Annual Report 1987-1988

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ANNUAL REPORT 1987-1988

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, India NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

DONA PAULA - 403 004, GOA, INDIA.

Grams : OCEANOLOGY, PANJIM Telephones : 6253, 6254, 6255, 6256 & 5988 Telex : 0194 - 216 NIO IN 4612 (Director's Off) 0194 - 316 MGGIN 4909 (Director's Res.)

REGIONAL CENTRES

National Institute of Oceanography Telephones : 6263773, 6264807, Regional Centre Sea Shell Building Grams: OCEANOLOGY BOMBAY. Seven Buglows Versova Telex : 011 - 71182 NIO B Bombay - 400 061

National Institute of Oceanography Telephone : 360306 Regional Centre Vidyaniketan Annex Building Grams : OCEANOLOGY ERNAKULAM House No. 41/591 - B Providence Road Ernakulam Cochin - 682 018

National Institute of Oceanography Telephone : 69794 Regional Centre 52, Kirlampudi Layout Grams : OSTECHLAB VISHAKHAPATNAM Vishakhapatnam - 530 023

Cover Photograph: Red Tide (Trichodesmium Bloom) along the west coast of India. ANNUAL REPORT

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research)

Dona Paula - 403 004 Goa, India. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY Director, National Institute of Oceanography

COMPILED AND EDITED BY Publication and Reprography Section

EDITORIAL PERSONNEL Shri V. Kesava Das Shri S.J.D.Veraprasad Mrs. R. Thomas Mrs. C. Ribeiro

DESIGNED TYPE-SET AND PRINTED BY TAGS GRAPHICS 5, Shradhanjali, Sir Vithaldas Nagar, Sarojini Naidu Road, Santa Cruz (West), Bombay-54. Phone: 53 80 30. 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

1. Director's Report 1

2. Highlights 3

3. List of Projects 8

4. R & D Activities 9 4.1 Physical Oceanography 9 4.2 Chemical Oceanography 16 4.3 Geological Oceanography 27 4.4 Biological Oceanography 33 4.5 Marine Corrosion & Materials Research 41 4.6 Integrated Studies of Estuaries 46 4.7 Ocean Engineering 49 4.8 Marine Instrumentation 55 4.9 Surveys for Polymetallic Nodules 59 4.10 Antarctic Oceanography 61 4.11 Marine Archaeology 64 4.12 Data and Information 66 4.13 Publications and Public Relations 70 4.14 Training 73 4.15 Planning 74 5. International/Bilateral Programmes 75

6. Sponsored Projects 80

7. Oceanographic Cruises 86

8. Infrastructure 92

9. Visitors 98

10. Awards, Honours and Memberships 100

11. Deputations 104

12. Participation in Seminars, Symposia and Meetings 109

13. Publications 116

14. Budget 123

15. Composition of various Committees of NIO 124

16. Appointments/Transfers/Resignations 133 17. Scientific, Technical and Administrative Staff 135 ORGANISATIONAL CHART 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

DIRECTOR'S REPORT

India achieved a significant landmark in ocean research by becoming the first country in the world to obtain rights for mining the polymetallic nodules in the Central Indian Ocean from the United Nations. A major contribution towards this achievement was made by NIO by studying and delineating the nodule bearing areas in the Central Indian Ocean. This has provided India with exclusive mining rights over an area of 150,000 sq. km. while an equal area has been declared reserved for the International Seabed Authority under the United Nations.

NIO has played a leading role in another national programme on Antarctic Research. The Seventh Antarctic Expedition was led by Dr. R. Sengupta, a senior scientist of NIO, and the team included four more scientists from the Institute. During this expedition valuable current data was obtained for the first time from Polynya, east of the Weddel Sea by mooring an array of current meters, which supplemented other oceanographic studies.

Major thrust, during the year, has been given to the oceanography of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of India. An oceanographic atlas for the EEZ of India, first of its kind, was published. This atlas depicts the horizontal distribution of physical, chemical and biological parameters at different levels based on the data collected onboard R.V. Gaveshani during the period 1976-80. The research vessels Gaveshani and Sagar Kanya were mainly deployed for the thrust area programme in the EEZ, in order to make a systematic coverage and to fill area-wise and season-wise gaps in the data.

At the request of Government of Mauritius, NIO in association with the Department of Ocean Development has undertaken studies in the EEZ of Mauritius during September - October, 1987. The Institute also participated in the International Ocean Festival held at Mauritius from 4 to 13 September, 1987. On this occasion an exhibition was organised on board ORV Sagar Kanya which was visited by thousands of people from all walks of life. A few scientists from Mauritius were given onboard training in oceanographic data collection techniques, data processing and interpretation.

International collaboration with Norway, USA and FRG was continued in the fields of ocean engineering, bioactive substances from the sea and corrosion, and palaeoclimatic studies respectively. Apart from these, the Indo-USSR collaborative programme on the monsoon dynamics was also initiated.

In addition to the regular R & D programmes, 14 new sponsored projects, 5 consultancy projects and 17 grant-in-aid projects were undertaken by the Institute with a contract value of about 2.014 crores rupees. The total cash flow from outside agencies during the year was about 2.464 crores rupees which constitutes about 52.5% of C.S.I.R. input. The main sponsors were ONGC, Port Trusts, Industries and Govt. Departments.

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A national project on training, inter-calibration and marine pollution monitoring, funded by DOD was initiated with NIO as the co-ordinating and main implementation agency. One inter-calibration exercise among the 14 participating laboratories in the project, was organised and the results have been communicated to Department of Ocean Development. A second such exercise is in progress.

Several scientists of NIO were deputed for participation and presentation of scientific papers in symposia, seminars and workshops held in the country as well as abroad. A good number of scientists were sent for training in advanced and emerging areas in the country and abroad. Moreover, several inhouse training programmes were conducted for the benefit of scientists and technical staff of NIO and other organisations.

One hundred and fifty one research papers were published in standard Indian and Inter- nationals journals. A few special publications such as the Data Inventories, Mahasagar, NIO Newsletter and Collected Reprints were brought out in time.

A Remote Sensing Centre was established at NIO during the year. The process of upgradation of the Computer Centre was given a boost and we are nearing the commissioning of the new system being procured from Norway and installed at the new computer centre. The upgradation of the computer will enhance the computational power for the new era of seismic data processing, large scale image processing and computer aided design and modelling. The facilities onboard R.V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya were utilised by several organisations including Universities. R.V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya successfully completed 13 and 9 cruises respectively in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal.

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi a colleague scientist, received the "Young Scientist Award" instituted by CSIR and another colleague Dr. M.D. Zingde received young scientist Gold Medal from the Society of Biosciences. One scientist received D.Sc, and six others received Ph.D. during the year.

I record here my gratitude to the sponsors of various projects, the retiring members of the Research Advisory Council and Executive Committee and others, who guided our ap- proaches and supported various activities. I am thankful to all my colleagues whose relent- less efforts and contributions brought credit to the Institute and hope that they will gear up for a better performance with greater dedication.

Highlights of the research findings and detailed report of various R & D activities are given in the following chapters.

B.N. DESAI DIRECTOR

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2. HIGHLIGHTS

PHYSICAL PROCESSES A numerical model developed for the Amba River has been used to determine the tidal excursion at various places along the river. This would help to determine the fate of pollutants introduced into the river, i.e. whether they are flushed out or not.

The oil-spill risk analysis model has been upgraded to take into consideration the movement of spilled oil due to wind and currents, spreading and evaporation.

A hydrodynamical - numerical model of tides and storm surges has been developed for the east coast of India for hindcasting storm surges and computing design water levels for ocean engineering applications.

For many practical purposes the wind-wave systems on sea surface are considered to be linear. The linear systems are well represented by a variance spectrum and a random (Uniform) phase spectrum. But many important processes like wave breaking, wave drift, wave groups, etc. could be explained only by non-linear theory. For understanding the non-linear processes better, simulated wave profiles which are generated using coupled (non-Uniform) phase spectrum have been developed.

A new spectral width parameter has been defined for all types of sea states even including multipeaked ones. This is found to be more dependable than the conventional spectral width parameter which is defined only for narrow band wave spectrum. CLIMATE The failure of the Indian summer monsoon during the last three years has been found to be related to the anomalous eastward shift of the Pacific Ocean warm pool in the central Pacific Ocean. It was found that the mid-May sea surface temperatures over the Bay of Bengal have high correlation with the total rainfall over India. A descriptive model of these features have been developed in terms of east-west circulation.

The role of the Arabian Sea evaporation in monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India has been studied for active, normal and weak monsoon seasons. It is found that the contribution from evaporation towards the moisture flux across the west coast of India is less significant.

To study the growth and intensification of monsoon depressions and post monsoon cyclonic storms, the cyclone-heat potential in the Bay of Bengal has been investigated. During July-August, the north Bay has the highest heat potential of 15 Kcal/cm2 whereas during the post monsoon season, the south Bay has the highest heat potential of 25 Kcal/cm2.

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An apparent relationship between the thermal regimes in the Antarctic waters of the Indian Ocean sector and the summer monsoon activity over India is noticed through a link of the Mascarene-High southern subtropical high pressure zone. REMOTE SENSING In collaboration with Canada (Dalhousie University, Halifax and Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth), a new model of submarine light field which includes spectral and angular detail has been developed. The model is suitable for many applications, both in physical and biological oceanography. Another achievement under this collaboration is an extended formalism for calculation of primary production from available light. Also, an algorithm has been established for estimation of primary production at large horizontal scale using satellite data. These results are very relevant to the problem of satellite data assimilation in major international programmes like the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study.

A novel approach to land-sea delineation using the Visible Channels of the Landsat Thematic Mapper is also undertaken. CHEMICAL STUDIES A one dimensional (vertical) advection-diffusion model was applied to the deep layer characterised by a linear potential temperature - salinity relationship in the Arabian Sea to estimate the velocity of ascending motion. The result indicated that the upward velocity increased southwards. This model was applied to calculate the nitrogen budget based on the N2 production in the O2 - minimum layer and its contribution to the global N2 balance.

Analyses of the available data indicated a relative decreasing trend of oil pollution in the northern Indian Ocean. Studies on dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons in the northern Arabian Sea indicated that these compounds had both beneficial and detrimental effects on phytoplankton biomass.

Data on mercury in water, zooplankton, fish and sediments showed that, in general, there was no apparent mercury risk in the Indian environment. However, a few 'hot spot' regions off Bombay and Mangalore to Calicut on the west coast and Hooghly river mouth on the east coast merit a close watch. Nine organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites were detected in the sediments along the east and central west coast of India and distribution map is being prepared. BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES A total of 30 new marine organisms for primary screening and 45 organisms for repeat screening were collected. Chemical investigations of some of the marine organisms led to the isolation of new sterols and an interesting allene compound. A chemical indicating anal- gesic activity has been isolated from a mangrove plant. Another chemical indicating oxytocic activity has been identified in a seaweed.

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LIVING RESOURCES An intense green tide comprised of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) in association with a flagellate Pedinomonas noctilucas (Subr) Sweeney has been found to be one of the causes for substantial fall in fish catch on the Goa coast during February to April 1987. High zooplankton biomass values were recorded in the southwest coast of India during the SW monsoon. The biomass was low in the northwest coast beyond 14°N. The inshore waters of Gujarat and Kerala harboured high benthic biomass, compared to Goa and Karnataka coasts.

NIO has completed the mapping of coastal wastelands along Goa and Maharashtra coasts and has demarcated areas for mariculture and mangroves afforestation purposes. Mangroves afforestation techniques have been developed and transferred to other agencies for implementation. Remote sensing techniques have been successfully applied in mapping the mangroves vegetation along the central west coast of India. MARINE BIODETERIORATION Studies on the macrofouling on aluminium metal surface in the coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian Sea suggested abundance of macrofouling organisms such as barnacles, oysters and bryozoa. Microfouling studies in this oceanic waters indicated that bacteria and diatoms were most abundant. Fouling cover offers some protection to wood against the borer and corrosion of mildsteel. During the first year of exposure, oxygen concentration played an important role in influencing the rate of corrosion of mildsteel. Corrosion of reinforced steel in concrete slab (RCC) increased with time when placed in the marine environment. MARINE GEOSCIENCES A number of gas seepages were noticed in the sparker records collected from the shelf between Godavari and Mahanadi on the east coast which indicate hydrocarbon deposits. A broad magnetic low along the north east coast of India was demarcated and this would lead to delineation of major structural features. Higher contents (12%) of organic carbon of marine origin associated with reducing environment and large thickness of sediments in the slope region of the west coast of India indicate that these sediments can act as source beds for generation of hydrocarbon.

Magnetic total intensity anomaly and bathymetric data collected off Saurashtra was used to decipher the basement structure. The results indicated that the tertiary sediments reach- ing a maximum thickness of 8 km overlie a Deccan Trap type magnetic basement, which was block faulted. Further in this study, an important WNW-ESE trending fault extending across the Saurashtra continental margin between Porbandar and Veraval was identified. It was suggested that this important fault confirmed the northern boundary fault of the Nar- mada rift graben in this area. Although several earlier works in this area indicated the extension of the Narmada rift graben in the offshore areas, the boundaries of the graben was not conclusively defined. The estimation of 8 km thick sediment in the Narmada graben is

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much more than what was so far estimated by seismic studies. A basin with such huge sediment thickness in the close proximity of the Bombay Oilfield should be viewed as an important future target area for hydrocarbon exploration.

High resolution seismic reflection profiles collected in the nearshore areas off Bombay were used to infer the shallow subsurface geology. Apart from establishing the subsurface geology the study also drew certain palaeoclimatic inferences from this data. Attempt to infer palaeoclimate from high resolution seismic data was for the first time carried out in this study. The results indicated that there was no major climatic change during the last 600 - 700 years, but before this the monsoon had been periodically more vigorous. The study also indicated that no tectonic movement took place around Bombay since early Holocene and only the processes of marine transgression and regression are responsible for the emergence and submergence of the coastal plain around Bombay. OCEAN ENGINEERING A shallow water wave transformation model has been developed, which considers the effect of bottom friction and bottom percolation in addition to refraction, shoaling and diffraction phenomena and computes wave heights and periods at different depths. This will be very useful for the study of various coastal engineering problems related to ports and harbours, coastal erosion etc.

Based on long-term instrumental wave data measured under various sponsored projects from the east and west coasts of India, design wave heights have been estimated for ocean engineering projects.

A software developed for the analysis of deep sea instrumented mooring computes maximum tension and elongations of the mooring line, tension and wire angle at the anchor buoy excursion etc. for a given steady current loading. MARINE INSTRUMENTATION This programme has seen the technology transfer of an intelligent hands-off direct reading current meter. The instrument developed specifically for the extreme conditions of high current and suspended sediment load prevailing in the Hooghly, is also being supplied for DOD-funded programme of environmental pollution surveys and training. Two other instruments are now ready for technology transfer after extensive sea trials - a remote recording weather station and an electronic bathythermograph. Both have been developed in- corporating features not normally found in commercial systems. The bathythermograph with its very fast recording thermal probe showed clearly the lag of standard measuring instruments if the thermocline was profiled rapidly. Both the weather station and the bathythermograph are supplied to DOD-funded manpower training programme. On the purely investigative side, the total dearth of data on the optical spectra of Indian Ocean waters prompted a joint programme with the DOD on the design and development of an optical bench, for the measurement and classification of absorption spectra of sea water including laser excitation, for fluorescence measurements. Other instruments on the anvil

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include a remote recording tide gauge for installation in the Hooghly and designed to solve the special conditions prevailing at present in floatation tide gauge stations. It is presently undergoing rigorous calibration and testing at Mormugao Port. This gauge promises its extension to use as a storm surge recorder.

Other programmes initiated during the year include an instrument programme under fund- ing of UN DP for the development of profiling in-water optical analyser and four jointly funded DOD- programmes for a recording vector averaging current meter, a free fall bathythermograph, a wave recording data buoy and an indigenous Integrated Data Acquisition System for the proposed coastal research vessel of DOD. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH The studies made during the year based on the data collected earlier revealed that marine mammals in the Antarctic waters were found to concentrate between 60° and 70°S and density varied from 16 to 246 animals per 100 km2. Abundance was related to the richness of prey organisms i.e. krill. Annual variability in krill biomass was related to production in the microbial foodwebs and a relationship between water masses and nutrient anomalies in the southern ocean was observed. During winter, ChI a concentration was quite low in the Antarctic waters as compared to the summer values which could be due to minimum light that was diffused through sea-ice. Thick snow cover on the sea-ice also affects Chi a concentration considerably. Two species of blue green algae, 2 species of dinoflagellates and 24 species of diatoms were recorded during the Antarctic winter.

