ANNUAL REPORT

25

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

Dona Paula-403 004 Goa, India. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY

Director National Institute of Oceanography

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

Publication and Reprography Section

EDITORIAL PERSONNEL

Shri V Kesava Das Smt R Thomas Shri S P Sharma Smt C Rebeiro

PRINTED BY

Casa Pack Master, Diogo de Couto Road Panjim Goa CONTENTS

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Director's, Report 3 2 5 Highlights 20 3 List of Projects 34 4 R & D Activities 35 41 Physical Oceanography 35 42 Chemical Oceanography 44 43 Geological Oceanography 54 44 Biological Oceanography 61 45 Marine Corrosion & Materials Research 72 46 Integrated Studies of Estuaries 79 47 Ocean Engineering 83 48 Marine Instrumentation 87 49 Surveys for Polymetallic Nodules 89 410 Antarctic Oceanography 91 411 Marine Archaeology 93 412 Data and Information 94 4 13 Publications and Public Relations 98 414 Training 100 4 15 Planning 104 5 International/Bilateral Programmes 105 & Contract Research Projects 111 7 Oceanographic Cruises 117 8 Infrastructure 122 9 Visitors 127 10 Awards and Honours 130 11 Deputations 132 12 Workshops/Seminars/Symposia held 137 13 Publications 139 14 Papers presented in Conferences, Seminars, etc 151 15 Budget 15, 16 Composition of various Committees of NIO 158 17 Appointments/Transfers/Resignations 161 18 Scientific, Technical and Administrative Staff 163 ORGANISATIONAL CHART

COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

RESEARCH MANAGEMENT COUNCIL COUNCIL

DIRECTOR

HEAP QUARTERS REGIONAL DONA PAULA GOA CENTRES

RESEARCH & SHIP PLANNING LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION DEVELOPMENT CELL GROUP

PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION R. C. BOMBAY

CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION R. C. COCHIN

BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION R. C. WALTAIR

GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY DIVISION ESTABLISHMENT SECTION

OCEAN ENGINEERING DIVISION ACCOUNTS SECTION MARINE INSTRUMENTATION AND COMPUTER DIVISION

WORKS SECTION MARINE CORROSION AND MATERIALS RESEARCH DIVISION DISPENSARY

TRAINING DIVISION

DATA & INFORMATION DIVISION

PUBLICATION & REPROGRAPHY SECTION 1989 90 N. I. O. 1989-90 NIO ANNUAL REPORT

2 1989-90 N. I. O.

DIRECTOR'S REPORT

The year 1989-90 has been another year of successful completion of most of the programmes as planned. The seventh plan has come to an end in the year 1989-90. During the course of the seventh plan period, CSIR has resolved that CSIR laboratories should make efforts to earn more from outside agencies to meet the R & D expenditure. The extent of external funding has also been considered as a measure of the credibility of the laboratory. In this respect, it is worthwhile to mention that NIO has earned an amount of Rs. 22. 92 crores from outside agencies against the CSIR grant of Rs. 24. 636 crores during the seventh plan period.

This year too, the oceanographic studies in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was the thrust area in the R & D programmes. Hence, most of the shiptime was utilised for the work in the EEZ. This year, efforts were mainly concentrated to cover the EEZ along the east coast of India. Apart from the thrust area programme, the Institute has continued with the two national programmes, one on the Survey for Polymetallic Nodules (PMN) and the other on Antarctic Oceanography

Under the PMN project, surveys were carried out in the Central Indian Ocean. The focus, during the year, was on high resolution exploration in the Pioneer Area to generate data on abundance, grade and bathymetry which would form the basis for the first stage of relinquishing 20% of the pioneer area to the International Seabed Authority Four cruises on board the chartered vessel Nand Rachit were undertaken for this purpose. Apart from this, collection of baseline data for the environmental studies was initiated and a cruise on board ORV Sagar Kanya was undertaken for this purpose A significant addition to the exploration capability was the installation of the hydrosweep equipment, a state-of-the-art multibeam swath mapping system on board Sagar Kanya. This equipment will ensure the collection of real-time bathymetry data from the Pioneer Area.

Participation in Antarctic research programme was continued Two scientists from the Institute participated in the 9th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica and one scientist worked at Antarctica during the winter.

Three bilateral programmes progressed satisfactorily. Under the Indo-FRG programme on "Quaternary upwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea", the particle flux studies were extended to the Bay of Bengal where deep sea sediment trap moorings were deployed. This region is of particular importance because of the large river-borne sediment discharge from the Ganges. In addition, both the monsoons play an important role in the oceanic processes which contribute the particles. During the year, two cruises were undertaken for this study on board ORV Sagar Kanya and DSV Nand Rachit, for the deployment and retrieval of the moorings. An Indo-FRG Working Group meeting was held in Bremen in March 1990 to discuss the progress and future direction of the ongoing programme.

Under the Indo-USSR collaborative programme, NIO scientists participated in 4 cruises on board ORV Sagar Kanya and Soviet research vessels in the Indian Ocean as part of the Trans-Indian Ocean Geotraverses studies. The data collected were analysed and detailed upper crust structural maps have been prepared. Under this programme 3 Soviet Scientists visited the Institute during the year Under the project on "Air-sea interaction in relation to monsoon dynamics", data collected during 1988 were analysed and modelling studies were carried out.

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The Indo-US project on "Bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean* also progressed satisfactorily. During the year, more emphasis was laid on the collection of marine organisms from the intertidal and subtidal regions along the southeast and southwest coasts and Lakshadweep islands. Identification and chemical ecology of the organisms collected have been carried out along with isolation and characterisation of a few compounds The Indo-US project on "Accelerated corrosion of metals and alloys in the marine environment" initially sanctioned for three years from 1986 to 1989 has been extended for two more years. Under this project; the effect of crude oil on the rate of corrosion of mild steel was evaluated.

The Institute has underaken a major programme known as the Caribbean Oceanographic Resources Exploration (CORE) project to assist the Caribbean countries at the initiative of the Common- wealth Science Council in collaboration with the Caribbean Commonwealth and Govt. of India. The objectives of the programme are(1) to enhance the capability of Caribbean countries in investigating, understanding and utilising their living and non-living resources; (2) to train Caribbean Scientists in areas of oceanography; arid (3) to carry out the oceanographic resources survey in the Caribbean Sea". Under this project, 22 Caribbean scientists were given training at NIO for a period of 3 months from October to December, 1989.

This year, the Institute has undertaken 18 new contract research projects for various agencies like ONGC, NPC, Calcutta Port Trust, several Central Govt. Departments, etc. The total contract value of these projects is Rs. 506. 54 lakhs. The cash flow during the year from external sources was Rs. 823. 617 lakhs against CSIR grant of Rs. 523 lakhs.

The research vessels Gaveshani and Sagar Kanya have successfully completed 7 and 4 cruises repectively in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal during the year. Since R. V. Gaveshani was decommis- sioned in October, 1989, a vessel Nand Rachit was chartered for continuing the ongoing programmes.

128 research papers were published during the year. The Institute's regular publications like Mahasagar, Newsletter, Collected Reprints, etc. were Drought out. The journal Mahasagar was discontinued as NIO's publication.

This year again, two of my younger colleagues Dr. Rajiv Nigam and Dr. V. Purnachandra Rao received the CSIR Young Scientist award and the UNESCO/ROSTSCA award respectively. Eight scientists of the Institute have acquired Ph. D. awards

The Research Council (RC) had two sittings during the year. Apart from evaluating the ongoing programmes, the RC also finalised the 8th plan programmes during the meetings.

By the end of the year 1990, the Institute will be completing 25 years and therefore, year 1990 is being observed as the Silver Jubilee Year.

I am thankful to the members of the Research Council and Management Council for their contributions in successfully running the programmes of the Institute. I also thank all my colleagues whose endeavour resulted in the contents of this report.

B. N. DESAI NIO. 1989-90

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2. HIGHLIGHTS

I. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

(a) Polymetallic Nodules from the Central Indian Ocean

During the year, 629 freefall grab and 103 photograb operations were carried out at 140 stations in the Central Indian Ocean for collecting nodule samples Maximum abundance of nodules was found to be 27 kg/sq m.

The chemical analyses indicate that average moisture content of these nodules is 20% (range 16- 25%) The Mn content in these nodules varies between 15 and 34%, and Fe content between 2 and 16%. From the analyses it is observed that 39% of nodule samples are marginal and/or paramarginal in grade (i. e combinedNi, Cu and Co values above 2%) while the rest are submarginal (Cu+Ni+Co<2%). The higher concentration of Mn, Cu and Ni in nodules is found to be associated with siliceous sedimentary environment while reverse is true in red clay sediments

Radiochemical and geochemical studies indicate thatdiscoidal nodules which are less vulnerable to rotation on the sealloor. unlike spheroidal nodules, show distinct differences in transition metal fluxes, 230Th contents, 23OTh/232Th and Mn/Fe ratios between their top and bottom surfaces. These suggest two different sources and procedures of ennchment for two sides Detailed studies of internal structure of nodules indicate close relation between Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide precipitation and global palaeo-oceanographic conditions

Geochemical studies of sediment samples from nodules bearing environments reveal five important sources for its content of major and minor elements Ba as dissolution residue, Na and Mg as seasalts, Si from biogenic source, Mn, Ni, Fe, Co, Cu from combined hydrogenelic and diagenetic sources and other major elements from detrital sources were suggested The oxidised manganese ratio (O/Mn) in the nodules from different sediment types varies from 1 73 to 1 81 suggesting that Mn mostly occurs in the nodule in Mn(IV) state Mn reduction occurs usually at a depth of 11-15 cm below the seafloor and presence of maximum solid phase Mn at the top of sediment column (0-3 cm) indicates diagenetic incorporation of Mn into the nodules. Regional geochemical study of nodules shows a marked difference in composition between those from subequatonal part and basinal areas. Unusually high concentration of Mn, Ni and Cu in smooth nodules from subequatonal part suggests transportation of diagenetically rich trace metals by bottom water from adjacent areas.

Studies on physical properties of nodules reveal that Indian Ocean nodules are anisotropic and found to be denser, porous and display faster P-wave velocity in comparison to those from Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

A programme for digitisation of seabed photographs to compute coverage and abundance of pnlymetallic nodules isdeveloped. Photographs of nodule bearing areas of seafloorshowwidespread mega benthic activity. Sediments are the most preferred substrate for organisms followed by nodules.

(b) Antarctic Oceanography

NIO continued its participation in the Antarctic Expeditions. The Ninth Expedition had two scientists from NIO. The studies on the data collected during the earlier expeditions revealed the following

20 1989-90 N. I. O

The observed decreasing trend in the SST (from -0 5°C to - 1 . 9°C) during January 1988 in the shore polynya off Dakshin Gangotri has been mainly attributed to the processes of heat advection. The presence of anomalous warm saline waters (>14 C°&35. 3 x 103 S) in the upper 1000 m of the southwestern Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean suggests the presence of eddies (300 km) that might shed out from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current due to topographic influence of Crozet Plateau

The planetary scale fronts (thermal and/or saline) in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean have shown considerable east to west variability in their characteristics on account of continental boundary processes and bottom topographic effects.

Studies on watermass structure, productivity and nutrients reveal that nutrient rich warm deep water is brought to the surface near divergence 85°S. Nitrate and phosphate isopleths reveal dominance of physical processes over biological processes. Phytoplankton productivity and biomass in Antarctic waters was vanable but display its richness in coastal regions. Size fractionation of phytoplankton shows that autotrophic and heterotrophic pico and nanoplankton form a substantial contribution to the turnover rate of phytoplankton biomass and to the classic Antarctic food chain consisting of diatoms, krill and whales. The physical structure of water column, near-freezing temperature at ice edge combined with heavy grazing and rapid sinking are the most significant factors controlling phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean.

Based on the analysis of the high resolution seismic reflection data of theAstrid Ridge of Dronning Maudland, east Antarctica revealed seaward, prograded, technically controlled graben, about 20 km in width and 80 - 90 km in length and other structural elements in the southern Indian Ocean. Its three graben stages —well developed, intermittent and deformed —identified have been explained due to horizontal forces of translation leading to states of compression and elongation across the diverging SWIR plate boundaries and the changes in relative motion of African, Indian and Antarctica continental plates during the Late - Middle Jurassic (120 Ma) to Oligocene (23 - 30 Ma. ).

II. THRUST AREA — OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE EEZ OF INDIA

(a) Ocean Dynamics

Most of the coastal currents that arise along the eastern boundaries of the ocean basins flow with the local winds. The coastal current off western India during the northeast monsoon, however, behaves differently. It flows northward against southward winds. The analysis of data suggests that the momentum to overcome the winds is supplied by a pressure gradient that arises along the coast during the season. Interestingly, the results further suggest that as the southwest monsoon sets in, the pressure gradient drops and the winds begin to play the leading role. During this season the surface flow is equatorward and there is a deeper flow in the opposite direction — the coastal undercurrent. This means that the region during the southwest monsoon behaves like a typical wind-driven eastern boundary coastal upwelling system. These results suggest that the region is unique because of the dramatic changes it exhibits from season to season.

The southernmost section of the west coast of India showed occurrence of upwelling during southwest monsoon, the nearshore surface temperature being about 2. 5°C lower than that in the farther offshore. The intensity of upwelling, the signatures of the surface current and the undercurrent'reported earlier was found to grow weaker progressively from the south to the north and ceased to be noticeable at about 20°N. The width of the surface current was about 150 km and the undercurrent about 40 km. A 21 N. I o 1989-90

distinct feature of the thermal structure along the entire west coast during northeast monsoon was that the conditions symptomatic of downwelling existed at the continental slope At the surface a northward current, moving against the winds, carried low salinity Equatorial Surface Water. In this region both the northward flow and the downwelling appear to be the consequence of thermohaline-driving. By 20°N, off the wide shelf of the Saurashtra coast, the flow turned into a jet located just off the shelf break with colder water on the shelf

Currents at approximately 1000 and 3000 m depth, along the 15°N latitude have been studied in the mid Arabian Sea during May 1986-May 1987. Though the spectra for the six time-series measurements have similar shapes, their energy levels differ. At the western side the energy in the deeper currents was higher than that at the upper level. The increase in energy from upper to deeper level was marginal at the central mooring and was not significant at the eastern mooring The energies dropped from the west to the east both at the upper and the lower levels, but the drop was much larger in the deeper currents. Therewas no significant coherence between upper and lower currents at any location, nor between currents at adjacent locations.

Most western boundary regions of the ocean basins show the occurrence of western boundary nurrenls (the Somali Current, the Gulf Stream, etc) that are forced not just by local factors like the coastal winds, but by mechanisms that arise from forcing over the entire basin. The western boundary region of the Bay of Bengal, the region off the east coast of India, during the southwest monsoon appears to be an exception to this widely observed phenomenon. Analyses of the hydrographic data collected during July- August 1989 suggest that the upwelling and the narrow northward current that most of the coastline experiences during this season are controlled solely by the local winds.

The spatial spread of freshwater is seen upto 10°N in the central and upto 6PN in the eastern Bay of Bengal Its dominance is noticed upto a depth of 10 m in the northern Bay, upto 75 m in the eastern Bay compared to 40 m in the central Bay. Studies of potential vorticity show that the depth of penetration of wind forcing is limited to the upper 300 m in the southern Bay and increases northwards to about 600 m in the central Bay.

(b) Air-Sea Interaction

The evaporation characteristics of the Indian Ocean in relation to the summer monsoon have been investigated. The evaporation from the Arabian Sea is nearly the same whether monsoon is good or bad. Southern hemisphere evaporation in August, a break monsoon period over India, showed considerable interannual variations. Study of the annual meridianal energy transport has confirmed the earlier estimates.

(c) Acoustic tomography

The processed, oceanographic data of the Bay of Bengal during 1988 enabled identification of the depth of minimum sound speed to be at 1700 metres. Assuming a sound source situated at this depth, the ideal locations of the acoustic receiver(s) that provide the best information of the oceanic environment, have been computed using the software developed indigenously. The analysis enabled to build up the data kernel consisting of travel time perturbations of the acoustic eigen rays and ray path length in different (tomographic) layers of the medium, determined based on the sound speed gradients in the vertical.

Computer simulation studies enabled reconstruction of sound speed profiles (utilising the data kernel

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consisting of acoustic ray path lengths in tomographic layers obtained following ray theory) through the use of singular value decomposition (SVD) technique under generalized inverse method. The results are within the acceptable limits of variance (99%) The impact of noise, either ambient or through mooring motions, incorporated by way of travel time differences has been found to improve the space resolutions in the model.

Development of a multipurpose recorder activated by a micro controller to log the marine ambient acoustic noise has been completed. This unit consisting of an omni-directional sensor, an amplifier and a common casette system controlled by a microprocessor, has a depth capability of 400 db This unit has been successfully tested in the shallow environs off the coast of Goa, wherein acoustic noise over different frequency bands have been recorded and analysed.

d) Modelling

A one-dimensional model of marine atmospheric boundary layer that could predict the vertical structure of wind, temperature and moisture has been developed and tested for a region in the Arabian Sea. The model predicted reasonably well the vertical structure of wind and temperature field.

A three-dimensional model of circulation in the Arabian Sea has been developed The model has 31 layers in the vertical and takes into consideration the actual bottom topography Numerical experiments have been performed for a one-degree spatial resolution model using climatic data of wind field, temperature and salinity The model simulated well the climatic circulation in the Arabian Sea for various months.

The reflections of Rossby and Poincare waves from continental edges have been studied. The presence of new, roughness-generated trapped waves is predicted in both cases. An incoming Rossby wave is shown to transfer energy to a set of Rossby waves with wave numbers covering a wide range. In the case of Poincare wave scattering, a sink of energy exists at the coast which is attributed to the presence of a natural trapped mode, the Kelvin wave.

(e) Coastal Oceanography

Problems of thermal pollution posed by the proposed Nuclear Power stations on the coastal regions of Jaitapur and Tarapurhave been studied. The thermal structure of the waters off Jaitapur during summer, corresponding to the worst condition, has been established. A nearshore circulation model, which takes into consideration the bathymetry and flow due to wave, has been tested.

A coastal thermal front which propagates from south to north has been identified along the west coast of India. This is found to be associated with the upwelling in the region.

(1) Remote Sensing

The water vapour flux divergence over the Arabian Sea dunng 1987 summer monsoon season was studied using the INSAT-1B precipitation data and the Indian Daily Weather Report (IDWR) data The net water vapour flux divergence values were found to be positively and significantly correlated with the monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India. The mean annual moisture flux divergence over the tropical

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Indian Ocean showed that the conditions of the Bengal region are highly conducive for large scale convergence

A technique has been developed to process optical datacollected in thesea Using this technique, marine optical properties for both downwelling and upwelling light at spectral intervals of 4 nm can be computed for application in optical remote sensing

A software package to process Coastal Zone Colour Scanner (CZCS) data that removes atmospheric eflects and generates chlorophyll distribution has been developed Several scenes over the Indian Ocean for 1980 85 are analysed and studied using the newly developed software

AVHRR data pertaining to Indian Ocean have been processed to retrieve SST using the newly developed software Error estimates of MCSST retrievals in the Arabian Sea were made by the intercomparison of SSTs from ARGOS dnfting buoys and SSTs retrieved from NOAA/AVHRR data using the newly developed software

Geosat altimeter data for January 1987 for the north Indian Ocean was processed to retrieve sea surface winds and waves and maps of winds and waves were prepared This work was carried out in collaboration with SAC, Ahmedabad

Although upwelling along the west coast of India commences around June and weakens by August, its effects on biological productivity as evaluated from ocean colour data recorded by the CZCS and sea truth measurements are observed to be present even through September and October Further as opposed to earlier reports that upwelling weakens towards the north implying low biological production, high biological productivity was observed along the entire coast associated with cold water pockets

The analysis of Ocean Colour Images generated from data obtained using the CZCS on the NASA Nimbus 7 satellite gives useful biological parameters CZCS provides a synoptic view of phytoplankton distribution over large areas (1000 x 1000 km) which was not possible in the past Available CZCS data was used to study the annual cycle of chlorophyll distribution in the Indian Ocean Several CZCS scenes along the west and east coast of India have been processed for atmospheric correction The composites used for the study of the annual cycle have been obtained from NASA These chlorophyll annual time series data have been used to determine the attenuation coefficient in the Arabian Sea using a spectral irradiance model The annuaj cycle of derived attenuation coefficient shows a peak around September and October These satellite derived chlorophyll time series data are also being used to try and quantify the biological impact which was hitherto practically neglected on the upper ocean dynamics

(g) Chemical Studies

The cycling of the Greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) has been examined in the northern Indian Ocean Its ocean-atmosphere flux has been quantified Evaluation of the mechanisms of N2O production in the ocean led to suggest that a novel nutrification - denitrification couple, NH4- NO N2O could be the dominant mechanism for N2O production

Enzymatic measurements involving the activity of the respiratory electron transport system (ETS) have been made for estimating the oxygen consumption and denitnficatron rates in the Arabian Sea These led to respiration rates which are among the highest observed anywhere in the ocean Its sustenance by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), in addition to sinking particles, has been suggested through observations

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on DOC cycling within the oxygen minimum layer. The ETS data established the Arabian Sea as the single largest denitrification site with a very short turnover time of intermediate watermasses.

Balance of the cycle of iridium in the oceans have been computed. A negative balance indicates the possibility of significant input through aerial transport.

A link has been established between the surface circulation and the development and intensity of the sub-surface oxygen minimum This has implications on the long-term geochemical cycling of nitrogen and possibly climate in that the intense north-east monsoon during the ice ages could have led to the weakening of the winter stratification resulting in disturbed intermediate oxygen balance.

Budgets of carbon and nitrogen in the Arabian Sea have been computed. A negative trend in carbon suggests input through Antarctic deep water; while a positive balance in nitrogen would indicate its contribution to the atmosphere.

(h) Marine Pollution

Studies indicate that the Chaliyar river in Kerala with no effluent discharge from the Mavoor Rayons for two years has recovered from the impact of the pollution. Nearly 40-80% of the nitrogen and phosphates were found in bound form.

Studies on the Sewree mudflat (Bombay Harbour) area which receives variety of industrial effluents and untreated domestic wastewater from nearby shore establishments reveal that the BOD is 8 to 12ppm indicating high degree of organic pollution. Evidently dissolved oxygen was low and often reduced to zero. The levels of NO3-N falling close to zero when dissolved oxygen was absent suggest critical anoxic conditions in certain portions of the mudflat.

Environmental studies in mid-estuarine stretch of Hooghly between Haldia river and Diamond harbour in dicated high dominance of riverine freshwater flow upstream of Haldia Tides in the mouth caused surface gradients which resulted in propagation of gravity waves into the estuary. The water quality of Ihe lower estuary did not reveal any serious contamination, though Hooghly in its upper reaches is considered to receive 93 x 104m3/day of waste water. Although substantial waste of hydrocarbon origin is considered to be entering Hooghly through port operations and industrial/domestic waste water discharges, the levels of residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in the water column were fairly low.

Mapping of pesticides residue in the surficial sediments along thecoastof India has been completed. Concentrations of organochlorines in the east coast sediments are about an order of magnitude higher than those in the west coast sediments. This is due to the use-pattern ol pesticides in the country.

Analyses of organochlorine pesticides in edible fishes indicate higher concentration of the metabolite DDE in relation to total DDT. This indicates either a decreasing input of DDT to the Indian coastal marine environment or faster rate of conversion of DDT to DDE due to higher metabolic activities in migratory fishes.

Participation in an international intercalibration workshop by analysing the samples of sediment and fish-tissue homogenates both in the laboratory at NIO and in the laboratory of the coordinating agency in Perth, Australia, by the same bench-level scientists indicated that our values on Pb, Cd, Cu and Hg were well within the acceptable error limit of ± 15%.

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(i) Biological Studies

Time series mapping of primary, secondary and benthic production in the EEZ along the west coast of India was completed and delineation of the demersal fishery resources has been carried out.

The quantum yield is a measure of the amount of carbon fixed per number of photons, absorbed Until recently, estimates of quantum yield never accounted for the absorption of light by the non-pigmented components A new technique has been developed which makes it possible to distinguish between absorption by pigmented and non-pigmented components of phytoplankton and thus paves way for preciseness in productivity estimates studies

Resulls of recent studies on picoplankton indicate that they can tolerate high intensity light This is contrary to the earlier view that picoplankters were low-light adapted This finding implies that we have to revise the existing understanding of the food chain with a simple progression from phytoplankton • zooplankton fish so as to include an alternate grazing pathway via microflagellates, since picoplankton are not a preferred food source for zooplankton.

Studies undertaken on light absorption efficiencies in phytoplankton through laboratory cultures have generated evidence that the specific absorption coefficient varies 4-fold, depending on the size of phyto- plankton cell, their growth-light environment and nutrient status. The existing algorithms for estimating chlorophyll and primary production from ocean colour data (CZCS) implicitely assume that the optical properties of phytoplankton are conservative. Results of the present study have direct implications in realistic assessment of biological productivity from CZCS data and, therein, the pelagic fish resource potential

Based on the analysis of the zooplankton samples, a monograph of Pelagic Potychaetes of the World and Keys to the identification of (a) Flat Fishes and (b) Planktonic Amphipods have been completed.

Towards the biomedical preparation of lysate, a breakthrough in thecontrolled breeding and hatching of young ones of horse-shoe crab (Trachypleusgigas)—a living fossil was achieved. The whole life-cycle of the living fossil, has successfully been studied under laboratory conditions This is done for the first time, anywhere in the world The implications of results, have significance in the production of Lysate Amoebocyte Limulus (LAL) — a commercially important import substitute.

On the basis of remote sensing data authenticated through ground truth testing, maps of coastal zones of Maharashtra, Goa and Kamataka have been prepared, by using the coastal vegetation as base parameter -Maps have immense application in coastal land use planning for industries, aquaculture, tourism, afforestation and conservation.

A detailed study of the estuanne fungi of the Cochin backwaters covering systematics, ecology and biochemical activities has been completed. It was found that they play a major role in the microbial degradation of biopolymers of plant origin Potential role of yeasts in combating estuarine pollution was also indicated by their ability to grow in diesel and kerosene.

Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) are those anaerobes responsible for the terminal phases of bi- odegradation. Studies on ecology and physiology have revealed the qualitative and quantitative contribution of SRBs in the breakdown of toxic compounds viz phenolics and nutrient cycling Oxidative counterparts viz. sulphur oxidising Thiobacillus, isolated from offshore waters have been trained in the

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laboratory to mitigate sulfide production in the offshore oilfields

Experiments carried out on the mixed culture of anaerobic Thiobacilli-like strains and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) showed that the two strains could grow together without much net H2S production provided the substrate concentration was kept low.

Microbiological samples collected from the central Indian Ocean showed more colony forming units of aerobic than anaerobic bacteria in the abyssal depths (4800 - 4900 m)

132 nearshore and offshore bacterial strains from waters of the Arabian Sea were tested for their tolerance against 9 metals (Cd, Pb, Mo, Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni) and 6 antibiotics (Tetracycline, Penicillin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, Gentamycm and Chloromaphenicol). Though most of the strains were resistant to Penicillin, offshore strains showed higher tolerance to metals and antibiotics. They also exhibited multiple drug resistance Among the pigmented strains, the offshore strains were found to be more resistant Jo metals than their coastal counterparts and were also comparatively more tolerant to metals and antibiotics at higher concentration than the non-pigmented isolates.

Nitrification by reef corals is quantitatively important with an average rate of 9. 4 to 6. 0 n mol (mg coral tissue N) 'nr1 This is a new finding and is a novel mechanism of N recycling within a coral reef Ammonium utilization rates are equal to inorganic N production rates and nitrate production rates are equal to zooxanthollar uptake rates, demonstrating a dose Coupling between these processes

The technique of starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to determine the geneticstructure of fish population. Results indicate a mixing of genetically differentiated population of the same species along the west coast, east coast and the Andaman Sea. This is due to the formation of new genotypes through genetic recombination, a characteristic of introgressed populations. Findings, besides providing an insight into the annual variability in the success and failure of the mackerel fishery, further provide lead in gene-manipulation towards evolving an appropriate strain of commercially important mackerel.

Chromosomal studies were initiated in bivalve molluscs Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostrea graphoides. Methods were developed for artificial fertilization and analysing the chromosomes in the larval cells. An apparatus was designed for irradiation experiment to induce gymnogenesis.

(j) Geological and Geophysical Studies

As part of engineering pre-design investigations, high resolution geophysical surveys were carried out in and around Bombay harbour. The seabed topography is smooth over the day covered areas and is uneven where either the bedrock outcrops or the seafloor is formed of stiff clay. Recent sediments, comprising mostly of unconsolidated day (max 16 m) overlie generally on a fractured, weathered/eroded bedrock which is the continuation of the onshore Deccan flood basalts. Buried channels, interbedded sand bodies, small scale ripples, scouring of the seabed and gas charged sediments were identified.

Detailed bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetic surveys were carried out off Karwar and suitable suggestions have been made for planning and design for the construction of the proposed naval base (Sea Bird Project), the biggest in Asia. • '

Sediment cores collected in Kalbadevi on the coast of Maharashtra using vibro corer in collaboration with Geological Survey of India were analysed for ilmenite content. The results indicate that

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the ilmenite concentration varies from 4. 5 to 45% confirming the results of earlier investigatjons on the surface sediments of the bay Further, these studies reveal that this mineral occurs upto a depth of 3 m below the seabed

Quaternary black shales have been reported for the first time in a core collected off Pennar River on the eastern continental margin of India at a water depth of 1200 m The mineralogical, geochemical and sedimentological studies carried out on Ihe core have indicated changing sedimentary environments dunng Pleistocene and Holocene and the boundary between the two occur at a depth of 94 cm in the core as evidenced by the presence of vivianite and brecciated dolostone. Organic geochemical studies using Rock-Eval Pyrolysis indicate that the organic matter content in the black shales is of dispersed nature and is not oil prone.

Study of physical properties, sound velocity and density for core samples along a transect parallel to 15°N latitude across the Bay of Bengal indicates that sound velocity ranges from 1482 to 1679m/sec. and densities between 1338 to 1757 kg/m3 The dark coloured clays and sandy clays showed higher values of sound velocity and density than the average values (1583 m/sec, 1527 kg/m3).

A prominent E-W trending lineament with a NW offset across the shelf and a thick consolidated sediment layer deposited over the horst and graben like features within the granitic layer were observed off Karwar as a part of geophysical studies of the western continental margin.

Study of magnetic anomalies in the Central Indian Ocean Basin between 9° and 16°30'S resulted in the identification of E-W trending seailoor spreading anomalies numbered 21 to 25 and a new Fracture Zone at 75°45'E trending N12°E. The differential offsets observed across the new fracture zones are explained in terms of the evolution of the Indian Ocean Triple Junction

The linear magnetic anomalies across the central Indian Ridge near tnple junction were mapped and seafloor spreading anomaly numbers 2, 2A, 3, 3A and 4 with 2. 2 cm per year as half spreading rate were identified. A new left lateral transform fault offsetting the ridge axis about 50 km and an abandoned ridge axis and ridge jump between anomalies 2 and 2A at about 2. 5 million years ago were identified.

Bathymetric, magnetic and gravity data obtained over a seamount located in the Arabian Sea were studied, his inferred that the seamount is isostatically compensated. The seamount was possibly formed by two volcanic episodes. The normally magnetised base of the seamount was formed during the Upper Paleocene (58 Ma) while the Indian Rate was moving over Reunion hotspot The reversely magnetised upper part of the seamount was formed by renewed volcanism during early Oligocene (36 Ma).

Continuous seismic profiler, magnetic and bathymetric data collected over the EEZ of east coast of India were analysed. Magnetic data has presented a broad magnetic low over the shelf edge between Paradeep and Visakhapatnam It was interrupted by a magnetic high off Chilka Lake. The magnetic anomalies in the Krishna-Godavari basin are fairly smooth but also presented isolated magnetic lows over the continental shelf and a linear anomaly parallel to the coast over the continental slope. The bathymetric contours have revealed the presence of a ridge off Godavari river which was not reported earlier. It runs perpendicular to the coast and extends upto about 3000 m water depth. Similar ndge but of less relief was also recorded to the south of Visakhapatnam.

28 1989-90 N. I. O.

(k) Palaeoclimatic Studies

The Inter-relationship between mean proloculus size (MPS), 18O and 13C variations in benthic foraminiferal species Cavarotalia annectens (Parker and Jones) and their relation with temperature (T) and salinity (S) have been studied in samples from the inner shelf of the west coast of India. Results show that only MPS has significant relationship (r = —0 8) with temperature and salinity.

(I) Marine Biodeterioration

Methods to evaluate microfouling have been developed. Implication of suspended matter and particulate organic carbon of seawater on microfouling was reported for the first time.

A' new approach to characterize microfouling material based on sugar monomer ratios was suggested.

A technique has been developed and tried to measure shear force required for removal of calcareous fouling biomass from different surfaces with the help of electronic UTM. The results obtained for different thickness of fouling assemblage suggest that more force is required for removal of fouling in wet condition than in dry condition.

Observations on the corrosion of reinforcement in concrete under varying stresses in marine environment indicated increase of corrosion with increased stress

In a laboratory experiment, it was found that thick micro- algal (diatoms) mat (consisting of algal density more than 700 Nos/cmz) could reduce the corrosion rate of mild steel initially.

Samples of fouling algae collected from the coastal waters of Goa and Maharashtra showed wide variations in the abundance of species.

(tn) Ocean Engineering Software to retrieve and analyse the raw data on heave/pitch/roll time series to obtain directional wave spectra has been developed.

Estimation of 100 year wave height (Hs) has been made based on the directional wave data so far collected off Karwar

Wave hindcasting numerical model "DOLPHIN" has been implemented on IBM PC and ND- 500 computer and model is being tuned for both uniform and varying wind fields.

A software for dynamic analysis of single point surface buoy mooring has been developed.

Effect of salinity on the permeability of soil samples collected off Mauritius has been evaluated.

Online data aquisition system for Aanderaa weather station and self recording currentmeter has been developed.

Nearshore wave transformation model has been developed to study the change in wave charac- teristics off Karwar coast. 29 N. I. O 1989-90

Seventy-live field stations have been established along Maharashtra, Goa and Karwar coasts, to conduct the daily littoral environmental programme.

(n) Marine Instrumentation

Final design aspects of the optics for the In-water Spectral Radiometer (UNDP Project) has been completed Electronics for the radiometer is in the design stage. The initial design was presented at an invited paper at Friday Harbor, Seattle, USA in September 1989 and has evinced keen interest from the oceanographic community. It is presently the only type of instrument with its specified range and resolution now being developed in an oceanographic laboratory.

An integrated Data Acquisition System for a coastal research vessel has -been developed The system consists of personal computers dedicated for acquisition of data from various shipboard equipments.

The technical knowhow of the automatic tide gauge was released to the Dept. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India who are in turn preparing to release it to'M/s. AIMILfor full scale production This unit will be used as a standard one at Survey of India tide gauge stations along the Indian coasts

(o) Marine Archaeology

Dwarka Expedition: Underwater search lor the submerged city of ancient Dwarka on Gujarat coast conducted in December, 1989 brought to light hitherto unknown protection walls, bastions, etc., in 6 to 10 metre water depth 1 km west of the temple of Sea God thereby confirming that the ancient port-city of 1500 B. C. was built on both banks of the river Gomati. The structures, stone anchors and other artifacts were documented. The Geophysical Survey of an area of 5 x 10 km upto 20 m depth yielded useful data for determining the limit of the ancient city. The submerged channel ol the Gomati was also traced and its steep gradient suggests that light artifacts were transported into the then sea about 1. 75 km off the Samudranarayana Temple.

Shipwreck in Goa waters: The marine archaeological surveys led to the discovery of a shipwreck in the shallow waters of Amee Shoals The ship carried at least 3 cannons and a considerable quantity of dressed granite blocks. The ill-fated ship must have been struck in bad weather against the reef and foundered. From the shape, size, etc. of the cannon the wreck seems to be 300 years old. An iron anchor of a later wreck was also recovered.

III. BILATERAL PROGRAMMES

(a) Indo-USSR Programme in Oceanology

Data on air-sea interaction processes in relation to monsoon dynamics were collected using Russian and Indian vessels. A one dimensional model that could predict the vertical structure of wind, temperature and moisture has been developed and tested for one point in the Arabian Sea. Using the data collected during Monex-79 expedition as initial, profile, simulation has been carried out for one day. The model predicted reasonably well the vertical structure of wind and temperature field.

30 1989-90 N. I. O.

(b) Indc-FRG Project on Quaternary Upwelling and Climate in the Arabian Sea related to monsoonal events

Seasonality in lithogenic sedimentation rates was observed with high fluxes during the SW monsoon period during times of high biological productivity. The lithogenic flux correlated well with organic carbon flux providing strong evidence for biological control on lithogenic sedimentation.

