tion covering a specific area and in­ cluding all activities for the prevention and suppression of fires which may occur within the area covered. Fire line. A strip cleared of all inflam­ mable material down to mineral soil. (Should not be confused with natural barriers.) Fire prevention. Any work performed be­ fore a fire occurs which may tend to reduce the hazard, prevent the start or make extinguishing easier. (As the preparation of fire line, appointing of key men, fire crews, etc.) Fire report. A written statement on a special form giving essential facts re­ lating to a sing'le fire. Fire se o. son. The period or periods of each year during which fires will start and spread rapidly. Fire tool. A hand tool which is built some­ what similar to a hoe, but with the blade made of four sections of mow­ ing machine blades. Flank. ( 1) Portions of the edge of a fire between the front and rear. (2) Sides of a fire. 54 Fishermen. All persons engaged in the taking of fish for sport, including travel to and from the stream. Front of a fire. The part of the edge of the fire on which the rate of spread is the most rapid. Also may be referred to as the head of the fire. Ground fire. A fire confined to material composing the forest floor or beneath the surface as in peat beds. Usually combined with surface fire, but not to be confused with a fire which burns along the top of the ground cover only. Hazard. The relative amount, class, char­ acter and condition of material which constitute a fire danger on any area. Head of fire. Edge of a fire which is ad­ vancing the fastest. (See fire front.) Humidity, relative. The percentage of moisture in the air, with reference to its capacity to hold moisture at the given temperature. Incendiary. Any fire kindled wilfully or maliciously with intent to destroy property. (Not carelessly). Indirect method. A method consisting of controlling a fire by clearing a contin­ uous line parallel with the sides of a fire. Includes the control, parallel, and back firing methods. Any method of control which is not worked directly on the main fire. Inflammability. The ease with which fuels ignite, regardless of the quantity. Knapsack pump. A tank carried on the back of a fire fighter, connected with a plunger pump operated by hand. 55 Knapsack water carrier. A tank for carry­ ing water on the back. Key man. A person without authority lo­ cated in such a nosition that he can readily observe or extinguish fires. Lookout tower or station. A tower erected for the purpose of discovering forest fires. Lumberman. One engaged in the cutting of timber for any purpose, as cord­ wood, lumber, poles, etc. Merchantable tree growth. Tree growth large enough to be sold and manufac­ tured into lumber at a profit. Trees 8" and over 4' above the ground. Mop up. The act of making a fire safe after it is under control, as the re­ moval of burning stumps, smoldering fires, and other hazards. Work which is rarely completed until the fire is out. Non-forest land. Grass, pasture, and cul­ tivated lands. Non-merchantable tree-growth. Sprouts and small trees up to the size of mer­ chantable tree growth. Tree growth with little or no salvage value. Observer. The watchman or operator in a lookout tower. Patrolman. (1) One who covers several fixed routes, and whose duties are the enforcement of laws relating to for­ estry and forest fires, to prevent and discover forest fires and suppress any fire found, should he be able to do so. (2) A member of a suppression force whose duty it is to patrol a portion of a fire line and do such mop up work as may be necessary. 56 Parallel method. (See control fire). Point of attack. That part of the peri­ meter of a fire on which work is started when the suppression force has arrived. Prevention, fire. The attempt to reduce the number of fires through law enforce­ ment, education, danger reduction, etc. Protective association. An association formed by land owners for the protec­ tion of forest and timber lands from fire, theft, and other damage. Scout. A man who works ahead of the fire fighters determining and reporting to the warden in charge changes and progress on various parts of the fire. Season, normal. A season when climatic conditions, number, and distribution of fires are approximately average. Slash. Debris resulting from timber or lumbering operations. Spot fires. Fires which break out along the main fire or are kindled by flying sparks and embers. Surface fires. Fires which burn along the surface of the ground only, as dis­ tinguished from crown and ground fires. Tourists. Transients who are not local resi­ dents. Trenching. Digging a ditch along the edge of a fire in an attempt to pre­ vent the spread of ground or surface fires. Warden, fire. An officer bearing a state commission to enforce law and act otherwise as a member of the fire con­ trol organization. 