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3. LIST OF PROJECTS

1. THRUST & INHOUSE PROGRAMMES 1.1 Oceanography of the EEZ of India 1.1.1 Physical Oceanography of the EEZ of India 1.1.2 Chemical & Environmental studies in the seas around India 1.1.3 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian coast 1.1.4 Integrated studies of the estuaries 1.1.5 Biological resources of the seas around India 1.1.6 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical and paleoclimatic studies of the continental margins of India 1.1.7 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works 1.1.8 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys 2. NATIONAL PROGRAMMES 2.1 Surveys for Polymetallic Nodules 2.2 Oceanographic studies of the Antarctic waters

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4. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

4.1 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.1.1 Physical Oceanography of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India (J.S. Sastry)

a) Large-scale circulation along the west coast of India (S.R. Shetye, A.D. Gouveia, S.S.C. Shenoi, D. Sunder, G.S. Michael, K. Santanam & A.M. Almeida)

In response to the monsoons, the coastal waters of India exhibit a distinct seasonal cycle. A study of the circulation along the west coast of India was taken up during the year. Data were collected from 180 stations along the west coast of India during each of the southwest and northeast monsoon seasons. A preliminary analysis of the data shows the presence of an under current moving northwards along the western shelf break during the southwest monsoon.

b) Shelf circulation along the west coast of India (M.K. Anthony, S.S.C. Shenoi & D. Sundar)

Both onshore & offshore components of currents exhibit variations with more than one frequency at all the levels. The major constituent of the current field is internal tides with semidiurnal periods. The longshore components exhibit a net southerly flow during March and May and a northerly flow during November. The longshore component consists of a well defined local inertial frequency.

c) Stability of coastline near Cochin Harbour (S. Prasannakumar, P. Vethamony & C.S. Murty)

Wave induced nearshore flow patterns in the vicinity of Cochin harbour were investigated. The erosion of the beaches increases during the south west monsoon due to an increase in the wave energy. There is southerly transport of littoral material in the region north of Cochin Harbour. This is obstructed by the strong tidal flow near the entrance channel and results in the deposition of the material within the channel.

d) Estuarine studies (S.R. Shetye)

Estuaries in India often show tidal asymmetry of flood dominance in which duration of the flood is shorter and the peak discharge larger than corresponding values during the ebb. An analytical model, which assumes that the momentum balance is between pressure gradient and friction, has been used to link the tidal asymmetry to the geometry of the estuarine cross-section; in particular, to the manner in which cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter of the estuarine channel vary with tidal height. Solutions obtained by using 9 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

a perturbation expansion scheme show that rectangular channels lead to flood-dominance primarily because of the variation of the area with tidal height and there is a rise in the mean sea level upstream from the mouth. Available data are consistent with these conclusions.

e) Surface heat budget of the Rihand Reservoir (Y. Sadhuram, P. Vethamony, A. Suryanarayana, G.N. Swamy & J.S. Sastry)

Direct measurements on net radiation and direct solar radiation over the Rihand Reservoir were carried out during May- June. The mean albedo during 07-12 hrs. is found to be higher about 34% than the normal expected value (10%) over the water bodies. A simple equation is developed to compute net radiation over the reservoir from the global radiation. A net heat gain of 335 W/m2 was observed during the study period.

f) Studies on stability of periodic zonal flow (A.A. Fernandes)

Assuming spatially periodic perturbation, the stability of a time periodic zonal flow is being studied. An expression of the evolving flow field has been derived in terms of a series of Bessel functions.

4.1.2 Oceanography of the Northern Indian Ocean (J.S. Sastry)

a) Volume transport in the Arabian Sea during late winter (M.S.S. Sarma, R.J.K. Charyulu, V. Ramesh Babu, Y. Sadhuram & V.V. Gopala Krishna)

Studies on the winter dynamics of the Arabian Sea show that, in general, the flow is southerly and northerly to the west and east of 65°E respectively. The volume transport in the layer (0-1000 m) shows a transport of 43 Sverdrups towards north and 36 Sverdrups towards south

Fig. 1. Volume Transport In 0- 1000m layer. b) Physical oceanographic and meteorological features of the Arabian Sea during 1986 summer monsoon (P. VinayChandran, Y. Sadhuram, M.S.S. Sharma,R.J.K. Charyulu, V.V. Gopala Krishna & V. Ramesh Babu)

Studies on the data collected from the Arabian Sea revealed the following: 10 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Upwelling and sinking processes below and above the thermocline resulted in strong temperature gradients around 100 m in the Northern Arabian Sea. This seems to be a typical seasonal phenomenon in this region. Maps of vertical and horizontal distributions of temperature, salinity, geostrophic circulation and volume transport are under preparation.

The latent heat flux across the sea surface in the Central Arabian Sea is almost double in an active phase compared with a weak phase of monsoon. The estimates of latent heat flux obtained from IDWR data are 50% lower compared with those obtained from the present data set, probably due to errors in the measurement of wind speed and dew point temperature on board merchant ships. The core of the winds was oriented in W-E direction along 15°N instead of SW-NE as observed during normal and active monsoon years. This may be one of the reasons for the deficit rainfall along the west coast of India in 1986 monsoon season. The influence of surface heat fluxes is seen on the structure of the marine boundary layer. It is observed that there is a build up of moisture in the lower boundary layer in south east Arabian Sea under a weak phase of monsoon.

c) Interannual variability of the surface heat fluxes in the eastern Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon (Y. Sadhuram, V.V. Gopala Krishna, V. Ramesh Babu & M.S.S. Sarma)

The SST anomalies in the eastern Arabian Sea are controlled by the interior physical processes rather than the net heat exchange at the surface. Hence, it is suggested that heat content variations in the top layer may give a better indication of the monsoon performance in advance than SST anomalies.

d) Variability of wind stress and currents in the northern Indian Ocean (V.V. Gopala Krishna, Y. Sadhuram, & V. Ramesh Babu)

Using the data collected during MONSOON-77 and MONEX-79, the variability of wind stress and ocean currents at selected locations in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal was studied.

During the onset and active phases of the monsoon wind stress and currents were found to be very high whereas during preonset and break monsoon conditions, they were weak. Wind stress and currents were found to be stronger in the Bay of Bengal during 1977 compared to 1979. A good correlation was seen between wind stress and currents at 25 m depth in the central Arabian Sea. The association was poor in the northern Bay of Bengal probably due to the dominance of the fresh water discharge.

e) Modelling of the Bay of Bengal (N. Bahulayan & A.S.Unnikrishnan)

A previously developed (and tried for January-June) two dimensional barotropic model of wind driven circulation for Bay of Bengal was run for the period July- December using wind data taken from the Atlas of Hasternath & Lamb. Sensitivity studies 11 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

have been carried out to estimate the roles of boundary, wind and tide on steady state surface circulation. Eddy type circulation was found in different regions of Bay of Bengal in all months.

f) Cyclone heat potential in the Bay of Bengal (D.P. Rao, Y.V.B. Sarma & V.S.N. Murty)

During southwest monsoon, the cyclone heat potential values vary from 25 kcal.cm-2 in the southeastern Bay to 10 kcal.cm-2 in the central Bay and increase upto 15 kcal. cm-2 at the head of the Bay. Though there is a decrease of heat content over the entire area during northeast monsoon, the heat content in the southeast Bay still remains high (more than 15 kcal. cm-2) while north of 13°N it is around 10 to 5 kcal. cm-2. The study indicates the southeast bay possesses high heat content in both SW and NE monsoon seasons.

g) Hydrographic conditions in the northwestern Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon (V.S.N. Murty, Y.V.B. Sarma, M.T. Babu & D.P. Rao)

It is observed that the freshwater discharge influences the circulation in the upper 50 m in the northern bay and drives a southwestward current slightly away from the coast. Between this current and the coast, a northeasterly coastal current is developed under the influence of the prevailing south westerly winds. It is found that 150 db surface is a more realistic reference level for describing the near surface circulation in the study area.

h) Hydrography and circulation of the upper 1000 m of the Andaman Sea (P.M. Muraleedharan)

Hydrographic data collected in the Andaman Sea during February-April 1969 have been analysed and studied. Both cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations were noticed throughout the depths of the Andaman Sea. Surface temperature greater than 30°C was observed near the Malacca Strait and it decreased significantly towards the north. Com- paratively low temperature and high salinity were observed at the centre of a large cyclonic eddy located around 10°N. Along 10° N, a belt of less saline cold water was noticed.

i) Structure of the lower troposphere over the northwestern Indian Ocean during 1983 Summer monsoon (M.R. Ramesh Kumar, Y. Sadhuram, G.S. Michael & L.V.G. Rao)

Upper air data collected during summer monsoon season of 1983 were processed and analysed. In general, there were no temperature and humidity inversions over the study area except over a few locations. Large scale subsidence found over the western Indian Ocean was moderately suppressed as compared to the eastern region. The zonal and meridional components of winds exhibited a mirror image like distribution over the zonal sections 40°S, Equator and 10°N. 12 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

j) Latitudinal variation of air sea fluxes in the western Indian Ocean during austral summer and fall (M.R. Ramesh Kumar & L.V.G. Rao)

Surface meteorological data collected during the Sixth Indian Scientific Expedi- tion to Antarctica (November 1986-March 1987) were analysed. Maximum heat (latent and sensible) loss were observed over 30-40°S and 10-20°S during summer shifted to 50-60°S in fall. The Bowen's ratio exhibited less variation during fall than in summer.

k) Review of some oceanic features and their relationship to the Indian Summer Monsoon (V.V.R. Varadachari, V. Kesava Das & D. Sengupta)

The studies for finding relationships between sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian Ocean and the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) rainfall over India brought out contradictory results and some of the recent studies gave rise to doubts in the efficacy of using SST as a predictor of the ISM rainfall. Investigations on moisture flux also present conflicting results as to which area of the Indian Ocean supplies the moisture for the monsoon rainfall over India. An approach to relate the variability of the processes to the energy active areas in the Indian Ocean seems to yield some encouraging results. Monsoon dynamics and processes in the Indian Ocean appear to find some relationship with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, pointing to the fact that ISM has to be viewed as a part of the planetary scale phenomenon. In general, the studies indicate the need for better observational data covering different time and space scales to understand the variability of the ocean processes occurring at different time scales in the Indian Ocean. Numerical models are required to establish the role of the oceanic parameters and processes, including the far off events such as the ENSO events for predicting the ISM.

I) Linkage between Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall and Pacific Ocean Surface Temperature (C.K Gopinathan)

The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall during 1983 to 1987 has been studied in relation to the SST of the tropical Pacific Ocean. The seasonal as well as monthly rainfall over India is above normal when the Warm Pool ( warm waters with SST more than 29 °c) is concentrated on the western side of the Pacific Ocean. If this warm pool moves or spreads beyond the date line, as is generally the case during the onset phase of the ENSO phenomena, the Indian summermonsoon (ISM) rainfall is reduced to below normal values. The adverse effect of the ENSO on the ISM rainfall is maximum during the year of the ENSO.

m) Wind wave modelling studies (M.J. Varkey)

Surface profiles of wind generated ocean waves are found to change much with nonuniformity in phase spectrum. Phase coherency at the spectral peak (for large periods) seems to increase wave groups. Dangerous freak waves are formed due to frequency dependent (by normal law) phase spectrum.

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n) Heat balance of the surface layers of the northern Bay of Bengal (V.S.Rama Raju, T.V. Narasimha Rao & B. Prabhakara Rao of R.C. Waltair)

Physical oceanographic and marine meteorological data were collected at a station (17°30'N 88°00'E) during September 1985. Heat content in the surface layer is calculated directly for each hour from the data. It is seen that the heat content varies in a coherent way in the vertical direction. Latent and sensible heat fluxes were calculated for each hour by the bulk aerodynamic method with the use of hourly wind, temperature and humidity measurements. Diurnal and shorter period variations in all the fluxes and heat content are noticed.

o) Studies on diffusion in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam (V.S. Rama Raju, T.V. Narasimha Rao & B. Prabhakara Rao of R.C. Waltair)

The vertical diffusion (Dz) in the coastal waters off Visakhapatnam during a year based on the salinity, temperature and monthly mean wind velocity was calculated. The diffusion coefficient values are varying between 0.003 to 0.21 cm2s-1 during the year. The water column is mixed (Dz 0.05 cm2s-1) in the southwest monsoon season (June - Sep- tember). The vertical diffusion values are observed to be lowest during October - Novem- ber (Dz = 0.003 - 0.008 cm2s-1).During the northeast monsoon seasoon (December - February) low vertical diffusion coefficient values (0.006 to 0.1 cm2s-1) are observed. High vertical diffusion coefficient (Dz = 0.21 cm2s-1) is observed in May. A reasonably good agreement between the calculated vertical diffusion coefficients and the surface bottom differential in dissolved oxygen concentration values is found. These coefficients have been utilised for the calculation of upward fluxes of the nutrients.

4.1.3 Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of ocean - ocean acoustic tomography (funded by the Department of Ocean Development)

a) Preparatory work in respect of Bay of Bengal (C.S. Murty, Y.K. Somayajulu, S. Prasannakumar, T.V. Ramana Murty & A.K. Saran)

This consists of : i) Analysis of historical environmental and physical oceanographic data, ii) Construction of the sound velocity profiles and examination of the space time variations in the depth and magnitude of the velocity minimum and iii) Deter- mination of analytical sound velocity profile.

These have been carried out for typical sets of data from 50 stations in the Bay of Bengal, irrespective of their times of collection. This analysis clearly indicated variations, though not appreciable, over range of about 100 km, for the conditions similar to those prevailing along the western Bay (off Visakhapatnam) during March 1987. Simulation studies using this information for source receiver configuration indicated three zones of convergence over a distance of 121.5 km and width from 2 to 15 km, when the transmitter is situated at a depth of 150 m from the sea surface. The acoustic in- 14 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

tensity for a range of 121.5 k, computed using ray tube method for +6° ray when the source is sited at 1000 m has been found to be 0.199204 x 10-8 w.m-2, equivalent to -87.16 dB. The sound velocity profiles reconstructed using EOF analysis have shown the data kernel enclosing 99% of the information accounted by the first two energetic eigen modes. The analytical reference profiles constructed for the above data and also for discrete sam- plings from 12 stations occupied during monsoon season have shown reasonable fit to the observed profiles for the waters below the thermocline.

A noise recorder having a flat frequency response upto 40 KHz has been designed and presently under fabrication for use in the waters of the Bay of Bengal at depths close to SOFAR Channel. This recorder comprises of an omnidirectional, low frequency (800 Hz as central frequency) hydrophone, a pre-amplifier and an electronic drive circuitry which will be housed in the Aanderaa current meter casing alongwith its tape drive mechanism.

An acoustic signal processor based on multiple time series estimation has been formulated. This module highlights the specified arrangement within the estimation processor in which each processor while estimating its own signal efficiently behaves as an adap- tive interference nulling device for all the other processors.

15 N.l.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

4.2 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.2.1 Chemical and environmental studies in the seas around India (R. Sen Gupta)

a) On the renewal of the denitrifying layer in the Arabian Sea (S.W.A. Naqvi)

A one-dimensional (vertical) advection-diffusion model has been applied to the deep layer characterized by a linear potential temperature - salinity relationship in the Arabian Sea to estimate the velocity of ascending motion. The results indicate that the upward velocity increases southward. Consequently, the upward flux of oxygen per unit area associated with upwelling of deep water immediately south of the denitrification zone (between 5° and 10°N) is almost twice the corresponding value for the zone of intense denitrification (between 16° and 21° N). Coupled with a southward decrease in the supply of organic carbon from the surface layer, this seems to determine the southern and lower boundaries of the denitrification zone. When normalised to phosphate, there appears to be a deficiency in nitrate, estimated as 1 TgN a-1, in the water upwelling at ~ 3km within the denitrification zone due to downward diffusion of nitrate deficits from the denitrifying layer. Assuming that denitrification in the Arabian Sea conforms to global trends, the Liu- Kaplan model is applied to determine the renewal time of the denitrifying layer (Ca, 150- 600 m) as 1.6 - 3.4a. This is consistent with the recent results supporting the view that Arabian Sea's contribution to global denitrification has been severely underestimated so far.

b) Discontinuity layers in the Arabian Sea (A. Rajendran, M. Dileep Kumar & K. Soma Sunder)

Plots of salinity, PO, NO, dissolved oxygen and water stability (E) against potential temperature revealed the presence of two discontinuity layers at 22.2°C (22DD) and 9.1° C(9DD) in the Arabian Sea. 22DD seems to have been formed due to the mixing of shallow salinity maximum water (SSMW) and Persian Gulf Water (PGW) and falls just above the surface of 25αθ, salinity maximum. The SSMW with θ of 27°C and S of 36.4 x 10-3 is originated in the northern Arabian Sea surface layers. The PGW contribution to the origin of 22DD can be ascertained from the fact that the original PGW with high oxygen content loses its property as it spreads into the oxygen minimum in the northern Arabian Sea leading to the oxygen concentrations to even < 10 μ mol. dm-3 discontinuity. 9DD lying be-

tween σθ surfaces of 27.3 and 27.4 mostly occurred around a depth of 800 m and Red Sea Water (RSW) is reported to be present at this depth. In 22DD oxygen varied from 24.3 to 63.3 μ mol. dm-3 whereas, in 9DD the oxygen range was from 14.6 to 38. μ mol. dm-3.

c) Studies on Boron in Arabian Sea waters (P.V. Shirodkar)

Results of the analysis of water samples showed a significant variation in boron from 4.26 mg/kg to 4.89 mg/kg with B/CI ratio ranging from 0.221 to 0.248. 16 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

d) Organic constituents from sea water (Classy D'Siiva)

The role of alkaline phosphatase activity in nutrient regeneration was studied. Activity was determined as the rate of hydrolyses of (P-NPP) p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Free dissolved and total (i.e. organism associated) activity was determined in water and sediment samples from Mandovi estuary and Arabian Sea. The APA ranged from 0.04 to 2.04 M/L/h and 0.07 -1.09 M/L/h in the Mandovi and Arabian Sea respectively. Seasonal variations were observed with highest concentrations during the premonsoon season and lowest during the monsoon.