Part'culate matter collected at 732 and 2914 m during a time-series sediment trap experiment (sampling interval 13 days) in the Central Arabian Sea (14°29'N 64°46'E; water depth 4016 m) was analysed for its fatty acid and organic carbon contents. Contents of organic carbon and. fatty acid decrease with increasing particle fluxes. At 732 m fatty acids account for 0. 6-2% of organic carbon. Particulate organic matter collected during high-productivity and high-flux periods exhibits signs of less intense degradation within the surface layers. Furthermore, loss rates of organic carbon and fatly acids between 732 and 2914 m increase with increasing particle flux, which suggests that water column degradation is intensified during this period. Selective degradation of fatty acids diminishes their contribution to organic carbon in the deeper trap (0. 3-0. 7%). Despite this, the seasonality in fatty acid flux is maintained down to the deep ocean. Differences in fatty acid composition between the two depths are indicative of the organisms involved in the degradation of participate organic matter in the water column especially bacteria. Biological alteration of sinking particulate matter appears to occur mainly on particles.

(c) Indo-US Project on Bioactive Substances from the Indian Ocean

Chemicals indicating analgesic, spermicidal, oxytoxic and hypotensive activities in a mangrove plant, a seaweed and a soft cora! have been identified, isolated and characterized. They are being synthesised in the laboratory The synthetic chemical indicating spermicidal activity is in the process of confirmatory tests. Eleven new species of gorgonians, soft coral, zoantharians and seven new species of sponges have been discovered.

Fifteen new and repeat samples of organisms were collected from the inlertidal and subtidal regions along Tuticorin and Mandapam for biological screening and detailed chemical investigations. Subtidal flora from the southeast coast of India and Lakshadweep Island have been studied through SCUBA diving. Total of 12 species of seagrasses and 97 species of marine algae were recorded. 206 species of various organisms mainly from subtidal region were studied for taxonomy. 18 species of sponges and 21 species of coelenterates are new to science.

The active analgesic compound in the mangrove plant Acanthus illicifolius has been identified as 2- Benzoxalinone. This hasbeen synthesised inadequate quantityandisawaitingathoroughpharmacological screening. The aquantityctive anti-implantation compound in the seaweed Acanthophora spicifera has been identified as aurantiamide. This is being synthesised in adequate quantity.

Active compounds have also been isolated from the extracts of (i) algae Amphiroa fragilissima— amino compound with oxytoxic activity and (ii) sponge Haliclona sp. —coloured aromatic compound with hypotensive activity. After receiving their confirmed spectral data, attempts will be initiated on synthesisation of the compounds.

IV. DATA AND INFORMATION

(a) A "two level" quality check method has been developed to check MBT data This is based on two

31 N. I. O. 1989-90

basic standards of temperature distribution viz vertical temperature profile andwatermass property. The two levels ot check are temperature inversion and intracruise variability. The procedure has been successfully tested with MBT data base at INODC This package flags the spurious MBT data

(b) The following data products have been brought out

— MBT data reports — 2 volumes, Vol. 1 contains data from 944 stations of 40 cruises of R V. Gaveshani for the period 1976-86 and Vol II contains data of 454 stations from 10 cruises of OR V Sagar Kanya for the period 1983-86 — BT data atlas — shows profiles in each one degree square. — Nansen cast datareport—Thiscontamsnansen cast data collected onboard R V. Gaveshani dunng the years 1976-80 — Surface meteorological data report — Inventory report of 13 geophysical cruises and 6480 fixes of R. V. Gaveshani contains information on bathymetry, magnetics, seismics and side scan sonar for about 26, 000 Ikm — Cruise inventory forthe period September 1986 - August 1988 (Cr 21-50 oi FORV Sagar Sampada) — Report on coverage of oceanographic studies and gaps in the EEZ of India

(c) A system for microbiological data storage has been developed based on numerical coding and can accomodate any microbiological analysis.

(d) Following Software are developed.

(1) Microcomputer based online oceanographic inventory information system for station data (2) dBASE III software for geophysical data handling (3) CHEMER for chemical data (4) NAVCR for preparation of geophysical cruises catalogue (5) NAVFX for geophysical fixes catalogue (6) BT-PRT for merging various level information & printing (7) PLOT for plowing geophysical coverage map (8) BT-QC for quality control programme for MBT DATA

V. PUBLICATIONS AND PUBLIC RELATIONS

(a) Publications

Published the quarterly journal Mahasagar and NIO Newsletter regularly besides Collected Reprints, Annual Report and other project reports NIO ceased to be the publisher of Mahasagar after the December 1989 issue.

(b) Exhibitions

The Institute participated in several exhibitions during the year including the All India Science & Technology Demonstration Campaign at Ottapalam in Kerala and the 77th Indian Science Congress Exhibition at Cochin Also organised exhibitions at NIO on CSIR Foundation Day and National Science Day

32 1969-90 N. I. O.

An open house for a week was organised for the public onboard R. V. Gaveshani in October 1989, when the ship lay alongside the Panjim jetty

VI. TRAINING

(a) Training for Caribbean Scientists

A training programme in oceanography for 22 scientists from 9 Caribbean Commonwealth countries was organised at the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, from October to December, 1989 This programme was developed by the Commonwealth Science Council (CSC) in collaboration with the Government of India (CSIR and DOD) and the Caribbean Commonwealth The objectives of the Caribbean Oceanographic Resources Exploration (CORE) Project are: to enhance the capability of Caribbean countries in investigating, understanding and utilising their living and non- living resources; to train Caribbean scientists in the classroom, laboratory and onboard ship in areas of oceanography and to cany out the oceanographic resources survey in the Caribbean Sea.

(b) Shipboard Training

Several University graduates/post graduates/teachers and scientists have been provided on board training on the research vessels on handling and operation of oceanographic instruments

33 N IO 1989-90

3. LIST OF PROJECTS

1. THRUST AREA PROGRAMME

1. 1 Oceanography of the EEZ of India

1. 1. 1 Physical oceanography of the EEZ of India

1. 1. 2 Chemical and environmental studies in the seas around India

1. 1. 3 Bioacttve substances from the seas around India

1. 1. 4 Integrated studies of the estuaries

115 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian coast

1. 1. 6 Biological resources of the seas around India

1. 1. 7 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies of the continental margins of India

1. 1. 8 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works

1. 1. 9 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys

2. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES

2. 1 Surveys for polymetallic nodules

2. 2 Oceanographic studies of Antarctic waters

3. INHOUSE PROGRAMME

3. 1 Oceanography of the northern Indian Ocean

34 1989-90 NIO.

4. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

4. 1 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 1. 1 Physical oceanography of the Exclusive Economic Zone ol India (J. S. Sastry)

(a) Large scale circulation off the west coast of India (S. R. Shetye, A. D Gouveia, SSC. Shenoi, D. SundarA G. S. Michael)

A hydrographic survey during southwest monsoon, off the west coast of India, showed occurrence of upwelling in the southernmost section. The nearshore surface temperature was about 2. 5°C lower than farther offshore There was a shallow (approximately 75 m to 100 m deep) equatorward surface current, below which there were signatures of downwelling indicative of a poleward undercurrent hugging the continental slope The undercurrent carried low salinity water found in the southwestern Bay of Bengal. The intensity of upwelling, and the signatures of the surface current and the undercurrent grew weaker progressively from the south to the north and ceased to be noticeable at about 20°N T he width of the surface current was about 150 km, while the undercurrent was about 40 km The transport in the equatorward surface current increased from less than 0. 5 x106m'/s to about 4 x 10R m3/s from the north to the southern end of the coast The circulation is dynamically similar to the wind-driven eastern boundary currents found elsewhere in the oceans.

A distinct feature of the thermal structure along the entire coastline was the existence of conditions symptomatic of downwelling at the continental slope during northeast monsoon. At the surface a northward current moving against the winds, earned lowsalinity Equatorial Surface Water The transport of the current was in the range of 7-10 x 10° m3/s The structure of the surface current changed from the south to the north South of about 15°N, the flow was approximately 400 km wide and 150 m deep In this region, both the northward flow and the downwelling appear to be the consequence of thermohaline-driving A southward moving undercurrent below the surface flow was inferred from the distribution of salinity, temperature and dynamic topography North of approximately 15°N the surface current got narrower. Near20°N, off the wide shelf of the Saurashtra coast, the flow turned into a jet located just off the shelf break The width of the jet was less than 100 km, it was about 400 m deep, and was marked by a temperature front parallel to the shelf break, with colder water on the shelf.

(b) Circulation in the Bay of Bengal (D. P Rao, V S. N Murty, Y. V. B Sarma, A. Suryanarayana S M. T Babu)

The investigations on the oceanographic conditions in the Bay of Bengal during 1984 summer monsoon revealed that the freshwater spreads from the head of the Bay upto 10°N over the central Bay and upto 6°N in the eastern Bay. The dominance of freshwater is noticed upto a depth of 100 m in the northern Bay, upto 75 m depth in the eastern Bay and 40 m over the central Bay. Signatures of the freshwater discharge and wind stress field appear on the topo-maps of the mixed layer thickness and isothermal surfaces. The regions of shoaling/deepening on these topo-maps appear to coincide with those of positive/negative curl of the wind stress. From t h ' distributions of potential vortteity, the depth of penetration of wind influence is found to be limited to the upper 300 m in the southern Bay and 600 m over the central Bay.

35 N. I. O. 1969-90

Geostrophic circulation and the mean climatological wind stress curl for November-December indicate a strong equatorward western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal A cold core gyre was observed in the central Bay associated with the western boundary current The magnitude of this western boundary current, primarily driven by the wind stress curl, was enhanced by the cross shore density gradient.

(c) Dynamics of the coastal currents along the west coast of India (M K. Antony)

Analysis of the data collected on coastal currents has revealed, to some extent, ents taking place during the reversal of the currents. With the weakening of the SW monsoon the southward coastal currents along this coast weakens. Subsequent northward wind near the coast induces a northward current and upwelling is replaced by weak downwelling The cross-shore density structure still favours a southward flow A continued northward wind, which spreads towards offshore by now, induces stronger downwelling and slowly forces the density structure to be in phase with the northward flow and finally, both the wind and the density field favour a northward current. The current reversal along the west coast of India was felt near the coast first and was triggered by the wind. It then spreaded towards offshore.

An upwelling front was identified during the September, 1987 observation period with a thermal gradient of about 6°C over a distance of 45-70 km. The front lying just below the surface was found to extend to a depth of 75 m (A. S. Unmkrishnan)

(d) Coastal currents off Goa (S. S. C. Shenoi)

The analysis ofcurrentsrecordedoffGoa(15°08'E& 73"16"E), for8to15 daysduration representing two seasons revealed the ineitial currents with a period of 46 hour concentrated near Jhe surface (15 m) as a major contributor to the currents apart from diurnal and semi-diurnal components.

(e) Hydrography of tne shelf off central east coast of India (B. Prabhakara Rao & V. Ramesh Babu)

Examination of the shelf hydrography of central east coast of India during the pre-monsoon months enabled qualitatively the influence of the freshwater discharge from the Godavari River to suppress the prevailing coastal upwelling.

(f) Diurnal variability of wind stress, heatfluxes and heat content atafew locations in the Central Bay of Bengal (Y. Sadhuram, B Prabhakara Rao, V Subba Rao & TV Narasimha Rao ofR. C. Wattair)

The thermal structure in the coastal waters is more influenced by the advection and interior physical processes rather than heat exchange. It was noticed that the incoming radiation measured at IMD was 280 and 290 W/m2 whereas the values obtained from Smithsonian meteorological tables were 326 and 328 W/ms respectively. The mean heat content varied between 4 0 to 4 5 (x 10Wm2)

(g) Seasonal variability of heat flux divergence in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam (B. Prabhakara Rao & Y. Sadhuram of R. C. Waltmr)

Heat flux divergence in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam was estimated during different seasons. The mean heat loss from the oceanic column was found to be about 19 8 WS/ma annually

36 1989-90 N. I. O.

(h) Mixing in Visakhapatnam Harbour and nearshore waters (VS Rama Raju, V. V. Sarma & V. Subba Rao of R. C. Waltair)

The replacement times (T) and flushing times (t) were computed for different seasons to understand mixing in Visakhapatnam harbour and nearshore waters. The calculated replacement times were about 115, 64, 155 6 hour for premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons respectively. The replacement times are higher than the flushing times 46, 28 and 70 hours for respective seasons indicating that the transverse mixing in the tidal flow in the Visakhapatnam harbour probably occurs relatively slow.

(i) Hydrographicleaturesol the coastal watersoff Kakinada (B. PrabhakaraRaoS V. S. RamaRaju o1R. C. Waitair)

Temperature and salinity increased from coastal to offshore regions. A dome of high saline (33. 0 x 103) water is observed at 25 m depth while low saline (31. 0 x 10-') water occupied the surface layers. The currents indicate the predominant influence of tide varying in direction by 180° and speed 6 to 27 cm/sec with tide.

(j) Storm surge on Andhra coast during November 1977 (T. V. Narasimha Rao, V. S Rama Raju & V. Subba Rao of R. C. Waltair)

The meteorological data have been used to estimate the surge profile. The storm surge height calculated by the techniques ofJelesmianski (l967) and Nickerson (1971)was about 3. 14 m. By considering the wave set up, differences between isostatic elevation and dynamic elevation, the estimated storm surge was 4. 0 m which was nearly equal to the observed maximum surge height

(k) Watermasses of Visakhapatnam shelf (V. S. Rama Raju, V. V. Sarma, B. Prabhakara Rao & V. Subba Rao of R. C. Waltair)

The T-S relationships of shelf waters off Visakhapatnam in the Bay of Bengal were studied for different seasons. The distinct characteristics of the watermasses in different seasons were noticed also through temperature-oxygen saturation and salinity-oxygen saturation relationships. Depending on the ranges of temperature, salinity and oxygen saturation, the seasonal watermasses were identified.

4. 1. 2 Modelling of ocean circulation

(a) Simulation of barotrophic wind driven circulation in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea (N. Bahulayan & A. S. Unmkrishnan)

The barotrophic wind driven circulation model tested during the previous year, reproduced well the development of north equatorial current during the northwest monsoon season along the southern boundary and the eastward flowing monsoon drift current upto 90°E longitude during the southwest monsoon season. Two anticydonic gyres were observed in the central and southern part of the Bay of Bengal. These anticyclonic gyres were found even during the postmonsoon months of September and October. The computer also enabled identification of the western boundary current along the western Bay of Bengal reversing with direction between the two major wind regimes (SW to NE monsoon).

37 N. I. O. 1989-90

(b) Simulation of tides and storm surges in t«ie Bay of Bengal (N. Bahulayan & A. A. Femandes)

Extensive numerical tests were carried out with the statistical model developed for the simulation of M2 and S2 components of tides in the Bay of Bengal during the previous year

(c) Rossby and Poincare waves (A. A. Femandes)

Using the Ito-Wiener-Hermite series for a stationary wave field, the scattering of Rossby and Poincare waves from continental edges was examined. The results predicted new roughness-generated trapped waves for both the cases. An incoming Rossby wave was found to transfer energy to a set of Rossby waves In the case of Poincare wave scattering, energy sink was found to exist at the coast This is attributed to the presence of a natural trapped mode— the Kelvin wave.

4. 1. 3 Air-sea interaction studies

(a) Heat fluxes (YVB Sharma)

The studies on the diurnal variability of the surface heatfluxes and ocean heat content at an oceanic station off the Andaman Islands during 1-8 November, 1985 indicated a mean loss of 37 W. m2 across the sea surface and a mean heat retention of 300 W m2 in the upper 125 m water column.

(b) Tropical Indian Ocean (M R Ramesh Kumar)

The air-sea interaction over the tropical Indian Ocean during several contrasting monsoon seasons was studied. The mean rates of evaporation on a seasonal scale over the Arabian Sea during a good and bad monsoon composites were found to be nearly equal to about 2. 48 x 1010 tons/day.

The evaporation rates over the southern hemisphere were found to be more in all months irrespective ol the good and bad conditions of monsoon weather over India The maximum evaporation rates over the southern hemisphere were observed to be almost twice the Arabian Sea value in the month of August. This is the month during which break-monsoon conditions occur over the Indian subcontinent The abnormalities of windstress, effective radiation at the surface and heat gain overthe ocean also exhibited large variation in August, as compared to the other monsoon months.

The annual mean statistics of the surface fluxes of the tropical Indian Ocean has been studied based on about one million ship reports for the period 1948-1972 In addition, the mean annual meridional energy transport for the study area and the moisture flux divergence have been studied using the Bunker data and INSAT IB data respectively.

The study indicates amean annual meridional heat transport in agreement with previous estimates in direction though different in magnitude The mean annual moisture flux divergence shows that the Bay of Bengal region is highly conducive for large scale convergence.

(c) Eastern Arabian Sea (V V. Gopalakrishna)

Inter-annual variability of the pre-monsoon (April May) SST anomaly field in the eastern Arabian Sea has been examined in relation to the subsequent seasonal rainfall along the west coast of India, based on compiled Indian Daily Weather Reports from t975-1984

38 1989-90 N. I. O.

There is no definite relationship between the wind speed and latent heat anomalies with the SST anomalies. The SST anomalies can be the result of the advection and other oceanic processes. The premonsoon SST anomalies do not promise to be good predictors.

(d) Indian rainfall and Pacific Ocean SST (C. K. Gopmathan)

A new oceanic parameter- Pacific Ocean Warm Pool (POWP) - linked to the Indian summer monsoon rainfall predictors has been identified. Large areas of tropical Pacific Ocean exhibit the surface temperature (SST) exceeding 29°C in the monthly mean SST field The anomalies in the zonal position of this pool of warm water examined for the period 1983-88 was found to have a significant negative relationship with the anomaly of monthly Indian rainfall The correlation coefficient (-0 79) computed between the parameters is significant at 0. 1 % level. This high correlation is due to the changes in the atmospheric circulation pattern over India with a change in position of the centre of the POWP. The possibility of using this parameter to predict the monthly Indian summer monsoon rainfall is being investigated.

4. 1. 4 Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of oceans — ocean acoustic tomography (C. S. Murfy, Y. K Somayajulu, S. PrasannaKumar, T. VRamanaMuriy, A. K. Saran & P V Chodankar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

(a) Simulation studies

The processed oceanographic data from the Bay of Bengal, collected during 1988 enabled identification of average depth of minimum sound speed at 1700 m. Assuming a sound source situated at this depth the probable depth(s) where the acoustic receiver(s) could best be sited for ihe field experiment designed to obtain information on the oceanic environment barring the upper 150 m water column have been computed. The analysis enabled building of the required data kernel consisting of travel time perturbations (0. 7 to 117 ms) of the acoustic eigen rays and ray path lengths in different (tomographic) layers of the medium.

Attempts have been made to reconstruct the reference sound speed profile derived from the oceanographic data sets. Tt\e algorithms developed following singular value decomposition technique under natural generalized inverse methods have been made. The results are within the acceptable limits of variance and showed improvements with increase in the number of layers (0. 39 for a 4 layer and 2 mode case to 0. 12 x 10'3 for a 6 layer and 5 mode case). The impact of acoustic noise (due either to the ambient noise, excursions of the moorings, timekeeping errors etc) have been assessed by numerical experiments. This has resulted in improvement of model-space resolution.

The solutions for a pre-set number of layers viz., for 6 and 4 layer models considering different energetic modes (4 to 6) showed deviations between the reconstructed and the assumed profiles (Fig. 1 &2). For a six layer numerical experiment, it is evident that when we consider five modes, the reconstructed profile is well in agreement with the assumed profile. The closeness ratio presented indicates that the first five modes (arranged in descending order) give rise to 99. 8% information which enabled reproduction of the original profile. By considering six modes, a small eigen value term which is present in the denominator of the equation has amplified the noise instead of increasing the accuracy of the solution.

39 N I O 1989-90

40 N.I.O.

Cold core eddy in the Bay of Bengal: Analysis of acoustic characteristics of a mesoscale cold core eddy observed off Visakhapatnam during 1984 summer monsoon in the Bay of Bengal revealed abrupt reduction in sound speed (by about 10 m/scc). The depth of deep sound channel axis beneath the eddy remained constant whereas the thickness of the surface duct reduced by about 20 m across the eddy. Simulation studies showed that the days passing through the eddy undergo reduction in the path length thereby reducing the travel times.

(b) Acoustic instrumentation

The acoustic ambient analog noise recorder designed earlier has been completely reorganized with new architecture comprising of a micro-controller (80C31), memory devices, EPROM'S, A<=>D cards, switching regulators, low noise-high gain-dual stage-preamplifiers, isolation devices cassette recording circuitry and devices, etc.

41 N. I. O. 198&-90

This start-stop recorder can be programmed by assembly language using conventional EPROM'S, programmer kit This helps to record the signals of interest for considerable lengths of time (say 15 days). This has advantages over the earlier developed analog recorder. The complete electronics is housed inside the Aanderaa current meter casing while the sensing device - B & K Hydrophone is mounted on top of the complete system A 12V single battery pack provides the power supplies for the hydrophone and for the electronic circuitry. This recorder has a depth capability of 400 m.

4. 1. 5 Remote sensing ol oceanic parameters/features (LV Gangadhara Rao, PV Sathe, MR Ramesh Kumar, A D. Gouveia, P. Vethamony P M Muraleedharan, S S. C Shenoi, A M. Almeida & Ajoy Kumar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

(a) Polarised reflectance of the wind-ruffled sea surface was studied in the visible region ol the electromagnetic spectrum with a view to explore possibilities of using this parameter for remote sensing of sea state A sensor viewing the sea surface through a poleroid collects sufficient information over a period of time in the form of dark spots on the sea surface, which is directly related to the prevailing sea state.

(b) The net flux divergence of water vapour over the Arabian Sea computed for the summer monsoon 1987 has shown a significant+ve correlation with the mean monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India The precipitation values needed for computing the net flux divergence have been obtained from the INSAT- 1B VHRR data A companson of the net flux divergence values with other years indicated large interannual and intra-seasonal variability The correlation coefficient is 0. 56 and significant at 99% confidence level

(c) Development of software packages

(i) A standard software package was developed to process optical data collected in the sea. The. package corrects the digitized spectral data, computes the solar zenith and azimuth at the site of observation and the marine optical properties for both upwelling and downwelling light, at spectral intervals of 4 nm each

(li) A computer package to process CZCS data that remove atmospheric effects and generate chlorophyll distribution has been developed. The package takes into consideration the sensor degradation, ozone variation on a seasonal basis and a single Rayleigh scattering model The results of this package, compare excellently with those obtained using the internationally accepted package developed at the University of Miami, U. S. A.

(iii) Developed the software to retrieve the SST from NOAA/AVHRR data McClain's MCSST algorithms are used to derive SSTs from day/night passes. Error estimates for MCSST retrievals in the Arabian Sea were made by the intercomparison between Argos drifting buoys and NOAA/AVHRR SSTs. This intercomparison also pointed out the deficiencies in the present scan angle dependent MCSST algorithm.

(d) Retrieval of sea surface winds and waves from Geosat Altimeter

Geosat Altimeter data during the period November 1986 to November 1987 have been processed to retrieve sea surface wind speed and sea and swell wave heights over the north Indian Ocean The results obtained have been compared with the available sea truth data from shipborne wave recorder, wave rider buoys and lDWR. Mean monthly maps of wind speed and sea and swell wave heights for December 1986 and January 1987 were prepared. ~ This work is being carried out in collaboration with SAC, Ahmedabad

42 1989-90 N. I. O.

4. 1. 6 Coastal environmental monitoring of the seas around India (P. Udaya Varma, Abraham Pylee, C. Revichandran, R. Sajeev& N. Anilkumar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

Under the above project data have been collected during 1987-88 from the coastal waters of Kerala from Mangalore to Kanyakumari to understand the seasonal variations of the physical oceanographic conditions of the coastal waters. Data were collected during May and November and were used to examine the premonsoon and postmonsoon conditions.

The distribution of properties in the coastal waters showed that the isopleths have an upward slope when nearing the coast revealing the existence of upwelling However the upwelling is not found reaching the surface layers of the coastal waters. The Arabian Sea high saline water is noticed in most of the study regions at an average depth of 75 m. Low saline water occupy the coastal areas of Mangalore, Kasargode, Calicut, Cochin, Quilon and Trivandrum. It showed a very low salinity because of large backwater systems in these regions. The isolines in the vertical section indicate the upward movement of water along the isopycnals.

Current measurements at six fixed stations along the coastal regions showed that the currents are tide dominated both at the surface and bottom.

43 N. l-O. 1989-90

4. 2 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 2. 1 Chemical and environmental studies in the seas around India (Ft. Sen Gupta) •

(a) Dertitrification in the Arabian Sea—seasonal variability and probable paleoreducing conditions (SWA Naqvi, K. Somasunder & R. J. Noronha)

Extensive observations were made in the north-eastern Arabian Sea during successive south-west and north-east monsoon seasons and results show large changes in the chemical composition of the oxygen deficient waters and also suggest a link between the monsoons and the intensity of the reducing environment with the renewal of waters occurring mostly during the south-west monsoon These imply a glacial intensification of denitrification in the Arabian Sea

Denitrification rates based on the measurements of the activity of the electron transport system within the nitrite-bearing waters of the northern Arabian Sea reinforce estimates of high nitrate reduction rate and rapid renewal of intermediate layers.

Nitrous oxide levels in surface waters in the Arabian Sea are significantly above the saturation levels suggesting a high flux to the atmosphere due to wind-induced pumping from the thermocline. As in the other oxygen-poor environments, the concentrations of nitrous oxide within denitrifying layer are very low

(b) Carbon and nitrogen budgets of the Arabian Sea (K. Somasundar, A Rajendran & M Dileep Kumar)

Budgets calculations for the Arabian Sea showed that carbon is negatively balanced by 84 Tg y1 while nitrogen is positively balanced by 4. 5 Tgy 1. Annually a flux of about 74 Tg carbon in the form of carbon dioxide escapes into the atmosphere from the Arabian Sea. Atmosphere is found to receive about 57% of total out fluxes of nitrogen from the Arabian Sea. The estimated residence times for carbon and nitrogen in the Arabian Sea are 944 y and 4 x 10*y respectively.

(c) Iridium in the oceans and earth crust (M. Dileep Kumar)

The estimated annual river input of iridium to oceans is 9. 63 x 105g while the sedimentation rate is 1 1 xiO'gy1 . Iridium in the present day oceans seems to be at a steady state having an approximate extra- terrestrial input of 1. 2 x 105g y1 Calculations revealed that iridium sedimentation rates fluctuated two-folds during the phanerozoic period, the present period having the maximum

(d) Oxygen distribution in the Arabian Sea sediments (M. Dileep Kumar, M. D. George & A. Rajendran)

Oxygen associated with oxyhydroxides, in four cores of the Arabian Sea sediments, showed a variation from 0. 17 to 4. 4ug-at g*1. High concentrations are generally found at the surface while for the two cores intermediate maxima have been noted.

44 1989-90 N. I. O.

(e) Behaviour of trace metals (cadmium, lead and copper) in estuaries (M D. George)

During the studies on trace metals by anodic-stripping voitametry in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries, it was observed that the concentration of parficulale of cadmium, lead and copper decreased towards the mouth of the estuary while the concentration of dissolved metals increased.

Also the net removal/addition of dissolved cadmium in Mandovi estuary was calculated. The results are summarised in the following table:

Season Addition/removal pg 1' Salinity range

Post-monsoon removal (0.05-0.10) (8 to 20) x 10"3

Pre-monsoon addition (0.05-0 08) (10 to 25) x 10*

(f) Nutrient studies in the inshore region of the northern Kerala coast (J. K. Xavier& B. Jacob of R. C. Cochin)

The environmental studies of the nearshore waters of the northern Kerala coast indicated that the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the coastal waters is high (> 0. 5 umol I'1) whereas inorganic nitrogen fractions were low (< 0. 2 umol11) Organic phosphorus fraction formed less than 50% of the total phosphorus present in these waters. Though inorganic nitrogen was low, the organic nitrogen was very high indicating the fast utilization of the inorganic fraction by phytoplankters.

(g) Studies on some of the major constituents in the estuarine region (L Sebastian &V. N Sank- aranarayanan of R. C. Cochin)

Fluoride data collected from the Muvattupuzha river showed that during the monsoon and premonsoon seasons the fluonde behaved conservatively showing a direct relationship with chlorinity, whereas during the premonsoon season the fluoride concentration showed a removal at low chlorinity level (1-7%). The removal was maximum (13%) at a chlorinity of 4%o. The loss observed may be due to precipitation as fluoroapatite or by evaporation.

Bromide concentration in this river varied from 1. 9 to51. 66ppm. Boron ranged between 0. 23 and 1. 5 mgI'.

(h) Trace metals in the coastal environment (V. Rajamani Amma, K. K. Batachandran, K. V. Jayala- kshmy & V. N. Sankaranarayanan of R. C. Cochin)

Dissolved fractions of various trace metals, viz. copper, iron, manganese, lead, cadmium and zinc in the river Muvattupuzha and the Cochin backwater showed higher concentrations in the surface layers. Copper levels increase upstream from 0-8. 5 ug I1 during the fresh water regime indicating contribution

45 N. I. Q. 1989-90

from land runoff. When the fresh water discharge is less during October-December, the levels showed a reverse trend. Lead concentrations did not indicate any seasonal pattern in the higher salinity region, whereas sudden decrease was observed in the postmonsoon period in the fresh water region. Lead varied from 0 8 to 34 ug I \ Iron distribution is similar to copper but the contribution from land during the SW monsoon 1 season was substantial. Concentration ranged from( < 0 1 to 64 ug I .

Cadmium, zinc and manganese in the dissolved fraction was very low during entire period of observation.

The nearshore sediments collected from Ihe Kerala coast were analysed for various trace metals like iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and organic carbon. All these metals, except lead showed an increase towards the coast The concentrations were higher off Cochin and Calicut, whereas it was less off Trivandrum. The Cochin backwater sediments also showed a higher concentration of these metals. There existed a high positive correlation between organic carbon and melals like copper, zinc, iron and manganese indicating their association with organic matter. Other metals did not show any relatbn with organic carbon. A strong positive correlation with zinc and copper and iron and manganese were observed. Copper concentration varied from < 1 to 56 ug g1 and zinc < 1 to 87. 6 ug g 1, Mn 38. 5 to 152 4 pg g 1 and Fe 1. 27 to 4. 07 mg g \

(i) Microbiological studies (P. S. Gore & Q. Raveendran of R. C. Cochin)

Samples of green mussel Pema viridis and brown mussel Perna indica were analysed for microbiological contamination. Four different locations, viz. Cape Comorin, Vizhinjam, Neendakara and Mahe (Malabar coast) indicated the contamination of the mussels by Escherichia coli and faecal streptococci. Pathogens like Salmonella and Vibrio cholerae non 01 were isolated from the samples from Mahe. The sewage and land drainage formed the major source of pollution in this area. The microbiological studies of the environment where the mussel bed exist, also indicated the presence of E. coli and faecal streptococci. Themicrobialpopulationoftheaboveenvironmenlsalso indicated conspicuous dispersion and disappearance of enteric bacteria.

(j) Chemistry of the available phosphorus in estuarine sediments of Goa (M. D. Rajagopal)

In Maridovi estuary the percentage of available phosphorus varied from 20 to 3 1 % of the total phosphorus, whereas in Zuariit was from 30 to 42%. In coastal regions adjacent to the estuaries, it varied from 26 to 37% of the total phosphorus.

(k) Dissolved organic nitrogen in the southern Arabian Sea (S. N. D'Souza) A study of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the southern Arabian Sea revealed that, in the shelf region Ihe concentration of total N and dissolved organic N, DON, was low in the water column ranging between 7 and 15 u mol I1 with an average concentration of 12 25 p mol N1 1. In the upper 40 m layer, the DON formed about 97-99% of total nitrogen. Below this depth the percentage of DON decreased slightly. s i In the slope and deeper regions the concentration of total N was low in the upper 75-100 m ranging between 35 and 12. 9 u mol I' (about 92-97% oi converted DON fractions). This was associated with 46 1989-90 N. I. O.

low concentration of phosphate (0. 01 to 0. 03 u mol1) and high dissolved oxygen content (3. 8 to 4. 5 ml I1). Below this depth, the concentration of total N increased rapidly giving an average of 36. 57 u mol I1 of which only about 1/3 consisted oforganicfraction(25-30%ofDON). And at 2500 mdepth range organic nitrogen compounds formed about 60% of total N most of which in the form of NO3-N.

(I) Study of humic and fulvic acids (S. Sardessai)

Water and sediment samples were collected during the year 1989 from three locations in the mangrove areas fringing the Mandovi, Zuari estuaries and the Cumbarjua Canal. The samples were analysed for dissolved particulate and sedimentary humic acids. The concentration of humic acids at all three locations decreased from monsoon to post-monsoon season. The particulate humic acids concentra- tion is much higher compared to dissolved humic acids. The sedimentary humic acids ranged from 2. 8 to 8. 5 mg/g of sediments at all the three locations. The samples were analysed for organic carbon concentration dunng the cruise ORV Sagar Kanya in order to survey the distribution of organic carbon in the Arabian Sea sediments. The concentration ranged from 0. 99% in the coastal to 3. 56% in the slope region.

(m) Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Arabian Sea (A. Rajendran, M. Dileep Kumar & K. Somasunder)

The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) values for the eastern Arabian Sea ranged from 49 to 166 u mol dm^. Northern Arabian Sea exhibited an intermediate decrease in DOC before they increased again in deeper layers Observed concentrations of DOC in the northern Arabian Sea varied between 49 p mol dm^3 at 2000 m depth and 309 u mol dm^3 at 2500 m depth. The near bottom DOC values were lower than those in the overlying water column in the central and southern regions This was not the case with northern Arabian Sea bottom values which showed the continuing remineralisation even near the sediment-water interface. DOC in the oxygen minimum zone of the northern Arabian Sea was less than that in surface and deeper layers. This may be due to higher bacterial respiration of organic matter.

(n) Total organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen in theestuarine sediments (MaheswariNair)

Sediment samples collected from the Mandovi estuary were studied for organic carbon, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. The concentration of organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are in the range of 0. 4 to 47. 6 mg/g, 0. 12 to 1. 14 mg/g and 0. 0 to 0. 63 mg/g respectively.

(o) Dissolved trace metals (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb& Fe) distribution in the western Bay of Bengal (V. V. Sarwa & C. Suguna of R. C. Waltair).

The surface distributions reveal that relatively high concentrations of trace metals and nutrients are associated with low salinities in inshore and vice-versa in offshore waters. The depth profiles of Ni, Zn & Cd resemble that of nutrients while the profiles of Cu are indicative of its involvement in scavenging processes of intermediate depths- The depth profiles of Mn & Pb with surface enrichment and bottom depletion appears to be controlled by river inputs and anthropogenic atmospheric flux. The surface enrichment and bottom depletion observed in case of Fe profiles are attributed to precipitation and/or

47 N. I. O. 1989-90

adsorption on suspended particles leading to transportation into the sediments The atomic ratios of Ni, Zn & Cd with nutrients have been evaluated.

(p) Distribution of major ions in the northwestern Bay of Bengal (V. V Sarma, S. J. D. Varaprasad, K. Muralidharan & Y. Sudhakar of R. C. Waltair)

Water samples were analysedforcalcium, magnesium andfluoride The data is under processing to find out the conservative behaviour of these major elements. The depth profiles oi fluoride indicates the semiconservative behaviour. The ratios of Ca, Mg & F with salinity are calculated.

(q) Interstitial and adsorbed phosphates in the shelf sediments off Visakhapatnam (V. V Sarma of R. C. Waltair)

The spatial distribution of interstitial and adsorbed phosphates in the shelf sediments showed an increasing trend with distance upto a depth of 50 m. The maximum concentration range of interstitial and adsorbed phosphates are 16. 0-19. 0 ug. gm' and 40-50 ug. gnr1 respectively centred around 50-75 m depth region. Significant positive correlations between the fractions of phosphate and texture of sediments were noticed.

(r) Subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the northwestern Bay ol Benga/ (V. V. Sarma & V. Aswanikumar of R. C. Waltair)

Vertical profiles of phytoplankton pigments in these waters were generally characterised by a subsurface chlorophyll maximum. Chl-a maximum observed in the offshore waters lay well below the depth of maximum density gradient implying that factors such as nutrients and light are more important than the vertical stability for the survival of subsurface phytoplankton pigments. The phaeopigment maximum was near or just below the chl-a maximum which suggests zooplankton grazing.

4. 2. 2 Protectionofmarineenvironmentandmonitoringofpollutantsalongthelndiancoasts^S. VS. Singbal)

(a) Pesticide residues in marine organisms (M. S. Shailaja)

Analysis of zooplankton frorri the Arabian Seafor various organochlorine pesticide residues showed DDtobe the major metabolite of DDT present accounting for 19. 9 to 46. 9%of total DDT. The DDE fraction measured ranged between 12. 2 to 20. 5% and the unmetabolised DDT amounted to 32. 5 to 67. 8%.