57 FIRE FIGHTING METHODS (77) There are but two methods of handling a forest fire, the direct and indi­ rect. On most fires the direct method is the most effective, and usually confines the fire to the smallest area, although a combination of the two is generally used. (78) The direct method, as the name indicates, is work which is applied directly on the edge of the advancing fire, and is the method which generally works the best. The pumps move along the edge of the fire, the first man pumping water on the hot spots proceeding as rapidly as pos­ sible, until his pump is empty. He should be followed by a second, and if possible, by a third man, each using a pump on the hot spots. By the time the three pumps have passed, there will be very little flame left on the average fire and the line can easily be cleared by men using shovels, fire tools, hoes, rakes, etc. When the first man has emptied his pump, he should re­ move and place it on the ground, where it can easily be filled by the men carrying water. The man filling the pump should, when it is filled, lift it and hold it in such a position that the pump man can easily place his arms through the straps. ('l'he reason for removing the pump from the man's back is to prevent the back from getting wet, as more or less water is bound to slop, and a number of men have suf­ fered from colds, grippe, etc., caused by careless filling of pumps. Very little time is lost in removing the pump, and a little care may prevent serious consequences.) 58 If the pump straps are adjusted so that the weight of the pump is carried high on the shoulders less energy will be required in its operation. While the first pump is being filled, the others should proceed along the line, the man whose pump has been filled following the others. By this method, no one pump man is forced to stay in the heat and smoke for a long pe­ riod, but he is given an opportunity to catch his breath between the periods when he is nearest to the heat and smoke. Plenty of water is very essential, and the men car­ rying water should endeavor to keep the pumps well supplied. A scout should be sent out to look for a water supply imme­ diately, and then proceed in the direction in which the crew is operating, in order to locate a further supply, should it be re­ quired. (a) The pump men should be fol­ lowed by at least two clean-up or line­ men. Of course, if more help is available, they can be put to work either cleaning the line back of the pumps or in bringing water. The line crew should remove all inflammable material from a strip 18 inches or more in width along the edge of the fire. The material scraped should be thrown into the burned area, as smolder­ ing sticks or coals may be carried across the line unless considerable care is taken. Any stumps that are blazing or smolder­ ing near the line should be removed, or a strip burned around them so that sparks will not blow across on to the unburned area, and cause further trouble. Dead 59 trees that remain standing for a distance of 25 to 50 feet inside the burn should also be felled, and every effort made to make the line fire proof. (b) Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the cleaning up of the fire line. One stick allowed to remain across the line may act like a punctured tire and render useless all that has been accom­ plished. (c) After the clean-up or line men, following the pumps, have gone over the line, a patrolman should be left some dis­ tance in the rear, 200 to 500 feet is not too far. This is very important and will pre­ vent spot fires from attaining a size that will interfere with the work of the fire fighters. It is useless to work along the edge of a fire if there is a fire burning behind you, and special attention should be given to the selection of a good patrol­ man. Patrol of a fire line is of the utmost importance. It will prevent the fires from spreading as well as second-day fires. (d) On fires which are not travelling too rapidly, a gasolene power pump can be used to very good advantage directly on the main fire. Where one of these ontfib; is used, very little cleanup work is neceg. . sary, and five or six men working with this unit can usually handle a fire as far as the hose line will reach. These outfit"" can also be used in mop up work, after the fire is under control. There are always stumps and other material smoldering along the fire line which cannot be extin­ guished except with use of water, and a 60 THE ROOTS OF THE TREES IN THE FOREGROUND WERE BURNED OFF BY DEEP BURNING GROUND FIRE plentiful supply can be had by the use of these pumps. Power pumps are extremely valuable on ground fires in dry seasons. Here, they can be turned directly on to the smoldering ground cover, and the fire lit­ erally drowned out. (79) Indirect methods. The indirect method consists in the use of a control fire which is started from a point varying from 25 to 100 feet from the edge of the main fire. In this method, the position of the pump men and other workers is reversed. The line should be laid out parallel with and as close as possible to the main fire. A path cleared of all inflammable mate­ rial 18 inches or more in width, should be constructed, care being taken to throw all material removed away from the main fire. This will tend to reduce the amount of combustible material which must be burned by the back fire, and also leave any moist material on top, thus making it more difficult for sparks and embers to kindle fires on the side of the line away from the main fire. Along the edge of the fire line so constructed toward the main fire, a fire should be kindled as rap­ idly as possible, the pump men keeping the set fire down to such an extent that sparks and burning embers are not carried across to the unburned area. Careful pa­ trol is also necessary to prevent sparks from igniting the dry material on the side of the line, away from the main fire. In this method the patrolman, from 200 to 500 feet back of the main body of work­ ers, is also very necessary. 