The sediment concentrations ranged from 0.175 to 0.482 μg/g/min. There was a dynamic interaction of the phosphorus in the water with the surface sediments. When the overlying water concentration fell below 1 μ molP/L the phosphatases were induced.

Induction and repression of APA were observed with respect to phosphorus. Nearly 95% of the activity was of the induced type. The critical concentration at which in- hibition is expected to occur was 34 MP/L The inorganic P in the estuary ranged from 0.1 to 2.04 μ molP/L. Vertical and diel variations of APA were observed. The APA decreased with depth. Highest activity was observed in the afternoons which may be due to exhaus- tion of phosphorus by the local standing phytoplankton crop.

The APA/Chl-a ratio decreasesd with depth indicating that the activity was more closely associated with heterotrophic bacteria than algal biomass. The APA/orthophos- phate ratio decreased with depth and can be used as an index to determine P- limitation.

In general high APA corresponded with low inorganic phosphorus, low total phosphorus and high organic phosphorus. The organic phosphorus ranged from 22-85% of the total phosphorus. Potential phosphatase activity in sediments relates to the extent and rate of organic phosphorus mineralization.

e) Studies on humic substances in the marine environment (S.D. Sardessai)

Samples of water and sediment were collected to study the potential areas of humic material accumulation in the Arabian Sea. The percentage of organic carbon ranged from 0.44% to 3.3%. In general, the concentration of organic carbon was observed to be higher in the coastal and shelf regions than in the offshore regions. The C/N ratio ranged from 9.2 to 55.9. The coastal sediments showed a higher C/N ratio than the shelf and the offshore sediment indicating the allochthonous source of organic matter.

Two of the sediment samples in the Arabian Sea having comparatively higher percentage of organic carbon were analysed for humic material. The percentage of humic and fulvic acid at these stations by different extraction modes varied from 0.09 to 0.64%.

17 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

f) Studies on iodide-iodate-iodine (F.P. De Souza)

Water samples collected from the Mandovi-Zuari river system were analysed for iodide, iodate and iodine. Iodide, iodate and iodine concentrations ranged from 0 to 19.86, 19.8 to 39.95 and 19.9 to 58.9 μg/kg respectively for the entire year.

The concentrations of the iodine species were lowest in the monsoon due to dilution and increased gradually in the post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons due to attainment of normal oceanic conditions. Since these concentrations were covariant with chlorinity, the iodine species are said to behave conservatively in the Mandovi-Zuari river system of Goa.

g) Chemical speciation of some metals in estuarine and mangrove samples (M.D. George, K Sawkar, A. Rajendran & A. Jaykumar)

The data collected on various species of cadmium, lead and copper in the waters of the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries indicate that Mandovi river has a much higher concentration than Zuari. At the mouth of the rivers where the salinity is high, the average concentration of the dissolved form of all these metals in both the rivers are more or less the same and the values were around 0.5, 4.00 and 1.5 μg/Ι for Cd, Pb and Cu respectively. The average concentration of cadmium, lead and copper in Mandovi estuary are 0.46, 3.09 and 1.98 μg/l respectively and in Zuari the corresponding values are 0.21, 1.65 and 1.04 μg/l. Mining and allied industrial activities are attributed for the higher concentration of these metals in Mandovi.

Studies on the speciation of cadmium, copper and lead in mangrove swamps show considerable variations in the concentration of ionic and organically bound forms. Concentration of ionic form of Cd,Cu and Pb were .5, .0 and .5 μg/l respectively whereas, in the organically bound form only Pb was recorded .0 μg/l in the mangrove waters.

Studies on the estuarine sediments show a very high concentration (156.5 to 261.0 μg/g) of adsorbed manganese near the fresh water and of the river while iron concentration was negligible (11.0 to 14.1 μg/g). Manganese bound carbonate was noticed in high concentration near the river mouth. In the prevailing redox condition in the estuary a high percentage of manganese and iron were found associated with the Phase III which contain mainly iron and manganese hydroxides.

h) Ammonium adsorption in marine and estuarine environments (M D. Rajagopal)

Experiments were carried out in the laboratory by displacement of adsorbed + ammonium (NH 4) with potassium chloride solution to determine the linear adsorption coefficient 'K'. The adsorbed ammonium values ranged from 0.18 to 1.44 μmoΙ/g dry wt of the sediment for Mandovi estuary. It varied from 0.11 to 1.23 μmοΙ/g for Zuari and from 0.04 to 0.92 μmol/g for coastal sediments. 'K' was highest for sediments with high content 18 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

of organic matter or a high content of silt and clay. The relationship between free and ad- + sorbed ammonium was linear between 0.3 and 15.6 mg NH 4 - N/l of pore water.

i) Chemical modelling (M. Dileep Kumar)

A model for the prediction of the concentrations and residence times of various oxidation states of some elements hitherto unknown in the marine environment has been developed. For cations with values greater than 5+ the higher oxidation states shall have higher abundance and residence times in sea water than lower states. A contrasting trend is shown for cations with oxidation states < 5 +. Comparison for some of the elements reveal that the predicted trend for various oxidation states holds good with the observed trend. The presently evaluated values are believed to be of significance in understanding the fate of elements and also the possible interconversions among the oxidation states of a particular element in sea water.

j) Nitrogen transformation in Northern Bay of Bengal during summer (V.V. Sarma & C. Suguna of R.C. Waltair)

Data collected from the Bay of Bengal during March - April, showed an interesting pattern of ammonium distribution. While there is no regular trend either in horizontal or vertical distribution in the Central Bay two prominent maxima, one in euphotic zone near the oxycline (75-150 m) and the other in oxygen deficient zone (400 - 600 m) are observed. Based on this data, the mechanism of nitrogen transformations can be explained.

k) Interrelationship between hydrochemical constituents in the coastal waters Off Visakhapatnam (V.V. Sarma & C. Suguna of R.C. Waltair)

A significant correlation between nitrate and phosphate in surface and bottom waters showed the prominance and association of these nutrients in planktonic growth. The data collected in the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam together with physical constants have been utilised for the calculation of upward fluxes of N, P, Si. The maximum fluxes of N, P, Si, (613.4; 52.7; 734.4 μmοΙ. N/P/Si m-2day-1 respectively) in the premonsoon season show a close relation to the productivity in these coastal waters.

I) Studies in the EEZ of the west coast of India (V.N. Sankaranarayanan, PS. Gore, P. Haridas, K. Sarala Devi, P. Venugopal, O. Raveendran, S. Kumaran, Thressiamma Joseph, K.K. Balachandran, Lissamma Sebastian, Beenamma Jacob, Jajamani Amma & Jose K. Xavier of R.C. Cochin)

The area between 12° and 8°N Lat. in the EEZ of the west coast of India was studied for various environmental parameters during the month of October. Data indicates an upper thin mixed layer (10 to 50 m) with relatively low phosphate concentration (0.2 to 0.4 μmοl-1Ι) and higher concentrations (1 μmοl-1Ι) below this level. Other nutrients also show the same feature. This may be due to the presence of deeper water replenishing the upper layer with nutrients. Thermal structure also indicates thin upper mixed layer. 19 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

m) Some environmental studies in the Gulf of Kachchh (M.D. Zingde, Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, K. Govindan, M.M. Sabnis, A.N. Kadam, A.V. Mandalia, P.D Gore, P. Sharma, M.A. Rokade, Neelam M. Lodh & Annie Verghese of R. C. Bombay)

The studies revealed that the gulf has excellent water quality which should be maintained. The possible increase in the residence times in the basin due to the increase in the low water volume after the establishment of the tidal power plant however warrants any industrial development that would release pollutants into the basin. Large scale mangrove afforestation in the catchment areas and along the creek will facilitate in mini- mising silt transport into the basin.

n) Coastal circulation and basewater quality off Sutrapada, Veraval (M.D. Zingde, V. Josanto, M.M. Sabnis, R.V. Sarma, A.N. Kadam, P.D. Gore, A.V. Mandalia, P. Sharma & M.A. Rokade of R.C. Bombay)

The dominant direction of flow which was west-northwest during ebbs and east- southeast during floods were subjected to significant irregularities, the region being a tran- sitional zone. The peak velocities reached 45 to 50 cm/sec which did not show much variation with the spring and neap tides. The current directions were oscillating without stabiliz- ing in any particular direction for the respective tide. The circulation was also influenced marginally by wind drift, topographical features of the coastline and the bathymetry of the sea around.

The tidal flow which was more or less parallel to the coast, showed a predominant net southerly drift which was more pronounced during premonsoon. The vector loops indicated a net southerly drift of 15-18 km in 48 hr during premonsoon. The other- wise dominant southerly drift diminished and became almost predominant over this period. A significant onshore component dominant in the nearshore region, extended beyond a distance of at least 3 km from the shore. Under the prevailing wind conditions, the onshore component became intensified. A net onshore drift of 8 to 10 cm/sec was quite possible under average tidal conditions and the wind speed of 15 to 20 km/hr was common.

The dispersion potential of the water was high and dilution of 1000 times was attainable in less than 15 min. during May for instantaneous release of dye. The distribution of water density revealed very little stratification.

The water was characterized by a low suspended load (6-64 mg/l). The concentration was significantly lower beyond 20 m depth contour. The suspended particles were mainly of silt and clay origin.

The DO was generally above 4 mg/l during July-August and October-January although lower values were sometimes observed particularly in the subsurface layer. Markedly lower DO was however frequently recorded during May and September. In the absence of any external waste water inputs in the region, these values appear to be a natural occurrence and may be due to the high organic content of the water. Because of 20 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

naturally occurring low DO in the region, the release of waste water containing organic load should be discouraged.

PO3--P was often lower than the stoichiometric requirements and hence may be growth limiting factor with respect to primary productivity. The observed levels of - - + 3- N0 3-N, N0 2-N, NH 4-N, and PO4 -P indicated their natural concentrations in the coastal water of Sutrapada. The concentrations of dissolved Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb also revealed natural background levels.

ο) Heavy metal enrichment in the nearshore sediments of Bombay Harbour (M.D. Zingde and P. Sharma of R.C. Bombay)

Although Bombay Harbour-Thana creek receives substantial inputs of metals through wastewater discharges, their enrichment in the sediment cores obtained from midstream undredged locations is not very high. Since the levels in the water column have not shown any significant increase, it is likely that the metals transported to the creek are scavanged to the sediment in the vicinity of their entry. A sediment core obtained from the nearshore region of Sewree mudflat was therefore investigated.

Significant enrichment of some trace metals was observed in the top 50 cm of the core. Sedimentation rate of about 1.5 cm/yr has been estimated by 210Pb dating technique for the cores obtained from the nearby region.If this rate is assumed for the core under investigation, the enrichment in the top 50 cm represents about 30 years history of deposition. The concentrations of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and P increased from below 50 cm depth to the top layer of the sediment. Manganese on the contrary revealed a definite increase down the core. The Sewree mudflat area receives substantial organic load which completely depletes dissolved oxygen from the water column particularly during low tides. Hence, the sediment-water interface is devoid of dissolved oxygen and the Mn2 + diffus- ing upwards through the interstitial water is released to the water column instead of precipitating. This would result in low levels of Mn in the surface layers of the core as compared to the subsurface sediment.

p) Biological productivity in the coastal waters off Elephanta Island and Sheva (Bombay) (Neelam Lodh, Annie Verghese, K. Govindan and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair of R.C. Bombay)

Seasonal variation in pigment concentrations viz : chlorophyll a off Elephanta and Sheva(av. 2.82 & 5.23 mg/m3) and phaeophytin (av. 3.32 & 4.11 mg/m3) indicated higher values during monsoon as compared to the post and pre-monsoon periods. Lower values of chlorophyll a during pre-monsoon period (av. 1.01 & 1.22 mg/m3) was well defined at both the stations. The observed annual averages for chlorophyll a and phaeophytin were 3.10, 2.80 and 2.13; 2.99 mg/m3, respectively.

Eventhough zooplankton population count was high during monsoon (av. 1120 &1888/m3), the recorded biomass (av. 32 & 40 ml/100m3) was low at both the regions. 21 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

However the pre-monsoon period sustained higher biomass (av. 50-61 mg/100m3) for both locations.

The coastal regions off Elephanta sustained higher mean population count of macrobenthos during postmonsoon (798/m2) and higher mean biomass (3.2 g/m2) during pre-monsoon. Monsoon recorded low population count and biomass of macrobenthos off Elephanta. On the other hand, Sheva region sustained higher mean population count during monsoon (1047/m2). The low mean biomass (0.8 g/m2) and mean population count (211/m2) were noticed at Sheva during pre-monsoon. The mean population density was relatively higher at Sheva (745/m2) than Elephanta (391/m2).

4.2.2 Protection of marine environment and monitoring of pollutants along the Indian coast (R. Sen Gupta)

a) Dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons (M.S. Shailaja)

It was found that between latitude 15° N and longitude 65° and 72° E the dissolved petroleum hydrocarbon compounds (concentration range 2.43 to 20.68 μg I) had both beneficial and detrimental effects on phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a concentration 0.022 to 0.18 μg I) in different well-marked areas.

b) Toxic and non-toxic heavy metals (Sujatha Sanzgiri, T.W. Kureishy and Analia Mesquita)

Hg concentrations in water varies between .01 to 0.13 μg/Ι along the Indian coastline. Except for 'hot spot' regions off Bombay, the coastal strip from Mangalore to

Calicut and at the Hooghly river mouth where values range from 0.18-1.4 μg/I, the average

prevailing value is about 0.07 μg/l. In zooplankton samples the Hg concentration was non-

detectable. (.004 μg/gm) while in fish muscles it ranges from .004 - 0.36 μg/gm wet weight.

The range in sediments were from 0.038 - 0.08 μg/gm (dry weight) of Hg. Though there seems to be no apparent 'Hg risk' in the Indian environment, the localized hot spot regions which have been identified, merit a close watch, in terms of monitoring programmes.

c) Pesticide residues in the marine environment (A. Sarkar & M.S. Shailaja)

A periodic study of the concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in a few edible varieties of fish available along the Goa coast was initiated.

Nine organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites such as BHC, Aldrine, Dieldrine, pp - DDT, op - DDT, pp - DDE, op - DDE, pp - DDD and op - DDD in the sea- sediments along the east and central west coast of India were detected. Their residue level and the variations of residue levels of different organo-chlorine pesticides are shown in Fig. 2 and 3 over leaf.

22 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Fig. 2. Diagram showing the variation of Fig. 3. Diagram showing the variation of the level of concentration of different the level of concentrations of the residues chlorinated pesticides residues in of DDT and its metabolites in marine sediments along the east coast of sea-sediments along the east coast of India. Verticle lines indicate the sample India. Vertical lines at the top of each standard deviations of five individual histogram indicate the sample standard observations with respect to EPA deviations of five individual observations standard samples. Numbers at the with respect to EPA standard samples. corner of each of the diagram represent Numbers at the corner of each of the the sites of sample collections. diagrams represents the sites of sample collections.

The concentrations of different organochlorine pesticides determined in the sediments off the east and central west coasts of India are reproduced in the map shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Concentration of Chlorinated Pesticides Residues in Sea Sediments. 23 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

The extent of extraction of chlorinated hydrocarbons was docu- mented from seawater by XAD-2 resin column in the laboratory using Seastar in-situ sampler at a flow rate of 200 ml/min. The concentration of different chlorinated pesticides in the Arabian Sea along the central west coast of India was estimated (Photo 1)

Photo - 1. In situ water sampler (Sea Star) being operated for the first time (ORV SK 29)

d) Chemistry of sea-surface microlayer (S.Y.S. Singbal, P.V. Narvekar and R. Nagarajan)

Nutrients and distribution of aluminium and silicates were studied in the microlayer on the sea surface in the Arabian Sea.

Aluminium was always enriched in the surface microlayer. Highest concentrations and enrichment were observed in two northern transects away from the coast. Over- all concentrations of Al in SML and I m depth ranged within 2.8 to 44.3 μg/Ι and 2.2 to 20.1 μg/l respectively. Silicate which was enriched most of the times increased towards coast and its range was from 0 to 9 μmοΙ/Ι in SML and at 1 m depth.

Nitrite was insignificantly enriched and ranged from 0 to 0.41μmoΙ/Ι. Phosphate was depleted in SML at many stations. Its range in SML from 0 to 0.59 μΓηοΙ/Ι and in subsurface water it was from 0.19 to 0.98 μmοΙ/Ι.

e) Biological and environmental studies of some of the estuarine systems of the south west coast of India ( V.N. Sankaranarayanan, PS. Gore, P. Haridas, K. Sarala Devi, P. Venugopal, O. Raveendran, S. Kumaran, Thressiamma Joseph, K.K. Balachandran, Lissamma Sebastian, Beenamma Jacob, Rajamani Amma & Jose K. Xavier of R.C. Cochin)

24 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Studies on the effect of industrial pollution on the benthic communities of the Periyar river estuary indicated a constant reduction in the benthic fauna from river mouth upstream. The impact of the environmental parameters on the distribution of macro benthos revealed the quantum of endurance warranted by the infauna to tide over the environmental stress. The qualitative and quantitative distribution of benthos showed a direct relationship with the nature of the bottom. The polychaete Capitella capitata a pollution indicator species constituted 98.8% of the population immediately downstream of the effluent discharge site. The occurrence of Dendronereis aestuarine even at the effluent discharge site show the species as pollution resistant.