(b) Pesticide in waters and marine sediments (A. Sarkar)

Residues of various organochlorine pesticides in the water off the central west coast of India were determined. y-HCH and the two cyclodiene compounds, i. e. Aldrin and Dieldrin were found to be more consistent than the compounds of the DDT family. Y-HCH ranged from 0. 26 to 9. 4 ng/1 whereas Aldrin and Dieldrin were from 1. 4 to 9. 8 and 2. 1 to 50. 9 ng/1 respectively. Among the compounds of DDT family pp'-DDT was present in a fairiy considerable amount, off Ratnagiri coast. Among the metabolites of DDT, pp'-DDE

48 1989-90 N.I.O.

Concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residue in fish from different areas of the marine environment

Organisms 1-DDT Other (ug g1 wet weight) (traces)

A. Coastal samples

1. Indian oil sardine 0.019 + 0.001 1 -hydroxychtordene 2. Sardine 0054 + 0.005 a-and y-HCH 3. Black Pomfret N.D. — 4. Silver Pomfret (a) Muscle 0.008 Hexachlorobenzene (b) Liver 0.054 — 5. Prawn N.D. y-HCH

B. Estuartne samples

1. Cat fish 1.019 + 0.1 Isomers of HCH 2. Mullet 0.881 ± 0.02 IsomersofHCH 3. Prawn 0 629 ± 011 -do-

C. Open ocean samples

1. Longtom 0.041 + O.0t*2 — 2. Dolphin fish 0.032 ± 0.006 — 3. Squid N.D. — 4. Shark ' (a) Muscle Traces — (b) Liver 0.171 ±0.02 —

N.D. — Not detected, t-DDT — DDT and metabolites was found to be present in every alternate station with increasing concentration (2.5-20.39 ng/1) whereas op'-DDE could be detected occasionally in the northern part of the region. Presence of op'-DDD was observed only in one sample off Ratnagiri coast whereas pp'-DDD was not detected at all.

Also residues of some chlorinated compounds in the sediments from the west coast of India were determined. DDT was found to be very much significant whereas HCH and Aldrin were more or less consistent in distribution along the coast, although DieJdrin was sparingly observed. The residue levels of different organochlorine pesticides along the west coast of India were in the following order: Dieldrin< Aldrin < HCH < DDT.

49

NIO pages-29 N. I. O. 1989-90

Fig. 3: Variation In the level of concentration ot various Fig 4 Vanation In the levels of concentration of the isomer<; chlorinated pesticides residues in sediments along and metabolites of DDT in the sediments along the the west coast of India. Vertical lines indicate the west coast of India Vertical lines indicate the sample sample standard deviations of live individual obser standard deviations of five individual observations va&ons with respect to ESP standard samples. with respect to EPH standard samples. Numbers at Numbers at the comer of the diagram indicate the thecomerof each diagram indicatethesamplecollec sites of sample collection Uon sites along the coasL

Mapping of pesticide residues in the suriicial sediments along the coast of India was completed Order of magnitude difference between the east and west coasts follow the use pattern of pesticides in India

(c) Chemistry of sea surface microlayer (S. Y. S Stngbal, P. V. Narvekar & ft Nagarajan)

Data collected from 40 stations hi the area 15°N to 21 °N, and 65°E to 74°E showed that the concentrations of nutrients in the surface microlayer were higher than the concentrations of subsurface microlayers. The highest values of enrichment factors were found in nearshore stations than the offshore stations. Similar observations were also noted in aluminium concentrations at the surface waters and in enrichment rates also.

50 1989-90 N. I. O.

(d) Trace metals in marine environment (S. Sanzgiry, A. Mesquita, B. Fernandes& T. W. Kureishy)

A study on toxic metals like mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd)and lead (Pb) in the Arabian Sea waters between 8° and 20cN reveal that dissolved Pb varies between 0. 04 and 2 5 ug/l. Surface high concentrations observed especially towards the coasl suggest land based aerosol source. Cd (dissolved) ranges from 0. 04 - 1 . 5 ug/1 with a few values between 1. 5 and 2 ug/l at coastal stations. No particular depthwise trend was observed.

Total mercury in the Arabian Sea ranges from 3-130 ng/lwith an average of 61 ng/1 localised high values were observed off Bombay (Thana creek) and it ranges from 120 ng to 1 4 ug/t. Mercury in sediments ranges between 0. 03 and 0. 08 ug/gm.

(e) Environmental status ofSewri mudflat (Bombay) (M. D Zingde, K. Govindan, V. R. Nair, M. M. Sabnis, P. Sharma & M. A. Rokade ofR. C. Bombay)

Sewn" mudflat (Bombay Harbour) area receives variety of industrial effluents and untreated domestic wastewater from nearby shore establishments. Appreciable influx of wastewater resulted in wide diurnal variations in salinity though the salinity in the harbour varied in a narrow range of 36 to 37%. (dry season).

The BOD of 8 to 12 ppm indicated high degree of organic pollution. Evidently dissolved oxygen 3 was low and often reduced to zero. High levels of PO4 - P, NH/- N and NO2- N and low concentrations of NO3 - N indicated that the environment was under considerable strain. 1 he levels of NO., - N falling close to zero when dissolved oxygen was absent suggested that the critical anoxic stage had reached in certain portions of the mudflat. The sediment was in reduced condition with high organic carbon content and enhanced levels of chromium, nickel, zinc, copper and lead.

Chlorophyll aandphytoplankton cell count indicated rich standing stock of phytoplankton. Generic diversity of phytoplankton was, however, relatively low compared to the offshore zone suggesting that only limited groups could tolerate the prevailing pollution stress. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of zooplankton showed poor availability of secondary producers. Macrobenthos was represented by a few groups like insect larvae and polychaetes which were highly tolerant to environmental stress.

(0 Distribution ol phytoplankton in the Thane-Bassein system (Bombay) (N. M. Ramaiah & V. R. NairofR. C. Bombay)

Extensive studies on phytoplankton along the Bombay Harbour-Thana Creek-Bassein Creek system suggested well defined increase in phytoplankton cell count from the outer locations towards the interior part of the creek. The cell counts within the creek zone was three times more than that observed at the outer zone. The Thana system sustained higher cell counts (av. 618. 9 x 103/l) than the Bassein area (av. 144. 8 x 103/)). A total of 37 genera of phytoplankton were recorded from the area. Thalassiosira, Coscinodiscus, Nitzschia and Synaedra were the most common genera recorded from the collections. Blooming oiSkeletonemacostatum, Gonyauluxsp. and Leptocylindrussp. were characteristic of monsoon season. Species diversity indices H' and D indicated the higher diversity al outer locations as compared to the creek area.

51 N. I. O 1969-90

The average values-of chlorophyll-a at Thana and Bassem systems were respectively 3. 3 and 1. 8 mg/m3. Phaeophytin value in the area was generally high and the observed ratio of chlorophyll-a: phaeophytin was 2. 6: 3 4. The grazing activity of rich zooplankton community in the area coupled with the fringing mangroves all along the intenor parts accounted for the high values of phaeophytin

(g) Marine environmental studies along Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts (M. D. Zingde, SN Gajbhiye, A N Kadam, V. ft Nair, K. Govindan, M. M. Sabnis, R. V. Sarma, P. K. Dineshkumar, Jijayal RamJaiswar, A V Mandalia, P. O. Gore, P. Sharma, M. A. Rokade, P. Mehta, S. Mustafa, O. Noronha & V. BangaleofR-C Bombay)

A comprehensive long-term programme to aid judicious management and protection of our manne areas was initiated from November, 1988. The programme was aimed at obtaining reliable information as regards levels of macro-and micro-pollutants in our marine waters, productivity at different trophic levels, species inhabiting the area, sediment nature, composition and associated launa, hydrodynamtc character- istics, etc.

During 1989-90 monitoring upto a distance of 30 km from the shore at predetermined transects along the Gujarat and Maharashtra coasts was undertaken with respect to water quality, biological characteristics and sediment quality. These studies revealed that ourcoastalwaterswere fairly clean except for some "hot spots" adjacent to metropolitan cibes and industnal complexes. Some examples are given below

(i) A variety of wastes entering one of the mapr fishing harbour in the country at Veraval has severly J deteriorated the water quality which is characterised by abnormally high levels of PO4 -P, (16 ug-at/l) and NH4'-N(85 pg-aW) with serious depletion of dissolved oxygen (2 ml/I). The levels of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pbwere distinctly higher in the creek sediments as compared to the locations outside Chlorophyll a, pheophytin, zooplankton biomass and population varied widely over the tidal cycle unlike unpolluted localities Macrobenthos was represented only by polychaetes revealing advance stage of deterioration of sediment quality.

(ii) The wastewater from a soda ash industry containing high inorganic suspended load, high pH and high levels of ammonia released in the nearshore water of Porbandar through a point discharge has influenced the vyater quality which revealed enhanced levels of NH/-N (36 pg-at/l) and high suspended load particularly in the bottom layer due to high specific gravity of the wastewater. However, the impact on primary productivity, zooplankton and macrobenthos was minimum.

(iii) Verso va creek along the coast of Bombay which receives large quantities of domestic wastewater is severely polluted. The wastewater does not mix effectively with the creek water resulting in pronounced vertical stratification particularly during ebb tide with surface layer having very low dissolved oxygen and abnormally high PO^-P (8ug-at/l) and NH/-N (46 ug-at/l). These values were 4 ug-at/l and 28 ug-at/l for the bottom layer. The levels of Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb also revealed their significant enrichment in the creek sediment Wide tidal variability ol zooplankton biomass (0. 1 to 8. 6 ml/100 m3) and population (8 to 1 04 x 103 no/100 m3) was evident. High macrobenthic biomass (46. 8 g/m2) and low iaunal diversity with dominance of polychaetes revealed substancial environmental stress on benthic fauna.

52 1989-90 NIP.

(iv) The organic load released in Mahim creek (Bombay) is far in excess than its waste assimilation capacity. Complete utilization of dissolved oxygen and nitrate (as a source of oxygen) resulted in the evolution of highly toxic H2S, levels of which varied with the influx of tidal water within the creek. The transfer of trace metals from water column to sediments had resulted in considerable enhancement of levels of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the top 40 cm layer of the creek sediment.

(v) Though Bombay Harbour-Thana creek systems received wide variety of wastes, the good tidal flushing particularly of the harbour region resulted in good dispersal and transport of pollutants. The trace metals released in the region were scavanged and removed to the nearshore bottom sediments which revealed their significant ennchment in the top 50 cm corresponding to past 50 years.

4. 2. 3 Nationwide survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India— chemical studies (R Sen Gupta, S. Y. S. Smgbal, S. N D'Sousa, S. P Fondekar, M. D Rajagopal, S Sanzgiry, A Mesquita, P. V. Narvekar & K. Sawkar) (funded by Dept of Ocean Development)

(a) Collection of field data

Data collected at 15 stations during the year 1988-89 were processed for various parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, petroleum hydrocar- bons and metals - Cd, Pb and Hg.

(b) Intercalibration

A third intercalibration exercise was conducted for 15 organizations in the country. The results of the third intercalibration exercise, though better than those of the previous ones, were still not upto the mark, as still some laboratories did not qualify in the analysis of aH the parameters. Out of 15 organizations, 8 organizations were qualified for nutrients and 7 organizations were qualified fornutrients and trace metal analysis.

53 N. I. O. 198&-90

4. 3 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 3. 1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleo-climalic studies of the continen- tal margins of India (P. S. N. Murty)

(a) Marine qpophysics (D Gopala Rao, L V. Subba Raju. G C. Bhattacharya, M V. Ramana. V. Subrahmanyam, K. A KameshRaju, T. Ram Prasad, A. K. Chaubey, K. SreeKrishna, G. P. S. N. Murty & K. V. L NS. Shanma)

The integrated marine geophysical studies were carried out on the western and eastern continental margins, central Indian Ocean basin and the south-east and north-west Indian ocean.

Model studies of the magnetic data collected off Jaigad and Karwar revealed the following: (1) off Jaigad the basement is comprised of basaltic flow (around 16°30'-17o30' latitudes) in the nearshore areas nnd is severely faulted and fractured, and (2) off Karwar the basement is characterised by the presence of horst and graben like features and beyond shelf break basement is characterised by a positive subsurface feature (ridge). Further, this positive feature oomprised of different rock suites thus revealing heterogeneity in composition based on different magnetization contrast. The depth to the top of the basement is shallow in the northern continental margin whereas it is relatively deep in south.

The gravity data collected off Bombay and off Karwar have been processed and stacked anomaly maps were prepared. A prominent gravity low around 70 mgal associated with Bombay structural high was identitied Further, these studies off central west coast of India, revealed that about 2-3 km thick sediments were inferred on the horst and graben, 6 km thick sediments in the shelf margin basin and about 1 km thick sediments in the deep sea basin. The upward trend of free air gravity anomaly on the seaward side is interpreted in terms of crustal thinning Thefreeairgravityanomalymapbetween theoffshore . iroq nf Mormugao and Mangalore depicts N-S to NNW-SSE, E-W to ENE-WSW and NNW-SSF trends on it met shelf, outer shelf and slope regions respectively. NNW-SSE trending free air gravity high anomaly occurs on Pratap ridge complex. The crustal thickness varies from 22 to 30 km in this part of the study nrea. The integrated analyses of gravity, magnetic and bathymetric data collected over the seamount situated 225 km northwest of Minicoy Island in Arabian Sea suggest the origin as volcanic (based on density, susceptibility) and was formed when the Indian sub-continent was situated in southern hemisphere. The gravity analysis suggests the seamount load to be completely locally isostatically compensated.

About 8390 line ! ; m of bathymetricand magneticdata have been collected on board DS V NandRachit (Dec. 1989 - Jan. 1990) in the central Bay of Bengal to study the nature and origin of 85°E ridge and basement configuration.

The analysis of magnetic data between 9°S to 16°30'S lat. and 73°E to 79°30'E long, in the south. Central Indian Ocean basin revealed E-W trending magnetic lineations. These are identified as anomalies 21 to 25. A new fracture zone trending N12°E running parallel to 86°E fracture zone at 75°45'E long, was identified. The linear magnetic anomalies across the central Indian ridge near triple junction were mapped and seaffoor spreading anomaly numbers 2, 2A, 3, 3A and 4 with 2. 2 cm/year as half spreading rate were identified. A new left lateral transform fault offsetting the ridge axis about 50 km and an Abandoned Ridge Axis (ARA) and ridge jump between anomalies 2 and 2A at about 2. 5 Ma ago were identified

54 1989-90 N. I. O.

The occurrence of heavy mineral placer deposits in the offshore areas of Konkan in Ihe form of lenticular structures with different percentage of magnetite were shown through magnetic mode) studies. The Laccadive islands are surrounded by a very narrow shelf and shelf break occurs at 14 m depth. Well defined depressions, scars, slump deposits were observed off Bingaram island Several offshore terraces at 45 m, 69 m, and 82 m water depths were noticed and these terraces might have formed during the glacio-eustatic sea level fluctuations during Pleistocene.

(b) Marine geophysical investigations in the EEZ of the east coast of India (T. C. S. Rao, K. S. R. Murty, M. M. Malleswara Rao & AS. Subrahmanyam ofR C. Wattair) Continuous seismic profiler, magnetic and bathymetry data collected over the EEZ of east coast of India during February/March 1989 were processed and the anomalies were computed. The total magnetic field intensities, the magnetic anomalies and the echosounder data were plotted using the GECO mapping system. Magnetic data has presented a broad magnetic low over the shelf edge between Paradeep and Visakhapatnam It is interrupted by a magnetic high off Chilka Lake The magnetic anomalies in the Krishna- Godavari basin are fairly smoolh but also presented isolated magnetic lows over the continental shelf and a linear anomaly parallel to the coast over the continental slope. Analysis and interpretation of data to delineate the subsurface structures causing these anomalies is in progress. The bathymetric contours have revealed the presence of a ridge off Godavari river which was not reported earlier It runs perpendicular to the coast and extends upto about 3000 m water depth. Similar ridge but of less relief is also recorded to the south of Visakhapatnam.

55 N. I. O. 1989-90

(c) Marine geophysical surveys off Tranquebar (T C. S. Rao 8 K. Mohana Rao ofRC Waltair) Side scan sonar, magnetic and echosounder surveys were earned out off Tranquebar, Tamilnadu coast. These surveys were carried out at 1 m depth interval, parallel to the coast, between 5 and 15m water depth. At some places the surveys were extended upto 40 m water depth All these surveys were carried out in connection with the Marine Archaeological Investigations in that area. The side scan sonar recorded several objects particularly between 9 and 11 m water depth Some of these objects are arranged in a systematic pattern either in semicircular or circular fashion which suggest the possible existence of submerged manmade structures, Some of the objects recorded closely resemble the ship wrecks which are yet to be confirmed by diving operations.

(d) Regional Geology of the western continental margin of India (M. Veerayya, B. G. Wagle. F. Almeida, K. H. Vora & S. M. Karisiddaiah). (i) Coastal geomorphology using remote sensing techniques: Black and white aenal photographs of the central west coast of India were interpreted to study the coastal features. Photographic grey tone variation of the beach sediments were correlated to the differential concentration of heavies in the beach sediments. Comparison of the tonal variation with heavy mineral percentage reveals that light minerals show white tone and as the percentage of heavies increases, the tone changes from dark grey to black. Where the concentration of heavies is more, the rock type along the coast and in the catchment area of the rivers is interpreted to be Deccan basalt with appreciable laterite cover associated with high drainage intensity. As drainage intensity decreases and where the rock type is inferred to be granite and gneisses the concentration of heavies is found to be low or almost negligible. 56 1999-90 N. I. O.

Along the central west coast of India several beach rock exposures have been observed in the intertidal zone, as well as 2-4 m above the present day high waterline. The constituents of beach rocks are calotte, aragonite, quartz, feldspar, traces of heavy minerals, rocks fragments and shells. Carbonate percentage reaches up to 97%.

(ii) Geological and geophysical investigations in the inner shelf off Karwar: Detailed geological and geophysical investigations (echosounding 1350 line km, side scan sonar and magnetics 620 line km each, shallow seismics 1850 line km) conducted in the nearshore area off Karwar revealed that the water depths in the surveyed area range from <1 mto>16m, the minimum being recorded along Binge and Kwada Bay shores, in the vicinity of Manzil creek and in the proximity of offshore islands. In Kamat Bay the depth lies between 1. 5 m and 14. 5 m and the seafloor is smooth and slopes gently towards the west. The north as well as south Binge Bays are characterised by smoolh and gently sloping topography while the central corridor about 0. 5 km on either side of Round Island is incised by a series of shoals which have given rise to complex seafloor topography. The shoals were located at (1) 0. 6 km NE of Anjadip Island, hitherto uncharted (6. 5 m water depth), (2) 0. 8 km NE of Round Island (3 m water depth) and (3) 0. 4 km south of Anjadip Island (3. 5 m water depth). The echosounding profiles also revealed that the seafloor in the vicinity of Kwada and Button Rock islands is quite uneven with relative variations of about 4-10 m.

The side scan sonar data showed the presence of rock outcrops in Central Binge Bay, off the offshore islands, viz. N and NE and southern tip of Anjadip, Round, Arge, Button Rock and Kwada Island, and in offshore areas near mainland rocky shores of Bartkal and Binge Points, Arge Cape, Edged Rocks and Rounded Rocks. These confirmed the presence of uneven topography/shoals recorded on echograms.

The high-resolution seismic profiles of the offshore area north of Arge Cape-Button Rock Island indicated a typical subbottom penetration of 5-10 m and a maximum penetration of 45 m. The seismic records were characterised by 3-4 prominent subbottom reflectors at about 1. 5-2 m, 4-6 m, 8-10 m and at deeper levels. The first two reflectors which were parallel to the seabed were comprised of sands/silty sands near the shore confining their lateral extent up to about 8 m depth contour. In the offshore area the topmost 1 -2 m thick clayey horizon was underlain by sandy (?) clays. However, at places stiff clays occur below 8 m. This horizon is underlain by a well-defined acoustic basement which is marked by sudden deepening followed by shallowing. The acoustic basement over a large part of the area is overlain by 1 -2 m thick unconsolidated or semi-weathered debris derived from the underlying granitic terrain. At places, the marine bore hole data complimented the identified acoustic basement as fresh granite. The isopachs (total sediment thickness) revealed a minimum sedimentthickness of <1 mto more than 40 m, the average being 10-12 m. The irregular basement configuration gave rise to a series of infilled basins in north and central Binge Bay with variable dimensions trending NW-SE and NE-SW. The bedrock level contour map depicted an irregular basement terrain characterised by deep erosional features resembling valleys/ depressions, later filled with recent sediments.

The shallow seismic profiles of Kwada Bay are characterised by 3 or 4 prominent seismic horizons, viz. 1 -2, 4, 6/8-10 m depths and at deeper level below the seafloor. The top 3 seismic horizons were made up of coarse-grained sediments near the shore while they were composed pf silty clays/clayey silts and clays beyond 10-12 m water depths. The seismic records of the area south of Kwada Island-Kwada Bay shore between 7 and 10 m water depths virtually lack distinct seismic signatures, perhaps due to the presence of coarse (?) sands admixed with shell debris at shallow subsurface level, which might have attenuated the seismic pulse. However, the seismic records of the offshore area west of 10-12 m showed well-defined seismic signatures at 8-10 m level which were underlain by prominent acoustic basement. The isopachs indicated 10-12 m thick sediments underlain by distinct acoustic basement between Arge

57 N. I. O. 1989-90

Cape and north of Kwada Island - Kwada Bay shore while the area south of it showed only 5-6 m thick surficial overburden. However, the offshore area beyond 10-12 m water depth was characterised by 15-30 m thick sediments which were mostly confined to depressions in the acoustic basement.

The magnetic anomaly data of the area north of Arge Cape-Button Rock Island exhibited strong lineations trending N-S, NW-SE, E-W, NNW-SSE over a considerable length which were identified to be as subsurface dikes tying 35-100 m below the seafloor. The area between north and central Binge Bay (2-9 m water depth) was relatively stable due to the absence of any major structural lineaments. Besides NW- SE and NNW-SSE trending magnetic lineaments WNW-ESE trends also were noticed in the southern half of Kwada Bay. However, the area between a little north of Kwada Island and Arge Cape was relatively free from major magnetic anomalies.

(Hi) A detailed bathymetric map of the western continental shelf of India has been prepared based on theechosounding datacollected onboard R. V. Gavestiani. A detailed geomorphological map ofthe western continental shelf between Jaigad and Bombay has also been prepared

(e) Geology of the eastern continental margins of India (N. P. C. Reddy & K. Mohana Rao of R. C Waltair)

About 630 cm long core sample collected in tne deep sea regions of Bay of Bengal was analysed for the determination of grain size, calcium carbonate and organic carbon contents A significant change was observed in the distribution pattern of calcium carbonate and organic carbon content from the core depth of 370 cm downwards The calcium carbonate content in the upper unii of the core (upto 370 cm) varied from 11 to 19%, whereas it is much less (4 to 6%) in the lower unit (370 cm downwards). The organic carbon content varied from 1. 65 to 0. 1%. In general, it was less than 1% upto 250 cm depth and increased slightly upto 360 cm depth. From 370 cm downwards it was steady around 0. 5% with slight increase from 500 cm downwards. An abrupt change was noticed at the depth of 370 cm from where the carbonate sand in the coarse fraction was diminished From the above characters, two different types of environment with a boundary demarcation at 370 cm depth were inferred — the upper core of Holocene period and the lower part of late Pleistocene period.

The sediment samples collected in the innershelf regions from Visakhapatnam to Kakinada revealed the existence of sediments comprising of coarse sand with shell fragments between the water depths of 16 m to 25 m which suggests a pause in the Holocene transgression at this depth. Sedimentalogical and topographic studies of the eastern shelf have earlier indicated the lower sea levels in the outershelf areas during late Pleistocene period. The existence of lenticular sand bodies around 20 m depth from Kakinada in the south to Gopalpur in the north suggests the sea level rise dunng Holocene transgression was not continuous but temporary pauses in the general rise.

(f) Geochemical studies of the continental margins of India and deep sea regions (Cn. M. Rao, A L Paropkan, A. Mascarenhas, O S. Chauhan & C. Prakash Babu).

After the completion of the geochemical analyses of surficial sediments off the southwest coast of India, geochemical maps for the entire western continental shelf were prepared.

A core (1. 25 m long) from the southeastern Arabian Sea showed development of weak reducing condition below 65 cm level based on carbon sulfur relationship No pyrite crystals were seen in the sediments However, fecal pellets separated from this core (80-85 cm level) were thickly populated with

58 1989-90 N. I. O.

framboidal pyrites suggesting an important role played by micro reducing environment in the formation of authigenic pynte.

A core collected off Karwar (6. 7 m long) at a depth of 30 m was analysed for various elements such as organic carbon, Cu, Ni, Li, Mn, Cr, Zn, Ti, Srand Al. The results indicated that there is significant change in elemental trends at 146-148 cm and 660-665 cm levels which suggests the change in sedimentation pattern.

The bottom most sediment of this core (665-670 cm) shows very high content of organic carbon (5 44%), where the sediments are black in colour having peat material suggesting a marshy environment. Samples dredged off Vengurla at a depth of 90 m on the outer shelf were analysed for phosphate content. The P2O5 content varies from 2 to 10% In view of a high phosphate content this area needs further detailed exploration. Quaternary black shales were encountered for the first time in a core collected off Pennar river, on the eastern continental margin of India, at a water depth of 1200 m. Variation in mineralogical geochemical and sedimentological characteristics at 94 cm level in the same core indicated the boundary between Pleistocene and Holocene.

(g) •Paleoclimatic studies on the nature of summer monsoon over India during the past 10, 000 years (R. R. Nair, M. V. S Guptha, N H. Hashimi, R. Nigam, D. V. Borole & AS. Muralinath)

The inter relationship between mean proloculus size (MPS), 6iaO and 5I3C variations in benthic foraminiferal species Cavaraotalia annecfens (Parkerand Jones) and theirrelation with temperature (T) and salinity (S) have been studied in samples from the inner shelf of the west coast of India. Results show that only MPS is having significant relationship {r = -0. 8) with temperature and salinity. Next higher correlation was foundbetween 5'3CandT& S (r= 051) Intrasample variabilities in 6'8O and 8C13 were rather high which may be due to disequilibrium isotopic fractionation or probable partial selection of specimens.

The benthic/planktomc foraminifera ratios have been completed in 140 samples from the west coast of India with depth range of 10 to 2000 m, to develop numerical model lo show the bathymetric control on foraminifera. The shelf break inferred from ratios was confirmed with echograms. The results will be useful in paleo sea level studies.

Paleontological sorting of foraminifera, calculation of mean prolocules size and per cent of dextral forms from the cores 27 B/8 have been completed. The results obtained through study of 10, 676 specimens from 126 subsurface samples confirm our earlier findings that percentage of dextral forms are inversely proportional to mean prolocules size. Therefore, percentage of dextral forms (or dextral/sinistral ratios) can be used for preliminary and quick assessment of paleoclimatic variation during Holocene.

Five cores were analysed for planktonic foraminifera from the Arabian Sea During the course of investigation, it was encountered that two cores in the western Arabian Sea have shown the presence of Orbulina suturalis and Orbulina bilobata during Pleistocene period only, whereas, in the eastern Arabian Sea core, the above species were encountered in sparse only in the Holocene period. It may be inferred that, owing lo strong underwater currentsfrom the beginning of Hofocene in the western Arabian Sea, these species were prevented by deposition which also evidenced by the presence of coarse foraminiferal sand suggesting winnowing action. This further suggests that underwater currents are comparatively stronger in the western Arabian Sea.

59 N I. O. 1989-90

(h) Study ol the Himalayan Lakes (R R Nair, N H Hashimi, P Jauhan, M C Pathak & R. A. A. Luis)

Just as the oceans retain records of past climate in marine sediments, inland lakes retain records ofthechanges of continental climate in their sediments The Himalayan Lakes are particularly valuablestore houses of climatic processes which are dominated by the Himalayas. For example, small changes in the Himalayan snow line leads to large scale climate modifications. Bearing this in mind a preliminary survey was carried out in the crescent shaped Nairn lake in Nainital which is located at an altitude of 1934 metres in the upper reaches of the Balia stream and lies between two, 2610 m and 2350 m high ranges. II is 1 5 km long and 0 5 km wide and is being continuously filled by the sediments brought by 23 gullies descending into the lake alongwith a number of springs Surveys were carried out in the lake using echosounder, sediment sampling techniques, side scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler to decipherthe nature of bathymetry and sediment, geomorphology and the sediments thickness over the original basement of the lake. The preliminary inference from the present studies is that the whole lake can be divided into basins separated by a ridge running almost in north-east soulh-west direction in central region The deepest part (52 m) is in the northern basin whose average depth is around 20-26 m The average depth of the southern basin varies between 20 and 25 m Both these basins are having more than 10m thick clays in their central part. The depth of the ndge ranges from 9 5 to 20 m on both the flanks

4. 3. 2 Foraminifera variations in cores from inner shelf off Karwar: a key to paleomonsoonal variations during Holocene over Konkan coast (India) (R Nigam & N Kharey) (fundedby Dept of Science & Technology)

Paleontologies! sorting of foraminifera, calculation of mean prolocules size and per cent of dextral forms from the cores 27 B/8 has been completed. The results obtained through study of 10, 676 specimens from 126 subsurface samples confirm our earlier findings that per cent of dextral forms are inversely proportional to mean prolocules size. Therefore, percentage of dextral forms (or dextral/smistral ratios) can be used for preliminary and quick assessment of paieodimatic variation during Holocene.

60 1989-90 NIO

4. 4 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4. 4. 1 Biological resources of the seas around India (A. H Parulekar)

(a) Primary production (V P Devassy, A Pant, PMA Bhattalhm, MVM. Wafar, SG Prabhu Maiondkar, JI Goes, H Ft Gomes 8 U Muraleedharan)

Primary productivity studies were carried out in the northeast and central regions of the Arabian Sea during January and February Chi a values vaned between 0 03 and 0 79 mg m3of which about 37% was picoplanklonic sized forms {1 0 ym) Photosynthesis versus light measurements on size-fractionated phytoplankton revealed that picoplankton had a high threshold for light tolerance (> 1250 u E m2 sec')

The premonsoonal outbreak and aerial extent of Tnchodesmium blooms in the Arabian Sea was investigated in collaboration with the National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad and by using aircraft mounted Ocean Colour Radiometer (OCR) Shipboard ground truth measurements of phytoplankton pigments and the optical properties of seawater

As a part of Joint Global Ocean Flux studies, observations carried out in Atlantic Ocean during April- May (in collaboration with the Bedlord Institute of Oceanography, Halifax, Canada), revealed that the annual spring phytoplankton bloom was an unusual one Instead of expected diatom populations phytoplankton were dominated by much smaller picoplankton which in some mstanres accounted for upto 73% of total production An examination of the optical properties of phytoplankton carried out in support of remote sensing observations revealed thepresence of an unusual absorption peak between 514 and 516 nm This peak does not match with any previously reported pigment peak and is apparently more pronounced in pico- sized organisms

Red tide discolouration ol the sea-surface was observed during the month of September extending from the Gull of Mannar to the coast of Karwar The intensity ol bloom was greatest off Karwar (chl a 15 mgm3 cell counts 6 x 105 cells ml') dissipating southwards to the Gulf ol Mannar (chla3mg m3, cell counts 4 x 10s cells ml'). In the southern region whilst the bloom comprised of the mixed diatom — dinoflagellate population of Thalasiosira sp, Coscmodiscus sp, Pleumsigma sp, Gonyalax sp and Prorocentrum sp. northwards off Karwar Pleumsigma sp and Prorocenirum sp were the only predominant forms

(b) Secondary production along the west coast of India (SC Goswami, C. T. Achuthankutty, M Madhupratap, SRS Nair, N Ramaiah&G Padmavati)

Zooplankton studies from inshore areas along the central west coast during upwellmg period gave very high biomass values {upto 12 ml') Swarms of few zooplankton species above the thermoclme, were Observed Sequential community development including a tertiary one was observed, but predicted high diversity terminal community in offshore areas did not occur High short term variability and lack of diel patterns were charactenstic of the area

61 N. i. O 1989-90

Distribution of calanoid copepods in the upper 1000 m of the Laccadive Sea was investigated for the first time in India. Biomass values in upper 1000 m was 2. 1 gdrywtm2of which 97. 7% was concentrated in the upper 400 m. Thecopepod species were characterised into 3 groups, one group restricted to the epipelagic layer, second comprised of deeper living species and a third group occurred throughout the water column Majority of the species were non-migratory.

(c) Biomass andtaxonomic information ol major zooplankton groups (K. J. Peter, K. K. C. Nair, VT Paulinose, CBL Devi, V. Santhakumari, T. Balachandran, P. N Aravindakshan, S. U. Panampunnayil, R Stephen, P P. M Kunjamma, T. Balasubramaman & G. Peter of R. C Cochin)

Studies on the zooplankton distribution in the EEZ of India showed certain interesting observations The Gulf of Kutch and Cambay regions showed poor biomass (0 05-0 1 ml/m3) and rest of the areas of the west and the southern areas of the east coasts showed fairly high biomass (0 5-1 ml/m3) The northern areas of the Kerala coast and the Wadge Bank regions showed even higher standing crop (> 1. 0 ml/m3) The areas of high zooplankfon production were found to coincide with areas of high primary production All along, copepods dominated the samples. Ctenophores were found in high numbers (50/m3) along the northern areas of the west coast. Fish larvae and decapod larvae were found in good numbers (0. 03-0 5/ m3 and 4 5 13. 5/m3 respectively) all over the Wadge Bank region.

(d) Copepods (R. Stephen, P. P. M. Kunjamma and S. U Panampunnayil of R. C Cochin)

The distribution of copepods below 200 m show some interesting pattern Haloptilus and Augaptilus were common between 200 and 500 m of depth Monaciella, Mesorhabdus and Hemirhabdus were observed between 500 and 1000 m Disseta and Metridia were encountered only below 1500 m Copepods were also studied from the coastal zones of southwest coast of India. Nearshore stations were rich in Tortanus sp and Acartia sp during preraensGen and monsoon periods. During the postmonsoon pefied Temora sp and Centropages sp occurred in swarms Species belonging to Paracalanus and Acrocalanus were presenl throughout the year

(e) Hydromedusae (V. Santhakumari ofR C Cochin)

A bloom on Aequorea conia a hydromedusan species was observed off Cannanore. A new species of hydromedusa Dichotamia vannucci has been reported off Alleppey coast.

(f) ForaminiJera (K. K. Rao, B. Narayanan, K. V. Jayalakshmy, B. M. Panikkar, S. Kumaran & T. Balasubramanian of R. C. Cochin)

Living pianktonic foraminifers have been studied in relation to their ecology and. distnbution with samples collected in January off the Coromandal coast in the Bay of Bengal During this period, upwelling occurs in the northwestern Bay of Bengal and as a result, besides higher populations of foraminifers in the northeastern part of the coast, upwelling indicator species such as Globigpnna bulloidesand Neogloboquad- nna dutertrei are also discernible in the fauna.

62 1989-90 N. I. O.

(g) Amphipods (K. K. C. NairofR. C. Cochin)

Studies on the hyperiid amphipods of the Indian Ocean more specifically, Oxycephalids, collected during IIOE exhibited zonal characteristics in oceanic regions and meridional characteristics in boundary regions with regard to their pattern of distribution. Simorhynchotus antennanus showed dominance along the periphery of the monsoon gyre in the Arabian Sea. Streetsia challengeri frequented the equatorial waters of the SW Indian Ocean. Oxyoephalus p/scator were more abundant in the equatorial waters but avoidedthelowandhighsalinewatersofthe north Indian Ocean. Oxycephalus clausi. Leptocotistenuirostris and Streetsia challengeri were mainly confined to the north of the tropical convergence. In the western half of the Indian Ocean, the hydrochemical front at 10°S marked the southern boundary for Simorphyn- chotus antennarius, Oxycephalus piscator and Streetsiaporacella. In the central Indian Ocean, Streetsia porcella was nearly absent. Tulbergella cuspidata was more abundant in the north-eastern areas of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Leptocotis tenuirostris, Oxycephalus dausi and Straetsia porcella were more abundant ifi the Bay of Bengal. Streetsia porcella was apparently sensitive to the low saline waters of the head of the Bay.

