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NIGERIA 2020.Cdr warn Policy Brief NIGERIA 2019 Nigeria Addressing Armed Banditry in the North-West Region of Nigeria: Exploring the Potentials of a Multi-Dimensional Conflict Management Approach Addressing Armed Banditry in the North-West Region of Nigeria: Exploring the Potentials of a Multi-Dimensional Conict Management Approach Introduction supervised by the erstwhile Inspector-General of Police, Mohammed Abubakar, reported a total of 6,319 deaths The pervasive armed banditry and its associated threats to including women and children between June 2011 and human security in the North-West region of Nigeria, May 2019 in the State². Additionally, an estimated 4,983 particularly, Zamfara, Katsina, Kaduna, Sokoto and Niger women were widowed, 25,050 children orphaned, and States, have become a subject of national security and 190,340 others internally displaced between June 2011 public concern. The multifaceted layers of criminality and May 2019 in Zamfara State. In Katsina State, over 2,000 involved, and recurrent nature of the armed banditry call people have been killed, 500 communities destroyed and for effective mechanisms to mitigate the threat it poses to over 33,000 people displaced³. peace and security in the affected States. Further reports also revealed that over 10,000 cattle were In July 2019, the North-Western State Governors began lost, while 2,688 hectares of farmlands and 10,000 houses negotiating with a number of armed bandits operating in destroyed within 2011 and mid-2018⁴ in Zamfara State. the region to curb the menace and further boost internal Also, the State recorded the loss of 147,800 vehicles and security in the affected States. Despite its recorded motorcycles between June 2011 to May 2019. In successes evident in the drastic decline in attacks, release November 2019⁵, an estimated 4,000 people were also of kidnapped victims and weapons recovery, the renewed internally displaced in Shiroro LGA of Niger State alone⁶. attacks by bandits in Zamfara, Katsina and Niger States between November and December 2019¹, posed a threat The chart below highlights the statistics of fatalities to the peace agreements negotiated by the State associated with banditry, recorded in the month of January Governors. Data generated from the WANEP National Early to December 2019. As indicated in the chart, the month of Warning System (NEWS) indicates that armed banditry August to November 2019 recorded a downward trend in recorded a death toll of over 1058 people in Zamfara, fatalities and violence due to the ongoing peace and Kaduna, Katsina, Sokoto and Niger States between January reconciliation initiatives in the affected States. Amid the and December, 2019. Also, the report of the committee set peace processes, December 2019 recorded an increase in up to find solutions to banditry in Zamfara State, 1Source: WANEP NEWS (www.wanep.org/news/) 2https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/13/5-emirs-33-district-heads-top-military-officers-complicit-in-zamfara-banditry/ 3https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/18/ending-banditry-kidnapping-in-katsina-through-dialogue/ 4https://salkida.com/special-report-no-security-strategy-despite-mass-killings-in-zamfara-ahmad-salkida/ 5https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/13/5-emirs-33-district-heads-top-military-officers-complicit-in-zamfara-banditry/ 6https://guardian.ng/news/thousands-displaced-by-bandit-attacks/ Copy Right: WANEP© 2020 NIGERIA ADDRESSING ARMED BANDITRY IN THE NORTH WEST REGION fatalities with 38 deaths in Niger, Kebbi and Katsina States. This policy brief analyses the trends and dynamics of Niger State recorded the highest fatality of 34 people with armed banditry in Nigeria's North West region, its 2 deaths each in Kebbi and Katsina States respectively⁷. implications for human security as well as impact of peace negotiations. It further provides recommendations for The resilience of armed bandits' groups operating in the response and mitigation to enhance sustainable peace and affected States in the face of the dominant military security. approach to quell the violent activities of the bandits makes the need for multi-approach that includes dialogue, coordinated community policing and civil-military support 1. Trends and Dynamics of Armed Banditry in the structure as imperative tools to assuage the threats. The North-West Region of Nigeria combined approach creates an opportunity for conflict reduction, resolution and extended conversations on Understanding armed banditry in Nigeria's North West stabilising peace and security in the States as well as in the region requires examination of the historical, socio- country. An inclusive conflict management system economic and governance contexts, as well as the conflict encourages local commitment to