Chaliyar river has not been receiving the rayon factory effluents for about 2 years now. Data collected in 1979-81 when the factory was functional was compared to the present set. This showed the occurrence of previously absent groups like Metapenaeus dobsoni, Metapenaeus affinis, Trachy penaeus and Penaeus spp. larvae and juveniles in large numbers. In additon to this, non penaeids of importance Machrobrachium and Palaemonidse were also presnt in abundance in the region of low salinity. Presence of such commercially important species in good numbers indicates the suitability of this area as nursery ground in the absence of negative interference.

Detailed studies on the ecology of zooplankton with special reference to copepods in the estuaries of Kerala indicate that a mixed assemblage of low, medium and high saline species occur at the Thottapilly and VeIi lakes, though salinity was low throughout. Occurrence of typical marine species like Temora discaudata and Acartia negligens at VeIi lake which lacks a permanent connection to the sea is intriguing. They might have been recruited through spill over during wave action and possibly sustained by coastal aquifers providing saline water at the bottom. It appears that the salinity does control the abundance of species in estuaries, but need not necessarily be deemed as the prime factor controlling the occurrence as is shown from the foregoing.

Microbiological pollution studies : Under the "Mussel watch programme" bacterial flora in the mussel bed overlying water and the mussels sold for consumption from selected regions along southwest coast were studied monthly. High counts of Strep- tococcus faecalis were encountered in the green mussel Perna viridis marketed at Mahe. Salmonella spp was absent in the mussel but Vibrio parahaemolyticus was present in the sample. Vibrio cholerae was totally absent in all the samples throughout the year. However, non-agglutinating strains (NAG) of V. cholerae were encountered. Secondary contamination of the mussels during handling and sale is thus indicated. At Vizhinjam mussel samples from the bed also indicated the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Non- agglutinating strains of V. cholerae. Meagre flushing would have resulted in accumulation of sewage material and contamination of the mussel bed.

4.2.3 Survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India (funded by the Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi)

Under the above project, 3 training courses of two weeks duration each in 25 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

marine pollution monitoring techniques were conducted at the Institute. Each course included theory lectures and practicals related to the different methodologies.

One round of monitoring 22 parameters along the coastal stretch from MaI- wan to Karwar has been completed.

26 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

4.3 GEOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.3.1 Regional geological, geophysical, geochemical studies of the sediments of the continental margin of India (P.S.N. Murty)

a) Regional geology of the western continental margin of India (M. Veerayya, B.G. Wagle, K.H. Vora, F. Almeida and S.M. Karisiddaiah)

A large part of the western continental shelf and slope has been surveyed using echosounding, side scan sonar and shallow seismic profiling systems at approximately 20 km line spacing. About 5500 lkm of echosounding and 7200 lkm of seismic profiling data were collected off Gulf of Kutch, Mormugao and Bhatkal. 85 bathymetric profiles and 60 seismic profiles covering the shelf and slope between Dwarka and Cochin have been prepared. A consolidated bathymetric map of a large part of the western continental shelf has also been prepared.

A reconnaissance study of the data has revealed that the continental shelf break occurs between 90 -145 m water depths. The inner shelf is largely characterised by even and gently sloping topography and is carpeted by recent sediments. The even topography extends between 50 m (Kasargod) and 130 m (Mangrol- Dwarka) water depths. Seaward of these depths and upto the shelf edge the shelf is characterised by uneven topography with 2 - 5 m relative variations, the maximum being recorded off Bombay. The uneven- topography has been ascribed to relict sands, coral reefs and coralline limestones. Seis- mic profiles show 10- 40m thick acoustically transparent sediments on the inner shelf, minimum being recorded off Cochin and maximum off Saurashtra-Bombay coasts. At places, the inner shelf is marked by acoustic masking due to gases. Records also show the presence of paleochannels in the inner shelf.

The continental shelf off Bombay is marked by a prominent ridge, while off Mangrol-Dwarka it is characterised by rugged topography. At places the continental slope is characterised by sediment slumping, subsurface faults, contorted reflectors and facies changes.

Remote sensing techniques were extensively used to study the coastal and nearshore areas. Coastal features identified are aeolian, fluvial and marine geomorphic units such as tidal flats, river terraces, mesas, wave-cut platforms, old beach ridges, dunes etc. Major coastal lineaments control the coastal features and pattern. Geomorphological evidences show that the coastal tract has undergone the following stages after the out- pouring the Deccan Traps: epirogenic movement, headward erosion, recession of scarps, superposition of the streams, lateritization, submergence, emergence, progradation and retrogression. Based on the echogram studies the continental shelf is divisible into three distinct morphological zones : even, uneven and rough. Important physiographic features 27 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

recorded in the echograms of the outer shelf are the prominent ridges of 4 to 5 m height. The surface of the continental slope is very irregular due to the presence of steep ridges and valleys.

b) Geology of the Eastern Continental Margin (T.C.S. Rao, K.S.R. Murthy, M.M.. Mal- leswara Rao, A.S. Subrahmanyam, N.P.C. Reddy, K. Mohana Rao, K.V.L.N.S. Sarma, M.K. Prem Kumar, S. Kannan, K. Venkateswarulu & S.L. Narayana of R.C. Waltair)

Surface sediment samples collected over the continental shelf between Pudimadaka and Bhimunipatnam were analysed for the determination of texture, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, coarse fraction studies and clay mineralogy. Distribution maps for the surficial sediments between Pudimadaka and Bhimunipatnam are prepared. These show the presence of sand upto 30 m, silty clays between 30 and 60 m and mixed clastic calcareous sediments further offshore upto 100 m. The calcium carbonate content varies from 10 to 85% with increasing trend towards the deeper water. The limestone concretions collected over the reefs off Visakhapatnam contain more than 90% of calcium carbonate. Distribution of organic carbon is found to be size related and is comparatively high in concentration off Bhimunipatnam than Pudimadaka. It varies from 0.3 to 1.8% and shows a seaward decreasing trend. The clay mineralogical studies show that the kaolinite and illite have their source from the coastal red sediments and khondalities while montmorillonite has its origin from the Basaltic Deccan traps drained by river Godavari.

C) Marine geophysics (D. Gopala Rao, G.C. Bhattacharya, M.V. Ramana, V. Subrahmanyam, K.A. Kamesh Raju, T. Ramprasad, AK. Chaubey & K. Sreekrishna)

Multichannel seismic reflection (1428 lkm) magnetic (4130 lkm) and bathymetric data (9081 lkm) in the Bay of Bengal and magnetic and bathymetric data (4000 lkm) on the western continental shelf of India were collected.

The magnetic anomaly maps of the western continental shelf between Vengur- Ia and Vijaydurg and off Goa are prepared. A regional E-W to ENE-WSW trending fault across the margin off Saurashtra coast and subsidence of the axial part of the Gulf of Kutch are interpreted. Offshore extension of the onshore amphibolites and/or intrusions upto 50 m water depth off Bhatkal, southwest of India are inferred from shallow seismic reflection, magnetic.and detailed petrographic studies. Two dimensional crustal models of the anomalies are prepared which reveal 4 to 8 km thickness of the sediments. Pb210 studies of the sediment core in Vijaydurg Bay revealed high sedimentation rates. Basement models from the magnetic anomalies are also prepared for the Jaigad, Ambwah and Varvada Bays, Konkan. A three dimensional surficial geology model of Jaigad Bay is prepared.

d) Geophysical studies on the Eastern Continental Margin (T.C.S. Rao, K. S. R. Murthy, M.M. Malleswara Rao, A.S. Subrahmanyam, N.P.C. Reddy, K. Mohana Rao, K.V.L.N.S. Sarma, M.K. Prem Kumar, S. Kannan, K. Venkateswarulu & S.L. Narayana of RC. Waltair)

Continuous seismic profiler (Sparker), magnetic and bathymetric data collected 28 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

on the east coast of India between Pennar and Mahanadi rivers have been processed and the preliminary analysis is completed. The recent (Holocene) sediments are more than 50 m thick off the Krishna river and they progressively become thin towards the Godavari river. Below these sediments a distinct layer called the Late Pliestocene layer (Holocene-Plies- tocene boundary) is recorded. Off Visakhapatnam the recent sediments are either thin or absent particularly at the water depths between 50 and 90 m and the Pliestocene layer is exposed over the ocean bottom in the form of pinnacles, reefs, carbonate mounds etc. The other interesting feature observed is the highly disturbed chaotic layer which is recorded from about 90 m water depth. This layer has undergone series of close faulting and folding that has contributed to its chaotic character. In some of these records, the deep dents that are formed in this layer due to faulting or sediment creeping do extend into the overlying sediments. In between this layer and the ocean floor, several distinct and well separated layers are recorded which could possibly represent different stages of sea level changes during Pliestocene. In the offshore regions of Narasapur, gas seepages are recorded between 600 and 900 m water depth. The ocean floor in this region is relatively flat and forms a plateau like feature and is associated with faults on either side. The sediments in this region are highly disturbed and clearly resemble the gas mixed sediments. The gas seepages are also recorded in the region off Gopalpur, Chilka Lake and the Mahanadi offshore basin.

The magnetic data recorded particularly off Krishna and Godavari rivers is very smooth and appears to be devoid of any significant anomalies. The broad magnetic low that runs parallel between Paradip and Kakinada could possibly represent a major structural trend that could be related to Mahanadi graben and Godavari graben.

The bathymetric data collected in this region was digitized and the contour maps are prepared. The continental shelf is very narrow off Krishna and Godavari rivers with the shelf edge occuring at 130 m water depth. To the south and north of this area the shelf is relatively more wide and the shelf edge occurs at about 200 m water depth. Over the continental shelf the topography is extremely irregular and is associated with deep cut channels, and rises. At the foot of the continental slope, a rise called as 'Marginal Rise' is recorded with its relief varying between 50 and 250 m. Over the outershelf of Visakhapat- nam, the topographic highs with their relief varying between 5 and 10 m are recorded in the form of reefs, terraces, etc. The width of these features ranges from few meters to nearly 200 m and they form lineations running parallel to the coast.

Detailed bathymetric, magnetic and seismic profiler (Sparker) data was collected in the offshore regions of Krishna- Godavari basins in February-March, 1988.

Contour maps for the magnetic and bathymetric data are prepared for the area from Pudimadaka in the south to Mukkam in the north. Magnetic contour maps are also prepared for the six bays in this area. Qualitative analyses of the magnetic contour map indicate the extension of the fracture zones and the submerged river beds from the coast into the sea. In the bay areas where high concentrations of magnetite-ilmenite deposits are found, the high amplitude and short wave length magnetic anomalies are recorded.

29 N.1.0 ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

e) Geochemistry (Ch.M. Rao, A.L. Paropkari & C. Prakash Babu)

Studies on sediment samples from the shelf and slope region between Quilon and Cape Comorin indicate the following :

CaCO3 content is low ( 30%) on the shelf sediments off Quilon compared to the shelf sediments off Cape Comorin (60 - 90%) whereas in the slope sediments it is moderately high (50 - 60%) and uniform in its distribution. The organic carbon content is low (0.3 -1.0%) on the shelf sediments and high (4 - 8%) in the sediments of slope region in the depth range of 300 m to 1000 m between Quilon and Trivandrum and further south it decreases to 2%. Biogenic silica content varies from 0.1 to 2.0% and its distribution is very similar to that of organic carbon. The trace metal (Cu, Ni and Zn) concentrations in general are high in the organic carbon rich sediments suggesting that organic carbon is the host for these metals.

f) Paleoclimatic studies (R.R. Nair, M.V.S. Guptha, N.H. Hashimi, R. Nigam, D.V. Borole, A.S. Muralinath & Aradhana Rao)

Micropaleontology

Planktonic foraminifera : Planktonic foraminiferal studies from the western equatorial Indian Ocean sediments reveal that the tropical fauna gradually and progressively decreases from 6°N to 21°S while sub-polar fauna shows inverse distributional pattern showing upward trend in its abundance from 38% at 21°S to 0.8% at 6°N. Occurrence of tropical fauna in abundance at about 20°S suggests either general warming of oceans or the prevailing warm water currents. Lastly, the presence of sub- polar fauna in the same latitude, in considerable proportion also indicates shift in polar/sub polar front during Holocene.

Based on the planktonic foraminiferal study from deep sea core from the Mur- ray Ridge, it has been inferred that SW monsoon was intense at about 8000 yrs B. P. Be- sides, strong upwelling around 45,000 yrs B.P. was encountered which was evidenced by highest total organic carbon and Globigerina bulloides an indicator species of upwelling.

Based on the study of living planktonic foraminifera from the southeastern Arabian Sea, two foraminiferal assemblages viz. summer tropical Arabian Sea assemblage off Kerala coast and summer upwelling Arabian Sea assemblage off Cape Comorin were encountered.

Foraminiferal fauna from 50 surficial sediment samples from Dabhol-Bhatkal sector of the west coast were collected and Cavarotalia annectons was selected to monitor the influence of estuaries on the innershelf fauna. Abundance of this species (0- 41%) was found inversely proportional to freshwater discharge. Hence, its low frequency should indicate higher discharge through rivers and thus better monsoons. This concept is tested by studying core variation in percentage distribution of this species in 27 sub samples from 30 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

a core (1.16 m) collected from a depth of 25 m in shelf region off Karwar in front of river mouth of Kalinadi. As this species show considerable amount of fluctuations in abundance, it is concluded that monsoonal intensity had varied in the last few hundred years.

Number of sediment samples collected from the floor of a large rectangular basin excavated at Lothal were analysed. Presence of well preserved foraminiferal fauna in the sediments indicates that structure was connected with high tidal marine environment. Therefore, the finding confirm the existence of first tidal dock of the world at the port town of Lothal and thereby rejecting the possibility of basin as an irrigation tank or reservoir for potable water.

Calcareous Nannoplankton : 45 deep sea core tops from the Arabian Sea have been studied for calcareous nannoplankton. Altogether, 54 nannoplankton species have been recognised, of which only 14 species are modern and the remaining are all reworked. It has been noticed that the reworking is extensive along the western Arabian Sea.

Geochronology

Extensive studies of U-Th series radionuclides on the ancient and contem- porary phosphroites from the Arabian Sea have been carried out mainly to understand the genesis and the facies settings for their formation. The radiometric ages of phosphorite from the western continental shelf are in the range of (4-9) 103 yrs while that of the host carbonate nodules are 11 x 103 yrs. This indicates that phosphogenesis is an ongoing process since Holocene on the western shelf. The average growth rate of the shelf phosphorites is 0.1 mm/103 yrs.

In contrast, the Error Seamount's phosphorites are found older and based on paleontology, early Tertiary age has been assigned. The absolute Uranium concentration in Error Seamount phosphorites is 10 - 12 ppm while the phosphorites of western continental margin are in the range of 30 - 50 ppm. This is probably due to the fact that the Error Seamount phosphorites are deposited in an oxidising environment as supported by the occurrence of goethite contrary to western continental margins phosphorites which is deposited in oxygen deficient conditions.

The present day rates of sedimentation on the western shelf and slope region, determined by 210Pb excess techniques ranged from (1.8 -19 mm/yr). Accumulation rates decrease southwards from the Narmada and Tapti confluence in Gulf of Cambay. This pattern indicates sediment dispersal in the coastal region regulated by southwest monsoon dominated by surface currents. Similar, trend encountered along the southwestern traverse suggest that suspended matter transport across shelf is minimal.

The low 230Th excess concentration in the Arabian Sea core sample suggests that the sedimentation rates are fast due to southwest monsoonal upwelling or the sedimentation in the Arabian Sea is never grain by grain and the settling particles lack the scavenging agents resulting in a poor scavenging efficiency for 230Th. 31 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

A sediment core from Carlsberg Ridge has been dated by 230Th excess dating technique. There is a conspicuous drop in sedimentation rate from 23 mm/103 yrs to 2 mm/103 yrs at about 23,000 yrs probably due to the drastic variation of the discharge of River Indus to this region during glacial period.

Rates of sedimentation based on 4 cores from 5000 m estimated by the 230Th excess technique on pelagic siliceous oozes and clay sediments from the Central Indian Ocean Basin varied from 1 to 9 mm/103 yrs.

32 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

- 4.4 BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

4.4.1 Biological resources of the seas around India (A.H. Parulekar)

a) Primary Production (V.P. Devassy, Aditi Pant, P.M.A. Bhattathiri, M.V.M. Wafar, J.I. Goes & Helga Gomes)

An intense 'green tide' comprised of Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) in association with a flagellate Pedinomonas noctilucae (Subr.) Sweeney was observed to cause substantial fall in fish catch off Goa, during February to April 1987.

During the southwest monsoon period the primary productivity in southeastern Arabian Sea (7-14°N, 70-78°E) showed average daily surface production of 7.653 mgC m-3 and 100.042 mgC m-2 at the column. Mean chl a concentration at the surface and column were 0.141 mgm-3 and 2.571 mg m-2, respectively.

b) Secondary Production (S.C. Goswami, C.T.Achuthankutty, M. Madhupratap, S.R.S. Nair & G. Padmavati)

High zooplankton biomass values were recorded along the southwest coast (8°28'- 13°00'N) during the SW monsoon. Biomass values varied from 0.04 to 4.5 ml m-3 (average = 0.36 ml m-3) for the water column and from 0.008 to 6.9 ml m-3 (average = 0.91 ml m-3) for the surface collections. This may be due to nutrient enrichment from the land runoff or upwelling. The values were quite poor (0.06 to 0.58 ml m-3) in the northern region (north of 14°00'N) for the postmonsoon period, when the values for the coastal waters ranged from 0.2 to 1.3 ml m-4 and 0.05 to 0.6 ml m-3 for the oceanic realm. Some areas (11°51'Ν, 75°ο8Έ; 13°56'N, 74°20'E and 14°42'N, 73°59'E) showed abundance of carnivores such as siphonophores and medusae.