(h) Benthos (AM Parulekar, S. N. Harkantra, Z. A. Ansari, B. S. Ingole, LK. Wariar, R. A. Sreepada, C. V. Rivonkar & A. Kanti)

Studies on sub-tidal benthos of Konkan coast (Malwan to Karwar) showed highest population density of 29, 975 m2. In all 29 species of macro invertebrates were recorded, of which burrowing deposit feeder Axiothella obockensis, Glymone annadaleiand surface deposit feeder Priouospio pinnata were dominant. High species diversity of3. 58wasobservedduring pre-monsoon. Carnivorous species Glyceraalbaseemed to modify the community structure. The study revealed that the sediment composition, organic carbon content of the sediment and salinity of bottom waters are the key factors to determine population and community structures of soft sediment dwelling micro invertebrates in the subtidal regions of Konkan coast.

Meiofauna in Mandovi and Zuari estuarine complex and sandy intertidal ecosystem of Goa mainly composed of Nematoda, harpacticoida and turbellaria. In all, 29 species of harpacticoida were recorded in this estuarine system. The annual meiofaunal biomass production was 7. 2 g m2. The intertidal meiofaunal density was as high as 12 x 10 u m-"•

Abundance of biota in Lakshadweep group of coral islands was directly related to biomass of seagrass. Macrofauna diversity was 1041-8411 m 2, polychaetes dominant faunal density showed positive correlation with biomass of seagrass.

The soft sediment dwelling benthic animals (burrowing deposit feeder-Malanidae) showed a high daily turn-over of 636 mg wet/animalof surface sediment during theprocess of feeding and locomotion. Such bioturbation processes have potential importance in the transfer of nutrients from the sediment to water column.

(i) Mangroves and Seaweeds

(i) Mangroves (A. G. Untawale, S. Wafar, T. G. Jagtap, S. Chinnaraj and S. N. Inamdar)

63 N. I. O. 1989-90

Mangroves along the west coast were observed to be mixed and fringing type. Mangrove flora comprised of 20 species, however, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia officmahs and Sonneratia alba form the dominant species. Sonneratia apetala wag dominant along the north coast of Maharashtra. Ilie best mangrove formations were observed along the banks of Vijaydurg, Shastri, Vashislhi, Purnagad, Kundalika and Savitri estuaries, using remote sensing techniques followed by ground truthing.

Mangrove litterproductionintermsofC, Nand P were studied at few localities to assess mangrove productivity. The annual litter fall ranged from 10. 2 to 17 tonnes ha1 yr' in various species The environmental parameters account for only 35 60% of litterfall variability

Seagrass from Lakshadweep and southeast as well as southwest coast of Jndia were studied for distribution andfloral composition. Extensive seagrass beds and maximum number of species (7 genera and 12 species) occurred along the southwest coast (Tamil Nadu). Thalassia sp anri Cymodocea spp. were the dominant seagrasses in the iniertidal zone. Maximum biomass of 330 g m' (wet wt) was observed at 1. 5 to 2 m depth.

(ii) Seaweeds (A. G. Untawale, V. K. Dhargalkar, V. Ambiye, S. Acharya & R. Baneiji)

Deep water algal flora was studied at four submerged banks (Angria, Cora Divh, Sessostris and Basses-de-Pedro) by dredging. Total of 73 marine algae were recorded from the depth ranging from 20- 70 m. Microdictyon termis, Halimeda gracilis, H. tuna, Dictyopteris spp. and Galaxaura spp. were dominant.

30 calcified algae were studied fortheir distribution, taxonomy, minerology and surface morphology. Aragonite was the predominant mineral in calcified forms ot Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae andnemaliales of Rhodophyceae. However, calcite was dominant in all Corallinaceous members. Further studies with SEM provided additional taxonomic characters like presence of Irichocytes in Amphiroa fragilissima, A. anasto- mosans. Cheilosporum spectabile and in Jania rubens.

Animal association with seaweeds are being studied every month from two localities, namely Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) andAnjuna (Goa). Three seaweed species from each group are being examined. It has been observed that the distribution of the epiphytic fauna depends upon the algal shapes, water depth, wave exposure and water movement. Animals were numerically more on Centroceros claevulatum and maximum weight J1 36 g) of the animal was found on Ulva fasciata. Stoechospermum marginatum showed less animal species and less weight Species composition of the animals and their abundance on seaweeds depend largely on the availability of the food resources of the algal thallus.

(j) Genetic improvisation of cultivable marine organisms (U. GoswamiA S. C. Goswami)

Studies carried out on Parapeneopsisstylifera (females) showed that-amongstalllhe 13characteis studied, tail weight had the maximum coefficient of variation in the Goa waters (C. V. = 19. 94%) The coefficient of correlation was higl»est with partial carapace length (r = 0. 92) followed by second abdominal depth (r = 0. 75) and exopod of uropod length (r = 0. 74).

64 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

Chromosomal studies were initiated in bivalve molluscs Saccostrea cacufata and Crassostrea graphoides. Methods were developed for artificial fertilization and analysing the chromosomes in the larval cells. An apparatus was designed for irradiation experiment to induce gymnogenesis.

(k) Microbiological studies

Studies on mat me bacteria and fungi (D Chandramohan, P. A. Loka Bharathi, N. Ramaiah, S. Raghukumar, C. Raghukumar, S. Achuthankutty, S. Sharma & V. Sathe)

Studies on the occurrence and distribution of marine bioluminescent bacteria showed that the distribution pattern of luminous bacteria was of free-living nature in the coastal and lagoon waters. In the oceanic waters, the free-living nature was seen only in the upper 200 m of the water column and below that the symbiotic types was found to be dominant. Vibrio fischeri was found to be the most common species. The light organ symbient Photobacterium leiognathi was found to be associated with the bait (fishing line and bait) of the fog fish, Antennarium hispidus for the first time. One significant finding was the ability of orginine to revive luminescence in dark variants (cells which lost their luminescence) aged 10 to 12 months. As many as 21 of 53 chemicals tested brought down the luminescence to below 50% level within 20 seconds indicating the quickness with which the bacterial luminescence responded to these chemicals even at micromolar or nanomolar concentrations. Essential cations (Nal , M g 2 , Ca2+ +), aminoacids and sugars enhanced the light output substantially. The results indicate the strong possibility of using this species to monitor the pollutants or any stress factor in the seas around India.

Species of massive corals collected from coral, eefs of the Andaman Islands showed one to several necrotic patches on them. On examining several sections of these corals, the fungus Scolecobasidium sp. was consistently isolated. The fungus contributed abiomas of 3-5 mg per cm3 of coral skeleton The much known coral pathogen a cyanobacterium was not observed to be associated with such necrotic patches, imnlicatino the funnus as the disease causina agent.

Photo 3: A rnassive coral collected from coral reef of the Andaman Island showing necrotic patch.

65 N. I. O. 1989-90

Strains of marine Thiobacilli growing at 40°C and tolerating 100 atm pressure were selected to use in offshore oilwells to clean the sulfides. It was found that these strains did not utilize the hydrocarbons which is one of the prerequisites for their use in oil reservoirs.

Experiments carried out on the mixed culture of anaerobic Thiobacilli-like strains and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) showed that the two strains could grow together without much net H2S production provided the substrate concentration was kept low.

One hundred and thirty two nearshore and offshore bacterial strains from waters of the Arabian Sea were tested for their tolerance against 8 metals (Cd, Pb, Mo, Co, Zn, Fe, Mn, Hg, Ni) and 6 antibiotics (Tetracycline, Penicillin, Neomycin, Kanamycin, GentamycinandChloromaphenicol). Though most of the strains were resistantto Penicillin, offshore strains showed higher tolerance to metals and antibiotics. They also exhibited multiple drug resistance. Among the pigmented strains, the offshore strains were found to be more resistantto metals than their coastal counterparts and were also comparatively more tolerant to metals and antibiotics at higher concentration lhan the non-pigmenjed isolates.

Studies onrolesoffungiinmarinedetrituswerecarriedout The results indicated: (i) a high number of thraustochytrids are present in coral mucus detritus reaching values upto 78 x 106 cells g1 mucus; (ii) late stage of detritus of seagrass, Thalassia hemprichii from the Lakshadweep island harbour upto 3% dry wt. fungal biomass which would be of significance as feed for detritivores; and (iii) a distinct succession of fungal species is present in decomposing mangrove leaves. Immunological techniques have been standardized to study the biomass of fungi in detritus.

(I) Microbiological studies in the Cochin backwaters (R. Gupta, N. Prabhakaran, K. V. Jayalakshmy, P. SivadasandM. Krishnan KuttyofR. C. Cochin)

A general survey of the mycoflora of the Cochin backwater has been completed. Ninety six species of filamentous fungi belonging to 39 genera and thirty three species of yeasts under 11 genera have been isolated. The most prominent ecological feature brought by the study is the strongly independent occurrence of the mycoflora despite their highly europlastic nature. The few typically marine species were recorded during the high saline months and only from one. station characterised by the mangrove vegetation.

Qualitative screening of the phosphate solubilizing activity of 60 mangrove soil fungi has proved three having good activity and one NIO C-3 having excellent activity. None of the yeast isolates showed any activity.

Fiftyone fungal isolates from the mangrove soB of Cochin were screened iorthejrhydroiytic activities, out of them 25 showed amylase, 40 cellulase, 35 pectinase, 20 caesinase, 22 gelatinase and 41 lipase activities.

Out of 35 yeast isolates, 26 could grow on diesel and 25 on kerosene. The studies on biochemical activities indicate their potential role in the backwater against the impact of increasing urbanisation such

66 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

as combating oil pollution and in the nutrient regeneration especially the degradation of complex biopolymers.

(m) Bacteria in the central Indian Ocean

Microbiological studies of water samples from pelagic and benthopelagic layers of water column from the stations in the Central Indian Ocean revealed that more colony forming units (cfu) of aerobic bacteria were present than the anaerobic ones. Very few cfu of bacteria were obtained from benthopelagic (4,800 to 5,100 m depth) areas, and there too aerobic bacterial cfu was more indicating aerobic conditions in the region. At one station a dark coloured aerobic yeast colony was obtained at 4,800 m depth.

Photo 4: Plate showing black yeast isolated from 4800 m depth in the Indian Ocean Basin (H) Colony of the yeast growing at the edge of the nutrient medium on the titter membrane. (B) Millipore filter membrane. (C) Nutrient medium in the plate.

(n) Coral Reef Studies (M.V.M. Wafar, Jason J. David)

Nitrification by reef corals is quantitatively important with an average rate of 9.4 to 6.0 n mol (mg coral tissue N)' h1. This is a new finding and is a novel mechanism of N recycling within a coral reef. Ammonium utilization rates are equal to inorganic N production rates and nitrate production rates areequal to zooxanthollar uptake rates, demonstrating a close coupling between these processes.

4.4.2 The assessment of the occurrence of marine organisms with lunar cycle in Goa waters (A.H. Parulekar, Z.A. Ansari, A. Chatterji, B.S.Ingole & R.A. Sreepada) (funded by Council of Science, Technology and Environment. Govt. of Goa)

Regular field observations were carried out at new moon and full moon and in between lunar periodicity at different tidal amplitude for hydrobiological parameters and trawling was also done at pre-

67 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT ;csy-90

Photo 6: Newly hatched larvae of the horse shoe crab under captive conditions.

68 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

determined transects. During Nov-Jan, the trawl catch consisted of Jelly fish (60%), Scienides (12%), ribbon fish and other organisms of non-commercial value. During Feb-June the trawl catches were dominated by crabs, prawns, butter fish and squilla. Pending the detailed analysis of the samples, there seems to be some relationship between benthic polychaetes and lunar cycle.

4.4.3 Survey of the breeding ground and possibility of the larval rearing of horse-shoe crabs under captive and natural conditions (A. Chatterji, R. Vijaykumar, J. Misra, D. Mukhopadhaya & A.H. Parulekar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The occurrence of horse-shoe crab was correlated with tidal amplitude and maximum numbers were recorded at spring tide. There was a seasonal pattern in the occurrence of these crabs and no diurnal variation was noticed.

Successful hatching and rearing of larvae under laboratory conditions of Tachyphus gigas was achieved in repeat experiments. Fertilized eggs were cultured from nesting grounds. Technique of bleeding of horse-shoe crab for the preparation of amoebocyte lysate was standardized.

4.4.4 Mapping of the mangroves along the central west coast of India with the help of satellite data (A.G. Untawale, T.G. Jagtap, S.N. Inamdar & S. Chinnaraj) (funded by Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad)

Mapping of the mangroves have been completed for Goa and Maharashtra coast by using satellite imageries. The total mangrove cover for Goa and Maharashtra is estimated to be about 22,000 ha and number of species recorded are 20.

Photo 7: Mapping of mangroves in Chorao Island, Goa using remote sensing technique.

69 N. I. O. 1989. 90

4. 4. 5 Environmental impact assessment on the mangrove ecosystem along the west coast of India (A. G. Untawale, S. Wafar, T. G. Jagtap, S. Chinnaraj & S. N. Inamdar) (funded by the Dept. of Environment)

Studies showed severe impact of pollution, deforestation and reclamation on mangrove vegetation along Kerala, Kamatakaand Maharashtra coasts. It was found that the above impact was as a result of industrial development, population pressure and agriculture.

4. 4. 6 Marine fungi: role inbiodegradation as feed fordetritivoresand theirenzymes (S Raghukumar, C. Raghukumar, V. Sathe & S. Sharma) (funded by Dept. of Environment)

High number of Thraustochytnd fungi have been recorded in detritus from alga Sargassum sp. and mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. Myc. elial fungi were abundant in the latter. Detritus becomes enriched with age in terms of fungal biomass as estimated using both cultural and immunoflorescence techniques. Protein values varied in Sargassum detritus whereas in mangrove detritus it decreased. Phenols declined with the age of detritus.

4. 4. 7 Biochemical genetic variation in marine and estuarine population using isoymic gene frequency data (MR Menezes, S. Naik & M. Martins) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The technique of starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to determine the genetic structure offish population. In Rastelliger kanagurta from the west coast, east coast and Andaman Sea the level of genetic variation, estimated by average heterozygosiry was 6 2%, 4 5% and 2 1% respectively. Genetic divergence between the two population (west coast/east coast v/s Andaman Sea) was high. Highly significant allele frequency difference was found between these two populations and also differences in the presence of polymorphic and monomorphic samples at the same locus Electrophoretic evidence suggests a considerable degree of reproductive isolation between the Andaman and west coast/east coast populations. R. kanagurta from the Andaman Sea seems to be composed of a single stock whereas in the west coast and east coast there seems to be the mixing of the individuals differing in the frequencies of alleles.

The structural gene difference between the two carangids Selaroides leptolepis and S. crumen- opthalmus was quite small (genetic distance D = 0. 470) whereas between S. leptolepis and Decapterus russelli it was 2. 066 and between S. crumenopthatmusand D. russeli it was 1. 373.

4. 4. 8 Development of technology and training for women in the preparation of prawn (fish) feed (U. K. Gopalan & B. Ushakumari) (funded by Dept of Science & Technology)

During the current year, technology for the productipn of pelleted feeds for shrimp (fish) culture was developed. It has been found that adequate water stability is the main criterion for developing quality-pellets The shrimp feed were made using the different binding agents such as jelled starch from rice, wheat and tapioca, gelatin, sodium alginate, chitosan, etc.

Among these, tapioca flour was one among the best for binding during the pelletising process and this was found to retain a stability of nearly 90% up to a period of 7 hours.

70 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

Feeding trials using formulated diets in juvenile Penaeus indicus and carp fingerlings showed a conversion efficiency of 1.3 - 2.33 and 2.7-3.0 respectively showing undoubtedly better economic efficiency in shrimp culture.

Photo 8: Seeds of edible estuarine oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis transplanted during monsoon from critically low to higher saline region and grown to marketable size.

The edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis though settles in the intertidal embankments during high saline premonsoon period often culminates in stunted growth or death under the influence of fresh water. Scraping of spats from intertidal area and resettling them in perennial high saline region was found to result in the production of marketable size oysters. This offers an additional source of animal protein and employment opportunities for the rural population. Thedetailed techno-economic feasibility is being worked out.

71 N. I. O. ANNUAL ftBPom 1989-90

4.5 MARINE CORROSION AND MATERIALS RESEARCH

4.5.1 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian Coast (A.B. Wagh)

(a) Macrofouling studies (S.S. Sawant, T.V. Baveendran, M.O. Sharma. K. Venkat & A. Nishad)

(i) Assessment of shear force for the removal of fouling assemblage from different substrata

A technique was developed to measure the shear force required to detach calcareous fouling biomass from different surfaces in order to quantify the bonding strength between the substratum and the fouling organisms under wet and dry conditions. The shear force required to remove the biofilm varied from substratum to substratum.

The results showed variation of force with material and was minimum for glass and maximum for aluminium. The observed difference was perhaps due to variations in the surface texture of these substrata. Further, less shear force was required to remove dry biofilm than wet biofilm on metallic substrata and on glass the case was reverse.

(ii) Succession of fouling algae on the metallic substratum

the monthly collections were made from different floating structures in the estuarine and coastal waters of Goa in order to assess algal fouling. Ulva and Padina spp. were abundant during April. 1989 and Gracilaria sp. during July-August. The abundance of Gracilaria sp. decreased during September and November 1989. Although Enteromorpha sp. was found throughout the year, its biomass varied seasonally. The Catenella sp. was observed during pre-monsoon to monsoon season in small numbers. Cladophora sp. was predominant during postmonsoon season.

Pholo 9: Self floating assembly which keeps the panels halt immersed in sea water tor algal growth

72 1989-90 N.I.O.

Photo 10: Algal growth on aluminium panel exposed for two months in seawater

From the Maharashtra coast about 10 species of fouling algae were recorded, viz. Enteromorpha sp., Ectocarpus sp., Polysiphoniasp., Oscilatoria sp., Porphyrasp., Chaetomorph sp., Cladophora sp., Ulva sp., Phyllophora sp. and Padinasp. Monthly and seasonal variations were evident in their occurrence. Enteromorpha sp. was the major fouling algae especially during premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Porphyra sp. was present during premonsoon and monsoon seasons but was not observed in the postmonsoon period. Cladophora sp. was observed in August. Subsequently, its biomass increased until November. Ecocarpus sp. was also observed from May to October, in general, the Maharashtra coast was fairly rich in marine fouling algae as compared to the Goa coast.

(Hi) Selectivity of substrata by fouling algae for attachment and growth

Four types of surfaces, viz. mild steel, aluminium, fibreglass and glass were used to assess selectivity ot substratum by marine touting algae. The results indicate that glass and iibTeglass were preferred by many fouling algae for attachment and growth as compared to aluminium and mild steel. About 90% area was occupied by Cladophora sp. on the glass panel.

(b) Microfouling on the metal surfaces (N.B. Bhosle, S.S. Sawant, T.V. Raveendran, K. Nandakumar, M. Sharma, & Prabha D. Sankaran).

(i) Microfouling on aluminium and fibre glass panels in the waters of the Lakshadweep

Aluminium and fibre glass panels were deployed in the surface waters of the Agathi and Kadamat Islands of the Lakshadweep. Microfouling developed on these substrata during 6 to 120 hr period of immersion was analysed for total biomass as carbon and some major metabolites such as proteins, lipids

73 N. I. O. 1989-90

and carbohydrates. Microfouling biomass was found to be higher on fibre glass panels as compared to that on aluminium. Eight genera of rhicroiouling diatoms were observed on these panels. Biddulphia, Navicula and Nitzcnia spp. were the abundant groups.

(ii) Sources of the microlouling materials — application of sugar monomer ratios

Monosaccharide spectra of microfouling material revealed the presence of rhamnose, fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose when analysed by capillary gas chromatog- raphy. Monosaccharide spectra when interpreted using source parameters such as mannose/xylose and hexoses/pentoses ratios and glucose free weight percentages of ribose plus fucose and arabinose plus galactose suggests that microfouling material was derived from terrestrial and marine sources. Similarly a plot of glucose free weight percentages of arabinose plus galactose against wt % of mannose implies that the microfouling material was originated from non woody tissues of phytoplankton, grasses and leaves of angiosperm and gymnosperm plants.

(HI) Comparative evaluation ottheaminoacid composition of suspended matter and micro- fouling material

A system Gold HPLC was used to analyse concentration and composition of amino acids of suspended matter and microfouling material. Fifteen; amino acids were detected in the suspended matter and microfouling material. Total amino acids concentrations of suspended matter and microfouling material varied from 323 lo 1236 nmol"' and 13-70 to 34.50 nmol/dnrrVday respectively. Amino acids concentration of suspended matter decreased below 10m with a small increase at 60 m. In contrast to this, amino acids of microlouling material increased with depth. Glycine contribution to total amino acid increased with depth for the microfouling material and was about 42% at 60 m. There was a more or less inverse relationship with the development of microfouling and glycine content This implies that glycine perhaps acts as an antilouling agent.

Amino acids content of suspended matter and microfouling material

Depth (m) Amino Acids 1 10 20 40 60 A B A B A B A B A B Aspartic acid 0.44 94.38 0.62 171.30 0.50 133.97 1.03 40.66 1.43 64.61 Glutamic acid 0.05 99.11 0.49 185.12 0.34 141.67 0.94 38.46 1.27 56.94 Serine 0.33 58.62 0.36 96.33 0.12 75.09 0.03 19.94 1.12 34.14

Histidine tra 7.35 tra 17.28 0.01 9.87 tra 0.39 1.59 5.50 Glycine 2.46 4.16 2.14 7.47 14.40 110.28 202.50 174.75 43.38 68.87 Threonine 0.01 0.11 0.48 0.45 2.11

Arginine 1.56 34.51 3.98 66.64 1.96 68.55 4.09 12.19 0.64 18.16

74 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

Depth (m) Amino Acids 1 10 20 40 60 A B A B A B A B A B

Alanine 0.89 0.96 0.96 2.49 1.53

56.70 94.65 72.41 20.23 30.86 Tyrosine 0.09 tra 0.01 tra 0.48

Methionine 0.70 4.86 tra 7.40 tra 7.41 tra 3.23 0.29 7.25

Valine tra 41.59 0.01 83.71 tra 72.26 0.07 21.47 0.72 32.97

Phenyl alanine 0.01 33.85 tra 61.69 tra 45.09 tra 12.94 1.07 19.72

Isoleucine 3.97 27.76 tra 58.11 tra 48.30 0.04 1 4.28 1.61 21.66

Leucine 0.82 84.12 4.48 150.14 5.29 120.05 6.61 57.71 3.86 91.73

Lysine 2.37 25.20 0.69 41.09 4.11 122.69 6.02 38.14 2.43 63.04

Total *23.7 678.33 15.86 1235.96 15.921099.52 28.85 323.02 34.55 515.45

Biomass "1.96 2.18 2.88 3.02 1.90

A = Fouling material ( nmol/dm-2 /d '), B - Water samples (nmol/lit), ** = mg/dm2/d, * = Sum of individual amino acids, tra = traces

(iv) Evaluation of microfouling by scanning electron microscope

Mild steel coupons were deployed at 2, 20,40 and 70 m at a station in the Arabian Sea. The coupons were then studied by scanning electron microscope to assess the microfouling. A number of microfouling

75 N. I. O. ANNUAL REPORT 1989-90

Photo 12

Photo 13

Photo 11,12 & 13-. Scanning electron microscopic observation n1 ininofoul ing showing filamentous bacteria (1), bacteria in ( hains (2) and diatoms Amphora sp. (3) organisms including individual bacteria, chains of bacteria, filamentous bacteria and diatoms were observed settled on mild steel.

(c) Corrosion Studies (N.B. Bhosle, S.S. Savmnt & Prabha D. Sankaran)

(i) Effect of diatom film on corrosion rate of mild steel Mild steel coupons were subjected to different concentrations of diatoms cells (Naviculasp.) in a specially designed culture chamber with stirring mechanism to assess the effect of diatom fouling on the corrosion of mild steel. The corrosion rate of mild steel was less (18.4 mdd; SD±1.36;n = 9) subjected to high density of diatoms as compared to low density culture {22.1 mmd;SD±1.54; n = 9). The thick film of diatoms (600-700 cells/cm2) might have acted as a barrier for the diffusion of oxygen and thereby limiting the action of oxygen on the metal surface. ,

76 1989-90 N.I.O.

(ii) Performance of stressed RCC beam in marine environments The performance of reinforcement in concrete under stress at various points along the length of the beam was assessed. The corrosion was evaluated by measuring the half cell potential.-After five months of exposure in the marine waters, a decrease in the potential was observed at a point where the stress was maximum. The decrease in the potential was associated with increased period of exposure. The potential value at the point of maximum stress decreased from - 547 mv at the time of exposure to - 614 mv at the end of 5 months exposure period. (Hi) Corrosion of mild steel in the shelf waters of the Arabian Sea Corrosion of mild steel was monitored at a station (14°45.3'N, 73°35.1'E) in the shelf waters of the Arabian Sea. Corrosion was assessed by weight loss, X-Ray diffraction and elements analysis. Corrosion rates ranged from 186.5 to 71.83 mgdm2d' Corrosion was highest at 2 m and decreased with increasing depth. It appears that the rate of corrosion was directly related to oxygen and temperature and inversely to salinity. Wavelength dispersive spectrophotometric analyses of the corroded panels suggest that the content of iron decreased, whereas, silica, phosphate and sulphide increased with the depth of immersion. Mineral composition of corrosion products was analysed by X-Ray diffraction. TheXRD data showed the presence of ferrihydrite (Fe2O7)OH.4H2O, halite (NaCI), Calcite (CaCO3), Lepidocrocite ( - FeOOH), Pyrite (FeS2Xand Magnesite (MgCO3).

Wavelength energy dispersive spectrophotometric analysis of mild steel immersed at various depths at a station in the shelf waters of the Arabian Sea Depth (m) ' Element Composition (% of total) Iron Silica Phosphate Sulphide 2 97.41 1.85 0.22 0.51 20 96.55 1.57 0.45 1.41 40 93.06 2.43 1.96 2.54 70 90.46 3.03 4.24 2.26

77 N. I. O. 1989-90

(iv) Nature of organic matter associated with corrosion product

Corrosion products isolated from mild steel panels deployed at 2, 20, 40 and 70 m at a siation in the Arabian Sea were analysed for organic carbon, water extractable carbohydrates and aminoacids com- position. Organic carbon varied from 1. 99 to 3. 45 mg g-1 and carbohydrate from 47. 45 to 117. 75 ngg 1 dry weight of corrosion product. More or less similar pattern was observed for amino acids concentrations of these compounds increased with depth. The amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, histidine, glytine, threonine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine were abundant. Increasing concentrations with depth of leucine and lysine in the corrosion products were observed. Association of higher amount of organic material with corrosion products, especially at greater depth suggests the importance of these compounds in influencing the rate of corrosion, particularly in the water with low oxygen content

78 1989-90 N. I. O.

4. 6 INTEGRATED STUDIES OF ESTUARIES

4. 6. 1 Environmental studies In mid-estuarine stretch of Hooghly (M. D. Zingde, V. R. Nair, R. V. Sauna, M. M. Sabnis, K. Govindan, S. N. Gajbhiye, A. N. Kadam, P. K. Dineshkumar, J. M. Jaiswar, P. D. Gore, A. V. Mandalia, P. Sharma, M. A. Rokade & P. Mehta of B. C. Bombay)

Multidisciplinary investigations including assessment of tides, currents, circulation pattern, water quality, biological characteristics and sediment analyses were undertaken in 30 km stretch between Haldia River and Diamond Harbour.

The funnel shape of the Hooghly was well suited for optimum tidal flux which was the major factor governing the channel regime and navigability of the lower reaches of the estuary. Tides in the mouth caused surface gradients which resulted in propagation of gravity waves into the estuary. The rate of propagation depended primarily on the depth of water and on the tidal range at the mouth. The tidal wave travelled more slowly as the depth decreased and the wave becomes distorted as it travelled inland. The tidal range of 5. 5 m with depth variation between 6 and 12 m during spring tides caused considerable distortion of the tidal wave. However, during neap tides the tidal range of around 2 m. with depth variation between 7 and 9 m, the tidal wave underwent only slight distortion.

At Sagar, the mean tidal level was about the same during spring as well as during neap, but at stations further inland the mean level during spring tides was higher than observed during neaps. This effect could be so great that at some landward stations, low water during neap tides could be lower than low water during springs. Evidently, a large volume of water could accumulate in the upper part of the estuary during a spring tide cycle. This caused an increase in salinity during spring tides and a decrease during neaps.

The general trend in variation in currents clearly revealed the marked influence of the tide. The changes in properties were not conspicuous in the vertical suggesting advection of near homogeneous watermass up or down the estuary under the influence of the tide. Upstream of Haldia, the flood currents were stronger as compared to the ebb currents but the ebb flow was for a longer duration to balance the inflow and outflow of water. The cross-river components were generally weak and directed towards the western bank during January-February while during May-June and October-November the direction was towards the eastern bank perhaps under the influence of prevailing strong winds The circulation pattern assessed through float trajectories revealed net seaward transport and excursion of 9-32 km depending on the tide, currents and riverine freshwater flow

High dominance of riverine freshwater flow upstream of Haldia was evident from low salinities with seawaier percentage between 20 to 40 during premonsoon and between 1 to 10 during postmonscon. Although the water column was generally well mixed, partial stratification, particularly around the flood and ebb slack periods, occasionally occurred.

At the riverine freshwater flow of 100, 500 and lOOOrrfYsec, the volume of freshwater in the lower 50 km stretch of the estuary was estimated at 9. 19 x 10", 2 x 10» and 2. 25 x 10' m3 respectively. The corresponding mean detention time was 106, 46 and 26 days.

The water quality of the lower estuary did not reveal any serious contamination though Hoogfyin its upper reaches is considered to receive 93 x 104 rrrVday of wastewater with BOD, COD and suspended solid loads of 110, 337 and 406 t/day. The pH generally varied in a narrow range of 7. 5 to 8. 4 with markedly

79 N. I. O. 1989-90

higher values during premonsoon perhaps because of greater influence of seawaler. The concentration of suspended participate matter varied Widely from 30 lo 9900 ng/l The surface water had strikingly lower levels as compared to the bottom.. The tidal dependence of suspended load and high values at the bottom suggested their source in the bed sediments which got dispersed in the water column due to strong currents. The dissolved oxygen was high with low BOD (0. 1 to 4. 7 mg/l) thereby implying that the oxidizable 3 organic load transported to the lower estuary was being effectively assimilated. The levels of PO4 P were relatively low and varied widely (0. 2 to 5. 5 ng-at/l). No definite temporal or spatial variations were apparent though values were often higher in the bottom layer. Concentrations of NO3-N were markedly high (13. 7to 35. 3 ug-at/1) and there was no marked seasonal or tidal variation. Nitrite on the other hand, was either absent or present In low concentrations revealing good oxidising conditions in the area. Evidently ammonia (NH3 + NH4*) was generally low though abnormal levels were sometimes encountered

Although substantial waste of hydrocarbon origin is considered to be entering Hoogly through port operations at Calcutta, Diamond Harbour and Haldia and through industrial and domestic wastewater discharges, the levels of residues of petroleum hydrocarbons in the water column were fairly low (18 to 161 |wj/l) though the levels were markedly higher than expected for unpolluted coastal environment. The concentration of phenolics though low (0 to 59 \ig!\) their presence revealed the influence of wastewater discharges.

The surface distribution of trace metals and petroleum hydrocarbon residues also did not reveal any appreciable sediment contamination. It appeared thai the input of these pollutants was either scavenged to the sediment in the vicinity of point of releases or was transported outside the estuarine mouth. The latter possibility is less in view of high rate of sedimentation in the estuary.

Concentration of chlorophyll a was fairly high suggesting good primary productivity. However, high concentration of priaeopigments indicated decompared nature of the cells. Zooplankton production was moderate with comparable pattern of distribution of different locations with a peak in November. Benthic macrofauna on the contrary was very poor probably due to the sandy/silty nature of the substratum and high suspended load associated with strong currrents,

4. 6. 2 Phytoplankton studies in Chaliyar and Korapuzha estuaries (S. Kumaran, P. Venugopal & K. Sarala Devi of B. C. Cochin)

Phytoplankton and chlorophyll a variations were studied in Chaliyar and Korapuzha estuaries for a period of one year. These estuaries exhibited a similar pattern in the distribution of chlorophyll a and phytoplankton abundance - At Chaliyar the phytoplankton biomass declined from the river mouth towards upstream. At Korapuzha the phytoplankton biomass was dominated by marine diatoms like Skeletonema costatum, Fragilaria oceanica, Biddulphia sinenis, Asterionella japonica, Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Navicuta sp., Nitzschi chtosterim, Cosmarium cucurbita, Amphora lineolata, Pleumsigma elongata, Thalassiosira coromandelina, Cerataulina bergonii, Lauderia sp. and dinoflagellates such as Noctiluca miliaris, Ceratium macroceros etc.

Fragilaria oceanica, Skeletonema costatum, Chaetocerossp., Planktoniellasol. Rhizosoleniaare the main components of the phytoplankton crop of the Chaliyar estuary. Occasional sprout of fresh water algae such as Euglena sp., Osacillatoria sp., Spirogyra sp. etc. were noticed in the upper reaches of the estuary especially during the freshwater regime.

80 1989-90 N. I. O.

At Korapuzha maximum chlorophyll concentration was observed during the premonsoon and monsoon period (46. 4 pg I') whereas a maximum 69. 0 ug I' was recorded in the Chaliyar during the postmonsoon period which was associated with the blooming of Spirogyra sp. Chlorophyll a and phytoplank- ton counts did not show any definite direct relationship perhaps indicating a high nannoplankton population.

Particulate organic carbon values showed that primary lood material was available throughout the year. Values in Chaliyar ranged from 0. 25-13. 05 mg/1 and those at Korapuzha ranged fromO. 35-16 5 mg/l

4. 6. 3 Zooplankton studies in the Korapuzha and Chaliyar estuaries (P. Haridas & P. Venugopal ofRC Cochin)

Zooplankton studies were made at Korapuzha and Chaliyar estuaries at Calicut. Korapuzha estuary was found to be richer in zooplankton abundance and diversity. The maximum biomass excluding gelatinous forms in this estuary (0. 95 ml/m3) was during April while at Chaliyar it was only 0. 6 ml/m3 in March During the premonsoon months from February to April there was a high proliferation of hydromedusae and ctenophores (494 ml/5 minutes haul in March) virtually depleting all other zooplankters especially copepods Such an abundance of these carnivores was not observed at Korapuzha. However, the distribution pattern of zooplankton species in these two estuaries are more or less similar with maximum standing stock during pre-monsoon and least in monsoon

81 N. I. O 1989-90

4. 6. 4 Studies on benthos in Korapuzha and Chaliyar estuaries (K. Sarala Devi & P. Venugopal ofR. C. Cochin)

The benthos of the Chaliyar and Korapuzha estuaries were studied (or one year. The substratum at Chaliyar was sandy and benthic fauna constituted mainly by bivalve Villorita cypnnoides. The other organisms encountered were polychaetes, amphipods and decopods. Polychaete species includes Ancis- trosyllis constricta, Prionospio polybranchiata, Heteromastides bifidus, Glycera convoluta, Lycastis indica. Among these Prionospiopoiybranchiatawas present in most of the stations. Chironomid larvae, the pollution indicator was noticed downstream of the effluent discharge site where organic debris were present

The Korapuzha estuary was found to be more rich in benthos having high biomass. Amphipods, isopods, bivalves and polychaetes were encountered Amphipods, constituted by Corophium tnaenonyx and Quadnvisio bengalensis formed the dominant groups in this estuary. The polychaele species Diopatra neapolitana was observed at the mouth of the estuary where the substratum was clayey silt.

4. 6 5 Dynamics of Azhicode estuary (P. Udaya Varma, C Revichandran & A. Pylee of R. C Cochin)

Under the project the data collected for assessing the sedimentation pattern inside the estuary in conjunction with the dynamics of Ihe estuary were analysed and a physical solution was proposed. The shoaling inside the estuary and the barmouth can be reduced by the construction of two breakwaters and a retaining wall as shown in the Fig 9. This will regulate the flow pattern which will subsequently control the shoaling

82 1989-90 N. IO.

4. 7 OCEAN ENGINEERING

4. 7. 1 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works (B. U. Nayak)

(a) Design and development of deep sea instrumented mooring (N M. Anand & A. K Suryavanshi)

Numerical model for static and dynamic analysis of single point surface buoy moorings has been developed. Effect of steady currents and regular and irregular waves on the response of the system has been evaluated. Using this software deepsea instrumented moorings for ocean acoustic tomographic studies have been designed, developed, deployed and retrieved. Fig. 10 shows the response evaluation of a typical OATS moorng in 3000 m water depth.

(b) Long-term waves, currents, meteorological parameters measurement and analysis (N. M. Anand, S G. Diwan, P Chandramohan, AK. Suryavanshi, K. Ashok Kumar, S. S Bhat, H. C. Mandal, K. C. Pathak, N. S. N. Raju & P Pednekar)

Directional wave measurement using WAVEC buoy deployed off Karwar, in March 1988 has been continued in 1989 Design parameters were evaluated for the construction of Naval harbour at Karwar based on the data collected on waves, currents, wind and water levels. The design wave height for 50 years return period was estimated to be 5. 6 metre. Fig. 11 shows some typical results.