62 (a) Trenching for ground fires also comes in this class. Here the trench reach­ ing down into the mineral soil one to two feet, should be constructed ahead of the smoldering fire, which if carefully watched, may be extinguished when it ar­ rives at the trench. In the case of dry bogs or swamps where water cannot be ob­ tained and trenching is very difficult, dynamite may be successfully used at times, the idea being to break up the mat of decayed material which has formed for several feet below the surface. This dry material will carry fire much the same as a lamp wick, and it is necessary to break all lines of dry material extending through the bog. After dynamiting, it is some­ times necessary to chop through the larger pieces of decayed wood. (b) Power pumps may be used to wet down a strip 50 to 100 feet in width ahead of the main fire, which is an effec­ tive barrier, provided sparks are not car­ ried over the wet strip to dry material. Water is sometimes found at a point where time may be saved by wetting a strip to the edge of the main fire and then proceeding directly along the main fire. In the case of groun d fires, the pump may be used to wet down the smoldering fire which is usually easier and just as effective as trenching. A smoldering fire should be reported to the state forest fire warden in order that he may take action thereon before a large bill is contracted for labor in trenching. (80) Some wardens may consider that a control fire is a. back fire, and it may be 63 classed. However, a back fire is a fire which is kindled from a natural barrier a considerable distance ahead of the main fire, thus burning considerable more ter­ ritory than should have been burned. Any fire kindled at a distance of one quarter mile or more from the main fire with the purpose of extinguishing it, would be classed as a back fire, and in 99 cases out of 100, would be unnecessary, and prob­ ably cause more trouble and damage than the main fire. It should be seldom used, and is almost never necessary. (81) No person other than a fire warden or a salaried employee of the de­ partment should be allowed Ito start a back fire. Any person who kindles a back fire, unless authorized, should be ordered away from the fire line, or immediately ar­ rested. If the fire causes any serious dam­ age, the party may be taken under Sec­ tions 2191 or 2192 or both. Too much em­ phasis cannot be placed upon the danger of promiscuous back firing by unauthor­ ized persons.

FIRE CONTROL (82) Fire control has two main ob­ jects. The first and most important is to confine the fire to the smallest possible area. The second is to keep the cost of fire fighting as low as possible. (83) Prompt action is very essential. Upon hearing of a fire the warden should proceed at once to put in operation his plan for assembling fire fighters. A small crew reaching a fire within a few minutes 64 of its start can usually confine it to a very small area with little expense. Prompt­ ness, backed by a well-organized plan of securing assistance, has saved a lot of hard work and prevented many big fires. Upon arriving at the fire the warden should size up the situation and decide whether or not the crew on hand will be able to extin­ guish it. If not, he should immediately call upon a necessary number of his depu­ ties for assistance, which should provide ten to twelve men for each deputy sum­ moned. (84) If a power pump can be used, call the one nearest to you at .once. Look­ out observ.ers will help you in getting as­ sistance, if you, will notify them that it is necessary, or, you may call the Hartford office. Help is always available, and can be sent at once. At the end of a one-hour period, if no apparent progress has been made, the observers will notify the near­ est branch office, and at the end of two hours, they will notify Hartford. Prompt action saves hard work. (85) On a large fire the state forest fire warden, his assistant, warden super­ visor, or district foresters will take charge upon their arrival. The chart, Figure 4 shows the relative authority of the state forest fire organization. It will be noted that observers are directly responsible to the state forest fire warden or his assistant, and to no one else. (86) A little time spent by the warden in making plans for the control of a forest fire may save considerable area. It is gen- 65 I STATE FOREST FIRE WARDEN l