Record of 10 species each of Pseudodiaptomid and Acartiid copepods from the Cochin backwaters is the highest from a single locality in the world. This indicated that factors other than stability are operative in influencing the diversity in the estuaries.

C) lchthyoplankton Survey (K.J. Peter, P.N. Aravindakshan, T. Balachandran, V.T. Paulinose, T.C. Gopalakrishnan & M. Krishnan Kutty of R.C. Cochin)

Information on the kind and abundance of fish larvae based on part of the IIOE collections has been logged under this programme. Trichiurid larval resources of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal revealed that their contribution was only 0.1% and 0.04% respectively of the total larvae collected from these areas. 33 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

d) Studies on secondary producers, systematics and distribution (V. T. Paulinose, V. Santhakumari, Saramma U. Panampunnayil, Rosamma Stephen, P.P. Meenakshikunjamma, George Peter, K.K.C. Nair & K. Kameswara Rao of R.C. Cochin)

The standing stock of zooplankton off Karwar and Ratnagiri on the west coast was relatively high (with the highest value 358 ml/100 m3) during post-monsoon and it was due to the presence of hydromedusae and fish larvae. This was associated with low temperature and low oxygen. Dense swarms of Cladocera Penilia avirostris and pteropod Creseis acicula also contributed to the high biomass value. Even though Copepods ranked first in numerical abundance, Ostrocods dominated in several stations. Maximum number of fish larvae and appendicularians were found in July.

Foraminifera : Microfaunal composition of the lagoonal sediments of Agatti, Kavaratti, Suhelipar and Minicoy atolls of Lakshadweep showed, that of the families of foraminifera observed, Miliolidae, Calcarinidae, and Amphisteginidae are most abundant and two species, Calcarina calcar and Amphistegina radiata are the most dominant. Planktonic foraminifera are very rare and those few present in the lagoons have been transported by water currents through passages of the reef. In general foraminifera of the coral reef in the coastal waters of Indian peninsula are similar in their species composition. Larger foraminiferids and typical coral reef species of the fauna from Lakshadweep have been reported. The role of foraminifera as reef builders and their distribution as related to ecology are evaluated. The data suggest that there is a similarity of the reef faunas between the tropical Indo-Pacific and Atlantic waters.

Copepoda: Analysis of the collections made from the continental shelf waters and around Kavaratti showed dominance of copepods. The occurrence of the Calanoid copepods Phaena spinifera, Onchocalanus affinis, O. chelifera, Cornucalanus indicus in the bathypelagic zone indicated the areas of upwelling. The record of Urocopia singularis, a deep water copepod was recorded for the first time from Indian Ocean waters. Analysis of the copepod fauna of the Thal region, Bombay showed an year round occurrence of Acartia spinicauda, Boteryllus similis and Paracalanus crassirostris whereas species of centropages varied with different seasons. Temosa turbinata appeared in blooms during October-November months.

Amphipoda : Study of the oxycephalid amphipods of the Indian Ocean revealed certain interesting findings. Contrary to the earlier observations, Oxycephalus latrirostrics Calamo-shynchus pellucidus, Streetsia steenstrupi and Rhaldosoma minor are sparse in Indian Ocean. Swarming of Tullbergella cuspideta and expatritatiax in Rhab- dosoma brevicaudatum was observed for the first time. Steetsia steenstrupi, S. challengeri and S. mindanaonis from the Bay of Bengal and west Australian coast; Rhabdosoma minor from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, and Cranocephalus seleroticus were the first record for representative areas. Diversity of species was found to decrease in the east- west and north-south directions. Metalycaea globosa, Tullbergella cuspidata and Rhab- dosoma armatum exhibited endemism. Species diversity was low as many of the samples had only one species each.

34 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Mysidacea : Studies on the systematics of Mysidacea from the Indian waters was continued. Two new species Gastrosaccus robusta and Rhopalopthalmus augus- ticauda have been described.

Decapoda : Observations made at the continental shelf waters of the southwest coast of India recalled that coasts off Trivandrum, Saurashtra and Bombay are very rich for decapods. The larvae collected from these regions consisted of mainly penaeids, carideans, stenopids, thalassinids, anomurans, brachiurans and stomatopods. Also the developmental stages of the penaeid prawn Metapenaeopsis through its three species M. mogiensis, M. andamanensis and M. barbata have been described for the first time.

Fish larvae: Systematics and distribution of larvae of 2 species of Hegeros- tomata, Crossorhonbus valdirostrus and C. ajums in the Indian Ocean and Indo-Pacific waters have been studied. Among these two species, the former was collected more from the day stations and seemed to prefer the open ocean, whereas the latter was coastal and mostly from night collections.

e) Benthos in Kavaratti Lagoon (P. Sivadas, B. Narayanan & B.M. Panikkar of R.C. Cochin)

Preliminary observations on the macrobenthos samples collected from Kavaratti lagoon showed that the fauna was consisted of gastropods, bivalves, decapod crustaceans, juvenile shrimps, polychaetes the prochurdate amphisxus and occasionally some fish larvae. Alongwith this sediment analysis have been done at the 5 sampling stations to find out the relationship between the texture of the sediment and faunal composition. The bulk of the macrobenthic fauna was constituted by gastropods, bivalves and decapod crustaceans.

f) Benthos along the west coast (A.H. Parulekar, S.N. Harkantra, Z.A. Ansari & B.S. In- gole)

Analysis of benthic samples collected at half degree interval in shelf and one degree interval in slope of EEZ of west coast of India including Lakshadweep Sea, revealed that inshore waters of Gujarat and Kerala harboured high benthic biomass compared to Goa and Karnataka coasts. The biomass was as high as 2250 g m-2 off Gujarat (20° lat. 70° long.) mainly due to the aggregation of Peanut worms Sipunculoidea (Golfingia sp). The biomass values varied between 4.57 to 41.83 g m-2 in other areas.

g) Impact of ecological changes in the Vembanad Estuary (M. Krishnan Kutty, U.K. Gopalan, T. Balasubramanian, M. Viswakumar & Doyil T. Vengayil of R.C. Cochin)

Composition and seasonal abundance of macrobenthos have been found to be influenced by recent ecological changes in the estuary especially the eutrophication and consequent accumulation of decaying vegetation. A quantitative survey carried out in the estuary revealed that decaying macrophytic vegetation dominated by Salvinia has ac- cumulated at the rate of 356.76 g/m2, 400.6 g/m2 and 221.65 g/m2 during premonsoon, 35 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

monsoon and post-monsoon respectively. Their effect on the benthic biomass appears to be partly determined by the dynamic estuarine conditions in different areas of the back- water with fairly high values in areas where there is no oxygen depletion. Other areas of denser weed deposits were poorer in biomass and dominated by polychaetes. An interesting feature apparently caused by such accumulation of macriphytic biomass is a steady long term increase in the abundance of amphipods which in certain isolated localities is estimated to be as high as 70000/m2.

h) Mangroves & Seaweeds

i) Seaweeds (A.G. Untawale, Vinod Dhargalkar, T.G. Jagtap, C.R.K. Reddy, Geeta Deshmukhe & Vijaya Ambiye)

A total of 94 species have been recorded from intertidal and subtidal regions of the central west coast of India. Caulerpa was observed to be dominant in subtidal zones (3 m depth) at Goa. An average algal biomass of 3-4 kg m-2 (wet wt.) from subtidal regions of Goa and Malwan was estimated. Algal flora of the submerged Angria bank was represented by 58 species of which some are new to the west coast of India.

From the diving surveys for subtidal (upto 25 m depth) marine algae around Kavaratti, Agatti, Bangaram, Suheli, Minicoy and Kadamat islands of Lakshadweep, it was revealed that the marine algal distribution was restricted only to intertidal and lagoonal zones and limited number of algae were observed on the reef and beyond the reef.

ii) Mangroves (A.G. Untawale, Sayeeda Wafar & T.G. Jagtap)

Litter components of mangroves were analysed for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Average organic carbon ranged from 41.8 - 43.4%. Average N contents ranged from 0.6 - 1.25%. Mean phosphorus ranged from 0.66 - 1.15%. Carbon production from litter of dominant species was estimated to be 5076 kg ha-1 yr -1 while phosphorus was 7.28 kg ha-1 yr -1·

i) Coastal aquaculture

i) Genetical improvisation for selective breeding in prawns (Usha Goswami & S.C. Goswami)

Morphogenetic analysis of prawn Metapenaeus affinis, from Goa waters revealed that the pattern of variability in all 12 independent characters was almost similar in both the sexes. The maximum coefficient of variation was found in the dependant character, tail weight (30.10 and 26.40 in males and females respectively).

ii) Feed organism - Brine Shrimp, Artemia (Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, Joseph P. Royan & L. Krishnakumari) 36 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Effect of lodophor treatment at different concentrations (25, 50, 75 & 150 ppm) and exposure time (30, 60, 120 & 300 seconds) on the hatchability of Artemia cyst and survival of associated bacteria indicated that bacteria and spores did not survive at 50 ppm lodophor concentration when exposed for more than 30 seconds. Both exposure time and lodophor concentration significantly enhanced hatching of Artemia cysts and simul- taneously eliminated the associated microbes.

Growth and food conversion efficiencies in Penaeus monodon were found to be high when fed with decapsulated cysts of different strains of Artemia.

Biomass production of Artemia was studied under laboratory conditions in an air-water-lift (AWL) raceway system using bisexual (GSL, USA) and parthenogenetic (In- dian & Sri Lankan) strains. Spirulina sp. dry powder was used in the GSL strain and 3.78 & 4.35 kg m-3 in the Indian and Sri Lankan strains respectively in two weeks.

j) Ecological evaluation of prawn culture fields (M. Krishnankutty, U.K. Gopalan, T. Balasubramaniam, M. Viswakumar & Doyil T. Vengayil of R.C.Cochin)

Field invesatigations : Seasonal variations in the physico- chemical and biological environmental parameters of four highly productive prawn-culture fields of the Cochin backwaters system were studied by taking regular, fortnightly samples of all the important physico-chemical and biololgical environmental parameters of the ponds for a period of one year.

Diurnal pulses in the various environmental parameters were studied during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon. Data on primary production and community respiration were also collected. The P/R ratios from this data suggest a highly productive and efficient biological system that is also able to withstand appreciable organic load.

Laboratory studies : Tolerance to organic stress : Physiological responses of two species of commercially important prawns (P. indicus and M. dobsoni) and two of their major food organisms (A. chilkensis and the polychaete, Dendronereis sp.) to environmental deterioration by the accumulation of organic matter were nvestigated under three different types of substrata.

Juvenile stages of the experimental animal species were introduced into the systems and their responses were studied in terms of growth, moulting and metabolism (oxygen consumption as well as nitrogen excretion). Necessary bacteriological studies were also made to ascertain the microbiological characteristics of the substratum under conditions of different organic load.

Transplantation of estuarine oysters: An experiment was conducted to transplant estuarine

37 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

juvenile oysters to more saline areas nearer the sea and was found that oysters having meat weight of 2.0 g could be grown to 10.0 g i.e. marketable size in the course of 6 months. This opens up the potentiality for the production of valuable food and employment.

k) Larval ecology,systematics and bioenergetics (M. Krishnankurty, K.K.C. Nair, C. B. Lalithambika Devi, T.C. Gopalakrishnan & T. Balachandran of R.C. Cochin)

Studies were made to assess the long term and short term variability parameters under intensive cultivation using Mugil cephalus and Liza saliens. It was found that, in closed water circulating system, a stocking density of 12 g/l with a feeding intensity of 1.5% of the body weight is ideal for culture conditions at a flow rate of 1.02 Im-2.

A study on the efficiency of a trickling biofilter used for water treatment in a major recycling aquaculture system was attempted. From the data collected, it is assumed that for a system with a capacity of 11.2 m3 of water which supports an animal load of 12 g/l where the feeding rate is restricted to 1.5% of the body weight, an ideal flow rate for op- timum regeneration rate will be 4000 l/h.

Experimental studies were conducted on the cannibalistic habit of the commercially important prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergi in a semi-recycled system. It was found that cannibalism could be altered by providing different substrates or hiding places in culture enclosures. In the absence of proper substrates or hiding places, the growth is found to decrease considerably.

I) Microbiological Studies (D. Chandramohan, P.A. Lokabharathi, N. Ramaiah, S. Raghukumar, Chandralatha Raghukumar, & Shantha Achuthankutty)

A photosynthetic bacterium Amoebacter was isolated. Several dark variants of luminous bacteria were subjected to electrobioluminescent mechanistics to check the reversal in bio- luminiscent reaction. Toxicity of various heavy metals on an isolate of Desul- fosarcinia indicated the pattern to be Pb Hg CaI.

Schizochytrium mangrovei sp. nov. a thraustochytrid new to science has been described from the mangroves. By using immunofluorescence technique, thraustochytrid Corallochytrium limacisporum was found in significant numbers in the polyps of the corals Acropora sp.

Ostracoblabe implexa a fungal pathogen causing shell disease in oysters was recorded from the Indian waters for the first time (Photo 2).

38 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Photo - 2. Ostacoblabe implexa - the shell bobing fungus isolated from oyster shell

m) Marine fungi (Ranu Gupta & N. Prabhakaran of R.C. Cochin)

326 fungi (including some yeasts) were isolated from 7 ecologically different stations of Cochin estuarine and marine ecosystem. Some of these estuarine and marine fungi are free- floating plants.

Water and mud samples were collected during September- October from the EEZ area of west and east coasts of India. Thirtyeight fungi, mostly yeasts were isolated from these samples.

n) Studies on detritus (Sumitra Vijayaraghavan, Joseph P. Royan & L. Krishnakumari)

Energy contributed by detrital fraction was 98% in the central Arabian Sea (Lat. 7-21°N) and the average caloric content of the detritus was 3705 cal/g dry wt. It is inferred that low phytoplankton biomass is insufficient to support zooplankton biomass and that detritus could probably be a possible source of food.

o) Coral reef Studies (M.V.M Wafar & Jason J. David)

Nutrient uptake kinetics of the zooxanthellae, and the interactions between 15 NH4, NO3 and urea as N source were studied by N isotopes technique. Measurements of temperature, salinity and nutrients down to 300 m near the Kadamat atoll showed that tide-induced upwelling is a significant source of nutrients to the reefs. 39 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

P) Biochemical genetic studies (Maria R. Menezes)

Analyses of lactate dehydrogenous from the muscle, heart and eye retina of the Indian mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta revealed the existence of polymorphism at Ldh- A locus. No significant difference between the observed proportion of phenotypes and their Hardy-Weinberg expectation could be found. Ldh-A locus could be useful marker in R. kanagurta for the analyses of quantitative traits.

4.4.2 Marine algal resources along the central west coast of India (funded by the Department of Ocean Development)

The marine algal resource survey has been completed at six stations 1) Rat- nagiri, 2) Malvan, 3) Goa, 4) Karwar, 5) Honavar and 6) Bhatkal. Total 95 specie were recorded from these stations. The zonation and phenology of the dominant species has been studied. The average biomass estimated along these stations was 1.25 kg/m2. At- tempts were made to study the subtidal flora along Malvan, Goa and Karwar coast by un- dertaking diving. Total 11 species were recorded growing upto 7 m depth. Beyond this depth marine algal species were found to be very scanty.

4.4.3 Remote sensing of oceanic parameters / features (funded by the Department of Ocean Development)

The estuarine vegetation maps for mangroves were prepared for Maharashtra coast from Achra to Ratnagiri by using aerial photographs (Scale 1:25,000). The dominant species interpreted from the aerial photographs were Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia officinalis and Sonneratia alba. Sea truth data related to primary productivity were collected from upwelling regions of Indian Ocean.

40 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

4.5 MARINE CORROSION & MATERIALS RESEARCH

4.5.1 Marine biodeterioration of materials along the Indian coast (A.B. wagh)

a) Macrofouling Studies

i) Studies on fouling barnacles (K. Nandakumar, V.P. Vcnugopalan & M. Sharma)

Aluminium panels were exposed at three stations i.e. Mormugao Harbour, Dona Paula Jetty and open rocky shore of Arambol for 16 months. Macrofouling of barnacles at these stations varied from 3 to 57 number/100 cm2. Highest amount of macrofouling was observed at Arambol.