A wave rider buoy, a currentmeter moonng and a water level recorder were deployed off Jaitapur at Lat 16°36'N, Long 73°18'E and a weather station was in- stalled at Vijayadurg, in connection with the Nuclear Power Corporation project (Photo 14).

Two wave rider buoys were deployed, one off Portnova at 80 m depth in May 1989 and another ofi Rawa al 18 m water depth in April 1989 for ONGC, Madras.

(c) Coastal engineering studies (P. Chandramo- han, K. C. Pathak & N. S. N. Raju)

Nearshore wave transformation studies have been earned out for the proposed construction of Naval harbour at Karwar (Fig 12). Field investigation on geomorphological studies between Ratnagiri and Mangalore has been initiated since April 1989. Daily Littoral Environmental Observation (LEO) was canned out at 20 stations between Ratnagiri and Mangalore. Studies on the distribution of suspended and bed load sediments in surf zone has been initiated.

83 N. I. O. 1909-90

Fig. 11: Weibull plot of significant wave height tor design wave evaluation.

84 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

(d) Design and development of instruments (S.G. Diwan, K. Ashok Kumar & H.C. Mandal)

(i) Analog signal available at the output of digital wave rider receiver (DIWAR) was suitably modified and interlaced to analog chart recorder of WAREP. The system was tested for wave pattern and the error was found to be less than 5%. This modification enables to record both analog and energy spectra of waves at the site where DIWAR and HP85B PC is installed.

(ii) The on-line data acquisition system consisting of HP85B PC and a microprocessor unit with Aanderaa currentmeter was tested on offshore oil rig GA-II. The system was used to record temperature, conductivity, pressure, cur- rent speed and direction. Same data were recorded on 1/4" magnetic spool which later processed using an Aanderaa tape reader inter- faced to IBM PC. Both the results were compared and found to agreeing well. This system will be very handy at Rigs/Platforms, where the recorded data have to be used instantaneously.

(e) Geotechnical engineering studies (S. T. Bhat)

(i) The seabed sediment samples col- photo 14: Retrieval of current meter and water level recorder lected off Mauritius Island were tested in the mooring off Jaitapur. laboratory. The permeability aspect of this soil was investigated. It showed that the salt concentration of the permeating fluid has significant effect on the magnitude of the permeability (Fig. 13).

(ii) A gravity corer which can be operated from a boat has been fabricated. Undisturbed seabed sediment samples with 2 to 3 m penetration can be obtained using this corer (Photo 15).

(t) Material technology for offshore engineering (A.K. Suryavanshi)

Studies have been initiated to determine the corrosion rate of steel in concrete by transient response (TR) techniques. In general, the TR methods are based on the analysis of the response of a corroding electrode during the non stationary period to the application of a voltage or current signal. Thistechnique was not yet widely applied to steel/concrete systems.

Different electrical models (equivalent circuit) which simulate the steel/concrete system have been investigated. The corresponding response function to different electrical signals have been derived using operational calculus. Set up for the experimental work is being fabricated.

85 N I. O. 1989-90

86 1989-90 N. I. O

4. 8 MARINE INSTRUMENTATION

4. 8. 1 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys (E. Desa)

(a) Development of in-water spectral radiometer (E. S. Desa, E. Desa & E. D'Sa) (funded by UNDP)

In-situ detection of chlorophyll for laboratory studies as well as remote sensing color validation cannot be achieved with present day instruments. The objective of the project was therefore to design, develop and build a high resolution profiling radiometer capable ofmeasuring the spectral content of vector irradiance in the wavelength region 350-750 nm. Using the latest trends in optical detection and spectrograph technology, it is expected that the radiometer wiH be capable of a dynamic range of 1 million. The present status of the development has moved from design to the fabrication of the spectrograph. The electronic hardware and software design has also been scheduled as a parallel activity.

The initial design was presented to the oceanographic community at Friday Harbor, Seattle in September1989 and atOcean'89 andevinced keen interest in its futureprogress. A simplified block diagram of the radiometer is given in Fig. 14.

(b) Integrated data acquisition for coastal research vessels (R. G. PrabhuDesai, G. Vithyathil& E. Desa) (funded by Dept of Ocean Development)

Present day data acquisition on board research vessels is normally achieved via dedicated scientific computers. These usually need specialised service facilities and spares inventories, and using such systems is usually a new experience. It was sought to bypass Jhese drawbacks by using personal computers and to enhance inter-disciplinary communication via an onboard network.

The present status of the project is that interfaces to a variety of equipment have been developed and tested, and communication software between different nodes is under test. N. I. O. 1989-90

(c) Development of free-falling recording bathythermograph (E. Desa, VS. Peshwe & V. N. Chodankar) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The temperature and pressure circuits have been calibrated against high quality calibration sensors and the overall non-linearities of the circuits entered in look-up tables. This method ensures an absolute accuracy of ± 0. 04°C for temperature over the range 0 to 40°C, and ± 1 m for pressure upto 600 m.

The in-water unit has been constructed in aluminium, for depths upto 2000 m. The software flexibly records on depth or time intervals. The equipment is scheduled for imminent fifild trials.

(d) Development of a vector averaging recording current meter (A. Joseph, E. Desa & D. Rodrigues) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

A prototype unit is nearing completion with current speed and direction sensors on board, besides the auxiliary measurements of pressure and temperature. The same approach for pressure and temperature has been adopted as for the bathythermograph, whilst the speed and direction circuitry has novel features incorporated, allowing the detection of oscillatory motion.

The in-water unit has been constructed from aluminium for depths upto 1000 m. Software flexibility allows the unit to record depth, temperature, time or speed at intervals.

(e) Development of a moored ocean data buoy (M. R. Nayak, S. B. Tengali & A. K. Suryavanshi) (funded by Dept. of Ocean Development)

The objective of this programme is to design, develop, deploy and operate oceanographic data buoys. The present design is aimed at inter relating met-wave information from a single buoy over a period of time. System components have been identified and it is hoped to deploy the buoy in September 1990 with an indigenously designed electronic unit.

(f) Automatic Tide Gauge (funded by Dept. of Science & Technology)

Technical know-how on Automatic Tide Gauge, Model: NIO-INST, designed and developed under a grant-in-aid project fromDST, has been transferred to the sponsor. Threeweeks training on this tide gauge has been imparted to the engineers of M/s Associated Instrument Manufacturers (India) Pvt. Ltd. (AIMIL), the agency identified by DST for production of Tide Gauge. As per project agreement one unit has been fabricated, calibrated and supplied to M/s AIMIL. Another unit has been installed atMormugao Port Trust premises for demonstration and data collection purposes.

88 19B9-90 N. I. O.

4. 9 SURVEYS FOR POLYMETALLIC NODULES

4. 9. 1 Polymetallic Nodules from the Central Indian Ocean

During the year, 629 freelall grab and 103 photograb operations were carried out at 140 stations in the Central Indian Ocean for collecting nodule samples. Maximum abundance of nodules was found 1o be 27 kg/sq m.

The chemical analyses indicated that average moisture content of these nodules was 20% (range 16-25%) The Mn content in these nodules varied between 15 and 34%, and Fe content between 2 and 16%. From the analyses it was observed that 39% of nodule samples were marginal and/or paramarginal in grade (i. e. combined Ni, Cu and Co values above 2%) while the rest aresubmarginal(Cu+Ni+Co<2%). The higher concentration of Mn, Cuand Ni in nodules was found to be associated with siliceous sediments while reverse was true in red clay sediments.

Radiochemical and geochemical studies indicated thatdiscoidal nodules which are less vulnerable to rotation on the seafloor, unlike spheroidal nodules, showed distinct differences in transition metal fluxes, Z30Th contents, ?3CTh/232Th and Mn/Fe ratios between their top and bottom surfaces. These suggest two different sources and procedures of enrichment for two sides Detailed studies of internal structure of nodules indicate close relation between Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide precipitation and paleo-oceanographic conditions.

Geochemical studies of sediment samples from nodule beanng environments revealed five important sources for its content of major and minor elements. Ba as dissolution residue, Na and Mg as seasalts, Si from biogenic source, Mn, Ni, Fe. Co, Cu Irom combined hydrogenetic and diagenelic sources and other major elements from detrital sources were suggested The oxidised manganese ratio (0/ Mn) in the nodules from different sediment types varies from 1. 73 to 1. 81 suggesting that Mn mostly occurs in the nodule in Mn(IV) state. Mn reduction occurs usually atadepthof 11-15 cm below the seafloor and presence of maximum solid phase Mn at the top of sediment column (0-3 cm) indicates diagenetic incorporation of Mn into the nodules. Regional geochemical study of nodules showed a marked difference in composition between those from subequatorial part and basinal areas. Unusually high concentration ol Mn, Ni and Cu in smooth nodules from subequatorial part suggests transportation of digenetically rich trace metals by bottom water from adjacent areas.

Studies on physical properties of nodules revealed that Indian Ocean nodules were anisotropic and found to be denser, porous and display faster P-wave velocity in comparison to those from Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

A programme for digitisation of seabed photographs to compute coverage and abundance of polymetallic nodules has tjeen developed. Photographs of nodule bearing areas of seafloor showed widespread mega benthic activity. Sediments were the most preferred substrate for organisms followed by nodules.

(a) Premining environmental assessment studies in the central Indian Ocean (P. U. Varma, V. Josanto, C. Revichandran, A. Pylee, P R. Vijayan, R. Sajeev, N. Anilkumar, V. N. Sankaranaray- anan, T. Balasubramanian, K. Sarala Devi, P. Venugopal, K. K. Batachandrah, J. K. Xavier, V. R. Amma, L. Sebastian, P. Sivadas, P. N. Aravindakshan, KKC. Nair, B. Narayanan, C. B. L. DeviS V. Santhakumari of R. C. Cochin) 89 N. I. O 1989-90

The premining environmental assessment studies in the Central Indian Ocean were designed to focus on those background values and variables against which the mining perturbations can be evaluated. In the study of the water column emphasis was given to the physical and chemical characteristics and the primary and secondary levels ot biological production. The baseline studies were carried out at 5 stations

Apart from the general hydrographical features, preliminary analysis of the data showed (i) 25 - 50 m of surface mixed layer with high concentration of O2 (near saturation) and uniform temperature (28- 29°C), (ii)athermoclinelayerfrom50-200 m, (ui)with low or practically zero value of phosphate, silicate and nitrate in the upper water column, (iv) the trace metal concentrations in the upper 500 m were practically nil, (v) the oxygen value below 1000 m showed a gradual increase and reached values of 4. 5 ml/I at the deepest depths, and (vi) theeuphotic zone extends only to 95 m in the area Chlorophyll a values showed an increase with decreasing illumination horizon. At all stations highest chlorophyll a values were observed at 1% light intensity and it varied between 0 17 and 0 75 mg/m3

The biomass of the zooplankton samples showed only slight variations among the five stations worked out (the higher density in 1 and 6). But the depth-wise distribution of biomass showed marked difference at all stations ranging from 119 ml/m3 at the surface layers to 41 ml/m3 for the 500 m water column The composition of the neuston collections made from the surface layer consisted of a very wide variety of groups, but the major bulk of the samples was that of medusae, salps and other gelatinous organisms. The layer between 50 and 0 m (Bongo collection) recorded a richer fauna including fish larvae and other organisms that form the food of fishes. The most dominant group uniformly abundant in all the stations was copepoda, their numberranging between 1207 and 136204 per 100 m3. This was followed bychaetognaths, euphausids, ostracods, decapods and copelates.

90 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

4.10 ANTARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

Two scientists S/shri N. Ramaiah and Jiyalal Ram were the participants from NIO in the Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica. Analysis of data collected during earlier expeditions shows the following:

(a) Investigation on heat budget and hydrographic structure (V. Ramesh Babu, M.S.S. Sarma & P.N. Vinayachandran)

The observed decreasing trend in the SST (from - 0.5 C to -1.9°C) during January 1988 in the shore polynya off Dakshin Gangotri has been mainly attributed to the processes of heat advection. The presence of anomalous warm saline waters (>14'C& 35.3 x 103S) in the upper lOOO m of the southwestern Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean suggests the presence of eddies (about 300 km in size) that might shed out from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current due to topographic influence of Crozet Plateau.

Photo 16: First sunrise in Antarctica

(b) Investigation on fronts (V. Ramesh Babu & J.S. Sastry)

The planetary scale fronts (thermal and/or saline) in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean have shown considerable east to west variability in their characteristics on account of continental boundary processes and bottom topographic effects.

(c) Productivity of the Southern Ocean — a multidimensional approach (X.N. Verlencar, S.G. Prabhu Matondkar, V.K. Dhargalkar, J.I. Goes, B.S. Ingole, P.M.A. Bhattathiri, A. Pant & A.H. Parulekar)

91 NIO 1989 90

Waiermass structure productivity and nutrients in Antarctic waters between 11° to 53°Elong were studied based on the data collected from 1982 1989 Investigations revealed that nutnent rich warm deep watens brought to the surface near divergence 65°S Nitrate and phosphate isopleths revealed dominance of physical processes over biological processes Phytoplankton productivity and bomass in Antarctic waters were variable but displayed their richness in coastal regions Size fractionation of phytoplankton showed that autotrophic and heterotrophic pico and nanoplankton form a substantial contribution to the turnover rate of phytoplankton biomass and to the classic Antarctic food chain consisting of diatoms, knll and whales

Nitrates and phosphates remain well above limiting value even dunng blooms, however, silicates may be the most limiting of the major nutrients Nutrient anomaly ratio signify that regeneration of Si is 5 fold higher in the region south of subtropical convergence zone Based on these analysis it appears that Antarctic phytoplankton is oligate psychrophiles (cold loving) Spatial variation in biological productivity in oceanic region south of Antarctic convergence cannot be accounted for by the difference in incident radiaiion, water temperature or concentration of NO3, PO4 and silicates The physical structure of water column, nearireezingtemperatureaticeedgecombinedwilh heavy grazing and rapid sinking were the most significant factor controlling phytoplankton production in the Southern Ocean

92 1989-90 N. iO.

4. 11 MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY

(Funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India)

The Marine Archaeology Unit undertook three important expeditions in search of the submerged cities and shipwrecks in Indian waters

(a) Dwarka expedition

Underwater search for the submerged city of ancient^Jwarka on Gujarat coast conducted in December, 1989 brought to light hitherto unknown protection walls, bastions, etc., in 6 to 10 metre water depth in the Arabian Sea, 1 km west oi the temple of Sea God thereby confirming that the ancient port-city of 1500 B. C. was built on both banks of the nver Gomati The structures, stone anchors and other artifacts were documented. The Geophysical Survey of an area of 5 x 10kmupto20 m depth yielded useful data for determining the limit of the ancient city The submerged channel of the Gomati was also traced and its steep gradient suggests that light artifacts were transported into the then sea about 1. 75 km off the Samudranarayana Temple

(b) Shipwreck in Goa waters

A shipwreck was discovered in the shallow waters of Amee Shoals. The ship carried atleast 3 cannons and a considerable quantity of dressed granite blocks The ill-fated ship must have been struck in bad weather against the reef and foundered Diver-archaeologists' cleared a portion of the cannons and photographed them despite poor visibility and swell From the shape; size etc of the cannon the wreck seems to be 300 years old. An iron anchor of a later wreck was also recovered

(c) Surveys off Tranquebar - Kaveripatnam

Geophysical surveys off Tranquebar-Kavenpatnam of Tamil Nadu coast in Thanjavur District were carried out. In 10-11 m depth some archaeological remains were indicated, Further investigation will be undertaken in view of certain definite clues in the intertidal zone

Training in Marine Archaeology

* Intensive training in diving, underwater search and excavation was jmparted to trainees deputed by the Archaeological Survey of India and also to two other archaeologists. N. I. O. 1989-90

4.12 DATA & INFORMATION

4.12.1 Data & Information Management (R.M S Bhargava)

Data acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination (JS. Sarupria, G.V. Reddy, K. Arvind Ghosh, T. Pankajakshan & P.D. Kunte)

(i) Data acquisition

The following geophysical data of Indian Ocean have been acquired from National Geophysical Data Centre, Colorado, U.S.A.

Bathymetry - 46004.1 nautical miles Magnetic - 34557.1 Gravity - 21293.4 Seismic - 12552.7 Navigation - 46691.8

These data pertain to 117096'records from 43 cruises between the I at. 0-24° and long. 65-75°. The seismic data is in analog form while all other data are in digital form The data are being read, reformatted and included in the geophysical data base of Data Gentre.

Thecentre also acqufted inventory information of the data collected in 14 cru ises by SagarSampada (CMFRI).

Besides this, the centre acquired the data as given in the following table :

Parameter No of cruises No. ol stations/ line kilometre

Nansen cast 12 395 Current "1 24 XBT 1 T4S- MBT 2 19 Nutnent/oxygen/phosphate U 186 Benthos ; 1 • 22 Chlorophyll a. 7 164 Zooplankton 2 28 Underway data —

Total 983

94 1989-90 N. I. O.

(it) Data processing

(1) XBT data of fourteen cruises-have been processed and stored in IheXBTdatabase. Processing of this data included digitization of analogue data from. 1000 stations, quality checking and storing the data in proper lormat. Chemical dataof 61 cruises of R. V. Gayeshani have been subjected to preliminary quality checks. This check consists of the range checking, for position, date and lime.

(2) A link programme for reformatting the IFStodBase III anddBaseto (IIS havebeendeveloped and implemented. This program allows to convert data and inventory files from one file system to another. Forhandling the files the centre uses Integrated Filing System, database III and Integrated Inventory Information System. The programme reformats the file to be converted from one system to another.

(3) BT-PLOT. A basic programme developed for the preparation of BT Atlas in Dm/L on PS/386.

This BASIC/DM PL languageprogramme takes the input data of BT-profiles, sorts them seasonwise, arranges the data in each respective one degree squares Each plot is for five degree square grid, which again is sub-divided into 25 one degree squares The BT-PLOT programme thenplots all the profiles in each grid along with mean sea surface temperature and mean mixed layer.

(4) Online visual display of INODC functions and activities on PS/386 system.

INODC's functions and activities are summarised using storyboard software Summarised informa- tion is presented in the form of tables, pictures, graphs and slides and 97 computer graphic screens are created. These screens are linked together in a sequential manner in such a way that on executing programme, running story of INODC is displayed on terminal of PS/386 system. A software was developed, for explaining INODC's functions and activities to visitors

(Hi) Preparation of data products

During this year, four data reports, two for chemical, one each for nansen cast and SMO data have been prepared. The chemical data reports pertain to the cruises of R V. Gaveshani( 1976-80 and 1981- 85) The first chemical data report comprises of data from 800 stations of 32 cruises and the second one from 570 stations, data from 29 cruises

The surface meteorological data report consists of data from 2040 stations collected onboard R. V. Gaveshaniduring the period 1976-1985. The parameters are phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite, pH, ammonia and alkalinity along with dissolved oxygen and depth.

These data reports contain the chemical data of each station along with the inventory information like cruise HO, station no., date, time, position etc. These two volumes of chemical data reports have the distinct nature of being the first two in this series exclusively for the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. •

95 NIO 1989-90

The nansen cast data report consists of data from 689 stations from the cruises of R V. Gavesham forthe period 1976-80 It consists data on temperature and salinity along with computed parameters such as sigma t, thermostenc anomaly anomaly of geopotential and sound velocity

Three volumes of inventory reports of R V Gavesham and ORV Sagar Kanya and one volu me of FORV Sagar Sampada were brought out

An atlas based on MBT data reports forthe Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal was prepared The atlas gives composite plots of seasonal temperature profiles in one degree grids

96 19d<> 90 N. I. O

(iv) Data dissemination

Under the activity of data dissemination, the centre supplied data for R & D activities to several national organisations, as given below

Agency Data type supplied

1 School of Marine Sciences Hydrographic data Cochin University of Science and Technology Cochin

2 P G Department of Marine Biology Geological data Kodibag Karwar

3 Department of Physics IIT, Madras pH data

4 Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory Meteorological data Cochin

5 Institute of Tropical Meteorology Meteorological, physical and Pune chemical data

6 Department of Zoology Chemical data Andhra University, Waltair

7 Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad Physical data.

In addition to this, the centre provided physical, chemical and biological data to support the R & D works of the institute's scientists

97 N I O 1989-90

4. 13 PUBLICATIONS & PUBLIC RELATIONS

Publication, Information, Public Relations & Reprography (V. Kesava Das)

The Publications and Public Relations Unit continued the dissemination of information on the research activities of NIO through various publications, exhibitions and mass media (S Ft Bhat, S P Sharma, R, Thomas & A. Y. Mahale)

The major activities undertaken are as follows:

(a) Publications brought out

• Mahasagar (quarterly journal) • NIO Newsletter (quarterly) • Annual Report for 1988-89 • Collected Reprints for 1986 • Cruise Reports • Abstracts of scientific papers/thesis/reports of the NIO staff • Information brochures • Sales and distribution of NIO publications

(b) Information activities

Dissemination of scientific and technical information to the user community was provided by

• preparation and updating of various brochures on the NIO activities/achievements, etc • attending to the scientific/technical enquiries from research scholars, students and others • preparation of material for CSIR Newsletter and Annual Report • arranging the visits of VIPs, scientists, university students and general public • providing input for various directories • issue and maintenance of technical and sponsored proiect reports of the Institute • preparation and supply of write-ups on specific subjects on request • collection and maintenance of press clippings on subjects of interest • issue of press releases and publicity through mass media like press, Doordarshan, A I R, etc

(c) Participation in exhibitions

(i) All India Science and Technology Exhibition at Ottapalam in Kerala

NIO participated in the All India Science and Technology Demonstration campaign held at Ottapalam in Kerala from 1 to 14 September, 1989 The basic objective of this campaign was to expose the rural

98 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

population to the potential of science and technology in changing the economic conditions of the people besides creation of awareness of the developments in different fields of Science and Technology.

NIO exhibited the achievements in ocean science and technology through models and photographs which were we)) appreciated by many. The exhibition was a great success and generated so much enthusiasm among the people from all walks of life so that it was extended beyond schedule for two more days. Lakhs of people visited the exhibition.

(ii) Indian Science Congress Exhibition at Cochin in Kerala

NIO participated in the Indian Science Congress Exhibition held at Cochin from 28.1.90 to 17.2.90. NIO organised a stall where various models, display panels and samples depicting the activities and achievements of the institute were exhibited. About 5 lakh persons visited the exhibition.

(d) Open house was organised on CSIR Foundation Day and National Science Day.

Photo 17: A section of young visitors

(e) NCERT Programme

NIO organised a one day programme of "Children meet Scientists" on 29 March, 1990. This programme, sponsored by National Council of Educational Researcfy and Training (NCERT) was to bring children face to face with the scientists to have first hand information about ongoing research and to shape their scientific thinking to pursue studies in such fields. About 45 students from different higher secondary schools of Goa participated.

99 N.I.O. ANNUALREPORT 1989-90

4.14 TRAINING

4.14.1 Training and Manpower Development (B.N. Desai & Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan)

(a) Training to Caribbean Scientists

NIO conducted a training programme in Oceanography under Caribbean Oceanographic Resources Exploration (CORE Project) from October to December, 1989 at the request of Commonwealth Science Council. This programme was supported by the Government of India, Commonwealth Science Council, London and the Caribbean Commonwealth. The general objectives of the programme were :

(i) To enhance the capability of Caribbean countries in investigating, understanding and utilising their marine (living and non-living) resources through training, regional co-operation and information exchange in oceanographic sciences.

(ii) To train Caribbean scientists in the classroom, laboratory and on-board a ship, in areas of oceanography and marine sciences.

(iii) To carry out an oceanographic resources survey in the Caribbean Sea.

Photo 18: Dr. A. P. Mitra, DG, CSIR, delivering the inaugural address. On the dias are (from left) Dr. B.N. Desai, Dr. S. Z. Qasim Dr. V. K. Gaur, Dr. S. Malomo and Dr. Sumitra Vijayaraghavan.

Under this programme, 22 selected scientists from 9 Commonwealth countries (Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Trinidad) were trained for three months in theoretical and practical aspects of oceanography and marine resources exploration.

The training programme was inaugurated by Dr. A.P. Mitra, Director-General, CSIR at NIO, Goa on October 2, 1989. Dr. B.N. Desai, Director, NIO welcomed the participants and Dr. V.K. Gaur, Secretary to Govt, of India, Department of Ocean Development delivered presidential address.

100 1989-90 NJO

On completion of the training, a valedictory function was organised on 18 December, 1989 H E Shn Khurshed Alam Khan, Governor of Goa was the Chief Guest and Dr G, Thyagarajan, Secretary, Commonwealth Science Council presided over the function

(b) Specialised lectures arranged with the support from external and internal experts

No of Name of Expert Duration Topic Scientists attended 1 2 3 4

Prof Koblentz Miske 28 02 89 Energetics of marine Institute of Oceanology photosynthesis and its Moscow, USSR relation to the remote 30 sensing of marine productivity (Part I)

Dr BV Konovalov 28 02 89 Energetics of marine Institute of Oceanology photosynthesis and its Moscow, USSR relation lo the remote 25 sensing of marine productivity (Part II)

Prof Olav Eldholm 09 03 89 Evolution of the volcanic University of Oslo continental margin 30 Norway implications for oceanic drilling programme

Prof Afne Oefsthus 09 03 89 Use of geophysical University of Oslo methods to reduce blow- 40 Norway out risks during drill ing operations offshore

Dr V Shirvaikar 14 03 89 Meteorological studies Senior Scientist for atmospheric disper- 13 BARC, Bombay sion

Prof E B Ktaus 17 04 89 1 Diapycnal mixing in Senior Research to the Ocean Associate 20 04 89 2 Mixed-layer/thermocline 25 University of Colorado interaction in a three- dimensional isopycnfc coordinate model 3 The rule of law and the sway of chance

101 N I O 1989-90

1 2 3 4

Dr K S Venkateswarlu 19 04 89 1 Chemical aspects of Head Water Chemistry seawater chlonnation 12 Division, BARC, Bombay^ 2 Marine biofouling and corrosion

Dr T E Ramachandran 25 04 89 Dynamics of atmospheric Proi of Chemical & aerosols Biochemical Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology USA

Dr P N Sen 08 05 89 1 Pressure and wind Director, Training to analysis Part I and India Meteorological 12 05 89 Part II 10 Department (Weather 2 Windflow and different Forecasting), Pune approximations 3 Winds in the planetary boundary layer Part I & III

Dr P V Joseph 09,05 89 1 Synoptic data on Director, Retd to weather charts India Meteorological 12 05 89 2 Wind models of weather Department (Weather system 9 Forecasting), Pune 3 Surface wind climato logy of tropical Indian Ocean 4 Satellite inputs to synoptic analysis

Shn B K Sen 01 06 89 1 Citation analysis 30 Head, Training Division to 2 Citation analysis ot 40 National Centre on 02 06 89 NIO Publications Bibliometncs, INSDOC, 14, Satsang Vihar Marg, New Delhi

Dr MC Deo 09 06 89 Directional spectrum Dept of Civil Engg and application 10 lit, Powai, Bombay

Prof V Sitaraman 22 06 89 Osmobiology — new Department of Bio- perspectives 15 technology, University of Pune, Pune

102 1989-90 N. IO.

1 2 3 4

Prof. K. K Dey 30 08. 89 1 India on communication — Dept of Physics to today and tomorrow 45 Banaras Hindu Univ. 31. 08. 89 2. Fibre optics Varanasi

Prof. G. T Csanady 11 10 89 The role of subtropical Old Dominion Univ. gyres in the heat balance 25 College of Sciences of the warm wassersphere Dept of Oceanography Norfolk, Virginia

Prof CR Murty 12 1089 Dynamics of a buoyant National Water plume, inrcoastal • 20 Research Institute currents 867 Lakeshore Road Burlington, Ontario

(c) Training rendered to outside agencies at NIO

(1) Five students of School of Chemistry, Andhra University were given practical training in Chemical Oceanography during 2 -11 May, 1989: "

(2) A research student from R K M. Vivekananda College, Madras, was given training in marine pollution at NIO from 7th - 11th June, 1989 "'

(3) ShnKK Satpathy, Scientific Officer SD, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay was attached to Chemical Oceanography Division from 21 August to 1 September, 1989 for familiarisation with the work on marine chemistry and marine microbiology.

(4) At the request of Jamia Millia Islamia, NewDelhi, atwo day training course in Remote Sensing and Photo-interpretation was organised on 23-24 January, 1990. A total of 21 students attended the course.

103 N I O 1989 90

4. 15 PLANNING

During the year, evaluation of the R & D Programmes taken up during the VII Five Year Plan was initiated The VIII Five Year Plan document was revisedin the new format and placed before the Research Council for its approval

As a part of budgeting, funds were allocated to various projects and its utilization was monitored continuously Funds position under various contract projects was also monitored on monthly basis

As in the past, weekly meetings of Project Coordinators/Project Leaders were organised to monitor the progress of various projects/activities Monthly Summary Reports were brought out

On the eve of decommissioning of RV Gaveshani a document was brought out giving the various details about the vessel This document gives in nutshell various surveys undertaken and data and information gathered by the vessel in her 2866 days at sea

Software programmes were prepared on dBase HI+ for storing the biodata of the Institute's staff.

Several information/quernes were attended to from various agencies including TMD and Planning Division of CSIR. Also, various information were made available to the management for vanous purposes

Team Dr. S. G Dalai, Shn Goutam Banerjee, Mrs Soja Simon, Shn M P Patil

•104 1989-90 N. I. O,

5. INTERNATIONAL/BILATERAL PROGRAMMES

(a) Indo-US Project on Bloactlve substances from the Indian Ocean'

(i) Collection, identification and chemical ecology

During 1989-90, more emphasis was laid on the collection of marine organisms from the intertidal and subtidal regions along the southeast coast, southwest coast and Lakshadweep islands. Subtidal florafrom the southeast coast of India and Lakshadweep island have been studied with SCUBA diving. Total of 12 species of seagrasses and 97 species of marine algae were recorded. Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea spp. were dominant upto 8 m depth. However, higher biomass was recorded at 1 5to2mdepth 206 species of fauna, mainly from subtidal region were studied for taxonomy. 18 species of sponges and 21 species of coelenterates are new to science Six f aunal species were investigated for chemical ecology with specific reference to toxicity.

(ii) Chemical investigation of marine organisms

Acanthus illicifolius (analgesic, anti-inflammatory)

Isolation of active analgesic and anti-inflammatory principles of this mangrove plant, 2-Benzoxali- none and its precursor Benzoxazinoids with anti-inflammatory action has been reported earlier. The benzoxa- zinoids are known to be cyclic hydroxamic acids with the general formula.

During these studies, thebenzoxazinoidswithR'=EtandR, R'=OH were characterised. Theformer is a novel compound and is being reported for the first time We are now synthesising the analgesic principle for final confirmatory-tests

Acantoptwra spicifera (anti-implantation)

The potent uterus and intestinal stimulant aurantiamide and its isomer diaurantiamide have been synthesised using (S) phenyl alaninate methyl ester and N-benzoyf phenyl alanine The synthesis of (R) isomeric compounds using (R) phenyl alaninate is in progress.

Actinopyga mauratiana (toxic)

From the methanolic extract of the sea cucumber, Actinopyga mauratiana collected from the Lakshadweep region, a novel glycoside has been isolated in pure state. Based onspectraldata(IR, NMR, Mass) and comparison with the literature. values, the glycoside has been characterized as Echonoside B.

105 N. I. O. 1989-90

The toxicity tests for this glycoside were carried out with brine shrimp and fish and were found to be positive.

Haliclona sp. (antiviral)

Several brightly coloured aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds have been isolated from this sponge, the crude extract of which exhibited 75% antiviral activity in in vivo tests The compounds were further purified by HPLC and using the spectraldata the compound has been characterised as o-dimethyl renierone.

Amphiroa fragilissima (oxytocic)

The water soluble active fraction of this red alga was purified by using reverse phase sep pack, cationicand anionicion exchange chromatography which resulted in the isolation of a long chain glycoside and several amino acids. Structural elucidation of these compounds is in progress.

Padina tetrastromatica (antifertility)

Several amino acids and sugar derivatives were isolated from the acfueous fraction of this seaweed. Using HPLC technique separation of sterot mixture has been achieved. Characterization of these constituents is in progress.

106 1989-90 N. I. O.

Chondria armata (hypertensive)

. The crude methylene chloride extract of this seaweed was fractionated. The chloroform fraction after repeated column chromatography gave two compounds in pure state. Isolation of other constituents and their characterization using spectral data is being carried out.

(b) Indo-US Project on 'Accelerated corrosion of metals and alloys in the marine environment'

The effect of crude oil content at 0. 014, 0. 027, 358. 23, 450. 47 mg I1 in seawater and 100% crude oil on the rate of corrosion of mild steel was evaluated. The corrosion fates increased with the concentrations of crude oil and was maximum in 100% crude oil The data suggest that crude oil content in seawater influenced the rate of corrosion.

(c) Indo-USSR Programme in Oceanology

(i) Mathematical modelling studies

Analysis of data collected during 1988 on board USSR and Indian vessels and mathematical modelling studies have been carried out A one dimensional model that could predict the vertical structure of wind, temperature and moisture has been developed and tested for one point in the Arabian Sea. Using the data collected during Monex-79 expedition as initial profile, simulation has been carried out for one day. The model predicted reasonably well the vertical structure of wind and temperature field.

A three-dimensional model of circulation in the Arabian Sea has been developed. The model has 31 levels in the vertical and takes into consideration the actual bottom topography. Numerical experiments have been performed for a one degree resolution model in which climatic wind field, temperature and salinity were used as input. Model simulated well the climatic circulation of the Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon season.

(ii) Trans Indian Ocean Geo-Traverses

About 1854 line km of gravity, bathymetric, magnetic and multichannel seismic reflection data were collected aboard Soviet research vessel in the south east Indian Ocean basin. The data were processed onboard by the Russian and Indian scientists and interpretation was carried out at NIO, Goa. The results revealed southward continuation of the 85°E ridge.

About 6790 line km of bathymetric, gravity and magnetic data were collected onboard ORV Sagar Kanya in the north west Indian Ocean. The data were processed and a data base has been created.

In May-July 1989 a cruise was organised in the Indian Ocean during which core samples from 46 stations and polymetallic nodules from 15 stations were collected.

(Hi) Geophysical Investigations in the deformation zone qf the Central Indian Ocean, Indo- USSR Programme

Geophysical and geological investigations were undertaken in the deformation zone of the Central Indian pcean on board research vessel "Prof. SHOTKMAN" in collaboration with the USSR scientists from InstitOieof Oceanology, Moscow during the period February to May 1989. During this expedition single

107 N. I. O. 198&-90

channel seismic, deep seismic surveys deploying ocean bottom seismometers, continuous magnetic and balhymetric surveys were carried out in the area between 4°S and 2°50'N and 80°E and 85°E. In addition, heat flow measurements and core sampling were also done at selected locations. Preliminary processing of the data has been done at the Institute of Oceanology, Moscow and also at the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad. Preliminary results so lar obtained have been discussed during the visit of Prof. Y.P. Neprochonov and Dr. L.P. Merklin to India in December 1989.

(d) Indo-FRG Project on the 'Quaternary upwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea related to monsoonal events'

A total of 150 samples obtained from sediment traps were analysed for major components: calcium carbonate, opals and lithogenic fraction. Seasonally in lithogenic sedimentation rates were observed with high fluxes during the SW monsoon period during times of high biological productivity. The lithogenic flux correlated well with organic carbon flux providing strong evidence lor biological control on lithogenic sedimentation. The sedimentation rates calculated from sediment trap data were compared to Holocene sedimentation rates. It is seen that the.sedimentatjon rates are similar in the central and western Arabian Sea but in the eastern Arabian Sea it Is much lower. This has been attributed to the decrease in the sediment discharge of the Indus river from about 400 million tonnes per year to less than 45 million tonnes

Lithogenic fluxes, carbonate fluxes and sedimentation rates in the Arabian Sea

Carbonate Lithogenic Lithogenic Total sedimentation flux flux sedimentation rates Location rate (Lithogenic & Carbonate material) g. m. 2yr-1 g. m-^yr1 mm. yr. 10^ mm. yr. 10'3 mm/kyr. mm/kyr.

Eastern Arabian 11. 88 5. 44 2. 72 to 4. 73 8 6 to 15. 06 Sea Trap

Central Arabian 18. 00 2. 59 1. 29 to 2. 25 10. 3 to 17. 9 Sea Trap

Western Arabian 18. 15 2. 57 . 1. 28 to 2. 23 10. 3 to 18. 0 Sea Trap

Average for 16. 01 3. 5 1. 75 to 3. 04 9. 75 to 16. 96 Arabian Sea

* Sedimentation rates calculated by assuming packing densities of 2.0 g. cm 3 and 1.15 g cm '

Investigations on planktonic foraminifera indicate that in general, G. bulloides, an upwelling indicator species is abundant particularly in the western Arabian Sea The presence of Rhizosotena a radiolarian is also an indicator of upwelling. Besides, it was also inferred that the high diversity and abundance of foraminrfera was quite consequences during SW monsoon.