l ASS'T STATE F"ORCST FIRE WARDEN J

I WARDEN SUPERVISORS I I DISTRICT FORESTERS I

I LOOKOUT OBSERVERS I C!> C!> I I I DISTRICT WARDENS I I RANGER PATROLMEN I I I I DEPUTY WARDENS I I FOREST SERVICE TRAINED CREWS I I I I I I I I STATE&. ASSOC PATROLMEN I PUMP OPERATOR PATROLMEN TRAINED CREWS FIRE FIGHTERS I I I I I I

CI-IART SHOWING RELATIVE AUTHORITY nF EMPLOYEES ON FOREST FinE WORK

FIGURE 4 erally considered that the proper point to attack is at the head, if possible. This can be done safely, as a rule, if the blazing area is not more than 60 to 80 feet in width. Should you see that this blazing area is 150 feet or more, and that the fire rather than advancing in a steady line, is jumping from point to point a considera­ ble distance in advance of the fire, with sparks falling, the head method should be immediately discarded, and an attack made upon the sides at a point as near tht head as possible, with crews working- in both directions from this point. If possi­ ble, they should be started on opposite sides, the idea being to run the fire into a natural barrier or to taper the head down until it is at last squeezed out. A few minutes spent in deciding where the fire can be attacked' to the best advantage are not wasted. At times, a fire may be at­ tacked on the sides, at or near the rear, provided it is travelling up hill. At the crest of the hill and before the fire has gained headway on the other side, an­ other attack may be made at the head, the fire in that way being extinguished, while any attempt to extingujsh it while travel­ ling up hill might be futile,. as fire always travels faster up hill than down. (87) Other fires may be attacked upon one side, and the head driven to a swamp, lake, or other natural barrier. If a stream is on one side of the advancing fire, a crew of three or four men may be able to hold it from crossing this stream and a large crew put to work on the side 67 away from the stream, carrying the head eventually to an end in the stream. There is a strategy of fire fighting as well as of war, and it may be necessary at times to keep a fire as narrow as possible until night-fall, or until a natural barrier is reached. Back fires should only be used in emergency and with extreme caution. They may be of value if properly used, but if allowed to escape, will only serve to in­ crease the danger as well as the damage. A back fire should always burn against the wind toward the main fire, and should never be started except from a fire line or barrier of some sort, a brook, road, or path, along which the back fire may be held in check. Use of water and pumps will be found effective for this purpose. (The wardens should keep in mind, however, that discretion may be the best policy and that in extreme dry periods and with high wind, when the blazing area of a fire ex­ tends over an area of 100 feet, or more in width, the chance of holding back the fire is very slim.) (88) On a large fire the warden in charge, after deciding upon the method which he will use, should not try to direct the fire personally, but should keep him­ self informed by the use of scouts, as to the progress and direction of the fire. A deputy warden at some point on the high­ way where he can direct volunteers and others, can usually balance the help by sending a crew to one side or the other, or to some other location. In the case of an extremely large fire, it may be necessary 68 to have several of these men at strategic points. Never lose contact with progress being made on all sides of a fire. (89) Wardens in other districts should assist as much as possible on any large fire which may occur near them. If you go to a fire in another district, and a warden of that district is present, go to him as soon as you arrive, and let him assign a position to you on the fire line. You will find that after a fire has burned for sev­ eral hours, a fresh crew is generally very welcome. Close cooperation between ward­ ens and deputies in the various districts is very desirable and tends to cut down materially the area burned. Your bill should be submitted to the warden of the district where the fire occurs. (90) Food supplies should be fur­ nished on any fire which burns through the usual hour for any meal. If the fire appears to be of short duration, sand­ wiches, cookies, cake, coffee, milk, lemon­ ade, etc., may be furnished. A plentiful supply of good drinking water should be available at all times. A boy may be able to handle this work. If you feel that the fire will last for a long period, it may be necessary to arrange a central l~ ocation and feed your fire fighting force in relays. Hartford should be notified, however, and arrangements made through that office if a large crew must be maintained over a period of twelve hours or more. Credit at some restaurant, lunchroom, or grocery store may be arranged before the fire season. If there are any women's organi- 69 zations in you:r town, such as Red Cross, League of Women Voters, Missionary So­ ciety, Ladies Aid, 4-H Cooking Club, etc., they may be interested in doing this work. (91) Tobacco