Species distribution suggest that Balanus tintinnabulum (L), B. amphitrite, B. amaryllis and Chthamalus sp. were most abundant. In order to assess their role in the energy transfer and their potential as a source of food to other organisms, orgaic carbon and major energy compounds including carbohydrate, protein and lipid were analysed in these organisms. Total calorific values and its variations with space and time were also monitored in these fouling organisms. Total calorific content was highest in B. amphitrite (7238 cal/g) collected from fouled aluminium panel immersed in the harbour waters. Rela- tive distribution of protein, carbohydrate and lipid showed large seasonal and spatial variations in these species.

ii) Studies on fouling Bryozoans (A.P. D'Souza)

Fouling on aluminium and fibreglass by Bryozoans was monitored in the Mor- mugao Harbour waters. Fourteen species belonging to 8 genera were observed. Membranipora anne, Hipporina indica and Electra bengalensis were most predominant. It was also observed that these organisms prefered mid or bottom depths as compared to surface for their settlement at this station. This particular preference for greater depth was probably due to photonegative behaviour of these organisms. No single species of Bryozoans was present throughout the year indicating patchy abundance.

iii) Studies on the larvae of fouling organisms (K.L. Bhat)

Abundance of the larvae of fouling organisms was studied in the water column and fouled aluminium panels. Density of the larvae was maximum (2750/100m3) in February month. Cirripede distribution showed higher value in the post-monsoon period. No apparent significant correlation was evident in the number of larvae found in the water column and those settled on the metal surface. However, there was correlation between the molluscan larvae present in water column and the extent of settlement on panels. 41 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

iv) Studies on fouling diatoms (S. Potdar)

Diatoms form an integral component of marine growth on the submerged substrata and thus play an important role in the biodeterioration of the materials. Diatom fouling was studied on aluminium and mild steel surfaces. A total of 46 forms including 32 species belonging to pennales and two centrales were observed. Five genera such as Plagiogramma, Diatoma, Hantzschia, Homoecladia and Hyalodiscus are found to be new records of the fouling diatoms from Indian waters. More diatoms were recorded in Novem- ber and January than in July. The diatoms such as Navicula, Licomorpha and Cosinodis- cus were present throughout the year. The ubiquitous diatoms like Bacillaria and Thalas- siosira were not observed.

v) Biofouling of an offshore structure

Studies on the physico-chemical parameters and the marine growth occurring on the submerged parts of an offshore oil platform in the Bombay High area of the Arabian Sea indicate the folowing :

Analysis of the hydrographic data indicates that thermal stratification occurs during the months of October to December. The stratification is disrupted and the water column becomes homogeneous during the months of January-February. Parameters other than temperature,such as salinity, D.O., pH and nutrients also showed vertical distribution similar to that of temperature, thus giving supportive evidence to stratification and mixing. Productivity of the water column, as measured by the chlorophyll a content was high during January-February when the vertical mixing occurred. Similarly, secondary production (zooplankton biomass) also was found to be maximum during January.

A total of more than 110 species including diatoms were recorded on the panel surfaces. Biomass values on monthly panels were comparatively low (maximum 6.81 g/dm2) due to the preponderence of soft foulers. However the yearly buildup of biomass exceeded 10 kg/m2 at 2 and 22 m. depth. At 62 m depth it was an order of magnitude less.

Short-term fluctuations in the amount of biofouling, as measured by the changes in the monthly biomass values, also had an indirect correspondence with the hydrographic features. Biomass values were generally high during May-June-July with slight deviations, from year to year. It is presumed that the increase in biomass is related with increase in phytoplankton content following mixing in the earlier months. However, the time lag observed between these two phenomena is probably applicable in light of other biological processes involved such as spawning, attaining of competence by larval forms and settlement.

vi) Microfouling in deep oceanic waters (N.B. Bhosle, S.S. Sawant and K.Venkat)

For assessing the corrosion behaviour of metal and its tendency to get fouled 42 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT Ν.Ι.Ο.

at greater depth in the Arabian Sea, stainless steei of commercial grade was used as panels (15x10x0.2 cm). These panels were exposed in duplicate at 1000 and 2400 m depths at three stations, one each located in eastern, central and western Arabian Sea from May to November 1987 using deep sea mooring (Fig. 5). No macrofoul-

1051m. (1) 3 ball radio float with Radio ing organisms were noticed on and light these panels. Regional differen- (16) 17 "Glass balls ces in the microfouling biomass

1091 m. were not detected. Higher microfouling biomass was ob- Cage with experimental panels served at greater depth. The appearance of the surface of the panels was bright and no corrosion was noticed except the panel from eastern station at 3006 m. ( 10 ) Glass balls 17" 1000 m with slight pitting corrosion.

3039 m. Cage -with experimental panels

(4) Glass Balls 17"

3992 m. Benthos release

4016 m. Anchor with Danfurth

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram ot deep-sea mooring system used for panel exposure.

vii) Studies on wood boring organisms (T. Raveendran)

Studies on wood boring organisms were carried out using mango wood panels which were subjected to offshore waters off Bombay. Growth rate of teredinid borers varied with species and was generally maximum in the monsoon period as compared with pre and post-monsoon.

Fouler-borer interrelationship : The fouling cover on the wooden panels was found to be offering some sort of protection to the panels against the attack of borer. This was evident from the fact that less wood destruction was observed at 2 & 22 m where fouling was maximum and destruction of wood was maximum at 42 m and 62 m where fouling was minimum. This also suggests that borers preferentially select less illuminated environment. 43 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

b) Corrosion Studies (S.S. Sawant)

i) Relationship between corrosion and fouling In order to assess the corrosion behaviour of mild steel in relation to fouling mild steel panels were exposed at 2, 22, 42 and 62 m in the offshore waters off Bombay for 1, 6, 10, 24 and 36 months. The corrosion rate was assessed in terms of loss in weight of metal, whereas, macrofouling biomass was expressed in weight (wet weight, g/m2). The data (Fig.6 & photo 3 & 4) shows that the corrosion rate is more or less inversely related to fouling biomass. This leads to the conclusion that a thick layer of fouling could offer certain degree of protection to their underlying metal by isolating it from agres- sive sea water environment. ii) Oxygen content and metallic corrosion Dissolved oxygen is the important factor that accelerates corrosion in sea water. Hence, dissolved oxygen content close to the respective depths was monitored.

Photo-3. It is certainly not any kind of paint Photo-4. over growth of foulers on MS panel over the panel surface, but it is the under corrosion study (36 months corrosion product which gives the exposure at Bombay Offshore). appearance of paint (MS panel after 1 month exposure at Bombay Offshore). 44 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

During the first ten months, oxygen concentration played an important role in enhancing the corrosion rate. After this, however, oxygen did not play an important role. This particular phenomenon could be attributed to the fouling as well as the adhered corrosion products which might have prevented the entry of dissolved oxygen in to the metal surface.

iii) Corrosion of concrete by bacteria (R.C. Cochin)

Concrete test panels were exposed at 3 different places in the Cochin estuary. Plain control panels, primer coated ones and corrosion protected panels were used. Plain panels showed clearly visible corrosive spots after two months of exposure. In primer coated panels corrosion spots were not conspicuous although primary bacterial film was recorded. The third set which was coated with anti-corrosive marine paint, had no bacterial film or corrosion spots.

iii) Behaviour of reinforced steel in concrete

Reinforced steel (in concrete slab, (RCC)) specimens (30x30x5 cm) were exposed in totally and partially immersed conditions in natural seawater and laboratory conditions for assessing the performance of reinforced steel. The extent of corrosion of steel was assessed by measuring the change in the potential using a potentiometer. Observa- tions on the potential with time indicated increase in the rate of corrosion.

In another experiment RCC specimens (40x5x5cm) with steel rod bent at 150°, 120° and 90° internal angle, beside the straight rod (180°) were exposed to seawater (total immersion), tidal zone and estuarine subsoil for assessing the extent and nature of corrosion. In addition, one batch of specimens were subjected to intermittant (12 hourly interval) thermal shock by increasing the temperature of the sea water in the tank from room temperature to 40°C. The results after 3 months exposure to all those conditions indicate that the corrosion increases with more bending of rod.

45 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

4.6 INTEGRATED STUDIES OF ESTUARIES

a) Amba River estuary (M.D. Zingde, V. Josanto, Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, K. Govindan, M.M. Sabnis, R.V. Sarma, A.N. Kadam, P.K. Dinesh Kumar, P.D. Gore, A.V. Mandalia, P. Sharma, M.A. Rokade, L. Udaya Shankar, R. Jayachandran, Mathew Jacob, Neelam N. Lodh, Annie Verghese & Asha Jyoti of R.C. Bombay)

The Amba River estuary was under pronounced tidal influence. The highest current speed recorded was 111 cm/sec during spring tide at Rewas and decreased to 29 cm/sec at Nagothana. The measurements during monsoon revealed a varying influence of river discharge on currents. Often the flood current velocities and periods were reduced considerably while the ebb velocities and periods increased substantially.

Extensive float studies and computations of tidal excursion revealed that (a) any material released upstream of Dharamtar would be carried interior upto a maximum distance of 10 km during spring floods which would not be flushed out effectively during the following ebb, (b) the mouth region was characterised by wider flood and ebb trajec- tories revealing better dispersion and transport over a larger area and (c) the movement during neaps was about 65 to 75% of the movement during springs.

Application of the tidal prism method gave a flushing time of only 3.6 tidal cycles for the entire estuary during neaps. The fraction of well mixed water removed from the estuary was calculated to be 70% and 45% during spring and neap respectively. After an in- finite number of tidal cycles under a continuous flow of pollutants the load fraction retained in the estuary was only 0.4 and 1 during spring and neap respectively.

The flushing time for spring and neap tide was calculated using freshwater flows of 4.3 x 106 m3/tide cycle (August) and 0.43 x 106 m3/tide cycle (September). The cumula- tive flushing time of the estuary was around 6 to 7 tidal cycles during spring tide for both freshwater flow conditions revealing the dominance of tidal influence over the river discharge during springs.

The premonsoon salinity of 36-37 ppt in Bombay Harbour remained more or less same along the estuary upto Dharamtar followed by a gradual decrease to 30-34 ppt at Gandhe and 26-27 ppt at Nagothana.

The pH in the estuary generally varied in a narrow range of 7.6 - 8.4 with lower values during monsoon due to the influence of riverine flow.

The natural levels of suspended solids in freshwater entering the estuary were below 20 mg/l but increased significantly in the estuary with a general increase from the inner to the outer estuary.

46 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

The DO generally varied in 5-7 mg/l range even in the harbour water suggesting effective asimilation of the organic load entering the region along the eastern shore.

The estuary was characterised by low BOD varying in a narrow range of 0.6 - 3.8 mg/l and the seasonal changes were not apparent. This range may be considered as natural and should not be exceeded in view of low DO occurring in the outer estuary during September.

The levels of phosphate and nitrate were high during nonmonsoon which suggests that the growth limiting factor is neither nitrate nor phosphate. As expected for a natural oxidising environment, nitrite and ammonia concentrations were low in all the seasons except at Dharamtar during monsoon which may be due to some local influence of land runoff. While the levels of nitrate were high in Bombay Harbour, they decreased considerably in the estuary during monsoon.

Levels of calcium, magnesium and aluminium varied in close proximity with chlorinity revealing their near conservative behaviour in the estuary.

In May chlorophyll a values maintained an almost uniform pattern of distribution along the entire stretch of the estuary (av. 0.83 mg/m3) excepting the extreme inner region. During premonsoon period zooplankton biomass was relatively more along the lower part of the estuary (av. 23.55 ml/100 m3) than the upper reaches (av. 7.90 ml/100 m3). During postmonsoon, the trend in biomass values showed a sharp increase (av. 30.86 ml/100 m3) while the pattern of distributions remained generally unchanged. In May macrobenthic standing stock in terms of population (av. 450/m2) and biomass (av. 4.9 g/m2) was quite moderate. The middle stretch of the estuary appeared to be less productive in terms of macrobenthos. Trawling data indicated the low fishery potential of the region.

b) Azhikode estuary (P. Udaya Varma, C. Revichandran, Abraham Pylee, K.R. Shyam & R. Sajeev of R. C. Cochin)

The hourly data on salinity, temperature, current speed, current direction and the suspended sediment collected for the study of the "Dynamics of the Azhikode estuary" were subjected to the interpolation analysis for non dimensional depths using the computer programme developed at this centre and the data thus obtained were further used for the net water and salt transport in the estuarine region during different seasons. The following conclusions have been derived from these studies : i) Circulation in the estuary: Near the bar mouth mostly salt wedge type of circulation is found. In the up-estuary regions i.e. beyond 12 km from bar mouth the density gradient circulation is observed during post monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. During monsoon season freshwater dominated circulation existed. So, in general the deeper sections show a seaward flow during most of the seasons. But at the bar mouth, depending upon the tidal and wave forcings and also on the freshwater discharge the flow pattern reverses. This aids in the development of internal sand spits and outer bars.

47 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

ii) Classification of the estuary .The lower reaches of the estuary are stratified during monsoon, with lesser stratification during other seasons. The water column is well mixed during postmonsoon period. The upper reaches of the estuarine region are found completely mixed during monsoon and stratified to a lesser degree during other seasons.

C) Gouthami-Godavari estuaries (T.C.S. Rao, N.P.C. Reddy, K. Mohana Raoand, B. Prab- hakara Rao of R.C. Waltair)

Work was initiated in October, 1987 to study the flow pattern characteristics of Gouthami-Godavari estuaries. Three stations one each at Yanam, Bhiravapalem and San- gam Kaluva were chosen in this estuary to collect the monthly data during the low tide and high tide and the seasonal observations to cover both the tidal cycles.

48 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

4.7 OCEAN ENGINEERING

4.7.1 Evaluation of environmental parameters for the development of offshore oil fields and coastal works (B.U. Nayak)

a) Design and development of deep sea instrumented mooring (R.Sakhardande and N. M. Anand)

A software developed for the analysis of deep sea instrumented mooring computes maximum tension and elongations of the mooring line, tension and wide angle at the anchor buoy excursion etc. for a given steady current loading. The programs are based on two dimensional flow assumption and quasi-static analysis. The program analyses surface and sub-surface moorings for different forms of current profile variation with depth.

The input required consists of instrument particulars, buoy particulars, mooring line particulars, elastic properties and current profiles.

b) Long term data collection and analysis programme (N.M. Anand, SG. Diwan, P. Chandramohan, S. Mandal, A.K. Suryavanshi, K. Ashok Kumar, S.S. Bhat, A.R. Sakhardande, U.V. Jose, H.C. Mandal, N.S.N. Raju, P. Pednekar and K.C.Pathak)

Based on long-term instrumental wave data measured under various sponsored projects from east and west coast of India, design wave heights have been estimated for ocean engineering projects.

Measurement on waves using Datawell Waverider Buoy had been undertaken off Kandla in the Gulf of Kutchch at 15m water depth (June, 1986 to May, 1987). The design wave height for 10, 25, 50 & 100 years are estimated to be 3.67, 3.95, 4.17 and 4.38 m respectively.

c) Directional wave measurement (S.S. Bhat, N.M. Anand, S.G. Diwan, S. Mandal, K. Ashok Kumar and K.C. Pathak)

Realising the importance of directional waves in coastal and offshore engineering, a directional wave measuring system called WAVEC has been procured and deployed off Karwar in connection with the development of a Naval Base ' Seabird '. The directional wave data would be of immense value in the identification of the sea and swell and related phenomena relevant to the design of harbours and ocean structures.

A software has been developed to retrieve and to plot the logged directional and power spectral data. Software runs on HP85B Personal Computer, decoding the stored data to give the numerical values of the date and time of data collection, error log and energy spectra and directional spectra in the form of dump tables or as plotted hard 49 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

copy outputs (Photo 5 & 6).

Photo - 5. WAVEC BUOY being Photo - 6. DIREC Receiving unit for deployed at sea WAVEC Bouy d) Wave group analysis (S.S. Bhat and S. Mandal)

A software has been developed to study the wave group phenomena using the statistical theory of run. Program runs on ND-100 Computer using the outfile of time series wave analysis program (NEPTUN-5) as input file to determine the probability of group formation. Analysis of monsoon waves measured at Bombay High using the software computed the actual field observations and showed that higher waves seldom come singly but are followed by higher waves, that is, the wave heights have a "memory".

e) Development of numerical wave hindcasting model (S. Mandal, S.S. Bhat and R. Sakhardande)

Wave hindcasting model - DOLPHIN is a hybrid deep water point model as the combination of parametric wind sea and spectrally treated swells. A comparative study 50 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O. carried out with 10 operational wave models available in the world indicated satisfactory performance of this model (Figs. 7 & 8).

E[m2]

Fig. 7. Non-dimesional fetch limited growth curves for the total energy E Fig. 8. Non-dimensional duration limited (case II) growth curves for the total E (case II) f) Coastal engineering Studies (P. Chandramohan, U.V. Jose, NS.N. Raju and P. Ped- nekar)

A shallow water wave transformation model developed, which considers the effect of bottom friction and bottom percolation in addition to refraction, shoaling and diffraction phenomena and computes wave heights and periods at different depths. This will be very useful for the study of various coastal engineering problems related to ports and harbours, coastal erosion etc.

The distribution of mean wave power along the Indian coast has been computed using ship reported visual data compiled for 16 years from 1968 to 1983. The average annual wave power potential permetre length of the wave crest varies between 11.4 kw to 15.2 kw. The highest potential of 15.2 kw was observed off South Kerala and southern most region of Tamil Nadu. The minimum wave power of 11.4 kw was observed off Andhra coast.

Waves were measured for a period of one month in September 1987 off the southern coast of Mauritius Island to study wave transmission characteristics across coral reefs. Spring and neap tidal currents were measured at Port Louis Harbour in Mauritius and it is found that currents are very weak with magnitude less than 1 knot.

g) Design and development of instruments (K. Ashok Kumar, S.G. Diwan and H.C.. Mandal) i) Modified version of direct read out system for Aanderaa Currentmeter: The 10 bit binary coded electrical signals available at the top end plate of the Aanderaa Cur- rentrmeter is tapped and after suitable inversion of the signal it is fed to the system 51 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

designed around a commercially available micro- processor board. The system sequentially dis- plays N - value of the six sensor parameters including reference number of the currentmeter during the measuring cycle. This system is routinely used for check- ing and calibrating the currentmeters in NIO laboratory, on board vessels and Oil Drilling Plat- forms (Photo 7).