108 1989-90 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES N.I.O.

During the course of planktonic foram- iniferal analysis from the sediment traps col lected in the central Arabian Sea, it was encoun- tered with the unusual occurrence of abnormality in some of the species of planktonic foraminif- erasuch as Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, Globig- erinoides ruber, Palleniatirta obliquiloculata. Globigerina rubescens and Globigerina bulloi- des.

Records from six current meters hoisted at approximately 1000 and 3000 m on three moorings with a zonal separation of about 5° along the 15°N latitude in the mid-Arabian Sea during 1986 - 1987 have been used to describe the low frequency currents in the area. Though the spectra for the six time-series have similar shapes, their energy levels differ. At the western mooring the energy in the deeper cur- rents for periods from one to four weeks was higher than that at the upper level. The increase in energy from upper to deeper levels was mar- ginal at the central mooring and was not signifi- cant at the eastern mooring. The energies dropped from the west to the east both at the upper and the lower levels, but the drop was much larger in the deeper currents. There was no significant coherence between upper and the lower currents at a mooring, nor between currents at adjacent moorings. Three current meter moorings were deployed during Nov./Dec, 1989, two in the Bay of Bengal and one in the Arabian Pholo 19: Sediment trap Sea under this bilateral programme.

(e) Studies in the EEZ of Mauritius Hydrographic data together with XBT soundings collected during September/October 1987 in the area(10°S to 20°S and 56°Eto 62°E) around Mauritius group of Islands were examined to understand the thermohaline circulation and watermass characteristics. A predominant westerly flow of about 35 cm/sec was computed from the hydrographic data. This flow, on crossing the north-south oriented Mauritius- Seychelles ridge, is found to have triggered the meridional rise of isotherms towards the northern latitudes from depths of 300 m to 500 m. Three water masses, Arabian Sea high (80 m) salinity watermass, subtropical subsurface watermass (250 m) and Antarctica Intermediate water mass (1400 m), were identified in the area.

(f) UNDP-Government of India Project on Satellite data analysis for oceanographic investigations' Under software development component of the project, two scientists have undergone training in TOVS data processing in France, two scientists in CZCS data processing in Canada and two scientists in

109 N. I. O. 1SB9-90

passive microwave data processing in USA, for six months each. Three scientists went on study tour to USA and Japan for one month each Two experts from USA and Japan visited NIO in connection with the development of underwater spectral radiometer.

(g) International intercahbration exercise

As a part of quality control test for trace metals, participated in an international intercalibration exercise—the International Atomic Energy Adjency (IAEA) Intercomparison run MA-M-3/TM Monaco and our laboratory was qualified to 100%.

(h) Analysis of sediment cores for College of Science & Technology, London

Seven sediment cores from the equatorial Indian Ocean were analysed for various major and minor elements

110 1989-90 NI. O.

6. CONTRACT RESEARCH PROJECTS

A. Sponsored Projects

Weiv Projects

1 Studies on circulation and mixing off Jaitapur (estimated cost Rs. 35 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

This project was aimed to study physical properties, currents, dispersion/mixing characteristics etc. off Jaitapurcoastforfindingsuitablelocations for coolant water intake and marine outfall for the proposed Atomic Power Plant.

A massive programme to study the circulation and mixing characteristics of the coastal waters adjacent to the proposed nuclear power station at Jaitapur was taken up. The field data pertaining to tides, currents, water temperature, salinity and suspended sediment load in addition to weather parameters during the summer and winter months were collected 1 he micrometeorological observations were continued for over a year. Additional information pertaining to dispersion parameters in the winter months was obtained The temperature structure of the receiving waters of the proposed power station was established for the worst' conditions of summer. The 'design' inputs of the temperature limits that are crucial factors in deciding the power capacity of the plant, were summarised.

2 Studies on southern discharge site of Tarapur Atomic Power Station (estimated cost Rs. 1. 76 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

This project is to judge suitable locations for marine outfall systems forthe proposed Atomic Power Plant at Tarapur and to study the environmental impacts i< any caused by hot water discharges. Physical model of the Tarapur Atomic Power Plant was studied in detail at CWPRS, Puneand the report is being prepared.

3. Studies on coastal and nearshore dynamics of Kudankulam (estimated cost Rs. 27. 5 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

The work has been initiated.

4. Engineering surveys using side scan sonar, sparker/boomerand echosounderoff Krishna-Godavari basin (estimated cost Rs. 5. 23 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

At the request of ONGC, Madras, geophysical surveys using the side scan sonar, sparker/boomer and echosounder were carried out in the offshore regions off Krishna-Godavari basin to determine the nature of the ocean bottom and thickness of the loose sediments. These surveys were carried out along the proposed pipeline routes to determine the engineering characteristics of the ocean bottom. The surveys have been completed.

5. Engineering surveys using sparker/boomer and echosounder at RAWA-13 in Godavarf basin (estimated cost Rs. 1. 77 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

111 N. l o. 1989-90

ONGC, Madras had requested to undertake the sparker/boomer and echosounder surveys at RAWA-13 in Godavari basin where they suspected the gas seepage The surveys were completed The occurrence of gas seepages was not quite evident except it was suspected from the records at one or two places.

6. Search surveys off Calicut, west coast of India (estimated cost Rs 1 18 lakhs) sponsored by Collectorate of Customs, Cochin.

The objective was to locate site of dumping ol contraband gold Atlas Desc-10 echosounder and EG&G side scan sonar system (model 260) were deployed for the purpose whereas Miniranger system was used for position fixing atsea. The report concluded with recommendation for search by divers at selected locations.

7 Hydrographic survey for the marine disposal of effluents from the Madras Refinery "Ltd, (estimated cost Rs. 5. 00 lakhs) sponsored by M/s Mitech Engg. Pvt Ltd.

8. Effect of dredgtng on the bottom life and productivity of River Hoogly in the environs of Haldia Port (estimated cost Rs. 5 61 lakhs) sponsored by Calcutta Port Trust, Calcutta.

9 Ecological status of disused mining pits for fish culture, sponsored by M/s Sesa Goa Pvt. Ltd, Sanquelim, Goa

10. Marine dumping of waste (estimated cost Rs. 0 59 lakhs) sponsored by Sandoz India Ltd., Thane

'The objectives were to (a) recommend suitable location for disposal of liquid/solid waste in the Arabian Sea, (b) prepare suitable maps of west coast of India marking major ports and proposed disposal sites, (c) recommend mode of packing of waste and precautions to be taken prior to dumping, and (d) evaluate toxicity of the waste through bioassay.

11 Disposal of wastewater in Vashisti River estuary and environmental impact predictions (estimated cost Rs 11. 7 lakhs) sponsored by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation, Bombay.

The objectives were to (a) establish existing water quality and impact if any, on the ecology and (b) suggest best site for release of treated wastewater.

12 Disposal of wastewater in Kundalika River estuary and environmental impact predictions (estimated cost Rs. 11 7 lakhs) sponsored by Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation, Bombay.

The objectives were to (a) establish existing water quality and impact if any on the ecology and (b) suggest best site for release of treated wastewater.

13. Release of wastewater from a petrochemical complex in Amba River estuary - environmental impact predictions (estimated cost Rs. 3. 5 lakhs) sponsored by Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd., Bombay.

The objective was to evaluate resources potential of estuary and assess impact due to the release of treated wastewater.

112 1989-90 NI. O.

On-going Projects

1. Biofouling and corrosion studies at the proposed site for Nuclear Power Corporation at Jaitapur (estimated cost Rs. 55. 59 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

The project was aimed to study the extent of fouling and corrosion at the proposed two sites, i. e., Jaitapur and Vijaydurg and to recommend suitable control measures.

The work was initiated at Vijaydurg and Jaitapur along the Maharashtra coast. Dataonmacrofouling on various surfaces such as mild steel, stainless steei, copper, brass, aluminium and concrete are being collected for different exposure periods The exposure periods utilised are monthly, seasonal and annual. The data on fouling biomass, community structures, percentage coverage, succession etc. are collected. Attempts are also made to correlate the extent of fouling and the occurrence of fouling larvae in the water column. The results at hand indicate succession of groups during different periods. Barnacles were the predominant foulers dunng pre-monsoon, oysters in monsoon and bryozoans and mussels in post-monsoon seasons.

Corrosion rates of mild steel were also monitored at these sites. They were found to be very high and varied from one site to another Two millimetre thick experimental coupon of mild steel was totally transformed into corrosion products within three months, i. e., from October to December, 1989 at Vijaydurg.

2 Disposal of wastewater off Haldia from a petrochemical complex and environmental impact assessment (estimated cost Rs. 10. 05 lakhs) sponsored by Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., Calcutta.

3. Examination of water quality of some springs in Goa—Phase II (estimated cost Rs. 94, 500/-) sponsored by the Department of Tourism, Govt. of Goa.

Thirteen parameters were analysed in each of the springs. Total number of springs were 15. From chemical point of view, the results of analysis reveal that the springs waters are free from any contamination and relatively suitable for drinking purposes. The report is under preparation.

4. Feasibility studies for using seaweeds for paper making (estimated cost Rs. 3. 4 lakhs) sponsored by M/s Ballarpur Industries Ltd., New Delhi.

All 55 species of marine algae collected from Goa, Kamataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Mandapam (Tamil Nadu) have been screened for their cellulose contents. High cellulose content was found in Amphiroafragilissima (24%), Chaetomorpha media (23%), Bryopsissp. (20%) and Chaemodoris auriculata (15. 3%).

5. Brine shrimp >4rte/7?/3culture at the salt pans in Singach, Jamnagar (estimated cost Rs. 1. 5 lakhs) sponsored by M/s. Ballarpur Industries Ltd.

Nutritionally rich strain of Artemiawas introduced in Indian waters (Salt Pans at Singach, Jamnagar, Gujarat). This strain was found to adapt easily to the extreme temperatures prevailing in the salt pans (min. 13°C to max. 37. 5°C) as against the Indian parthenogenetjc strain which could not tolerate these extreme temperatures. Nauplii and cysts produced were found to retain all the original characters like protein content, hatching quality of the cysts, total number of cysts and nauplii released per clutch and the size of the nauplii.

113 N. I. O. 1989-90

After studying the physico-chemical and biological parameters of the salterns at Singach, pilot scale culture experiments were initiated dunng October 1989 The production of cysts within two months has already touched pearly 10 kg valued at Rs. 10, 000/- in the local market.

6. Ecobiological characterization of the environs of the Nuclear Power Station site and bioassay tests for tolerance and lethal limits of the thermal effluents (estimated cost Rs 7. 5 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation, Bombay. • Coastal waters of Jaitapur were found to be productive with phytoplankton biomass (measured as chl a) 2. 5 mg nr3, zooplankton biomass 0. 2 ml W and benthic population density 755 no. m2

In all 21 seaweed species have been recorded from the Jaitapur waters of which rhodophyta dominates qualitatively whereas Enteromorpha sp, a chlorophyta member was dominant quantitatively in the mangrove area

7. Collection and analysis of directional wave data using WAVEC Buoy, 1989 (estimated cost Rs. 6. 9 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird Project of Indian Navy.

Data is being collected by deploying a WAVEC Buoy off Button Rock (Karwar) at about 16 m water depth.

8. Collection and analysis of wave data using wave rider buoy off Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 3 4 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird, Project of Indian Navy

A Wave Rider Buoy has been deployed off Button Rock (Karwar) for wave measurements.

9. Sediment transport studies at Karwar (estimated cost Rs. 4. 652 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird, Project of Indian Navy.

Studies are being carried out to evaluate the seasonal andannual sediment transport rates Number of field stations have been established to study the beach behaviour.

10. Studies on waves, currents, tides, shoreline stability and seabed soil characteristics off Jaitapur, (estimated cost Rs. 47. 14 lakhs) sponsored by Nuclear Power Corporation.

B. Consultancy Projects

1 Providing consultancy for testing of 2 chemical dispersants (estimated, cost Rs. 33, 000) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

2. Studies on the environmental parameters off Mormugao Harbour (estimated cost Rs 0. 25) lakhs) sponsored by FOMENTO, Goa.

C. Grant-in-aid Projects New Projects, 1. Impact of sea level rise due to Green House Effect—35Maharashtra and Goa coasts (estimated cost Rs. 3. 57 lakhs) funded by Department of Environment, Govt. of India

114 198&-90 N. I. O.

2. Nitrogen flux in a coral reef ecosystem (estimated costRs. 13. 25 lakhs) funded by Department ol Science & Technology, New Delhi, Govt. of India.

3. Resource potential of juvenile marine prawns in the estuaries of Goa (estimated cost Rs. 1. 33 lakhs) sponsored by Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. ol Goa.

4. Coastal wetland mapping of Andaman Island (estimated cost Rs. 50, 000/-) funded by Department of Environment (NIO-SAC collaboration).

5. XBT observations in the Jndian Ocean (estimated cost Rs. 11 lakhs) funded by Dept. of Science & Technology, New Delhi.

On-going Projects

1 Foraminifera variations in cores from inner shelf of Karwar: A key to paleomonsoonal variations during Holocene over Konkan coast (India) (estimated cost Rs. 0. 84 lakhs) funded by Department of Science & Technology.

2. Survey of environmental pollutants off the north Andhra coast (estimated cost Rs. 11 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

3. Nationwide survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India—chemical studies, funded by Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi.

4. The assessment of the occurrence of marine organisms with lunar cycle off Goa waters (estimated cost 1. 28 lakhs) funded by Council of Science, Technology and Environment, Govt. of Goa

5. Transfer of technology of intensive polyculture in island ecosystems of India (estimated cost 7. 43 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

6. Survey of the breeding ground and possibility of the larval rearing of Horse-shoe crabs under captive and natural conditions (estimated cost Rs. 3. 66 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

7. Mapping of the mangroves along the central west coast of India with the help of satellite data (estimated cost Rs. 50, 000) funded by Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad.

8. Environmental. impact assessment on the mangrove ecosystem along the west coast of India (estimated cost Rs. 3. 24 lakhs) funded by the Department of Environment.

9. Marine Fungi: Role in biodegradation as feed for detritivores and their enzymes (estimated cost Rs. 2. 6 lakhs) funded by the Department of Environment.

10. Biochemical genetic variation in marine and estuarine population using isoymic gene frequency data (estimated cost Rs. 3. 44 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

11. Development of technology and training for women in the preparation of prawn (fish) feed (estimated cost Rs. 1. 2 lakhs) funded by Department of Science & Technology.

115 N. I. o. 1989-90

12. Coastal environmental monitoring programme (estimated cost Rs. 3. 5 lakhs) funded by Department of Ocean Development.

13. Remote sensing of oceanic parameters/features (estimated cost for 1989-90 Rs. 10 lakhs) funded by Dept. ot Ocean Development.

14. Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of oceans — ocean acoustic tomography (estimated cost for 1989-90 Rs. 37. 50 lakhs) funded by Dept. of Ocean Development

15. Integrated data acquisition for coastal research vessels (estimated cost Rs. 18 lakhs) funded by Dept. of Ocean Development.

16. Development of free-falling recording bathythermograph (estimated cost Rs. 6. 5 lakhs) funded by Dept. of Ocean Development.

17. Development of a vector averaging recording current meter (estimated cost Rs. 8. 2 lakhs) funded by Dept. of Ocean Development.

18. Development of a moored ocean data buoy (estimated cost Rs. 25. 80 lakhs) funded by Dept. ol Ocean Development.

D. Completed Projects

1. Environmental survey off Thiruvottiyur for marine disposal of effluents at Thiruvottiyur, Madras (estimated cost Rs. 6. 09 lakhs) sponsored by M/s United Breweries (UB) Petroproducis Ltd., Madras.

2. Bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetics surveys for the proposed Naval Base off Karwar, west coast of India (estimated cost Rs. 22. 47 lakhs) sponsored by Seabird Project of the Indian Navy.

3. Examination of water quality of some springs in Goa—Phase I (cost Rs. 61, 000} sponsored by Depl. of Tourism, Govt. of Goa.

4. Collection and analysis of wave data using wave rider buoy at Krishna-Godavary Basin (estimated cost Rs. 5. 95 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

5. Collection and analysis of wave data using wave rider buoy at Cauvery Basin (estimated cost Rs. 5. 95 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

116 1989-90 N. I. O.

7. OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES

R. V. GAVESHANI

Cruise No. 211: Visakhapatnam, 6 4 1989 to Visakhapatnam, 24 4 1989 Participants V V Sarma (Chief Scientist), NIO-10, Andhra Univ -4, BerhampurUniv. - 1 , ORSAC-1 The cruise was planned tocollecl oceanographic data to study the circulation and distribution pattern of chemical parameters in the Bay of Bengal during premonsoon season Meteorological, physical, chemical and biological data were collected from 32 stations including three anchor stations covering1470 nautical miles, between Gopalpur and Kakinada Current observations were made hourly at three anchor stations for 25 hours along with sampling for chemical and biological parameters to know the diurnal vanalions Cruise No. 212: Mormugao, 8 5 1989 to Mormugao, 12 5 1989 Participants P Vethamony (Chief Scientist), NIO-10 The cruise was planned under the oceanographic project of Indo-FRG Programme in remote sensing in collaboration with National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad. The main objectives were (a) to collect sea truth information pertaining to ocean surface winds and waves for validating SLAR data and (b) to collect SSTdata for comparing with Precision Radiation Thermometer (PRT) measurements. Routine hydrographic work, meteorological observations, Niskm samples, Quantameter measurements, etc. were also carried out There were 4 core and 4 minor stations Cruise No. 213: Mormugao, 24 6 1989 to Mormugao, 8. 7 1989 Participants NB Bhosle (Chief Scientist), NIO-7. NPOL-5 The major objectives of the cruise were to study corrosion of carbon steel with respect to environmental parameters and to monitor waves and currents during the monsoon season off Karwar Four moorings were deployed at three stations for corrosion studies, wave and current measurements Hydrocasts were also operated at these three stations Sediment samples were collected from three additional stations off Goa Cruise No. 214: Mormugao, 10 7 1989to Mormugao, 18 7 1989. Participants D P Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO-11, Indian Coast Guard-1. The cruise was originally planned to carry out field testing of TSK-STD system repaired at the factory in Japan and calibrate it at a depth of about 3000 m off Mormugao Later, itwai also planned t6 search for the oil patch off the west coast of India caused due to the collision of oil tanker "Puppy-P" and a container vessel "World Quince'in the central Arabian Sea and its effect on the Indian waters. Water samples were collected for estimation of hydrocarbon, dissolved oxygen. 'chlorophyll and phytoplankton Zooplankton samples were collected for estimating biomass Data on wind speed, direction, swell direction and height were also collected No traces of oil slicks wece noticed. The TSK-STD was field tested on way to Mormugao and was found working well

117 NIO 1989 90

Cruise No. 215: Mormugao, 6 8 1989 to Mormugao 8 8 1989 Participants S J D Varaprasad (Chief Scientist) NIO 4 This was a short cruise undertaken to deploy a 90 cm dia wave rider buoy mooring at 16 m water depth off Karwar Cruise No. 216: Visakhapatnam 19 8 1989 to Mormugao, 6 9 1989 Participants' V P Devassy (Chief Scientist) NIO 1 AndhraUniv15 Indian Navy 2, Dept of Science & Technology-1 Govt ofOnssa 1 This cruise was undertaken off Andhra coast to train the staff and research students of Andhra University in methods of sampling operation of various gadgets Dunngthecruiseamixed bloom comprised of dmoflagellates was encountered Cruise No. 217- Mormugao, 12 9 1989 to Mormugao, 20 9 1989 Participants N B Bhosle (Chief Scientist) NIO-2, NPOL 5, Indian Navy 2 This cruise was organised to study corrosion of mild s'teel and lor current measurements at an anchored station off Karwar

118 1989-90 NIP

ORV SAGAR KANYA Cruise No. 51: Mormugao, 25 3 1989to Mormugao, 10. 4. 1989. Participants: S. Sanzgin (Chief Scientist), NIO-11, Pune Univ. -1 The cruise was planned in the Southern Arabian Sea for hydrographic studies, profiling of trace metals, study of humics and pesticides in sediments, mapping of microfouling and testing the possibility of using ETSas an index of phytoplankton respiration by biochemical studies. Inall17 stations werecovered during the cruise. Cruise No. 52: Mormugao, 17 4 1989 to Mormugao, 17 5 1989 Participants: P. Udaya Varma (Chief Scientist), NIO-23 The cruise was organised for environmental impact assessment studies in central Indian Ocean basin in the application area of PMN Project. Cruise No. 53: Mormugao, 13 7. 1989 to Mormugao, 3. 9. 1989 Participants: A. Pant (Chief Scientist), NIO-10, IMD-6. This was a multidisciplinary cruise in the EEZoi India on the east coast The objective was to collect data pertaining to physical, chemical and biological properties ofthe waters Data were collected fromabout 100 stations spanned over 8 sections normal to the coast. Cruise No. 54: Singapore, 8. 12 1989 to Mormugao, 12 1 1990. Participants. M V S. Gupta (Chief Scientist), NIO-14, FRG-4 The cruise was organised under the Indo-FRG collaborative programme on oceanography and marine geology to retrieve and redeploy the sediment traps from both the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. However, owing tomalfunctioningofthedeep sea winch, of the total 12 retrievals and redeployments, four retrievals and two redeployments were carried out.

DSVAMWD RACHIT Cruise No. 1: Mormugao, 22. 11 1989 to Madras, 6 12 1989. Participants: V. Ramaswamy (Chief Scientist), NIO-13. The objective of the cruise was to collect sea bed samples on the west coast of India from Goa to Trivandrum to study the palaeoclimate and intensity of SW monsoon during the Holocene period. Seabed samples were collected using grabs and corers, mostly along the river mouths Cruise No. 2: M adras, 7. 12 1989 to Madras, 8 12. 1989 This was a training cruise in the Bay of Bengal lor the Caribbean scientists under the CORE Project Cruise No. 3: Madras, 18 12 198"9 to Madras, 12 1. 1990. Participants M. V. Ramana (Chief Scientist), NIO-8, NGRI-2. The objective of the cruise was to study the crustal structure and estimation of overlying sediments thickness above the basement in the Bay of Bengal. During the cruise 80001km of bathymetry and total intensity magnetic observations were carried out Rew longitudinal turbidity channels west of Ninety East Ridge were noticed.

119 N. IO. 1989-90

Cruise No. 4: Madras, 16. 1. 1990 to Madras, 6 2 1990 Participants: S. C. Goswami (Chief Scientist), NIO-7 This was a cruise for biological investigations. The area covered during the cruise was the EEZ and offshore waters of the Bay of Bengal. Samples were collected for primary production, cell counts, paniculate organic carbon, trace metals, hpid and protein contents. Samples were also taken for isolation of fungi from degraded zooplankton and infected gastropod shells. 120 1989-90 N. I. O

Cruise No. 5: Cochin, 14. 2. 1990 to Mormugao, 14 3 1990 Participants A K Chaubey (Chief Scientist), NIO-7 The cruise was undertaken to collect bathymetry and magnetic data in a systematic way in order to identify seafloorspreading type of magnetic anomaly and its extension and to delineate thepossibleocean continent boundary in the west coast. Cruise No. 6: Mormugao, 16. 3 1990 to Mormugao, 22 3 1990. Participants. N. B Bhosle (Chief Scientist), NlO-9. This cruise was organised for biofouling studies. A singlestationintheArabianSea(14°45 3'Nand 73°35. 1'E)wasoccupiedto assess the biofouling processes with respect to physico-chemical parameters Cruise No. 7: Mormugao, 24 3 1990 to Madras, 6. 4. 1990. Participants: A. S. Muralinath (Chief Scientist), NIO-8, Univ. of Hamburg, FRG - 1 . • The cruise was planned to recover and redeploy the sediment trap moorings at two locations in the Arabian Sea and at one location in the Bay of Bengal under the Indo-FRG project on monsoonalupwelling and palaeoclimate. 121 N. I. O. 1989-90

8. INFRASTRUCTURE

(a) Library

(i) Collection

Additions during Total the year Collection

Books 370 18995 Technical Reports 173 5323 Journals of subscription 167 Journals of exchange/gift 82

(il) Readership

Institute Staff — 500 Outsiders — 1260 Resource sharing with Goa University library continues.

(Hi) Library services

Circulation of documents — 7171 Photocopies supplied on payment to the users other than NIO staff —4503 New arrival — Books (Monthly) New arrivals — Technical Reports Computerised literature search facility using Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts database on CD-ROM.

(iv) New Activity

Integrated design of a data base, to accommodate all types of documents using micro CDS/ISIS software version 2. 3.

(b) Workshop

During the year 1989-90 over 300 jobs have been carried out ranging from fabrication to design and development of various mechanical casings for institutional and sponsored projects.

122 1989-90 N. I. O.

Prominent amongst the mechanical items fabricated were:

• Current meters supplied to different Divisions at NIO and its Regional Centres. • Weather station used at Jaitapur for the Nuclear Power Corporation Project. • Tide Gauge installed at Mormugao Port Trust • Rafts installed at Jaitapur. • Furnishing of the interior of the Computer Centre including the flooring, panelling and railing. • Slow speed sampler for biological investigations. • Prototype spectrophotometer parts for the m-water optical radiometer.

In addition, routine jobs of maintenance of Institute vehicles, spray painting, glass blowing and electroplating have also been carried out

(c) Printing and Binding

Printing and binding facilities were provided to the Institute's R & D work as well as for administrative work. Various jobs valued atRs. 1, 05, 000/- (approx. ) were executed by this group during the year.

(d) Photography

The Photography Section has supported the R & 0 work of the Institute by undertaking about 650 jobs during the year costing about Rs. - 69, 000/- (approx. ). This includes photographying, copying, microfilming, photomicrographs, slide making (B & W), colour slides processing and laminations.

(e) Drawing

The Drawing Section has completed about 410 jobs worth Rs 38, 000/- (approx. ) during the year.

Facilities added during the year

Computer Centre

The new computer centre was inaugurated on 14th April, 1989 at the hands of Dr. A. P. Mitra, FRS. The final hardware configuration that was re-installed consists of the following:

Unit Model Make No Features

ND Computer System ND 570

Computer ND570 Norsk Data 1 Floppy drive 51/4" 1 High capacity Disc Winchester CDC 1 450 MB Tape drive 1050 Storage technology 2 125 IPS

123 N. I. O. 1989-90

Unit Model Make No Features

1050 Storage technology 1 125 IPS Prinfoi M 3023 CD Fujitsu 1 1040 LPM Elpri Plotter 7236 Versatek 1 200 BPI, B/W Terminal TDV 2200 Tandberg 2 Graphic option TDV 2200 Tandberg 1 Printer LX-800 Epson 1 Array Processor 5010 FPS, USA 2 8 MFLOPS each

ND Computer System ND520

Computer ND520 Norsk Data 1 Supermini Flopy drive 8" 1 Disc Winchester Fujitsu 2 SMD interface 140 Tape Drive Streamer Cipher 1 Front load 1600/3200 BPI Printer B-300 Lipi Data Systems 1 300 LPM Plotter KSR 820 Taxas Inst 1 200 BPI, BAA/ Terminal TDV 2200 Tandberg 2 Graphic option Graphic Term. TEK 4107 Tektronix 1 High resolution Inc. USA graphic term Copier TEK 4695 Tektronix Inc. 1 Ink jet plotter

The major software packages used were:

ND520 ND570

GECO Mapping Accounting system GPGS-Graphics Symbolic debugger Sibas II Assembler Notis BG PED Octopus Versaplot-07 Dolphin Plane for ND 500 Neptune User Environment Payroll Cosmos

Mass Storage Utilities Sprint Spooling System Environmental Operator File Manager NAG Library - MATH & STAT Norseis - Seismic GPGS - Graphics

124 1989-90 N. I. O.

A synopsis of the usage is given below:

ND520ND 520 ND-570ND-570

CPU Time {mins) 18419 15355 Terminal time (mins.time ) (mins. ) 242593 441082

Biological Oceanography

(1) A well-equipped laboratory, Sagarica, staffed by two research fellows, was started for the specific studies on Horse-Shoe Crab and the ecology, biota and productivity of the Orissa coast at Balramgadhi Balasore, Orissa.

(2) To cater to increasing requests for R & D projects on island ecosystems, a field laboratory, Ocean/castaffed by two research associates has been set-up mainly for carrying out the project on Transfer of Technology in Intensive Polyculture at Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

(3) Pressurized deep sea bacteria cultivator (pressures upto 1000 kg/cm2 can be developed) has been acquired

Chemical Oceanography

An additional laboratory space of 125 m2 was made available to Chemical Oceanography Division

An UV-Vis spectrophotometer was purchased.

Geological Oceanography

A new X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (Philips, PW 1480) was procured This automatic, computer aided system has micro PDP11/53 console unit, VT 340 video display unit, letter writer 100 desk top terminal and can undertake qualitative and quantitative analysis.

Physical Oceanography

(1) Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler of RD Instruments, USA.

(2) An XBT Equipment set including Launcher, Test Device, Spares to MK-9 System, XBT Deep Blue Probes under the Indian National TOGA XBT observational programme in addition to a Personal Computer, Printer and Color Monitor, Plotter, Hard Disk (20 MB), Stabilizer and other necessary accessories.

(3) Photo-digitizer, frame-grabber, tri-density tape drive, table top digitizer, electrostatic plotter.

Ocean Engineering

Directional wave rider buoy with receiver units.

125 N. I. O. 1989-90

Marine Corrosion & Materials Research

A System Gold Performance Liquid Chromatography system was installed in the division.

Regional Centre, Cochin

(1) HCL Computer —1 (2) Gold film mercury analyser — 1 (3) Plain paper photo copier — 1 (4) Nikkon stereoscopic zoom microscope — 1 (5) Nikkon binocular research microscope with phase contrast equipment — 1 - (6) Nikkon binocular stereoscopic zoom microscope — 1

Civil Engineering

Civil works taken up during the year: (1) Construction of compound wall and gate cabin for the land at Versova for Regional Centre, Bombay. (2) Construction of extension to Biology block at headquarters. Completed works: (1) Construction of extension to the Chemistry block. (2) Construction of compound wall at the southern side of the Institute.

Infrastructure service provided to outside organisations

Three M. Tech. students from Karnataka Regional Engineering College has carried out the following M. Tech dessertation work at OED on:

Analysis of single point mooring in current and wave induced flows, Nearshore wave transformation model for the Karwar coast, and Sediment transport model for the Karwar coast.

At the request of Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal, one M. Tech. student was permitted to carry out the dessertation in the field of deterioration of materials for a period of seven months (June 1989 to January 1990)

Analytical facilities were provided to (i) Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Bombay (ii) Institute of Science, Bombay (iii) Rashtnya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd., Bombay (iv) Department of Chemistry, University of Bombay.

126 1989-90 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

VISITORS

His Excellency, ShriWu Xuequian, Vice-Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China accompanied by the Ambassador of China to India and other Chinese officials, visited NIOon 16 October, 1989.

Photo 20: His Excellency, Mr. Wu Xuequian, Vice Premier, People's Republic of China (3rd from left) keenly looking at the exhibits.

He appreciated the progress made by NIO in Ocean Research and expressed the hope that China and India could have collaborative research programmes in several areas in oceanography.

2. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, Vice-Chancellor, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi.

3. Dr. A.P. Mitra, DGSIR & Secretary to Govt, of India, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

4. Dr. S.N. Dwivedi, Addl. Secretary, DOD, New Delhi.

5. Prof. Y.P. Neprochnov and Dr. L.P. Merklin, Institute of Oceanology, Moscow.

6. Dr. M. Kishino, University of Tokyo.

7. Prof. G.S. Hobson, University of Sheffield.

8. Prof. Eric B. Kraus, Professor Emeritius,.Rosential School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, U.S.A.

9. Dr. N.R. Subramanian, Emeritus Scientist, National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore.

127 N. I. O. 1989-90

10. Dr. G. T. Csanady, Old Dominion University, Virginia

11. Dr. C. R. Mutiny, National Water Research Institute, Ontario.

12. Shn S. L Kati, Managing Director, Nuclear Power Corporation, Bombay.

13. Prof. A. S. Sarkisyan, Department of Numerical Mathematics, USSR Academy of Science, Moscow, USSR He delivered a series of lectures on Mathematical Modelling on Ocean Circulation and Oceanographic Data Processing.

14. Dr. Vladimir Sokolov, State Oceanographic Institute, Moscow.

15. Dr. Oleg Nikitine, State Oceanographic Institute, Moscow.

16. Dr. Yves Desanbes, Director, Ocean Acoustic Tomography IFREMER, France.

17. Dr. Olga Koblentz-Mishke & Dr. Y Kannarov, Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, USSR He delivered a lecture on "Primary Productivity Measurements & Remote Sensing Techniques".

18. Dr. Darryl Powell, Executive Secretary, Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Manne Living Resources (CCAMLR), Hobart, Australia He delivered a lecture on "Working of CCAMLR" on 15th May, 1989.

19. Dr. D. J. Roberts, Director, Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling, Scotland (UK) along with Dr. S. D. Tripathi, Director, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (ICAR), Bhubaneshwar.

20. Prof. KarlBanse, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USA He delivered lectures on: (a) Hydrographic Conditions and Productivity in the Arabian Sea and (b) Plankton Production.

21. Prof. (Dr. ) E. J. W. Jones, Department of Geological Sciences, University College of London.

22. Prof. Jivo Sigawa (Geophysicist) and his colleagues, Ocean Research Institute of Tokyo, Japan.

23. Acadamecian Prof. A. L Yanshin, Vice-President, Academy of Sciences, USSR.

24. Prof. A. P. Ltsitzin, Dr. Y. A. Bogdanov and Dr. V. V. Gordeev, Institute of Oceanology, Moscow. They delivered a series of talks on Metallogenesis with special reference to Triple Junction of the Indian Ocean.

25. Dr. F. C. Vis, Delft Hydraulics, Netherlands.

26. Dr. S. Varadarajan, Ex-DGSIR and consultant to the Planning Commission.

27. A tearnofabout30marinescientistsfromaJapaneseOcean Research Vessel HakuhoMaru visited NIO on 1 February, 1990. The team was led by Prof. J. Segawa, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, who was also the Chief Scientist for the cruise from Lisbon to Mormugao.

128 1989-90 VISITORS N.I.O.

Photo 21: Janapeso scientists at NIO

28. Dr. S. Malomo, Chief Project Officer, Commonwealth Science Council, London.

29. Dr. S. Thyagarajan, Secretary Commonwealth Science Council and Science Adviser to the Secre- tary-General, London.

30. Shri Byron W, Blake, Director, Economics & Industry, Caribbean Community Secretariat, Guyana, West Indies.

31. Dr. V.K. Gaur, Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi.

129 NIO. 1989-90

10. AWARDS & HONOURS

Dr. R. Nigam — "CSIR Young Scientists Award 1989" in Earth Sciences for his significant contributions to the understanding of coastal processes and environment ihrough study of forammifera. — Selected for Outstanding Young Person Award 1989 by Indian Junior Chamber (Panaji Chapter)

Dr. V Purnachandra Rao — UNESCO/ROSTSCA Young Scientists Award in Earth Sciences.

Dr. B N. Desai — Elected Fellow of the Gujarat Academy of Science — Elected Fellow of the Indian Geophysical Union — Life Fellow of the Ultrasonic Society of India

Dr R. Sen Gupta — Nominated as an editorial writer for Marine Pollution Bulletin.

Awards of Ph. D. /Others

Name Title of the thesis University Guide Year 1 2 3 4 5

Ph. D.

Sayeeda Wafar Ecology of mangroves Karnataka Dr A G 1989 along the estuaries University Untawale of Goa

ZA Ansari Ecology of meiobenthos Bombay Dr A. H 1989 in two estuaries of University Parulekar Goa

M. J. Varkey Salt balance and mix- Kerala Dr. J S. 1989 ing in the Bay of University Sastry of Bengal

A Suryanarayana Effect of freshwater Andhra Dr J S . 1989 discharge and wind on University Sastry hydrography and circu- lation in the western Bay of Bengal 130 1989-90 N. IO.

