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For DAMPA, Vertical Integration Is a Chance to Learn and Improve Itself © 2018 | Published by: Government Watch (G-Watch) 27-A Matapat Street, Barangay Pinyahan 1100 Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines Website: g-watch.org Accountability Research Center (ARC) American University, School of International Service 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20016-8001 USA Rights and Permissions Website: accountabilityresearch.org G-Watch is an independent national action-research organization embedded in a constituency of advocacy and civic organizations all over the Philippines that aim to contribute to the This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) deepening of democracy through citizen empowerment and the scaling of accountability. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial ARC is an action-research incubator based in the School of International Service (SIS) at American purposes, under the following conditions: University. ARC partners with civil society organizations and policy reformers to contribute to research and practice in the field of transparency, participation and accountability. Attribution—Please cite the work as Aceron, Joy (editor). 2018. Going Vertical: Citizen-led Reform Campaigns in the Philippines. Quezon City: Government Watch (G-Watch). License: Creative Book Information Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. This book is an expanded version of a research report published in December 2016, supported by a grant from Making All Voices Count (MAVC). The research was conducted in 2015 and 2016 by Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along a team of researchers from the Philippines through the G-Watch Program that was then housed with the attribution: This translation was not created by Government Watch (G-Watch) or by in the Ateneo School of Government, in partnership with the Accountability Research Center the Accountability Research Center (ARC) and should not be considered an official translation. at American University, Washington DC, USA, and the Institute of Development Studies, UK. G-Watch and ARC shall not be held liable for any content or error in this translation. Making All Voices Count was supported by the UK Department for International Development (DFID), the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the Swedish International Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and the Omidyar Network, and is implemented by a with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work of Government Watch (G-Watch) consortium consisting of Hivos, the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) and Ushahidi. The in partnership with the Accountability Research Center (ARC). The views and opinions expressed first edition of this publication may be accessed at http://g-watch.org/resources/vertical- in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are integration-research/going-vertical-citizen-led-reform-campaigns-philippines. not endorsed by G-Watch or by ARC. Photo Credits Third-party content—Neither Government Watch (G-Watch) nor the Accountability Research Chapter 1: Government Watch (G-Watch); Center necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. G-Watch Chapter 2: Rural Poor Institute for Land and Human Rights Services (RIGHTS, Inc.); and ARC therefore do not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component Chapter 3: Teduray Lambangian Women’s Organization, Inc.; or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of Chapter 4.1: The World Bank; claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component Chapter 4.2: RIGHTS, Inc.; of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use Chapter 4.3: Damayan ng mga Maralitang Pilipinong Api, Inc. (DAMPA, Inc.); and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but Chapter 4.4: ILO/Joseph Fortin; are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. Chapter 4.5: Teduray Lambangian Women’s Organization, Inc. (TLWOI); Chapter 4.6: Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Photos; All queries and permission for reprint should be addressed to Government Watch (G-Watch), Chapter 4.7: NASA Goddard’s MODIS Rapid Response Team; 27-A Matapat Street, Barangay Pinyahan, 1100 Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines; cellular Chapter 5: Teduray Lambangian Women’s Organization, Inc. phone: +63909 568-5914; fax: +632 456-1976; e-mail: [email protected]. Book cover: G-Watch research team on their way up the mountain to meet with farmers in (Insert ISBN number) Bondoc Peninsula for the validation of their research findings (taken by Joy Aceron) Going Vertical: Citizen-led Reform Campaigns in the Philippines (2nd edition) Joy Aceron, Editor Co-authors: Francis Isaac, Jonathan Fox, Danilo Carranza, Benedict Nisperos, Marlon Lara Cornelio, Federick Vincent Marcelo, Rhia Muhi, Romeo Saliga As a framework of analysis, vertical integration untangles the complexity involved in accountability politics. It allows a comprehensive look at all levels, actions and actors. As a strategy, it synthesizes in a coherent whole, the different dimensions critical to a meaningful campaign: state-society engagement, coalition-building approaches, tactics and actions, levels of decision-making, horizontal representation, and vertical coordination. Acknowledgments Joy Aceron is grateful to Francis Isaac and Professor Jonathan Fox for their overall support and assistance in the conduct of research, writing and editing of this book and to Benedict Nisperos, Marlon Cornelio, Danilo Carranza, Federick Vincent Marcelo, Rhia Muhi and Romeo Saliga for generously agreeing to author the case studies. She also wishes to thank Professor Jonathan Fox and Dr. Rosie McGee for guidance and support, and for their peer review of sections 1, 4 and 5; to Karen Brock for her patience in helping with the editing and publication process of the report (first edition); to Dr. Maria Ela Atienza of University of the Philippines- Diliman, and Flora Mae ‘Toix’ Cerna for the review of the draft full book; to Karen Mae Cruz, Julia Fisher-Mackey and Rachel Nadelman for their editing/ proofreading assistance of this full book version; to Aildrene Tan and Rechie Tugawin for the layout and design; to Antonio La Viña and her former colleagues in the Ateneo School of Government; to G-Watch consortium leaders; and to Accountability Research Center, the Institute of Development Studies, Making All Voices Count and all the other people and groups who made this publication happen. Jonathan Fox would like to thank Joy Aceron, Brandon Brockmeyer, Duncan Edwards, Walter Flores, Ariel Frisancho, Aranzazu Guillàn Montero, Jeffrey Hall, Brendan Halloran, Francis Isaac, Rosie McGee, Marta Schaaf and Nils Taxell for their precise comments on earlier versions of Section 2, which is a revision of the essay also published in Fox and Aceron, with Guillàn Montero (2016). Thanks also to participants in the June 2015 workshop on ‘Scaling Accountability’ (co-sponsored by the Transparency and Accountability Initiative, G-Watch and the International Budget Partnership) for insightful debate over the relevance and framing of vertical integration. Thanks to Renata Aguilera Titus for research assistance and to Waad Tammaa for design assistance. Fox’s background work on this chapter was made possible thanks to support from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction: Studying vertically integrated approaches to citizen-led reforms (Joy Aceron and Francis Isaac) ........................................................ 1 1.1 Introducing the research and its significance .............................................................................1 1.2 Case study selection ..........................................................................................................................4 1.3 Why vertical integration as a framework of analysis? .............................................................8 1.4 Overview of the report .....................................................................................................................14 Chapter 2. Doing accountability differently: Vertically integrated civil society policy monitoring and advocacy (Jonathan Fox) 2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................21 2.2 Vertical integration is easier said than done: Five propositions for discussion ...............31 2.3 Final thoughts .....................................................................................................................................51 Chapter 3. Contextualizing vertical integration in Philippine civil society (Joy Aceron and Francis Isaac) ............................................................................................... 59 3.1 The beginnings of Philippine civil society ...................................................................................60 3.2 ‘Champions’ in the State ..................................................................................................................62 3.3 Emergence of social accountability .............................................................................................63
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