Photo 7 Direct Readout system for Anderaa ii) A battery Currentmeter backup system developed (or HP85B Personal Computer: As the HP85B Personal Com- puter is operated along with DIWAR (Digital Wave Rider Receiver) continuously in the field stations to collect wave data, a need arised to develop a battery backup system. Using car battery of 24 volts and hardware, the battery backup system was developed for HP85B. It will be operational on the mains supply voltage. The moment mains supply fails, a relay will be operated to switch over to battery power without disturbing the memory of HP85B. When the main supply is available, immediately the system switches over to mains supply through relay, disconnecting battery power. During the course of change over of power supplies, the HP85B will be on continuously and data can be recorded continuously.

h) Geotechnical engineering studies (U.V. Jose and S. Bhat)

i) Laboratory Tests : Sediment samples have been collected from different stations along the Mauritius coast and laboratory tests are being conducted to study its index properties, strength, compressibility, permeability and sensitivity.

ii) Development of numerical model : A computer aided numerical model using finite defference technique is developed to compute the wave induced pressure distribution arounda burried pipeline. The model is now being modified to take into account the development of the pore water pressure due to wave action (Fig. 9).

Fig 9 Variation of wave spectra location: 52 Bombay- High. 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

i) Material technology for offshore engineering (A.K.Suryavanshi)

The present investigation consists of mainly field tests designed to study the following aspects :

1. Performance of a set of organic, inorganic and metallic coatings on steel embedded in concrete and exposed to marine environment in splash zone. A few specimens with bare embedded steel are also included in the study.

2. To evaluate the corrosion rate of steel embedded in concrete with and without protective coatings under conditions stated above.

3. To evaluate the degree of correlation between the measured half cell potentials and degree of rusting.

4. To analyse the surface oxides formed on the embedded steel to understand the mechanism of corrosion under marine conditions.

The conclusions of the present investigation are as below:

1. The cement slury coating (with anodic inhibitors- Na3 PO4.2H2O) on embedded steel provides good corrosion protection to the embedded steel.

2. Cadmium coating on the embedded steel was not affected by the corrosive species of the seawater.

3. Zinc coating on the embedded steel corrodes severely when it comes in direct contact with seawater.

4. Half cell potential method is a reliable nondestructive technique for assessing qualitatively the corrosion status of the embedded steel in concrete.

5. The measured half cell potentials are well correlated to the degree of rusting of the embedded steel.

6. The half cell potential method cannot precisely locate the corroded zone on the embedded steel.

7. Visual distinction was possible between any two corroded zones on the embedded steel provided the average of the measured half cell potential of these two zones vary at least by -50 mv to -60 mv.

The studies will be extended for understanding the behaviour of embedded 53 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

steel in concrete under the joint action of static/dynamic loading and corrosive species.

54 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

4.8 MARINE INSTRUMENTATION

4.8.1 Development of marine instrumentation systems including data buoys (E. Desa)

a) Weather Station (R.G.P. Desai) (funded oy the Department of Ocean Development)

Several recording weather stations for use in training and ocean engineering programmes have been delivered and installed at Farmagudi, Goa from August to December, 1987. The data on winds were processed as a prelude to setting up a working station for a weather farm project of Electricity Department, Government of Goa (Photo 8). The weather station initially installed on ORV Sagar Kanya indicated the errors that arise in commercial systems which do not sample wind as a true vector. The NIO weather station ensures that both speed and direction are sampled for simul- taneous lengths of time and vectored before storage (Photo 8).

b ) Photo-diode array optical system (Elgar de Sa) (funded by The Department of Ocean Develop- ment) The setting up of a photo-diode array optical system consisting of glass lenses, optical bench filters, a laser and calibrated light sources has been completed. The indigenous development of an optical geometry to measure Photo 8 Prototype Weather Station absorption spectra of sea water samples has also been completed. The major development of a software package to record, display and store optical spectra is under completion, and is presently being tested for modifications and errors (Photo 9).

Photo 9. Photo-diode array optical system 55 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

c) Equipment for training programme (V.B. Peshwe, A. Joseph & R.G.P. Desai) (funded by the Department of Ocean Development)

Under this programme, the following instruments have been fabricated for use by the Training Division :

1. Electronic Bathythermograph (Photo 10)

2 Direct Reading Current Meter (Photo 11)

3. Weather Station

Photo 10: Electronic bathythermograph. Photo 11: Direct reading currentmeter

d) Development of free-fall bathythermograph (E.Desa & V.B. Peshwe) (Funded by the Department ot Ocean Development) Development of a free-fall bathythermograph commenced in April, 1987. The unit is to free fall to 1000 meters recording temperature at every meter from a moving vessel. The mechanical design of the underwater casting has been completed. The design of the deployment mechanism using Kevlar rope and a fast pay-out winch has been finalised. A sea-switch mechanism has been incorporated in the design ensuring minimum power consumption and positive switch-on when deployed. A patent application on the sea-switch 56 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

has also been made.

e) Development of Vector Averaging Current Meter (A. Joseph & E.Desa) (funded by the Department of Ocean Development)

Development of a recording current meter commenced in April, 1987. The unit will record currents, depth and temperature at user selected intervals. The minimum recording period will be six months.

The software and hardware development tools for the new CMOS microcontroller to be used, are finalised and orders placed. The CAD package for the mechanical casing and the printed circuit board design package have also been installed.

f) Data Acquisition System for Coastal Research Vessels (R.G.P. Desai, G. Vithyathil) (funded by the Department of Ocean Development)

The design of an Integrated Data Acquisition System to be installed on a Coas- tal Research Vessel was initiated in December, 1987. The block schematic of the system which is to record navigation, bathymetry and time data has been completed. The data acquisition hardware, navigation input, Statellite transmitting data terminal, and centralised and distributed computers and peripherals have been evaluated.

g) Equipments for Environmental Pollution Surveys of Coasts of India (A. Joseph & D. Rodrigues) (funded by the Department of Ocean Development)

Four current meters have been fabricated for use in this survey programme. They are to be used at the Regional Centres and Headquarters.

h) A Transmitting Tide Gauge (Elgar de Sa & A. Joseph) (funded by the Department of Science and Technology).

This project has hardware similarities with the earlier version developed for Cal- cutta Port Trust Project. The basic difference has been the inclusion of extra interface circuitry for a V.H.F. transmitter and a satellite transmitter. The software for this gauge.now under development, includes a sophisticated alogrithm that is based on an apriori knowledge of the history of polar orbiting satellite passes.

Processes developed/patents filed

i) A process titled "Technical know-how documentation Direct Reading Current Meter" model : NIO-CPT/REM by A. Joseph, E. Desa and D. Rodrigues has been submitted to NRDC in January, 1988. 57 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

ii) A provisional specification of the patent titled "Sea-Switch Mechanism" by V.B. Peshwe & E. Desa has been filed in January, 1988.

58 1987-88 ANNUALREPORT N.I.O.

4.9 SURVEYS FOR POLYMETALLIC NODULES

Since 1981, the programme on "Surveys for Polymetallic Nodules", has been one of the major projects carried out by the Institute under the sponsorship of the Depart- ment of Ocean Development, Govt. of India. This year saw the continuation of the extensive survey for polymetallic nodules on chartered Norwegian vessel M.V. Skandi Surveyor.

During earlier phases of the surveys, regional exploration at 100 km, 50 km and 25 km grid spacing were carried out in the central Indian Ocean basin. With a view to nar- rowing down the gaps in data, intensive surveys at close grid level at a spacing of 10 km were undertaken this year beside filling up the gaps in 50 and 25 km sampling carried over from the previous years. The close grid sampling was done particularly to redefine the coordinates of the application area by relinquishing relatively less potential areas. Under- way data (bathymetric and magnetics) were collected and bulk samples to meet the demand for metallurgical processing were also dredged.

During the year, seven cruises were undertaken on board M. V. Skandi Surveyor in the central Indian Ocean basin. A total of 1075 operations were undertaken for sampling of which free fall grabs were operated in 915 occasions. These include 236 nos. of photo free fall grab operations. Dredging of the sea floor was done for the rest number of operations (160 nos.) which yielded an amount of 21.25 tonnes of bulk ferromanganese samples. Underway data collected during this period includes 48, 700 lkm of bathymetry and 9153 lkm of magnetic intensities of the sea floor. Based on these efforts, an application area of 3,00,000 sq. km. has been redefined and submitted to the United Nations in June 1987. In the laboratory, the processing of raw data generated during various cruises has been undertaken. Bathymetric and magnetic data has been processed, partially, in MECON, Ranchi. The General Committee to the Preparatory Commission of the International Seabed Authority registered India as the "Pioner Investor" to develop a mine site in the international waters. India, thus became the first country to achieve this status.

Among the most important findings are nodules mostly mononucleate range in size from 2 to 6 cm in the central Indian Ocean basin. Polynucleate nodules also occur in locations closer to the oceanic ridge. The highest abundance of nodules is associated with rugged topography like abyssal hills slopes and valleys but with poor metal content whereas the high metal value nodules occur on the abyssal plains. As far as internal structures are concerned, nodules from abyssal hills showed parallel laminations while the nodules from abyssal plains showed well developed columnar structures. The data from 435 stations in the central Indian Ocean basin revealed an inverse relationship between abundance and grade of nodules. Mineralogy indicates todorokite - rich nodules are associated with siliceous sediments whereas MnO2 rich nodules are associated with pelagic clays and the composition of the nucleus has no effect on mineralogy.

Geochemically, nodules in the central Indian Ocean Basin broadly fall within the field of hydrogenetic deposits with a tendency towards early diagenetic growth. 59 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Nodules with high Mn/Fe ratio, Mn, Cu and Ni are associated with siliceous sediments whereas, concentration of Fe and Co are high in the nodules that are associated with red pelagic clays.

The frequent occurrence of phosphorite in association with manganese crusts as in the Pacific, makes their investigation considerably important. As a first step, the shelf phosphorites and seamount phosphorites have been studied.

Shelf phosphorites recovered from the outer shelf off Goa have indicated that these were phosphatised algal limestones. High magnesium calcite and francolite are the two important mineral phases and the P2O5 content ranges from 5 to 9%. Petrographic studies revealed that phosphate occured in the limestones in the form of grains and these grains appear as infillings. Further, SEM studies revealed that these grains consisted of endolithic fungal filaments. Phosphatised bacterial cells were also observed. These observations clearly suggest that microbes are responsible for phosphatisation and the influence of upwelling in phosphatisation of these limestones is minimum.

SEM studies on the Error Seamount phosphorites indicated the occurrence of submicron size sulfur granules on the Gypsum surface. X - ray diffraction studies on the acid insoluble residue also confirmed the presence of elemental sulfur. Elemental sulfur discovery has not been reported earlier and it is the first report. Presence of elemental sulfur in any sedimentary rocks indicates its formation by microbial processes. In the present instance, it confirms the presence of both sulfate reducing and sulfur oxidising bacteria which played a major role in phosphogenesis.

60 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

4.10 ANTARCTIC OCEANOGRAPHY

The seventh expedition to Antarctica which left Mormugao harbour on 25 November, 1987 was led by Dr. R. Sen Gupta, Head of Chemical Oceanography Division of this Institute. Apart from the leader, a team of 4 scientists from NIO also participated in the expedition. The mission of the expedition included conducting research in geophysics, geology, meteorology, geochemistry, and oceanography of the southern ocean. The expedition team returned to Goa on 26 March, 1988. Some of the results inferred from the data collected during the past expeditions are reported here.

a) Physico-chemical observations (S.P. Fondekar)

Studies on spatial variation of physico-chemical parameters in Antarctic marine environment and measurement of aerosol particles for the study of poleward transport of the materials were carried out. The sampling in the lakes was restricted to surface only and carried out during December - February. No significant changes were observed in nutrients from lake to lake except some higher values in a lake near to the glacier. The inorganic composition in these lakes seem to be dependent not only on the materials coming from different sources which get dissolved in the water but also from those which get down to the water after evaporation. The sources of addition to these lakes appear to be the melted water from the surrounding glacier as well as weathering and leaching effects from meta- morphic rocks present all around the lake. The changes in the concentration might be also due to temperature which plays a significant role in the distribution.

In the polynea, results showed that from January to February, there was a decrease in salinity values which might be due to the melting of ice. The temperature also decreased with depth progressively. An examination of oxygen and nutrient data showed that oxygen concentrations exhibited decrease from January to February in conjunction with increase in nutrients which might be due to the oxidation of organic matter.

Studies on aerosol particles showed gradual decrease of the particles towards Antarctica. Peaks were recorded at places where the air coming from other continents seemed to influence the atmosphere. Some of the observed peaks in the zone of Antarctic convergence may be due to the effect of the flow of surface air from the Antarctica towards the equator.

b) Biological Observations (S.G. PrabhuMatondkar, X.N.Verlenkar, A. Pant, A.H. Parulekar & V.K. Dhargalkar)

(i) Krill : Annual variability in krill biomass was related to production in the microbial food-webs and a relationship between water masses and nutrient anomalies in the southern ocean was observed.

61 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Results from different methods for krill resource computations were compared. The krill sampling by standard bongo net is one ideal method suggested for krill exploration programme in future.

(ii) Particulate organic matter: Data on particulate organic matter (POM) and its constituent fractions such as particulate carbohydrates (PCHO), paniculate proteins (PP) and parteculate lipids (PL) alongwith living carbon (ATP-C) and phytoplankton biomass (as chl. a) were collected from three discrete depths (0 m, 10 m amd 30 m) from the euphotic zone in the polynyea at the ice edge (7O°S, 11°E).

ChIa, ATP and POC varied from 0.051 to 3.1, 0.33 to 1.81 and 305 to 185 μg l-1 respectively. The converted ATP values to the living carbon showed large variation in living carbon ranging from 18 to 80%.

The concentration of PCHO, PP and PL varied from 15 to 352, 44 to 400 and -1 15 to 419 μg I respectively. These constituents showed higher values in surface water and lower values at 30 m depths indicating loss during descent.

During winter, bore hole water sampler was used to collect samples from three discrete depths through the drilled hole in sea ice. Seawater temperature from surface water (just under sea ice) to 30 m depth ranged from -1.5 to -2.4°C with minimum in the month of August. POC, PCHO, PP, PL concentrations varied from 280 to 1058,14 to 194, -1 6 to 200 and 8 to 174 μgl respectively. Over all, chl a concentration was quite low as 1 compared to the summer values and it varied from 0.026 to 0.253 μg Γ . Lower values in August-September, could be due to the minimum light that is diffused through sea-ice. Thick snow cover on the sea-ice also affects chl a concentration considerably.

(iii) Phytoplankton : Two species of blue green algae, 2 species of dinoflagellates and 24 species of diatoms were recorded during Antarctic winter (June to Septem- ber). The phytoplankton population was dominated by unicellular blue green alga, Synechocystis sp. During spring (Oct-Nov) the diatom Thallassiothrix longissima, Am- phiprora sp. and Thallassiosira sp. were dominant forms followed by pinnate chain form- ing diatoms Fragillaria cylindrus and Fragillaria sp. in December.

(iv) Ice algal communities: 24 species belonging to 13 genera were recorded from the sea ice. Diatoms were dominant while dinoflagellates were poorly represented particularly during winter months. Phytoplankton cell number varied from 0.15 to 142 x104 with lowest during peak winter (June-July).

(v) Zooplankton biomass: Twelve taxonomic groups were recorded from the vertical haul taken from May to June 1987. Calanoid copepods were the most dominant in all the months followed by Euphausiid larvae, crustacean nauplii, radiolarian and foraminifera. The minimum density of 438 nos/100 m-3 was recorded during July while maximum density of 2255 nos/100 m-3 was during January.

62 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

(vi) Marine biomass : Total 23 bird species belonging to 6 families and 16 genera were recorded from 24°04'S to 70°S and 5° 54Έ to 11°E. The highest bird population density of 1670 nos/100 km2 was recorded in between 67° and 7O°S. Composition of bird species varied from pack ice, loose pack ice, ice edge and shelf edge.

Three species of seals and two species of whales were recorded during 1985- 86 summer. Marine mammals were found to concentrate in between the latitudes 60° and 70°S and density varied.

c) Relationship between thermal regime of the Antarctic waters and Indian Summer Monsoon (Harilal B. Menon, V. Ramesh Babu & J.S. Sastry)

Seasonal and intra-seasonal variability of Sub-Tropical Convergence (STC) and Antarctic Polar Front (APF) are studied using the GOSSTCOMP (Global Operational Sea Surface Temperature Computations) charts. The sea surface temperature patterns for June-September (austral winter) over the Indian Ocean sector of the southern ocean during the contrasting years of summer monsoon over India (1977- good monsoon years and 1979- poor monsoon year) are examined. During 1977 both STC and APF are located more northward compared to their position in 1979. It is possible that intensification of Mas- carene High (southern high pressure zone) in 1977 due to more northward extension of cold subantarctic waters causes strengthening of southeast trades and intern southwest monsoon over India.

d) Fronts and biological productivity in the Indian Ocean sector of the southern ocean (Harilal B. Menon & L.V.G. Rao)

The data on temperature, salinity and Chlorophyll-a collected on board M.V. Fuji (along 45°E), MV Polar Circle and MS Finnpolaris (along 30°E approximately) during January-March of 1981, 1982 and 1984 have been analysed and studied in conjunction with satellite derived SST data.