1 2 3 4 5

V Pumachandra Some mineralogical Andhra Prof. M. 1989 Rao investigalions on the University Subba Rao sediments of the con- tinental margins of India and the central Indian basin and phos- phorites of Error Sea- mount, north western Arabian Sea

M V Ramana Marine geophysical Andhra Prof. T. K. S. 1989 investigations off University Prakasa Konkan coast with Rao special reference to Jaigad, Ambivah and Varvada Bays, Maha- rashtra, India

T. V Raveendran Studies on marine Bombay Dr. A. B. 1989 organisms affecting University Wagh timber

VK Banakar Chemical radioisotopic Kamatak Shri R. R. 1989 and geochronological University Nair& studies of polymetal- Dr. V. C. lic nodules and crusts Chavadi of Central Indian Ocean Basin

M. Phil.

S Chinnaraj Studies on fungi asso- Madras Dr. B P. R. 1989 ciated with moulding University Vittel of stored paddy straws and air borne straw dust

M. Sc.

R. Alagarswamy A study on some metals Bombay Dr. R. 1989 in the Mandovi estuary University Sen Gupta sediments, Goa 131 NI. O 1989-90

11. DEPUTATIONS

Name Venue Duration Purpose 1 2 3 4

1 Dr B N. Desai UK& 16 to 29 Upon the invitation of Common- Caribbean April, 1989 wealth Science Council, London Countries for formulating Caribbean Ocea- nographic Survey to be under- taken by ORV Sagar Kanya

-do- Norway 21 to 31 To attend the 1st International Oct, 1989 Conference on Fisheries and Offshore Petroleum Exploration Also visited various oceanographic institutions at Hamburg in the Federal Republic of Germany

-do- Australia 16 to 26 To attend the Meeting of the Feb. 1989 Coastal Zone Management on Climate Change (IPCC), as an Indian delegate sponsored by the Ministry of Environment, Govt. of India

-do- France 3 to 20 To attend the IOC-UNESCO Exe- March, 1990 cutive Council Meeting as an Indian delegate. Also visited Hamburg and met scientists from other German Institutions for collaborative work and held a seminar on board ORV Sagar Kanya

2 Shn J I Goes Canada 17 Jan to Training in CZCS data for chloro- 24 July, 1989 phyll productivity estimates under VNOR GOI project, Satellite data analyses for oceanographic investigations.

-do- USA 25 July to To attend a course in Biooptical 23Aug, 1989 Oceanography at Friday Harbour Laboratories, Seattle 132 1989-90 N. I. O.

1 2 3 4

3. Dr M. D. Zingde Madgascar 16 to 21 Member, Indian Delegatioon to Feb., 1989 Madagascar tc recommend assistance in Marine Research.

-do- 1 hailand 27 Nov to Workshop on South Asia Emergency 1 Dec., 1989 Action Plan.

4 Dr K S R Murthy, 22 Feb. to To participate1 on board the Russian Shri AS. Subrah- 8 May, 1989 Vessel "Prof. SHOTMAN" for geolo- manyam & gical and geophysical investigations Shri N. P. C. Reddy in the Deformation Zone of Central Indian Ocean.

5 Dr. (Smt. ) V. R. Japan 20 March to Research Fellow at Ocean Research Nair 19 July, 1989 Institute, University of Tokyo (On invitation by Ministry of Education,. Science & Culture, Japan).

6. Shri V. Ramesh USSR 4 April to State Oceanographic Institute, Babu 26 June, 1989 Moscow under Indo-USSR Collabo- rative Programme in Oceanology.

7. Shri Y V. B. Sarma USSR 11 April to Departmentof Numerical Mathema- 10 July, 1989 tics (DNM)under Indo-USSR Colla- borative programme

8. Dr S. C. Goswami Federal Republic 24 April to Toparticipateinthemeteortocruise ' of Germany 27 July, 1989 10/2 in the North Atlantic Ocean under JGOFS Programme and processing of data at Institute fur Meereskunde Kiel.

9. Shri B. S. Ingole Japan April, 1989 Training and research in marine onwards for biotechnology. 18 months

10. Dr. V. K. Banakar Federal 1 May, 1989 Under Indo-FRG Programmeof NIO. . Republic for 3 months of Germa -do- West 1 June to Under project oriented bilateral Germany 31 Aug., 1989 exchange programme of KFA-GSIR.

133 N. I. O. 1989-90

1 2 3 4

11. Dr. J. S. Sastry Indonesia 6 to 9 Fifth Session of the Indian Ocean June, 1989 Panel of Committee on the Climate Change and the Oceans (OCCO).

12. Shri P. V. Sathe USA 22 June, 1989 Goddard Space FHghtCenter (NASA) onwards for for training in software development 6 months for retrieval of sea surface winds and atmospheric water vapour from passive microwave satellite data under the UNDP project.

13. Dr. A. Chatterji UK June, 1989 Training and research in Aqua onwards for culture. 9 months

14. Shri B. Nagendra Federal June, 1989 DAAD Fellowship Nath Republic onwards for of Germany 16 months

15. Dr. P. M. Muralee- USA 29 June to Goddard Space Right Center- dharan 29 Dec, 1989 NASA, work on the development of an algorithm to retrieve atmospheric and oceanographic parameters from the passive microwave satellite data

16. Shri B. Fernandes Australia 2to15 For training in analysis of trace July, 1989 metals on Atomic Absorption Spec- trophotometer on M/S GBC Scien- tific Equipment Co. Pvt. Ltd., Melbourne.

17. Dr. R. Sen Gupta Austria 3to5 As an invited Expert to prepare July, 1989 environmental programme for United Nations Industrial Development Organisation.

18. Dr. (Smt) S. UK& 14 to 29 Member of Indian delegation, in Vijayaraghavan & Caribbean July, 1989 connection with the Caribbean Dr. A. B. Wagh Countries Oceanographic Resources Exploration (CORE) Project

134 1989-90 NI. O.

1 2 3 4

19. Dr. (Smt. ) S. Japan 27 August to To present paper at the Fifth Achuthankutty 1 Sept, 1989 International Symposium on Microbial Ecology

20. Dr E. S. Desa USA 18 August to Under UNDP Programme 19 Sept., 1989

21. Dr. (Smt) C. Canada 20 to 25 To present papers at the Inter- Raghukumar August, 1989 national Symposium on Marine Mycology

22. Dr. E. Desa Japan & 24 August to Under UNDP Programme U. S. A. 22Sept., 1989

23. Dr K S. R. Murthy U. K. Sept. 1989 CSIR British Council(TCTP) Award Colombo Plan

24 Shri K. Soma- U. S. A 5 Sept, 1989 Under East-West Centre Fellowship sunder Scheme

25. Dr. A. B. Wagh Trinidad 11 to 22 To attend the ICOD Workshop on Sept., 1989 Operation and Management of Research and Workshop on Survey

26. Dr. K. J. Peter Republic 1 31990 To take up UNESCO Assignment of Yemen (one year) as Chief Technical Adviser

27. Dr. A. H. Parulekar USA 16 Sept. to Familiarization with Recent Tech- 12Oct., 1989 niques in Computenzed Marine Taxonomy and Biotechnology

-do- Australia 5 to 12 To represent India at VIII Scientific Nov, 1989 & Advisory Committee on Marine Taxonomy and Bio-meeting of Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

135 NIO. 1989-90

1 2 3 4

28 Shri M P. Tapaswi Bermuda 2to6 Participation in Annual Conlerence October, 1989 of International Association of Marine Science Libraries & Informa- tion Centres(IAMSLIC) — do — France 9 to 13 Consultations on the development October, 1989 of bibliographic marine information services in India at the UNESCO & IOC Secretariats in Paris — do — Italy 16 to 20 To participate in the Fdttorial Staff October, 1989 Meeting of ASFA, at the Office o f FAO 29. Dr. N. Bahulayan USSR 7 October to The Integrated long term programme 14 Nov., 1989 of cooperation in Science and Tech- nology between the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi and USSR Academy of Sciences to prepare a long term scientific programme (MONEX) on large, scale air-sea inter-action processes over the Indian Ocean

30. Shri S, Mandal U. K. 16 October, University College of London for 1989 carrying out higher studies

31. Smt A Mesquita U. K. October 1989 To attend the course, Diploma in to March 1990 Marine Pollution Chemistry at the University of Liverpool

32. Shri V. V. Argentina 13 to 17 To attend the 3rd International Con- Gopalakrishna Nov., 1989 ference on Southern Hemispheric Meteorology and Oceanography

33. Dr. M. V. S. Guptha Singapore 28. 11 89 To inspect various shipboard equip- ment on ORV Sagar Kanya before the commencement of the Indo- German cruise inter-action processes over the Indian Ocean

34. Shri J. S. Sarupria U. S. A. 14 to 24 To attend the XIII Session of Jan., 1990 Working Committee of IODE/IOC

136 1989-90 NIO

12. WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA HELD

(a) Workshop on Ocean, Religion and Archaeology

A workshop on "Ocean, Religion and Archaeology" organised jointly by the Marine Archaeology Unit of the NIO and Society for Marine Archaeology was inaugurated by His Excellency Shri Khurshid Alsm Khan, Governor of Goa on 5 August, 1989 atthe NIO. In his inaugural speech the Governor emphasised that the underwater cultural heritage of India should be explored fully and preserved.

(b) Woikshop on Significant Outstanding Problems in Physical Oceanography and Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Systems

A workshop on Significant Outstanding Problems in Physical Oceanography and Coupled Ocean- Atmosphere Systems was held at NIO on 29 September, 1989. This was a follow-up to the workshop on similar topic held at I. I. Sc., Bangalore on 18-19 May, 1989.

The two workshops identified research problems that need to be taken up concerning the physical oceanography of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the Indian Equatorial Region and the Indian estuaries. It was felt that the study of the Bay of Bengal and the adjoining Equatorial Ocean needs a major thrust as this area is not well understood from the point of view of the coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere.

It was recommended that to meet the research objectives outlined in the two workshops, it is necessary to attract the best of the young talent available in the country into doctoral level study programmes in physical oceanography

The Workshop emphasized the need to ensure: (i) a high quality in physical oceanographic data collected and (ii) easy availability of stored data to users around the country. A Standing Committee with Dr. B N. Desai, Director, NIO as Chairman was formed to prepare a plan to implement the recommendations and to monitor its progress.

(c) Convention of the Indian Society for Physical Sciences of the Ocean

The First Convention of the Indian Society for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean was held at NIO, Goa from 13 to 15 December, 1989. The convention was inaugurated by Rear Adm. S. Ramasagar, Flag Officer Commanding, Goa Area. Dr. J. S. Sastry, President of the Society presided over the function.

Dr. S. L. Kati, the Managing Director of the Nuclear Power Corporation delivered the key-note address on "Nuclear Energy and Environment".

About 50 delegates from various'organisations participated, in the convention and presented about 46 research papers.

(d) Ninth Annual Convention & Conference of Society for Information Science The Society for Information Science held its Ninth Annual Convention X Conference at NIO, Goa from 18-20 January, 1990. The theme of the conference was "Local Area Network — its Significance in Information System". Dr. Sheikh AM, Vice-Chancellor of Goa University inaugurated the conference. About 40 participants from various organizations attended the conference and presented eight papers. 137 N1O 1989 90

(e) Conference on Geophysical Oceanographic Studies of the Seas around the Indian Subcontinent

A Round Table Conference was held on Geophysical Oceanographic sludies of the seas around the Indian subcontinent at NIO, Goa under the auspices of the Department of Ocean Development, Government of India, during 1-2 November, 1989 Outstanding geological and geophysical problems relating to oceans around India were discussed

138 1989-90 NI. O

13. PUBLICATIONS

Papers

Abraham Pylee, P. Uday Varma and C. Ravichandran, 1989. Some aspects of circulation and mixing in the lower reaches of Periyar estuary, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 19(1): 32-35.

Achulhankutty, C. T., S. F3. Nair, P. HaridasandM. Madhupratap, 1989. Zooplankton composition of the Kalpini and Agathi atolls, Lakshadweep Archipelago. Indian J. mar. So., 18: 151-154.

Almeida, F, M. V. Ramana, K. H. Vora, G. C. Bhattacharya and V. Subrahmanyam, 1989. Subsurface geology of the Bombay Harbour. Proc. of Third Nat. Conf. on Dock & Har. Engg., 653-657.

Ansari, Z. A. and S. A. H. Abidi, 1989. Andaman Sea, its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. In ^Management of Aquatic Ecosystem, Narendra Publ. House, New Delhi, 21-32.

Babu, M. T., A. K. Heblekar and C. S. Murty, 1989. Wind stress, curl and vertical velocity in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon, 1984. Ind. J. mar. Sci., 18: 223-227.

Balachandran. T. andK. J. Peter, 1989. The role of plankton research in fisheries development. National Symposium on Research & Development, CMFRI Bull., 44(1): 163-173.

Balachandran, T. and K. J. Peter, 1989. The variation in meroplankton along 78°E meridian. J. Mar. biol. Ass. India, 31: 195-201.

Banakar, V. K, J. N. PattanandP. Jauhari, 1989. Size, surface texture, chemical composition and mineralogy interrelations in f erromanganese nodules of Central Indian Ocean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 201 -203.

Banakar, V. K. andD. V. Borole, 1989. Growth rate and chemical composition of a manganese nodule from the EEZ of Seychelles. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 33: 253-258.

Banerjee, R. and S D. Iyer, 1989. Petrography of basalts from the Carlsberg Ridge. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 124- 127.

Bhattacharjee, J and S. K. Paknikar, 1989. Synthesis of coomarians by transfer of C-3unitofcinnamic acids to phenols using polyphosphoric acid. Indian J. Chem., 28B: 205-207.

Bhosle, N. B., S. S. Sawant, DS. Prabha and A. B. Wagh, 1989. Sedimentation of particulate material in the stratified and non-stratified water columns of the Bombay High Area of the Arabian Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 57: 225-236.

Bhosle, N. B., K. Nandakumar and A. B. Wagh, 1989. Effect of suspended matter of the seawater on microfouling in the Arabian Sea. Biofouling, 2: 1-10.

Chakraborty, B., 1989. Effects of scattering due to seafloormicroretaef on a mulBfrequency-Sonar Seabed Profiler. Jour. Acoust Soc. America, 85{4): 1478-1489.

139 N. I. O. 1989-90

Chandramohan, P. and B. U. Nay ak, 1989. Distribution of longshore sediment transport along the Indian coast based on empirical model. Proc. 3rd National Conference on Dock & Harbour Engineering, Surathkal, 2: 501-508.

Chandramohan, P., B. U. Nayak and V. S. Raju, 1989. Distribution of deepwater wave power around Indian coast based on ship observations. J. Coastal Res., Washington, 5(4): 829-844.

Chauhan, O. S. andA. K. Chaubey, 1989. Comparative studies of moment, graphic and phi measures on the sands of the east coast beaches, India. Sediment. Geol., 65: 183-189.

Desa, E. S., E. Desa and E. J. D'Sa, 1989. The design of an in-water radiometer. Proc. OCEANS '89, Seattle, USA, 998-1003.

D'Sa, E. J., P Krause and K. R. Ramakrishnan, 1989. Ultrasonic image analysis: implications for inwater imaging. Proc OCEANS '89, Seattle, USA, 1115-1117.

D'Sa, E. J., K. R. Ramakrishnan and P. Krause, 1989. Defect detection in ultrasonic images. TENCON '89 -Fourth IEEZRegion 10th International Conference, Bombay, 577-580.

Desai, R. G. P, E Desa andG Vithayathil, 1989. PCs and networking for oceanographic research vessels. Proc. OCEANSW, Seattle, USA, 1665-1669.

Devassy, V. P. and J. I. Goes, 1989. Seasonal patterns of phytoplankton biomass and productivity in a tropical estuarine complex (West Coast of India). Proc. Indian Acad. Sciences (Plant Science), 99(5): 485-501.

Dhargalkar, V. K. andN. B. Bhosle, 1989. Paniculate organic matter in shelf waters off Princess Astrid Kryst, Antarctica. Polar Record, 25(154): 229-234.

Femandes, A. A., Y. S. Prahaladand D Sengupta, 1989 Scattering of Rossbyand Poincare waves off rough boundaries. Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 14: 41 -64.

Gopalakrishna, V. V., Y. V. B. Sarma, D. P. Rao and J. S. Sastry. Thermohaline circulation and watermass structure around Mauritius-Seychelles Archipelago. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Southern Hemisphere Met. and Oceanography, 297-298.

Gopalan, UK., P. P. MeenakshikunjammaandD. T. Vengayil, 1987. Macrobenthos of Vembanad estuary in relation to the deposition of degraded waterfem and other macrophytes. Proc. Natn. Seminar on Estuaries, 410-418.

Goswami, U., 1989. Chromosomal studies in Fulvia mutica (Bivalve, Cardiidae) from Japan. Curr. Sci., 58: 880-882.

Goswami, S. C., A. Morales and M. Rolke, 1989. Arbeitsberiht der Gruippe zooplankton standing stocks/ Bildomalyse Fahrtabschnitt M/10. Institut fur Meereskunde, Kiel, 1-6.

Gujar, A. R., M. V. Ramana and G. V. Rajamanickam, 1989. Exploration of nearshore placers off Konkan coast, west coast of India. Proc. Offshore Technology Conf. Houston, Texas, 3, 569-577.

140 1989-90 N. I. O.

Harkantra, S. N. and A. H. Parulekar, 1989. Population distribution of meiofauna in relation to some environmental features in a sandy intertidal region of Goa, West coast of India. Indian J. mar Set., 18 259-264.

Harkantra, S. N., S. G. YunandT. K. Kuchi, 1989. Bioturbationby Praxillellapacifica(Polichaeta: Maldomidae) and its effect on Chone sp. (Polychaeta, Sabellidae) in Tomeoka bay, Amakusa, Japan. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 276-279.

Hashimi, N. H., 1989 Late pleistocene carbonate sediments and rocks on the western continental shell of India. Proc. Sem Tertiary & Recent Sediment along West Coast between Bombay and Ratnagin, Poona, 1-16.

Ingole, B. S., A Chatterji. Z. A. Ansari and A. H Parulekar, 1989. Salt marshes for aquaculture In Coastal Zone Management in India, eds. S. N. Dwivedi, V. S. Bhatt and P. Chaturvedi, Indian Association for the Advancement of Science, New Delhi, 99-111.

Ingole, B S . SS. Dhaktode and A. N. Kadam, 1989. Determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment samples from Bombay Harbour, Dharamtar creek and Amba river estuary. Indian J. Environ. Health, 9(2): 118-123.

Iyer, S D., G. Banerjee and B G. Wagle, 1989. Statistical analysis of Lineaments of Goa, India. Current Science, 58(23): 1316-1318.

KameshRaju, K. A. andT. Ram Prasad, 1989 Magnetic lineations in the Central Indian Basin for the period A24-A21: A study in relation to the Indian Ocean tnple junction trace. Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 95395-402

Kameshwara Rao, K., K. V. Jayalakshmy, S. Kumaran, T. Balasubramanian & M. Krishnan Kutty, 1989 Planktonic foraminifera in waters off the Coromandel Coast, Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 1-7.

Kesava Das, V. and B N. Desai, 1990. Exploring the seas— the National Institute of Oceanography's venture. Curr. Set., 59(5): 246-252.

Kesava Das, V., B. A. Ramesh and M. J. Varkey, 1990. Wave power potential along the Indian coasts Urja, 27(2): 59-61.

Krishna, K. S., D. GopalaRao, S. Prabhakar, G. Murty and Y. V. Ramana, 1989. Sound velocity across the Bay of Bengal Geo-Marine Letters, 9: 95-102.

Krishnakumar, V., C. S. Murty, SS. C. Shenoiand A K. Heblekar, 1989. Wave refraction and longshore current patterns along Calangute beach (Goa), west coast of India. Ind. J mar. Sci, 18: 184-188.

Krishnakumar, V., C. S Murty and A. K. Heblekar, 1989. Wave induced nearshore circulation along Calangute-Candolim beach, Goa, west coast of India. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Eant) Planet Sci. ). 983: 265-278.

141 N. I. O. 198&-90

Krishnakumari, L. and CT Achuthankutty, 1989. Standing stocks and biochemical composition of zooplankton in the north eastern Arabian Sea Indian J. marSci., 18: 103-105.

Krishnakumari, L, J. P. Royan and Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, 1989. Energy value of suspended detritus in Andaman Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18282-283.

Lokabharathi, P. A, 1989. The occurrence of denitrifying colourless sullur oxidizing bacteria in marine waters and sediments as shown by the agar shake technique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 62: 335-342.

Lokabharathi, P. A., D. Chandramohan and Shanta Nair, 1989 A preliminary study of anerobio thiosulfate- oxidizing bacteria as denitrifiers in the Arabian Sea Geomicrobiol. Jour., 6: 195-207.

Madhupratap, M. and P. Haridas, 1989. Redescription of Pseudodiaptomus jonesi (Copepoda: calanoida) with notes on its distribution. J. Plankton Res., 11 (4): 873-878.

Madhupratap, M. and P. Haridas, 1990. Zooplankton, especially calanoid copepods, in the upper 1000 m of the south-east Arabian Sea J. Plankton Res., 12: 305-321.

Madhupratap, M, S R. S. Nair, P. Haridas and G. Padmavati, 1990. Response of zooplankton to physical changes in the environment: coastal upwelling along the central west coast of India J. Coastal Res., 6: 413-426.

Makade, K. H. and A. G Untawale, 1989. Contribution to the embryology of Fimbristylis Vahl. with a brief discussion on its systematic position. Beitr. BiolPflajdn, 64: 231-242.,

Menezes, M. R., 1990. Biochemical genetic divergence in three carangkJs from the Andaman Sea. Curr. Sci., 59{4)-209-219.

Mohana Rao, K, G. V. Rajamanickam and T. C. S. Rao, 1989. Holocene marine transgression as interpreted from bathymetry and sand grain size parameters off Gopalpur. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 98(2): 173-181. - - ^

Mukhopadhyay, R., 1989. PetrochemicaYbeJjgyiour of an acid basic contact zone. Curr. Sci., 58(20): 1145- 1146. ^ ^

Muraleedharan, UshaD., J. I. Goes and Aditi Pant, 1989. Effect of environment on pigment ratio in Dw?a//e//a spp. from the salt pans of Gujarat. Proc Indian Acad. Sci (Plant Science), 99{4): 319-325.

Nagendemath, B. and SO. Iyer, 1989. Basalt microlapilli in deep sea sediments of Indian Ocean in the vicinity of Vityaz fracture zone. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34(3): 303-309.

Nagendemath, B., V. Purnachandra RaoandK. P. Becker, 1989. Geochemical evidence of terrigenous influence in deep-sea sediments upto8°S in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Mar. Geol., 87: 301- 313.

Naidu, P. D., P. S. Rao and J. N. Pattan, 1989. Planktonic foraminifera from a Quaternary deep sea core from the southern Arabian Sea. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34: 1393-1397.

142 1989-90 . N. I. O.

Naidu, P. D. andM. V. S. Guptha, 1989. Planktonic foraminifera from core tops of western equatorial Indian Ocean. Geol. Survey India, Spl. Publ. No. 24, 133-135.

Naik, C. G., S. Y. Kamat, PS. Parameswaran, B. Das, J. Bhattacharjee, PritaRamani, D. S. Bhakuni, A. K. Goel. Sudha Jain and R. C. Snmal, 1989. Bioactivity of marine organisms, Part IV- Screening of some marine animals from the Indian Coast Mahasagar, 22: 99-104.

Nair, RR., V. Ittekkot. S. Manganini. V. Rarnaswamy, B. Hakke, E. T. Degens. B. N DesaiandS. Honjo, 1989. Monsoon related particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea. Nature, 338: 749-751.

Nair. S. R., C. T. Achuthankutty, P HaridasandV. R. Nair, 1989. Neuston composition in the Central Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. Set., 18: 155-159.

Nayak, BU., P. ChandramohanandS. Mandal, 1989. Characteristics of monsoon waves off Uran, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sd., 18113-117.

Nayak, B. U. and P. Chandramohan, 1989. Studies on shoreline stability at Mandovi estuary, Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci, 18: 50-53.

Nayak, MR., 1989. Some aspects on the knowledge-based underwater systems. Proc. OCEANS'89, Seattle, USA, 785-787.

Nigam, R., 1989. Sea level rise and expected impact on coastal zone. I n : Coastal Zone Management in India, eds SN Dwivedi, V. S. BhattandP. Chaturvedi, Indian Association for Advancement of Science, New Delhi, 145-147.

Nigam, R., 1989. Paleoclimatic implications of size variation of Orbulina universa in a core from the North Indian Ocean. Cun. Sci, 46-47.

Nigam, R., 1989. Geoscientific investigations of the seabed for paleoclimatic inferences: Thrust area for priority research in the nineties. Proc. Workshop on Goal for Earth Science Activity, Geol. Soc. India, 1-5.

Nigam, R., N. H. Hashimi andM. C. Pathak, 1990. Sea level fluctuations: inferences from religious and archaeological records and their oceanographic evidences. Jour. Mar. Archaeol., 1: 16-18.

OmPrakash, Raja Roy, D. S. Bhakuni, Solimabi Wahidulla and S. Y. Kamat, 1989. 2D-NMR studies of a novel steroid from the red alga Acanthophora spicifera. J. Nat Prod., 52: 686-692

Panampunnayil, S. U., 1989 A new species of Gastrosaccus (Crustacea -Mysidacea) from the south west coast of Australia. Jour. Plankton Res., 11(6): 1307-1314.

Parameswaran, P. S., CG. Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat, 1989. Sterols from the soft coral Lobophytum stnetum. Indian Jour. Chem., 28B: 1089-1090.

Parameswaran, PS., C. G Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat, 1989. Sterols from the Lakshadweep sponge trcinia ramosa (Killer). Indian Jour. Chem., 28B. 1091 -1092.

143 N. I. O. 1989-90

Paropkari, A. L., 1990. Geochemistry of sediments from the Mangalore-Cochin shelf and upper slope of southwest India: geological and environmental features controlling dispersal of elements. Chem. Geo/., 81: 99-119.

Parulekar, A. H., Z. A. Ansari, B. S. Ingole, A. Chatterji and R. A. Sreepada, 1989, Biological impact of mining on the coastal zone of Goa In: Coastal Zone Management in India, eds. S. N. Dwivedi, V. S Bhatt and P. Chaturvedi, Indian Association for the Advancement of Science, New Delhi, 150-159.

Patil, B. T., G, Ranganna, M. R. Gajendragad, A. B. WaghandS. S. Sawant, 1989. Corrosion rate through mathematical models. Proc. 3rd National Conference on Dock and Harbour Engineering, 2: %\7- 821.

Peter, K. J. and T. Balachandran, 1989. Distribution and seasonal abundance of carangid larvae in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. Proc. First Indian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fishery Society, Mangalore. 165-167.

Prabhakaran, N., Ranu Gupta and M. Krishnan Kutty, 1989. Fungal activity at Mangalvan, an estuarine mangrove ecosystem of Cochin. Published in Estuarine Management by STEC: 458-463.

Prabhakaran, N. and Ranu Gupta, 1989. Filamentous fungi isolated from the EEZ along the west coast oi India during FORV Sagar Sampada Cruise No. 24. Fishery Technology, 27 69-74.

Prasanna Kumar, S., P. VethamonyandC. S. Murty, 1990. Wave induced nearshore flow pattern in the vicinity of Cochin Harbour, India. Ocean & Shoreline Management, 13: 111-125.

Rama Raju, V. S., T. V. Narasimha, V. Ramesh Babu and A. F. Anto, 1989. Hydrography of the Wadge Bank —premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Mahasagar, 22(2): 53-61.

Ramana Murty, T. V., 1989. Flow past a continuously moving flat plate in transverse magnetic field. Czechoslovak J. Phys., 39: 991-997

Ramana Murty, T. V., S Prasanna Kumar, Y. K. Somayajulu, J. S. Sastry and R. J. P. De Figueiredo, 1989. Canonical sound speed profile tor central Bay of Bengal. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Earth & Planetary Sciences), 98(3)255-264.

Ramaswamy, V. and R. R. Nair, 1989. Lack ot cross shelf transport of sedimenls on the western margin of India: Evidence from clay mineralogy. Jour. Coastal Res., 5: 541-546.

Ramesh Babu, V., P. N. Vinayachandranand M. S. S. Sarma, 1989. Heat budget of a shore polynya, Dronning Maud Land coast, Antarctica during austral summer season, 1987-88. Third International Conference on the Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography, Buenos Aires, 13- 17 November, 1989, 254-256.

Ramesh Babu, V., M. S. S. Sarma and P. N. Vinayachandran, 1989. Hydrographic structure of the upper ocean from Dronning Maud Land coast, Antarctica to 30°S during austral summer, 1987-88. Third International Conference on the Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and Oceanography, Buenos Aires, 13-17, November, 1989, 277-279.

144 1989-90 N. l. o .

RarneshBabu, V., M. SubbaRaoandM. V. Rao, 1989. Influence of eastern Arabian Sea on summer monsoon rainfall at west coast of India. Vayumandal, 19. 75-78.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. and L. V. GangadharaRao, 1989. Latitudinal variation of air-sea fluxes in the western Indian Ocean during austral summer and fall. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 48: 99-107.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. and Y. Sadhuram, 1989. Surface heat budget of a polynya in the coastal waters off Queen Maud Land, Antarctica during austral summer. Continental Shelf fles., 9(12): 1063-1070.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. andY. Sadhuram, 1989. Evaporation over the Arabian Sea during two contrasting monsoons. Meteor. & Atmos. Physics, 41: 87-97.

Ramprasad, T. and R K. Sharma, 1989. PHDKS: An interactive program tor digitization of seabed photographs. Indian J. mar. Sd., 18: 280-281.

Rao, Ch. M. and P. S. N. Murty, 1990. Geochemistry- of the continental margin sediments of the central west coast of India. Geol. Soc. India, 35: 19-37.

Rao, P. S 1989. Sonograph patterns ofthe central western continental shelf of India. Jour. Coastal Res., 5(4)-725-736.

Rao, P. S. and J. N. Pattan, 1989. Ferromanganese oxides from mid- Indian ridge, seamounts and abyssal plains from the Indian Ocean. Indian J mar. Sd., 18: 11-15.

Rao, P. S., 1989. Ooid turbtdites from the central western continental margin of India. Geo. Mar. Letters, 9: 85-90.

Reddy, N. P C and K. Mohana Rao, 1989. Clay mineral distribution from Bhimunipatnam to Pudimadaka along central eastern continental shelf of India. Indian J. mar. So., 18, 128-130.

Rokade, M. A., N. B. Bhosle and A N. Kadam, 1989. Extractableorganics in surface sediments from Thana creek and Bombay harbour. Ind. J. mar. Sd., 18: 131-133.

Sabnis, M. M and M D. Zingde, 1989. Flushing characteristics of Mahim river estuary (Bombay). Advances in Biosciences, 8(1): 1-7.

Sadhuram Y., L. Krishna Murty and M. T. Babu, 1989. Meteorological results of monsoon '88expedition (pre- monsoon period). Boundary Layer Meteorology, 48(4): 333-334.

Sanil Kumar, V. V., R. N. Sakhardande, B. U. Nayak and. G. S. Somanatha, 1989. Analysis and design of instrumented subsurface mooring. Proc. 3rd National Conference on Dock & Harbour Engineering, Surathkal, 1: 101-106.

Sarala Devi, K. and P. Venugopal, 1989. Benthos oi Cochin backwaters receiving industrial effluents. Indian J. mar. ScL, 18(3): 165-169.

Sarala Devi, K., 1989. Temporal and spatial variations in paniculate matter, particulate organic carbon and attenuation coefficient in Cochin backwaters. Indian J. mar. Sd.. 18(4): 242-245.

145 N. I. O. 1989-90

Sardesai, S., 1989. Humic and lulvic acids in sediments of the Hooghiy estuary and some coastal areas in the Northern Bay of Bengal. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 16-20.

Sarkar, A. and R. Sen Gupta, 1989 Determination of organochlorine pesticides in Indian coastal waler using a moored in situ sampler. Water Res., 23(8): 975-978.

Sarupria, J. S. and P. D. Kunte, 1990. Integrated inventory information system. Handbook of Libraries, Archives and Information Centres in India, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, VII214-218.

Sawant, S. S., V. P. Venugopalan and A B. Wagh, 1989. Corrosion behaviour of mild steel in offshore waters of the Arabian Sea. Corrosion, Prevention & Control, 36(2): 44-47.

Sen Gupta, R., 1990. The slick that never was. Editorial in Mar. Pollu. Bull, 21(2): 50.

Sen Gupta, R., 1989. Antarctica: Indian scene. In: 40 Years of Research—a CSIR Overview, Series III, 55-62.

Sen Gupta, R. and T W. Kureishy, 1989. Marine pollution levels and potential threats to the Indian marine environment - State of the Art. In: Water Pollution (Conservation and Management), eds. A. K. Sinha, et at., 165-181.

Shailaja, M. S. andR. Sen Gupta, 1989. DDT residues in fishes from the eastern Arabian Sea. Mar. Pollu. Bull., 20(12): 629-630.

Sharma, R. K., 1989. Effect of sediment water interface boundary layer on exposure of nodules and their abundance: A study from seabed photos. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34: 310-317.

Sharma, R. K., 1989. Computation of nodule abundance from seabed photos. Proc. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, 3: 200-212.

Shetye, S. R., A. D. GouveiaandM. G. Palhak, 1990. Vulnerability of the Indian coastal region to damage from sea level rise. Curr. Sci., 59(3): 152-156.

Soundalgekar and T. V. RamanaMurty, 1989. Viscous dissipation effects on heat transfer in flow past a continuous moving plate. Bull. Cal. Math. Soc., 81232-234.

Subba Raju, L. V., P. Divakar Naidu and F. Almeida, 1989. Marine geoscientific surveys in ports and nearshore regions of the Arabian Sea off central west coast of India In- Recent Geoscientific Studies in the Arabian Sea off India, Geological Survey of India, Spl Publication No. 24: 291- 297.

Subba Raja, L. V., K. A. Kamesh Raju, V. Subrahmanyam and D. Gopala Rao, 1990. Regional gravity and magnetic studies over the continental margin of the central west coast of India. Geo. Marine Letters, 10(1): 31-36.

Subrahmanyam, V., M. V. Ramanaand L. V. Subba Raju, 1989. Marine geophysical studies off Karwar, west coast of India Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 34(2): 121-132.

146 1989-90 N. I. O.

Suryavanshi,, A. K. and G. V. Prabhugaonker, 1989. An accelerated study to evaluate the performance of coated concrete and bare concrete reinforcements exposed to the sea. Corrosion, Prevention

Unnikrishnan, A. S. and V. Asthana, 1989. Diffusion characteristics of the Kakinada Bay for effluent assess- ment. Proc. of Ind. Acad. Sa. 98237-245.

Untawale, A. G. andTG. Jagtap, 1989. Observations on marine macrophytes of Republic of Seychelles. Bot. Mar., 32115-119.

Untawale A. G., C. R. K. Reddy and G. V. Deshmukhe, 1989 Ecology of intertidal benthic algae of Northern Kamataka Coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18: 73-81.

UniawaleA. G, C. R. K. Reddy and V. D. Ambi/e, 1989 Marine algal flora of submerged Angria Bank (Arabian Sea) Indian J. mar Sci., 18(3): 207-209.

Untawale, A. G. andV. K Dhargalkar, 1989. Seaweed utilization and its present status in India. Proc. natl. Symp. on Utilization of Living Resources of the Indian Seas heldatCIFE, Bombay Dec. 19-21 (ed. U. S. Srivastava), Natl. Acad Sci. India Publ., 191-203.

Varkey, MJ., 1989 Numerical simulation of wind wave surface profiles with tuned phase spectra. Indian J. mar. Sci., 18(3): 177-183.

UdayaVarma, P., Abraham Pylee and V. N. Sankaranarayanan, 1989. Dynamics of circulation and salt balance in the upper reaches of Periyar estuary. Proc. Natn. Sem. Estuarine Management, Trivandrum, 32-37.

Vinayachandran, P. N., Y. Sadhuram and V. Ramesh Babu, 1989. Latent and sensible heat fluxes under active and weak phases of the south west monsoon of 1986. Proc. of Ind. Acad. Sa. (Earth and Planetary Sciences), 98(2): 213-222.

Wafar, M. V. M., P. Le Corse and J. L Birrien, 1989. Transport of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in Brittany River, France. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 29: 489-500.

WagleBG., 1989. Morphology and evolution of the central west coast of India. Mahasagar, 22(1): 13-21.

Wagle, B. G., A. R. GujarandP. G. Mislankar, 1989. Impact of coastal features on beachplacers: acase study using remote sensing data. Proc. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, •3: 229-233.

Zingde, M. D., 1989. Hydrography and water quality of Bombay harbour. Environ. Strat. and Biosciences, 37-58.

Zingde, M. D., 1989. Environmental status of the coastal marine environment of India. Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, 37-57.

147 N. I. O. 1989-90

Technical Reports and other Publications

Rao, T C . S., 1989 Coastal zone management of Andhra Pradesh. NIO/TR-3/89.

Varkey, M. J., Some multi-applications' programs 1989. NIO/TR-4/89.

Ramana Murty, Y. K. Sornayajulu and J. S. Sastry, 1989. Computations of some acoustic parameters in the Bay of Bengal NIO/TR-5/89.