in any form is not classed as food, and will not be paid for by this department. Any person bringing any intoxicating liquors on to a fire should be prosecuted, as the work is far to dan­ gerous to allow any one not in full control of his senses on the fire line. (92) Every warden and deputy should endeavor to keep all paths and roads, state, town, or wood, free at all times for the passage of motor vehicles. Cars parked on narrow roads constitute a continuous hazard as long as the fire is burning in the vicinity. Many fires have gained consid­ erable headway due to the fact that the first arrivals, believing that certain paths or roads were impassable, had parked their cars in such a way that several min­ utes were lost in moving them, thus mak­ ing the road passable. All persons who regularly assist you in the extinguishing of forest fires, those transporting fire crews, and others who may use motor vehicles regularly in the control of forest fires should be instructed not to block any road, path, highway, gate, or entrance of a•ny kind which it may be necessary to use in the control of a fire. The presence of sight-seers and non-fire fighters in the vicinity of a forest fire should be discour­ aged, and it made clear to them that their presence is undesirable. If they wish to see what is going on, the best 70 views can be obtained from a distance. If they persist in remaining, they should be furnished with a tool and set to work. (93) It is seldom necessary, but if a man between the ages of 18 and 50, physi­ cally able to fight fire, refuses to assist you, you may summon him, and should he continue to refuse, you have the authority to arrest him. (See Sec. 585b). Be sure to have a witness present and if you feel that he may be inclined to be troublesome, a written summons may be given. Word it similar to the following: "As fire warden of the town of , I hereby (require your team for) (sum­ mon you to assist me in) extinguishing a forest fire. Refusal will render you liable to a fine of five to one hundred dollars." Always show proof of your authority, either by showing your badge, appoint­ ment, or testimony of a witness. (94) No person other than a fire warden or a salaried employee of the de­ partment should be allowed to start a back fire. Any person who kindles a back fire, unless authorized, should be ordered away from the fire line, or immediately arrested. If the fire causes any serious damage, the party may be taken under Sections 2191 or 2192 or both. Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the dan­ ger of promiscuous back firing by unau­ thorized persons.

PATROL AND MOP-UP (95) A great deal has been said in regard to the patrol of the fire line after 71 the spread of the fire has been stopped. The patrolman following any fire fight­ ing crew should be very careful to see that there are no blazing stumps or dead trees that may fall or carry sparks across the extinguished fire line. Any burning trees within 50 to 100 feet of the line should be reported by him to the leader of the crew or the fire warden and steps taken to see that they are extinguished or cut down. In some instances where there is a large tree which cannot easily be cut, it may be well to burn a quarter of an acre or possibly more around the tree, thus making it safe. The patrol of the fire line should be con­ tinued until there is no evidence of fire anywhere near the edge which might 1eau into unburned territory. The patrol crew should be certain that every point on the line is safe before leaving. This is espe­ cially true on the side away from the wind. (96) Night patrol on all fires which have not been extinguished up to 9 or 10 o'clock at night should be continued un­ til after midnight. Any fire extinguished at a later hour should be patrolled for at least two hours. One of the best methods o1 patrol is to make a fairly well con­ structed path completely around the fire which may be used by any one without danger, for investigation, extinguishing spot fires, or bringing in food and water. (97) Mop up of the fire line, of course is partly covered by the patrol. However, fires du.ring dry periods when there is dan­ ger of a second-day fire and any fire extin­ guished after 10 p. m. should be covered 72 by a mop up crew in charge of a trust­ worthy man or warden the following morning. It is very difficult in night patrol to do all the clean-up work that is neces­ sary during the hours of darkness. The mop-up crew should be available and should go on to the fire line between 7 and 9 a. m. Standard Time, the following morning. These men, espec.ially in the spring, should be very careful to see that the night patrol have done their work well and if any smoldering stumps or trees are found near the edge of the fire, they should be removed. This crew should remain on the fire line until absolutely every danger of fire has passed. After you are certain that the fire is out, make one more trip around the fire line for safety's sake. We wou.ld much rather pay for patrolling a fire than to pay for extin­ guishing it a second day.