the process in addressing dynamics resulting from the interplay of farmer-herder the threats at the short and medium term. The peace relations pertaining to access to land resources. While initiatives developed by the State Governments have the ecological changes and climate-induced pressures have potential to reduce the escalating threats to human increased conflicts in the agro-pastoral sector, the security and restore public confidence in Government's phenomenon also has linkages to banditry and ability to protect lives and property in the affected States. governance challenges. Factors that drive banditry in the region such as cattle rustling, illicit artisanal gold mining, However, it requires a robust engagement with key proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), stakeholders in the peacebuilding process to ensure youth unemployment, inequality and poverty, indicates a sustainable peace and security in the North West region of weak governance and security capacities across the States. Nigeria. FIG 1: ARMED BANDITRY IN NIGERIA: FIGURES OF FATALITIES (JANUARY-DECEMBER 2019)⁸ 7Source: WANEP NEWS (www.wanep.org/news/) 8Source: www.wanep.org/news 3 NIGERIA ADDRESSING ARMED BANDITRY IN THE NORTH WEST REGION The situation is further complicated by the existence of transnational organized crime networks and markets for large unregulated and poor government-controlled forest the sale of stolen cattle. Many of the rustled cattle have areas in the region, some of which are situated within been disposed in many markets of major Nigerian cities, under-policed border areas between Nigeria and including Maiduguri (Borno State)¹³ and Agege (Lagos neighbouring countries. The porosity of these borders aid State)¹⁴ through the criminal intermediaries. cross-border criminality. Additional challenges arise from the alleged involvement For instance, illicit SALWs from post-Gadhafi Libya and of local vigilante groups (Yan Sakai) in indiscriminate other parts of the Maghreb and the Sahel region⁹ find their killings of suspected bandits in previous years, which has way to the region through the porous borders exploited by been attributed to the surge in violence. criminal syndicates. Availability of such arms coupled with poor regulation of the mining sector aids bandit attacks in States like Zamfara. The activities of illegal gold mining in 2. Implication for Human Security Zamfara State is viewed as a major factor in sustaining a. Community Security bandit-related attacks and killings in the State. Bandits are known to have vanquished communities and taken over Armed banditry, facilitated the emergence of a complex potential mining spots which they exploit themselves¹⁰. informal security sector in the region, including the growth of armed local vigilante groups established to protect In other communities, they attack mining sites, killing the communities against bandits. Many of these groups lack miners and stealing their precious stones, money and adequate security training and often compete against one mining tools. Over 45 illegal gold miners were killed on another. They have been implicated in acts of criminality November 8, 2016 in Bindim community, Maru LGA of including human rights abuses, armed robbery, extortion Zamfara State as bandits numbering about fifty, invaded and appropriation of livestock and other properties from the mining site in search of gold, other precious stones and both bandits and their victims, which led a public money¹¹. The illegally mined gold are sometimes commentator to label their activities as 'legalised armed transported through the largely unsecured borders into banditry'¹⁵. neighbouring countries such as Niger, where it is traded for money, weapons and ammunitions¹². This realization has Also, accusations have been leveled against some led the Federal Government suspending all forms of mining traditional rulers for providing protection and intelligence in Zamfara State since April 2019, to curb the significant support to bandits in exchange for financial threat of armed banditry. gratifications¹⁶. In April 2019, the Nigerian Military arrested two traditional rulers in Zamfara accusing them of Furthermore, weak regulation of pastoral activities has led collaborating with bandits to undermine the effort of the to infiltration by livestock bandits, leading to an increase in Government to end banditry in the State¹⁷. Four others cattle rustling in the North West. The sudden intensification were also suspended by the Zamfara State Government¹⁸. of cattle rustling in States like Katsina, Kaduna and Zamfara, An investigative committee set up by the Zamfara State particularly since 2010, is due to a number of Governor, Bello Matawalle in July 2019 revealed that five interconnected factors. These include the conflicts traditional
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