Chandramohan, P., B. U. NayakandK. C. Pathak, 1989. Sediment transport along the Indian coast. NIO/ TR-6/89.

Mahadevan, R., Y. K Somayajulu, T V. Ramana Murty, C. S. Murty and J. S. Sastry, 1989. Tomographic forward problem' Computational details for preparation of data kernel, NIO(TR-7/89.

/Antony, J. K., E. DesaandD. Rodrigues. Technical know-how document on Direct Reading Current Meter, V/ Model. NIO-CPT/RCM.

/Desai, R. G. P., G. Vithayathil, V N Chodankar, E. Desa and A. A. Sardar. Technical know-how document "V on Wind Recorder, Model. NIO-WR.

/Desai, R. G. P., G. Vithayathil, E. Desa, V. N. Chodankar and M. Surlekar. Technical know-how document v/ on Automatic Weather Station, Model: NIO-AWS.

Ghosh, AravindK., T. Pankajakshan and R. M. S. Bhargava, 1989. Atlas of Mechanical Bathythermograph Data

Parulekar, A. H., S. Y. Kamat, Prita Ramani and Vijaya Ambiye, 1989. Status of R&D contribution and capabilities in the area of bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean (sponsored by: Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi)

Parulekar AH andS. N. Harkantra, 1989. Coastal ecosystems of the pro)ect Seabird — status, probable impact and conservation strategy (sponsored by: Project Seabird, Indian Navy, New Delhi).

Parulekar, A. H. and K. J. Mathew, 1989. (CMFRI: ICAR) Antarctic krill —present state of knowledge, advantages and constraints (sponsored by: Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi).

Parulekar, AH., 1989. Capabilities, future needs and action plan for exploration and utilization of biomedical properties of marine organisms of India (sponsored by: Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India, New Delhi).

Parulekar, A. H., D. Chandramohan, S. N. Harkantra, X. N. Verlenkar and C. Raghukumar, 1989. Environ- mental studies oftTiruvottiyur for marine disposal of effluent (Sponsored by UB Petrochemicals, Madras)

/Peshwe, V. B., E. Desa, E. D'Silva, S. B. TengaliandS. Kamat. Technical know-how document on Electronic ^ Bathythermograph, Model: NIO-EBT.

148 198&-90 N. I. O.

Reddy, G. V, J. S. Sarupria, P. D. Kunte and K. Aravind Ghosh, 1986. Inventory of cruises and stations ot R. V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya, Vol. V

Reddy, G. V., P. D. Kunte and J. S. Sarupria, 1987. Inventory of cruises and stations of R. V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya, Vol VI.

Reddy, G. V, P. D. Kunte and J. S. Sarupria, 1988. Inventory of cruises and stations of R. V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya, Vol. VII.

Reddy, G. V. andK. Aravind Ghosh, 1989. Surface meteorological data report ol R. V. Gavesftarw (1976-85).

Sarupria, J S., G V Reddy and R. M. S. Bhargava, 1989. Nansen cast data report (1976-80), Ref. No 1304.

Shetye, S. R., N. H. Hashimi, M. C. PathakandR. Nigam(eds ), 1989 Report of the Workshop on Sea Level Rise due to Green House Effect: Implications for India, 27 October, 1988, NIO, Dona Paula, Goa, 83 pp.

Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan, 1989. Status report on Caribbean Marine Sciences. Presented at the Training Programme in Oceanography under Caribbean Oceanographic Resources Exploration (CORE) Project, held at NIO, Goa, October-December, 1989, 10 pp.

Untawale, A. G, V. K. Dhargalkar, G. V. Deshmukhe and C. R K Reddy, 1989. Marine algal resources along the central west coast of India for research, development and cultivation (Sponsored by: Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of india, New Delhi).

A bibliographic study on Caribbean waters in 1980's (Doss-12).

A bibliography on ocean acoustic tomography and generalised inverse methods (Doss-13)

A revised catalogue of periodicals (MIPUS-1)

Acquisition of marine gravity data offshore west coast of India (Area: Bombay High), 1989, 67 pp, 3 figs., 2 tabs

Bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetic surveys for the proposed naval base off Karwar, west coast of India, 1989, 67 pp., 45 figs, 34 pis. (Part I).

Bathymetric, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetic surveys for the proposed naval base off Karwar, west coast of India, 1989, 41 pp, 14 pis., 10 figs. (Part II).

Examination of the water quality of some springs of Goa, 1989 (Project report submitted to the Department of Tourism, Govt of Goa).

Exploration for offshore heavy mineral placers (ilmenite) of Konkan coast, Maharashtra, 1989, 15 pp., 41 figs.

Gravity surveys of the Bombay High and adjoining areas off Bombay coast, west coast of India, 1989, 74pp., 2 figs.

149 N. I. O. 1989-90

Inventory of cruises and stations of ORV Sagar Sampada (cruises 1-20), Vol. VII (1985-86), compiled by INODC.

Report on the establishment of gravity stations at various berths of Marmugao Harbour, 1989, 7 pp, 1 fig, 1 pi., 2 tabs.

Seabed surveys of the Mormugao and Vengurla islands, west coast of India, 1989, 31 pp., 43 figs., 11 pis.

Seismotectonics and earthquake design basis for Jaitapur Atomic Power Project — a feasibility report, 1989, 8 pp, 2 figs.

Technical report on oceanographic studies off Tamil Nadu coast for tannery waste disposal.

Technical report for laying submarine pipeline to the Bharat Petroleum Corporation Installations.

Technical report on environmental survey forthe location of marine outfall point for Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemical Complex Sponsored by Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd., Bombay.

Indian National Directory on Marine Scientists

Book Reviews

Nayak, M. R., 1989 Topics in expert system design: methodologies and tools by G Guida and C. Tasso, IETE Tech. Review, 6: 408.

Raghukumar, S., 1989. Zoosporic fungi of India by Dayal and Usha Kiran, Inter-India Publication. Curr. ScL, 58(17): 994.

Untawale, A. G., 1990. Algae and human affairs (Eds. ) Carole A. LembiandJ Robert Waaland, Jour. Scientific & Industrial Res., 49: 83-85.

150 1989-90 N. I. O.

14. PAPERS PRESENTED IN CONFERENCES, SEMINARS, ETC.

Ambiye, V Bio-ecology of an articulated coralline alga Amphiroa fragilissima from Anjuna, Goa. INDO-US Workshop on Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms, Goa, 23-27 February, 1989.

Babu, M. T Equatorward western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal during November-December First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Balachandran, T. Distribution of meroplankton in relation to the thermocline in the western Indian Ocean during day and night. 77th Session of Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9 February, 1990.

Bhat, S. S. A., S. Mandal, N. M. Anand andB. U. Nayak, 1989. Directional wave spectra off Bombay. west coast of India. 28th Annual Convention of Indian Geophysical Union, Hyderabad.

Chinnaraj, S. andS. M Inamdar. Community characteristics of Vijayadurg mangroves along the Maharashtra coast. Seminar on Mangrove Awareness in India, Bombay, 21-23 February, 1990.

Gajbhiye, S N., M. J. Ram, V. R. Nair and B N. Desai. Acute toxicity of some metals on zooplankton. 59th Annual Session of the National Academy of Sciences, Hyderabad.

Ghosh, A. K. and T. Pankajakshan. A quality control procedure for temperature data. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Gopalan, U. K Environmental threats'on the fishery resources of Kerala National Seminar on Aquatic Pollution, Tnvandrum, 18-20 December, 1989, p. 98.

Hashimi, N. H, R. Nigam and M. C Pathak. Applications of geological techniques in marine archaeological exploration. Second Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries, Bangalore, 4-5 January, 1990.

Inamdar, S. N. andS. Chinnaraj. Application of remote sensing techniques for the studies of mangrove forests of Maharashtra. Seminar on Mangrove Awareness in India, Bombay, 21 -23 February, 1990.

Jagtap, T. G Status report. Studies on mangroves of Goa. Indo-US Workshop on Management of Conservation Areas (Wetland, Mangroves and Biosphere Reserve) and Geographical Information system. Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 4-7 January, 1989.

Jayashree, V and R. Sen Gupta. Toxin from Holothurialeucospilata. Indo-US Symposium on Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms, February, 1989.

151 N. I. O. 1989-90

Kesava Das, V. Hydrographic features of Lakshadweep (Laccadives) Sea during winter First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Kunte, P. D andR. M. S. Bhargava. Role of LAN in Oceanographic Information Management-a case study of NIO. Society for Information Science Conference, held at NIO, Goa, January, 1990.

Kunte, P. D. Marine geophysical data management system and supportive graphics. National CODATA Conference, Pune, February 1990.

Lalithambika Devi, C. B. Distribution, frequency of occurrence and abundance in relation to zooplankton biomassof Bothid larvae (Pisces) in the Indian Ocean, Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea 77th Session of Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990.

Nair, K K. C. Metalycaea globosa Stephensen, a true valid species of Oxycephalidae Bate (Amphipoda Hyperiidea). 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990

Nair, S, D. Chandramohan and A Gonsalves. Incidence of metal and drug resistance in bacteria of the Arabian Sea. Fifth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Kyoto, Japan, 27 August -1 September, 1989.

Nampoothiri. G. E. andV. Krishnakumar. A new device for monitoring moorings. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Naqvi, S W. A. and R, Sen Gupta. Oceanic carbon dioxide — its role in the paleo-reducing environment ot the Arabian Sea. Invited Lecture at IGBP Seminar of National Academy of Sciences, India, Hyderabad, January, 1990.

Narasimha Rao, T. V. Storm surge on the Andhra coast during November, 1977. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Nigam, R., M. C. Pathak and N. H. Hashimi Consequences of sea level rise due to greenhouse effect for coastal archaeological monuments. Second Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology ot Indian Ocean Countries, Bangalore, 5-6 January, 1990.

Pankajakshan, T. aYid A. K. Ghosh. Surface layer temperature inversion in the Arabian Sea during winter. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Parameswaran, P S., C. G Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat. Hypotensive agents from the soft coral, Lobophytum strictum. 17th ILJPAC Symposium, New Delhi, February, 1990.

Parameswaran, P. S. f C. G. Naik, B. Das and S. Y. Kamat Echinoside B from the Lakshadweep Sea cucumber Actinopyga maurttiana. 17th IUPAC Symposium, New Delhi, February, 1990.

152 1989-90 N. I. O.

Parulekar, A. H. Bioecology of subtidal regions. Workshop & AH India Training Programme on Marine Archaeology, Goa, 31 March, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Actiniarian sea anemone fauna of India. Specialists meet on Biodeterioration in power plant cooling systems, Kalpakkam (Madras), 26-27 April, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Mariculture — technology, prospects & potentials. FAO/UNDP International Consultative Meet on Technologies for 21 st Century, New Delhi, 5-6 May, 1989.

Parulekar, A H Systematics in marine biomedical research National Brainstorming Meet on Marine Biomedical Research in India, Lucknow, 22-23 June, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Benthic production in tropical coastal ecosystems. Annual Convention of American Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, 2-3 October, 1989.

Parulekar, A. H. Marine biomass production estimates for the Indian Ocean Sector of the Southern Ocean. VIIIth Scientific Committee Meetings of CCAMLR, Hobart, Tasmania (Australia), 6-10 November, 1989.

Parulekar, A H and P. Ramani. Bioactivity and chemical ecology of some intertidal animals. Indo-US Symposium on Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms, Goa, 23-27 February, 1989.

Pathak, M. C, N. H. HashimiandR Nigam. The relevance of bathymetry and sediment for ship wreck studies in Goa waters. Second Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries, Bangalore, 5-6 January, 1990.

Prabhakaran, N. and Ranu Gupta. Activity of soil fungi of Mangalvan—the mangrove ecosystem of Cochin backwater. 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9 February, 1990.

Prasanna Kumar, S., M T. Babu and T. V. Ramana Murty. Sound speed structure and propagational characteristics of cold core eddy in the Bay of Bengal. ' First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa 13- 15 December, 1989

Raghukumar, C, S. Raghukumar and Sanjay Nagarker. Studies on the association of Thraustochytrid and mycelial fungi with marine algae. International Symposium on Marine Mycology at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 20-25 August, 1989.

Raghukumar, C. Fungal invasion of massive corals. 1 International Symposium on Marine Mycology at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 20-25 August, 1989.

Raghukurnar, S. Fungi in the marine realm status, challanges and prospects. Shome Memorial Lecture at the Annual Meet of the Mycological Society of India, Bhavnagar, 19-20 October, 1989.

153 N. IO. 1989-90

Raghukumar, S. The fungal componeniof the mangrove ecosystem. Seminar on Mangrove Awareness in India, Bombay, 21-23 February, 1990.

Ram, M. J., S. N. Gajbhiye, and B. N. Desai. Toxicity of sewage and selected metals to phytoplar\kton. 59th Annual Session of the National Academy of Sciences, Hyderabad

Ramana Murty, T. V.. Y. K. Somayajulu and J. S. Sastry. Simulation of acoustic propagation along a section in the western Bay of Bengal. IV National Symposium on Ultrasonics, NPL, New Delhi, 21-22 September, 1989.

RamaRaju, V. S., V. V. Sarma, B. Prabhakar RaoandV. SubbaRao. WatermassesoffVisakhapatnamshelf. First Convention oi ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Ramesh Kumar, M. R. and A. A. Fernandes. On the spectra and coherence of some surface meteorological parameters. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Ramesh Kumar, M R andLV. Gangadhara Rao. Moisture flux divergence over the tropical Indian Ocean using INSAT-1Bdata. Tenth Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 23-29 November, 1989.

Ranu Gupta and N. Prabhakaran Fungi isolated from the EEZ of Indian Coast. First Workshop on Scientific Results of FORV Sagar Sampada, Cochin, 5-7 June, 1989.

Ranu Gupta. The possible role of fungi in abating pollution. National Seminar on Aquatic Pollution Strategies for Prevention and Management, Trivandrum, 18-20 December, 1989.

Rao, B. P, and Y. Sadhuram. Seasonal variability o) heat flux divergence in the coastal waters off Visakhapat- nam. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Rao, B. P. and VS. RamaRaju Hydrographic features of the coastal waters off Kakinada. Rrst Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Rao, D. P., V. S. N. MurtyandJ. S. Sastry. PhysicalOceanographyof the Indian Ocean. Part-1 International Symposjum on Monsoon: Understanding and Prediction, 23-28 November, 1989.

Rao. T. CS andK. MohanaRao. Marine archaeological surveys off Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu coast. Second Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries, Bangalore, January 1990.

RosammaStephenandK. V. Jayalakshmy. Distribution and coexistence of species of the family Calanidae (Calanoida, Copepoda) in the Indian Ocean. 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990.

Royan, J. Status and prospects oMrtem/aproduction in India. Workshop on Artemia Culture. Bay of Bengal Programme of FAO, Madras, 4-5 May, 1989.

154 1989-90 N. I. O.

Sadhuram, Y Estimation of bulk transfer coefficient for latent heat flux (CJ. International Symposium on Global Energy and Water Fluxes, Reading, U. K., 31 July -11 August, 1989

Santhakuman, V. Destruction of mangrove vegetation by Sphaeroma terebrans along Kerala Coast. 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990.

Santhakumari, V. On Dichotomiavannucci sp nov. (Leptomedusae, Hydrozoa) from Arabian Sea. 77th Session of the Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9, February, 1990.

SaralaDevi, K, P VenugopalandV. N. Sankaranarayanan Organiccarbon of sediments from an industrially polluted area of Cochin backwater. Seminar on Aquatic Pollution, Tnvandrum, 18-20 December, 1989.

Sarkar, A, lRajkumar, R M. Gairola, P. Vethamony and J_V. G Rao. Ocean surface waves and winds over the North Indian Ocean from Satellite Altimeter — Preliminary Results of SAC-NIO Joint Project. First Convention of tSPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Sarma, Y V. B and D. P. Rao. Diurnal variability of the surface fluxes at an oceanic station in the Bay of Bengal. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Sarupna, J S. and R. M. S. Bhargava. New technological trends for the management of oceanographic data and information. National CODATA Conference, Pune, February, 1990.

Sasamal, S. K. On the CKcurrence of high salinity waters off the east coast of India. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Sathe, V. andS Raghukumar Role of fungi in formation of detritus from the leaves of Rhizophora apionlata. Seminar on Mangrove Awareness in India, Bombay, 21-23 February, 1990.

Sen Gupta, R. Health of the seas around India. Invited Lecture at the Annual Session of Indian National Science Academy, Tnvandrum, January, 1990.

Sen Gupta, R, SYS. Singbal and S. N. De Souza. Present status of environmental pollution in and around Goa. Seminar on Protect Waters, Protect Life, sponsored by Goa Research Institute for Development, Panaji, Goa, 1989.

Sen Gupta, R. and M. S. Shailaja. Heavy metals and organochlonne pesticides level in some fishes from the Arabian Sea Symposium on Impact of Pollution in and from Food Industries and its Mangement, CFTRI, Mysore, 4-5 May, 1989.

Sharma, S., C. Raghukumar, V. Sathe andS. Raghukumar. Role and physiology of tungi in detritus formation of the brown algae Sargassum sp. International Symposium on Marine Mycology at University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 20-25 August, 1989

155 N. I. O 1989-90

Sivadas, P, Rosamma Stephen, P. P. Meenakshi Kunjammaand B. Narayanan Zooplankton community of a coral environment 77th Session of Indian Science Congress, Cochin, 4-9 February, 1990

Tapaswi, M. P How good is Compact Cambridge ASFA? {Aquatic Sciences Bibliographic Database on CD-ROM). Conference of International Association of Marine Science Libraries and Information Centres (IAMSLIC), Bermuda, 2-6 October, 1989.

Unmknshnan and M K. Antony. On an upwelling front along the west coast of India during later part of the southwest monsoon period. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Untawafe, A. G. Potential of marine habitats for biosphere reserves with a case study of Malwan Marine Park National Workshop on Biosphere Reserve, Srinagar, 26-27 June, 1989.

i Untawale, A. G Role of mangrove ecosystem in coastal zone management All India Seminar on Recent Advances in Plant Sciences, Nagpur University, Nagpur, 25-27 September, 1989

Varkey, M J andJ S Sastry. Estimates of vertical velocities and eddy coefficients in the Bay of Bengal First Convention 6f ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Varkey, M J and J S Sastry Water transports across 6°N in the Bay of Bengal on mean yearly and seasonal basis First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Varkey, M J. and J S Sastry Estimates of run off, evaporation and precipitation for Bay of Bengal on • seasonal basis. First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989.

Varkey, M. J. andJ S. Sastry. Characteristicmixingtrianglesin the Bay of Bengal First Convention of ISPSO, NIO, Goa, 13-15 December, 1989

Wahiduila, S, J PatelandS Y. Kamat Analgesic and anti inflammatory principle of the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius 17th IUPAC Symposium, New Delhi, February, 1990.

156 NIO 1989 90

15. BUDGET

Actuals 1989-90 (Rs in lakhs) Head of Expenditure Non Plan Plan Total

A. Recurring

P1 P2. P3 Salaries 155 811 66 402 222 213 P4 Contingencies 26 245 18 399 44 644 P6 Maintenance 2000 1 990 3 990 P7 Chemicals & Glassware 14000 2 830 16 830 P8 Boat Operation 64 799 86 023 150 822

Total A 262 855 175 644 438 499

B. Capital

P5(1) Works 60 534 60 534 P5(2) Services — 2 847 2 847 P5(3) Equipment — 6 333 6 333 P5(4)(i) Furniture — 0 237 0 237 P5(4)(n) Books 8 000 2 790 10 790 P5(4)(m) Vehicles — 0 618 0 618 P5(4)(iv) Models — 0 094 0 094 P5(4)12 Office Equipment — 0 050 0 050 Antarctic — 3 000 3 000

Total B 8 000 76 503 84 503

Grand Total (A&B) 270 855 252 147 523 002

157 N. I. O. 1989-90

16. COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES OF NIO

Research Council

1 Dr. Supnya Roy Chairman Professor Dept. of Geological Sciences Jadavpur University Calcutta - 700 032

2. Dr Harsh K. Gupta Member Vice-Chancellor Cochin University of Science & Technology Cochin-682 022

3 Prof B. LK Somayajulu Member Physical Research Laboratory Navrangpura Ahmedabad-580 022

4. Prof. P. K Das Member Centre for Atmosphenc Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Hauz Khas New Delhi-110 016

5. Prof. M. V George Member Photochemistry Research Unit Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR) Trivahdrum-695 019

6 Dr. B L. Deekshitulu Member Director National Remote Sensing Agency Balanagar Hyderabad - 500 037

7. Dr. S. N. DwivecK Member Additional Secretary Department of Ocean Development

158 1989-90 N. I. O.

Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12 C. G. O. Complex, Lodi Road New Delhi -110 003

8. Dr. V. A. Aatre Member Director Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory Naval Base Cochin-682 004

9. Dr W. S. Khokle Member Director Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute P. B. No. 1 Pilani - 333 031

10. Shri N R. Rajgopal DGSIR's Nominee Deputy Adviser CSIR, Raii Marg New Delhi-110 001

11. Dr. B. N. Desai Member Director (Ex-Otficio) NIO, Dona Paula Goa - 403 004

12. Dr. AH. Parulekar Member-Secretary Scientist NIO, Dona Paula Goa-403 004

Management Council

1 Dr. B. N. Desai Chairman Director NIO, Dona Paula Goa - 403 004

2. Dr. R. Sen Gupta Member Scientist NIO, Dona Paula Goa-403 004

159 N. I. O. 1989-90

3. Dr E Desa Member Scientist NIO, Dona Paula Goa-403 004

4. Dr. S. Shetye Member Scientist NIO, Dona Paula Goa - 403 004

5 Dr. R. Banerjee Member Scientist NIO, Dona Paula Goa - 403 004

6. Dr. W S. Khokle Member Director CEERl, Pilani-333031

7 Dr DS Bhakum Member Scientist 'G' CDRI, Lucknow - 226 001

8. F&AO Member NIO, Dona Paula Goa - 403 004

9. DG or His Nominee Permanent Invitee CSIR New Delhi-110 001

10. Administrative Officer Member-Secretary NIO, Dona Paula Goa-403 004

160 1989-90 N. I. O..

17. APPOINTMENTS/TRANSFERS/RESIGNATIONS

Appointments

Dr. P V Shirodkar. Shri A Menezes " K Venkateswara Rao Scientist B' Dr (Smt) C Raghukumar

ShriMMV Prasad, / • FL Jatav^/ " M P Patil / Junior Technical Assistants " G R Mangalorekar/ Smt L Ratnakaran/

VZ*gy Shn L Rodngues — Technical Assistant (Gr. VIII)

Shn K. Bhattacharya 1 Assistants " S. Jena

Shn P James — Security Assistant Kum. K D Pawar — Nursing Sister Shri C Lopes — Stores & Purchase Assistani Smt. M S Arlekar — Lower Division Clerk

Shri B V. Sable i Drivers * S S. Chavan

Shri L. B Gawas — Helper

Transfers

Shri R. V Sarma, Administrative Officer to CSIR Complex, Madras Shn M Krishnamurthy, Section Officer (F&A) to NAL, Bangalore Dr. (Kum ) A. Pant, Sci. E-1 to NCL, Pune Shri S Kannan, S. T. A. to CECRI, Karaikudi Smt. C. Fernandes, Stores & Purchase Asstt. (Gr. VII) to R C. Bombay Shri H. Maigikar, Stores & Purchase Asstt from R C. Bombay to HQs. Smt. C. Suguna, JTA, R. C. Waltair to NGRI, Hyderabad

161 Resignations

Dr T. W. Kureishy, Sci. C Shri U. V. Jose, Sci. B Kum. C. Vaidyanathan, Sci. B Shri R. N. Sakhardande, Sci. B " A P. Udaynarayana, J T. A. " F L Jatav, J. T. A. " B A. Waghmode, Driver " D. S. Waghmare, Driver " S. S. Satardekar, Watchman

Retirements

Shri V. N. N. Menon, Senior Personal Assistant " H N. Naik, Head Armed Guard Smt. M. A. Fernandes, Safaiwala ' A. F. Vaz, Peon

162 i yea-au

18. SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

(The staff upto the level of JTA/Assistant as on 31st March, 1990)

Director Dr B N. Desai A. Headquarters

1. Physical Oceanography Division Senior Technical Assistants Shri V. Krishnakumar Head of the Division Shri K Santanam Dr. J. S. Sastry Shn M T Babu

Scientists Junior Technical Assistants Shri L V. G. Rao Shri D Sundar Dr C S Murty Shri G. S. Michael Dr. D P. Rao Shri A. M. Almeida Dr. M. J. Varkey Shri R. Vaithiyanathan Shri C. K. Gopinathan ShriG. N. Swamy Senior Stenographers Shri S R Shetye Shri R. S. Binge Dr. N Bahulayan Smt S Vaz Shn V. Ramesh Babu Dr. M K Antony 2. Chemical Oceanography Division Shri P. V Sathe Shn A. D. Gouveia Head of the Division Shri Y K Somayajulu Dr. R. Sen Gupta Shri R J K. Charyulu Shri V V. Gopalakrishna Scientists Shn VS. N. Murty Dr S. Y S. Singbal Dr. A Suryanarayana Dr SY Kamat Shri P. Vethamony Dr A Rajendran Shri Y V B. Sarma Dr C. G. Naik Dr S Prasanna Kumar Dr. S N. De Souza Shri M. R. Ramesh Kumar Dr. (Smt. ) S. Wahidulla Dr. S S. C Shenoi Shn M. D. George Dr. T. V. Ramana Murty Or. S. P. Fondekar Shri M S. S> Sarma Dr SWA. Naqvi Shri A A. Fernandes ShnM. D. Rajagopal Shri G Nampoothin Smt. C. D'Silva Dr. A. S Unniknshnan Smt. S. Sardessai Dr P. M. Muraledharan Dr. T. W. Kureishy ShnA. K Saran Kum S Sanzgiri

163 N. I. O. 1989-90

Dr M Dileep Kumar Dr. A. Mascarenhas Shri P. S. Parameswaran Dr. A. B. Valsangkar Dr. P. V Narvekar Dr. V. P Rao Shn M Manoharan Shri V. N. Kodagali Smt A. Mesquita Dr J N Pattan Dr. A. Sawkar Shri R. Sharma Dr A. Sarkar Dr V. K. Banakar Dr (Sml) M S. Shailaja Shri M S Prasad Sml. L D'Souza Shri B N. Nath Smt C M Dias Dr. R. Mukhopadhyay Smt. B. Das • Shn T Ramprasad Dr P V Shirodkar Shri R. Banerjee ShriS. D. Iyer Senior Technical Assistants Shri S M. Gupta Shri R Nagarajan Dr. (Kum. ) P. Jauhari Shn D A Jayakumar Shn P S Rao Shn K. Somasundar Shri G H. Ranade Shri B. Fernandes Shri S. Afzulpurkar Shri V. Ramaswamy Junior Technical Assistants Shri M. Sudhakar Smt K A Rao Shn K A Kamesh Raju Shri R Alagarswamy Dr D V Borole Shri R J Noronha Dr 0 S Chauhan Dr K. V L N S. Sarma 3. Geological Oceanography Division Shn B. Chakraborty Dr AV Mudholkar Head of the Division Shri P Divakar Naidu Shri P. S N. Murty • Shn K Sreekrishna Shri A K. Chaubey Scientists Shn N H Khadge Shri R. R. Nair Shn G. P. Naik Dr Ch. M Rao Shn G. P. S. Murty Dr. D Gopala Rao Shri D Pathak Dr. M. Veerayya Shri K L Kotnala Dr. B. G. Wagle Shri E Dias Dr. M. V S. Guptha Shri P Marathe Shri N. H. Hashimi Shri F. Almeida Technical Officer ShriG. C Bhattacharya Shri M C Pathak Dr. A. L Paropkari ShnK. H Vora Senior Technical Assistants ShriA. R Gujar Shri S K. Nanyasi Dr R. Nigam Shn N. V. Ambre Dr S M Karisiddaiah ShriA. S Muralinath Dr. M. V. Ramana Shri P. G Mislankar Shn L V. Subba Raju Shri N. frabhakaran Shn V. Subrahmanyam ShriT J. Thottam

164 1989-90 N. I. O.

ShriG. M. Phadte ' Dr. S. C. Goswami Shri T. Sudhakar. • > Dr. D. Chandramohan ShriY. S. Raju Dr. P. M. A. Bhattathiri , ShriV. D. Khedekar -. Dr. C. T Achuthankutty Shri D. Gracias. •.: • • Dr. J. P. Royan Shri V. Fernando ' . Dr. M. Madhupratap' Shri V, S. Rajaraman • Dr. (Kum. ) P. A. L. Bharathi Shri R. Venkatesan Dr. S. N. Harkantra Shri B. R. L Rao Dr. (Smt. ) U. Goswami Shri G. Janakiraman Dr. Z. A. Ansari Dr. S. R. S. Nair Senior Mechanical Assistant Dr. N. Ramaiah Shri A. V. Sonawane Dr. M. V. M. Wafar Dr. A. Chatlerjee: Junior Technical Assistants Dr. (Smt. ) L. K. Wariar ' . . Shri C. Prakash Babu Dr. V. K. Dhargalkar: Shri B. Vijaykumar Dr. (Kum. ) M. R. Menezes Shri P. Ganesan Dr. S. G. P. Prabhu Matondkar Shri K. M. Sivakholundu Dr. (Smt. ) S. Wafar Shri R. R A. Luis Dr. X. N. Verlenkar ShriG. A. Walker "STiri B. S. Ingole Shri K. Srinivas Dr. S. Raghukuma'r ShriG Parthiban Dr. (Smt. ) C. Raghukumar Shri S. S. Gaonkar Dr. T. G. Jagtap Shri S. S. Paltanshctti Dr. (Smt. ) S. Achuthankutty ShriD. K. Naik Shri J. I. Goes Shri R. Babu Shri V. Subramaniam Shri S. Samuthra Kani Shri V. Gowthaman Junior Mechanical Assistant Shri P. G. Anand Shri M. G. K. Goudar Shri P. Pereira Shri A. Sardar JuniorMschsmeal Assistant Shri S. Jaishankar . Shri A. Sreepada Shri D. Siva Kumar •. • Shri R. Ramani • 5. Marine Corrosion & Materials Research Shri P. George •• Division Kum. M. A. D'Cruz Head of the Division 4. Biological Oceanography Drvision Dr. A. B Wagh

Head o f the Division. Scientists Dr. A. H. Parulekar Dr. N B Bhosle Shri S. S. Sawant Scientists Dr. TV- Raveehdran Dr. A. G. Untawale Shri K. Venkateswara Rao Dr. V. P. Devassy Dr. (Kurri) A . Pant': •. •

165 NI. O. 1989-90

Junior Technical Assistants Sen/or Mechanical Assistant Shri K. Venkat Shri V. N. Chodankar Kum. A. Nishad Junior Technical Assistants 6. Ocean Engineering Division Kum S. G. Pednekar Shri S. B. Afonso Head of the Division Shri M. M. V. Prasad Dr. B. U Nayak Mould Maker Scientists Shri S. Kalangutkar Dr. N M. Anand Shri S G. Diwan Fine Mechanics Dr. P. Chandramohan Shri D. Rodrigues ShriS Mandal Shri M. Surlekar Shri A. K. Suryavanshi Shri K. Ashok Kumar 8. Data & Information Division Shri S. S. Bhal Shri S T Bhat Head of the Division Shri R. M. S. Bhargava Senior Technical Assistants Shri H. C. Mandal Scientists Shri J S Sarupriya Junior Technical Assistants ShriGV Reddy Shri K. C. Pathak Shri A. Ghosh Shri P S. Pednekar Shri T. Pankajakshan ShriNS. N. Raju Shri P. D. Kunte

7. Marine Instrumentation & Junior Technical Assistant Computer Division Smt L Ratnakaran

Head of the Division 9. Training Division Dr. E. Desa Scientist-in-Charge Scientists Dr. (Smt) S. Vijayaraghavan Shri M R Nayak Dr ES Desa Librarian GR. II (3) Shri R. G. P. Desai Shri C. Fernandes Shri T. Suresh Shri E J. D'Sa 10. Publication & Reprography Section Shri A. Joseph Shri G. Vaithayathil Scientist-in-Charge Shri A Mascarenhas Shri V Kesava Das Smt V B. Peshwe Shri A. A. Menezes Scientists Shri S. R. Bhat Technical Officer Shri M. Wahidulla Shri SB. Tengali Shri V. M. Date

166 1989-90 N. IO.

Proof Reader Technical Assistant ShriS. P. Sharma Shri L. Rodrigues

Senior Technical Assistant Junior Technical Assistant Smt. R. Thomas Shn C S. Reddy ^ —-

Junior Technical Assistant 15. Establishment & General Section ShriAY Mahale Controller of Administration Receptionist Shri A. Rajachandran Smt. E. S. S Almeida Section Officers 11. Planning Shri K. R. Ramamoorthy Shri M G. Dalvi Scientists Dr. S. G. Dalai Assistants Shn G. Banerjee Shri P D'Silva Shn P. V. S S. R. Sarma Shri R. K. Duggal Shri P. D'Souza Junior Technical Assistant Shri T C. Fernandes Smt S Simon Smt. N. Mascarenhas Smt R D'Silva 12. Library Shri F G Lourenco Kum M Shahapurkar Senior Documentation Officer Smt S Subramanyam Shri M. P. Tapaswi Shri A. Fernandes

Senior Library Assistants Senior Stenographers Smt S. H. Oka Smt. J. Pinto ShnG. H Sainekar Kum M Cardozo

13. Marine Archaeology 16. Finance & Accounts Section

Emeritus Scientist Finance &-Accounts Officers Dr S. R Rao Shri A Mulhukaruppan Shri CM Dias Scientist Kum. M. Thakkar Assistants ShriJ D'Mello Senior Technical Assistant Shri S. R. Fadte Shri P Gudigar. Smt. M. F. Fernandes

14. Ship Celt 17. Stores & Purchase Section

Scientist Senior Stores & Purchase Officer ShriA. P. Selvam Shn M. R. Gurumurty

167 1989 90 N IO

Assistants Junior Engineers Shn G K Gaur Shn R B Kubsad Shn P Gopinathan Shn KB Kulkarni Shn K S Naik Shn M P Chacko ShnTK Ramankutty ShnSG Sanke 19. Dispensary

Senior Stenographer Resident Medical Officer Smt L DSouza Dr (Smt) L V Bhandare

18. Works Section 20 Boats

Civil Engineer Bosun ShnG Philip Shn R R Garudi

B REGIONAL CENTRES

1 Regional Centre, Bombay Assistant Shn R S Tharval Scientist in charge Dr M D Zingde 2 Regional Centre, Cochin

Scientists Scientist in charge Dr (Smt) V R Nair Dr M Knshnankutly Dr K Govmdan Dr M M Sabnis Scientists Shn R V Sarma Dr V N Sankaranarayanan Dr S N Gaibhiye Shn P Sivadas Dr A N Kadam Shn P U Varma Shn P K Dineshkumar Dr U K Gopalan Dr J R Jaiswar Dr KJ Peter Shn V Josanto Junior Engineer Shn B M Panikkar Shn M B Kewalramam Dr K K C Nair Dr VT Paulmose Senior Technical Assistants Dr (Smt) C B L Devi ShnAV Mandalia Dr T C Gopalakrishnan Kum PD Gore Dr (Smt)V Santhakuman Shn P Sharma Dr T Balachandran Shn M A Rokade Shn P N Aravindakshan Dr KK Rap Junior Technical Assistant Sml S U Panampunnayil ShnPN Mehta Smt R Stephen Smt P P M Kuniamma Senior Stenographer Shn P S Gore Shn P B Nair Smt K V Jayalakshmy 168 1989-90 N IO

Or P Handas Precision Mechanic ShriT Balasubramaman Shn T R. Valson Dr. (Smt) K S Devi Smt T Joseph 3. Regional Centre, Waltair Shn P Venugopal Shn C Revichandran Scientist-m-Charge Dr G Peter Dr T C S Rao Shn A Pylee Shn B Narayanan Scientists Shn 0 Raveendran Shn V S Rama Raju DrKSR Murthy Senior Technical Assistants Dr VV Sarma Shn K K Balachandran Shn MbIM Rao Shn S Kumaran ShnTVN Rao Dr Y Sadhuram Junior Technical Assistant Shn A S Subramanyam Shn P R Vi|ayan Shn S J D Vara Prasad Shn N P C Reddy Senior Personal Assistant Shn K M Rao Shn C S Krishna Pai Shn B Prabhakara Rao Shn R Vijayakumar Technical Officer Shn V N Mohanan Senior Technical Assistants Shn M K Prem Kumar Senior Stores & Purchase Officer Shn K Venkateswarlu Shn P V Raphael Shn S Lakshminarayana

Senior Stenographer Junior Technical Assistant Shn K K Gopinathan Kum C Saguna

Assistant Senior Stenographer Shn V D Manoharan Kum K Radhakrishna

169