PATROLMEN (98) Patrolmen are in four classes. (1) The uniform patrol force and others who are regularly employed in covering certain fixed areas. These men are in­ structed in the performance of their duty and are able to give the warden informa­ tion which he may need in regard to law enforcement, forest fire laws, and fire fighting methods or control. Their in­ structions are to assist the fire warden in any way that is possible. If you have a party in your neighborhood who is causing considerable trouble by continuous burn­ ing illegally, or one who, with a permit, 73 has caused damage to another, and you do not wish to handle the case yourself due to the fact that you are living in the neigh­ borhood, turn the matter over to a patrol­ man. Any fire which in your opinion was caused through carelessness or kindled il­ legally should be taken up with the patrol­ man. He will investigate and handle the case. Patrolmen are state officers, are just as competent and have as much authority as any other officers for law enforcement along forest and forest fire lines. We pre­ fer to have our patrolmen handle all forest fire work. If you. wish to turn a case over to some other Department, please get in touch with the Hartford office before do­ ing so, as our men are familiar with the policies of the Department, and can give better service to the Department than any one else upon whom you may call. If re­ quested, patrolmen will help you to or­ ganize your fire district. Posting notices is a part of their duties and they will take care of that without instruction on your part. They report forest fiTes, as well as investigate them. Their reports, however, are confidential, and have no connection with the reports of fire wardens. They also extinguish any forest fires which they are able to, and work in connection with the lookout towers. These patrolmen are con­ tinuously in touch with the lookout towers, and in that way are able to get a very satisfactory enforcement of the forest laws. (2) Pump operators are classed as pa­ trolmen, but do not cover any specified route. 74 (3) The term patrolmen also applies to men appointed to cover specified areas in certain districts during bad fire weather, Their work is limited to the area in which they are employed. ( 4) Guards who are left along the fire line to patrol after a fire that has been brought under control are also called pa­ trolmen. They have no special authority other than that of extinguishing the fire.

LOOKOUT TOWERS (99) At present, the state is fairly well covered by lookout towers. For names and locations, see the current De­ partment Directory. More will be con­ structed as funds permit. The three lat­ est were added through the aid of the Fed­ eral Service, being purchase from Emer­ gency Conservation Funds. The observers on these towers are directly responsible to the state forest fire warden or his assistant, and to no one else. They are always ready, however, to assist you in any way possible in extinguishing, controlling, or prevent­ ing forest fires by summoning help when needed, and by furnishing information in regard to subjects connected with forestry, and forest fire laws. (100) Smokes from a lookout tower all appear the same. At the start, some of our most disastrous fires, viewed from a distance, would appear like an ordinary brush burning fire and would create no more excitement. On the other hand it is 75 EAST HADDAM LOOKOUT TOWER, MT. PARNASSUS, EAST HADDAM, CONN. Height of tower, 75 feet. Elevation above sea level, 604 feet. Erected in 1934 by employees of the State Forestry Department. Purchased through Emergency Conservation Funds. 76 impossible for the observers to know whether or not brush burning, with or without a permit, is brush burning or whether it is the start of a forest fire. You can assist them a great deal by keeping them and the members of your immediate family informed as to the locations of the permits which you have issued. One of the best reasons for the permit law is the fact that it definitely locates each legal smoke and leaves the observer free to re­ port fires which have started or illegal burning. Your cooperation along this line will be appreciated, not only by the look­ out observers, but by this Department, as we are in close contact at all times with the lookout towers and are desirous of knowing communities in which the permit law is frequently violated. Patrolmen also work with the lookout towers and may as­ sist you greatly in the enforcement of the permit law. (101) Lookout stations in New York, Massachusetts and Rhode Island also cover certain sections of Connecticut. In New York, from south to north they are: Pond Ridge, north of ew Canaan and west of Ridgefield Clove, west of Kent Stissing, west of Salisbury Mt. Washburn northwest of Salisbury In Massachusetts, from west to east: Mt. Everett, north of Salisbury Tolland, " " Colebrook and Hartland Agawam, " " Suffield 77 Brimfield, north of Stafford and Union Charlton, " " Woodstock Oxford, " " Thompson In Rhode Island, from north to south: George Washington Memorial, east of Putnam Chopmist Hill, " " Putnam and Killingly Bowen Hill, " " Sterling Wickaboxet State Forest, " " Sterling and Voluntown Pine Hill, " " Voluntown Shannock, " " North Stonington (102) By arrangement, all communi­ cations from state to state should be through lookout towers. Wardens desir­ ing information in regard to fires close to the line should communicate with the nearest Connecticut tower.

FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS (103) Wardens should take an inter­ est in making their districts free from for­ est fires. They can obtain special assist­ ance by getting the land owners to form co-operative protective associations. When­ ever owners of 5,000 acres or more form such an association and assess themselves at least fou.r cents an acre, the state will cooperate to the extent of four cents an acre. For example, if land owners in two or three towns having 7,000 acres form a protective association with the object of building a lookout tower or maintaining 78 patrols in dry times, they might assess themselves from four to ten cents an acre. The former figure would give them an annual sum of $280; the latter $700. In either case the State would add $280. There are at present seven of these as­ sociations as follows: Assess- Area in ment Associa- Per tion Acre Name County Acres Cents Talcott Mt., Hartford 27,363 4 Central Fairfield, Fairfield 10,107 4 Ridgefield, Fairfield 9,315 4 Litchfield, Litchfield 6,970 4 Housatonic, Litchfield 15,192 4 Black Ledge, Hartford, Tolland 5,398 4 Southwestern- Conn., Fairfield 7,473 4 81,818 Since the U. S. Forest Service co-oper­ ates with Connecticut in fire prevention and allows money spent by protective as­ sociations as an offset against Federal money, the following agreement between the State Forestry Department and the pro­ tective association is required by the Gov­ ernment. CO-OPERATIVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CONNECTICUT STATE FORESTRY DEP AR'I'MENT AND

...... FOREST 79 PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION This Agreement, made and entered into this ...... day of ...... l93 , by and between A. F . Hawes, as State Forester of the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission and on behalf of the State of Connecticut, party of the fi!I'st part, and ...... as Secretary of the ...... Forest Protective Association, acting on behalf of the Board of Directors of said Association, party of the second part. WITNESSETH, that the said party of the second part, because of the co-operation in effect between the U. S. Forest Service and the State of Connecticut, under Section 2 of the Clarket-McNary Law, which pro­ vides that State expenditures of forest owners or operators which are required by State law or which are made in pur­ suance of the forest protection system of the State u,nder State supervision and for which in all cases the State renders satis­ factory accounting, covenants and agrees as follows, to wit.: Said party of the second part agrees(l) to provide protection to all classes of for­ est lands, whether timbered, cut-over, or burned, within the area protected by said party of the second part, (2) to submit to said party of the first part, quarterly, a certified statement of the receipts and ex­ penditures during the period, on forms to be provided by said party of the first part, and (3) to have the accounts of the ...... ~ ...... Forest Protective 80 Association at all times open to inspection by the party of the first part or his repre­ sentative. The party of the second part agrees to raise a fund for the purpose of this agree­ ment of at least four cents per acre for the area covered, and the party of the first part agrees to match the expenditures made by the party of the second part dur­ ing a calendar year for the purposes cov­ ered by this agreement to the extent of four cents per acre for the area covered. In undertaking this project the perma­ nency of the protection is recognized by both of the above mentioned parties as of fundamental importance, the aim being to secure a continuous yield of forest prod­ ucts on the lands protected. This agreement shall be and remain in force from year to year until abrogated by either of the above mentioned parties upon thirty days' written notice prior to March first of the year in which such ab­ rogation is to take effect. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals this ...... day of ...... A. D. 193 Co NECTICUT STATE FORESTRY DEPARTMENT. Witness ...... By ···················································· (SEAL) State Fo1·este1·

Association Witness ...... By ···· ····················· ··························· (SEAL) Secretctry 81 FOREST GUIDES (104) Boy Scouts have been very help­ ful in fighting forest fires and in several districts the Scout Executives or Leaders are serving as wardens. The position of Forest Guide was created in Connecticut following the example of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Twenty Scouts in each Council may be nominated annually by the Scout Executive and will be appointed as Guides by the State Forester. So long as a boy remains an active scout, he will con­ tinue to be a Guide. Forest Guides will co-operate with the fire wardens in every way possible in patrol­ ling; in warning people about fires; and in forming a special force to fight fires. They will also co-operate wit h the District For­ esters in the development of the state forests. CO-OPERATION OF BUS COMPANIES AND SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND TELEPHONE COMPANY IN REPORTING FIRES (105) The New England Transporta­ tion Company and the Connecticut Motor Stage Association have given orders to their drivers to pay special attention to for­ est fires. On observing a fire the driver is to stop at the next telephone and report the location to the chief operator. Through the co urtesy of the Telephone Company these reports are forwarded by the opera­ tor to the state forest fire warden without charge. Through this method wardens are notified of fires in many cases more quickly t han t hey would otherwise hear of them. 82