The Antarctic Polar Front (APF) associated with Antarctic Convergence is a thermal front and was located at 53-54°S in 1981, 58-60°S in 1982 and 56-58°S in 1984. Further north a thermohaline front associated with Sub-Tropical Convergence (STC) was found at 38.5 - 41.5°S in 1981, 42-46°S in 1982 and 38-42°S in 1984 with significant temperature and salinity ranges. Unlike in the other Oceans, Sub-Antarctic Front (SAF) is absent in this region. In association with sharp changes in physical properties, high concentration of Chlorophyll-a was encountered at AP in 1982 (0.73 mg/m3) and 1984 (0.18 mg/m3). A peculiar feature noticed in 1981 was the occurrence of high concentration of Chlorophyll (0.13 mg/m3) in the Sub-Antarctic region, where the variation in physical properties is rather gradual. This may be due to the strengthening of STC by Agulhas current and subsequent shift of the associated eddy to the Sub-Antarctic region.

63 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

4.11 MARINE ARCHAEOLOGY (Funded by the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India)

The Sixth Marine Archaeological Expedition led by Dr. S.R. Rao has discovered hitherto unknown features of the legendary port city of Dwarka of Sri Krishna submerged in the Arabian Sea 3500 years ago. Two archaeologists namely Shri K. Rajan and Shri P. Gudigar have been trained in diving underwater search, excavation and documentation. The Thermoluminiscence date of pottery of protohistoric town of Bet Dwarka - Dwarka as given by the Physical Research Laboratory is 3520 B. P. The early historic period is dated 2000-1800 B.P. An inner and an outer gateway flanked by basstions of submerged Dwarka were located and recorded. A fort wall 550 m in length was discovered in the intertidal zone of Bet Dwarka.

Photo 12. Bronze objects found in the Dwarka waters. Limits of the submerged port city of Dwarka has been identified. More than 50 stone anchors have been located. Bronze objects, graphite and part of a shipwreck have been retrieved (Photo 12).

64 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

216 shipwrecks have been recorded. The exact position of a shipwreck in Grande Island, Goa has been located. A shipwreck has been identified at Tranquebar.

The First Indian Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries was organised at Jarhnagar, Gujarat from 12 to 14 October, 1987. In all 100 delegates including five foreigners participated in the Conference and 61 papers were presented in 12 sections. The interdisciplinary aproach to the problems of marine archaeology was reflected in the vast sweep of subjects ranging from underwater search techniques, deployment of sophisticated geophysical instruments, problems of shallow water exploration, conservation of underwater cultural property and underwater cinimatography of ancient shipwrecks, marine art, submerged ports, lndian Ocean trade and sea level fluctuations.

65 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

4.12 DATA & INFORMATION In a minor reorganisation, Data Centre, Information and Library were brought together in September, 1987 under the name of Data and Information Division, with Shri R.M.S. Bhargava as Head of the Division.

a) Data Acquisition (J.S. Sarupria, G.V. Reddy, S.J.D. Varaprasad, K. A. Ghosh, P.D. Kunte, T. Pankajakshan, P. Bhattacharya)

a) Raw and processed hydrographic data were acquired for 25 cruises of R.V. Gaveshani and 8 cruises of ORV Sagar Kanya. The processed parameters include depth, temperature and salinity. Current data of 5 cruises were acquired and transferred in IFS format on ND computer.

b) Chemical data were acquired for 28 cruises of R.V. Gaveshani and 8 cruises of ORV Sagar Kanya. This includes oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, silicate, pH, alkalinity, etc. with reference to depths.

c) Biological data of 27 cruises of Gaveshani and 9 cruises of Sagar Kanya were acquired which include parameters viz. chlorophyll, zooplankton, primary production and benthic biomass.

b) Data Processing and Products

Fig.10 i) Inventory Reports: The Centre has brought out volume 5 of inventory report of stations and cruises of R.V. Gaveshani and ORV Sagar Kanya during 1986. This contains the inventory information of 990 stations and 14 cruises covered during 1986 by Sagar Kanya and Gaveshani (Fig. 10). 66 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

ii) Preparation of oceanographic atlas for the EEZ of India : The centre has prepared an oceanographic atlas for the EEZ of India showing horizontal distribution of physical, chemical and biological parameters for surface, 50, 100 and 200 m depths. The atlas is compiled from13457 observations of 779 stations during the period 1976-80 through R.V. Gaveshani. The parameters included are : Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite, silicate, ammonia, pH, primary productivity, chlorophyll, zooplankton biomass, benthic biomass and particulate organic carbon.

iii) Seasonal gaps in data collection : Season-wise maps of station plots for biological parameters (primary productivity, zooplankton, zoobenthos) and physical parameters (Nan- sen cast, BT & XBT) were prepared to locate the existing gaps in data collection in the EEZ (Fig. 11).

c) Software development

The following software were developed for management and statistical treatment of data :

I I I S: A System for Integrated Inventory Information Services.

GRID: To calculate the one degree square average of all parameters.

ANTREP: For the preparation of data report of Antarctic data acquired from NODC, USA.

STATPACK: A statistical package for statistical analysis, viz. variance, duster, regression, correlation, etc. 67 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

MAT-PACK: A mathematical package for mathematical problems.

BIOPRT: For retrieval of biological data in a report form for primary productivity, zooplankton and zoobenthos data.

d) Data/Information dissemination

Enquiries were received for data and information from several agencies and attended to. Besides this, data were also provided to NIO scientists to support their R & D work.

e) The Indian National Directory on Marine Research Projects

This directory has been updated using Rainbow 100 B Computer. It contains information for about 250 projects being undertaken in 36 organisations and by 172 project leaders/ associates. The projects have been classified into 68 subject titles. The directory also includes three indexes viz. Project Leader index, Institute index and subject index for ready reference.

f) New Data bases initiated

New data bases have been initiated for underway and time series data. IFS for- mats are designed and developed for storage and exchange of current data, geochemical (sedimentology)and geophysical data including navigation, magnetic, gravity and bathymetric data. Geophysical merge data format similar to MGD77 (International accepted format) is designed for storage and exchange of geophysical data.

g) Procurement of oceanographic information and data of Antarctic region (funded by Department of Ocean Development, New Delhi)

To study the global oceanic changes, the Data Centre acquired oceanographic data for the Indian Ocean region and of the other oceans. Climatological data of World Ocean and southern ocean have been procured from the National Oceanographic Data Centre (NODC), Washington.

h) Oceanographic data and information management (funded byDepartment of Ocean Development, New Delhi)

A user friendly system, Integrated Inventory Information System (IIIS) has been developed to facilitate an easy retrieval of different levels of information for the end users. It describes the nature of oceanographic data and the management of inventory level information. It is also shown how a ROSCOP (Report on Observations/Samples collected during Oceanographic Programme) based inventory type data base structure can be evolved to meet the end users requirements and to provide a generalised inventory infor- 68 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

mation service. IIIS has three sub- systems station, parameter and documentation. It is supported with retrieval system to handle simple and complex users enquiry. It also supports the graphic facilities. The system is portable and can be implemented on any micro or mini computer system.

69 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

4.13 PUBLICATIONS & PUBLIC RELATIONS

In September 1987 the Publication and Information Division was re-organised as 'Publications & Reprography1 with Shri V. Kesava Das as Scientist-in-Charge.

The activities undertaken by this group (S.J.D. Varaprasad, S.R. Bhat & R. Thomas) are as follows

a) Publications brought out: Mahasagar - Bulletin of the National Institute of Oceanography (quarterly) NIO Newsletter (quarterly) Annual Report for 1986-87 Collected Reprints for 1984 Cruise Reports - Nineteen reports of R.V. Gaveshani and seven reports of ORV Sagar Kanya cruises Abstracts of sceintific papers/theses/reports of the NIO staff Information brochures on NIO and its achievements Sales and distribution of NIO Publications b) Documents: Oceanography of the Exclusive Economic Zone of India - Programmes and Progress Significant Achievements, 1987

c) Information activities:

Dissemination of scientific and technical information to the user community was provided by : preparation and updating of various brochures on the NIO activities/achievements, etc. attending to the scientific/technical enquiries from research scholars, students and others organising important occasions like CSIR Foundation Day and National Science Day Preparation of material for CSIR Newsletter and Annual Report arranging the visits of VIPs, scientists, university students and general public providing input for various directories issue and maintenance of technical and sponsored project reports of the Institute preparation and supply of write up·; on specific subjects on request collection and maintenance of press clippings on subjects of interest issue of press releases and publicity through mass media like press, door- darshan, etc. preparation of exhibition material and,organisation of and participation in exhibitions collection and compilation of materials including photographs and slides for preparation of display boards 70 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Exhibition at Mauritius

The In- formation Group has played a major role in organising an exhibition on board ORV Sagar Kanya at Port Louis, Mauritius in connection with the In- ternational Ocean Festival held at Mauritius from 4 to 13 September, 1987 (Photo 13).

Photo 13. Sir Gaetan Duval, Hon Dy Prime Minister, Government of Mauritius (third from left), Shri P.V. Narasimha Rao, Hon Minister of External Affairs, Govt. of 'ndia, Smt Vaijayantimala Bali, M.P. (second from right ,at the exhibition organised on board Sagar Kanya at Port Louis, Mauritius Dr. B.N.Desai, Director, NIO (Extream Left) and Dr.B.V.Nayak, Scientist, NIO, (Extream Right) are also seen. e) CSIR Foundation Day:

Photo 14. Samudradarshan programme organised for students by R.C Cochin on CSIR Foundation Day. CSIR Foundation Day was celebrated at NIO, Goa and at regional centres on 28 September, 1987. An open house was organised to enable the general public to visit 71 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

and see the activities and achievements of the Institute. On this occasion, a function was organised in association with the staff club where Dr. V.V.R. Varadachari, Former Director of NIO gave away prizes to the winners of the essay competition on science topics. A momento was presented to Shri K.R. Das, Section Officer, who has completed 30 years of service in CSIR (Photo 14)

f) National Science Day:

National Science Day was celebrated on 28 February, 1988 and an open day was observed. The celebrations continued for a week. During this week several people,

NATIONAL SCIENCE DAY

Photo 15. Visitors at the exhibition organised on the National Science Day at NIO. mostly students, have visited the Institute. Several films were screened for the benefit of staff members, their children and public. Quiz and drawing competition was held for the children of staff members and winners were given prizes (Photo 15).

72 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

4.14 TRAINING

Training and Manpower Development (G. Narayana Swamy)

The Training Division coordinated the development of trained manpower within the Institute and contributed to the development of other organisations too. Specialised courses, conferences, seminars, etc., were organised. A systematic growth of manpower was ensured through these activities. NIO scientists were deputed for undergoing training at other institutions of excellence in the respective fields. NIO extended its infrastructural facilities to the teachers, students and research workers of other organizations especially for field training.

Photo 16. Trainees onboard R.V. Gaveshani Teachers and students from four Universities (Andhra, Berhampur, Mangalore and Goa) and IIT (Madras) were trained on board R.V. Gaveshani. They were exposed to the study of coastal circulation with current meter mooring and of thermal structure variability with digital bathythermograph. They were also trained on general oceanographic collections on board (Photo 16).

73 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

4.15 PLANNING

Planning Group continued to play its role in the R & D management system of the Institute. As a part of monitoring exercise, a mid-term review of Seventh Five Year Plan of the Institute by a peer group was undertaken. (Peer members were invited to review the projects and suggest midterm corrections if any).

The Annual Plan 1988-89 of the Institute and a document on R & D Program- mes - Progress and Targets were brought out. Another important document on 'Perspec- tive Plan - 2000 AD' of NIO was also prepared.

The projectwise allocation (manpower as well as financial) was communicated in the beginning of the year to various project leaders. A close watch was kept on progres- sive expenditure under various heads.

Monthly Summary reports and other technical information was regularly sent to CSIR and RAC members.

74 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

5. INTERNATIONAL / BILATERAL PROGRAMMES

a) Studies in the EEZ of Mauritius

At the request of the Government of Mauritius, studies were carried out in the EEZ of Mauritius during September - October 1987; and a few Mauritian Scientists were trained on board ORV Sagar Kanya.

1. Primary Production : In the EEZ of Mauritius, chla measurements varied from 0.01 to 0.23 mg chl a m-3 at the surface and from 0.48 to 16.58 mg chl a m-2 at the column. The values are comparable to those recorded in the Lakshadweep and Andaman Seas. Certain productive pockets were delineated. The area located between Saya de Malha bank and Agalega Island was found to be most productive.

2. Zooplankton : The preliminary results of the study indicated that the zooplankton standing stock was relatively low in the area of investigation as compared to other productive zones of northern Indian Ocean. Variations in zooplankton biomass in the stratified collections from 100-0 m, 200-0 m and 500-0 m were respectively 1.5 -14.0, 1.0 - 16.0, 1.0 - 5.6 ml/100 m3. Copepods, chaetognaths, decapods, siphonophores, euphausiids, pteropods, salps, doliolids and gastripods formed the major constituents of the zooplankton samples. The shallow stations near to Saya de Malha bank were rich in fish eggs and fish larvae, decapods and euphausiids. Abundance of larval stages of economically important species around the bank of Mauritius suggests the favourable breeding grounds for these species.

3. Benthic study : Analysis of the samples indicates the dominance of com- monly occurring nematodes, turbellarians and harpacticoids in the meiofauna. Total meiofaunal density varied between 130 to 3460 individuals m-2. Benthic macrofauna was dominated by Polychaeta followed by Crustacea, Mollusca and Echinodermata. Other faunal groups recorded were amphipods, isopods, oligochaetes and gastropods. Macro- faunal density was higher at shallower areas. Minimum and maximum density of 58 and 3596 individuals m-2 was recorded at stn. 129 (lat. 15°00'S, long. 56°01'E) and 112 (lat. 08°42'S, long. 59°50'E) respectively. Benthic standing stock (biomass) was highest (370 g m-2) at stn. 112 (lat. 08°42'S, long. 59°50'E).

4. Environmental studies - Observations on environment and distribution - qualitative and quantitative - of macrophytes from intertidal and subtidal regions of Mauritius, indicate the following : Seagrasses were represented by five species and mangroves by two species. Rhizophora mucronata was dominant and restricted along northeast and east coast. Seaweeds though represented in poor quantity, there seems to be a great potential for economically important seaweeds such as Eucheuma, Gracilaria, Hypnea and Sargassum species. The poor biomass of seaweeds in the lagoon and beyond reef could be attributed to heavy grazing by sea urchin and fishes.

75 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

5. Nutrient studies: Preliminary findings from the data collected from the EEZ of Mauritius shows the presence of two distinct water masses : (i) a watermass at a depth range 100 - 450 m, which is associated with high salinity (34.9 - 35.6%), temperature in the range of 14° - 18°C, high dissolved oxygen and low nutrient nitrate, phosphate and silicate. This watermass may be identified as the "Subtropical sub-surface water" which forms and sinks at the sub-tropical convergence near latitude 40°S and (ii) at some stations another watermass may be identified underlying the above water at a depth of about 1000 m. This watermass is characterised by low temperatures (3.5°C), salinity minimum (34.7%), oxygen maximum and high nutrient concentrations. Probably this water can be identified as the "Antarctic Intermediate Water".

6. Geological and Geophysical studies : Geological and geophysical surveys in the Exclusive Economic Zone of Mauritius comprised of echosounding, gravity and seabed sampling for sediments, rocks and polymetallic nodules. The sediment type is mostly calcareous ooze to calcareous clay or sand with black volcanic particles in two loca-- tions. The sediment samples were coarser at stations where the depths are shallower especially in the ridge areas. In Mascarene basin where the depths are greater, the sediment is brownish clay. Polymetallic nodules were recovered at four stations. At places, the abundance was as high as 10 kg/sq.m. In one station box dredge has yielded about 100 kgs of encrusted rocks and 15 kgs of nodules. They are more abundant in the proximity of Tromlein Island.

b) Indo-NORAD Programme

Under the Indo-NORAD assistance programme, a users training course of the geological mapping system (GMS) software was held dring 27th April - 7th May 1987. The GMS software was successfully installed on ND 520 computer.

Seismic refraction equipment procured under the programme was also installed and tested at two stations (one at 120 m and the other at 2000 m water depths).

c) Indo-FRG project on the 'Quaternary upwelling in relation to summer monsoon in the Arabian Sea'

Sediment trap experiment in the Arabian Sea was undertaken to understand clearly the upwelling in relation to summer monsoon and to delineate the palaeo upwelling and palaeoclimates during quaternary period.

An array of three automated sediment traps at depths of 1000 m and 2400 m were deployed in the Arabian Sea. Each trap was designed to collect a set of 13 consecu- tive 12 day long samples. This was repeated twice so as to represent fair weather and monsoon season. About 200 sediment trap samples have been collected so far.

The particle flux data generated showed that it was maximum during the monsoon months. Similarly, it has also been inferred that during this period, biological produc- 76 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

tivity was at its peak as evidenced by large quantity of biogenic components.

d) Indo-US project on the 'Accelerated corrosion of metals and alloys in the marine environment'

It has been observed that the corrosion reaction on metallic surface of mild steel in sea water is affected by the attachment οf fouling diatoms, which could be attributed to the change in surface chemistry of metal.

In another set of experiments, it has been observed that the rate of corrosion got accelerated by anaerobic bacteria (sulphate reducing bacteria). Further experiments are being carried out so as to quantify these observations.

e) Indo-US project on 'Bioactive substances from the Indian Ocean'

1. Chemical investigation of marine organisms

Acanthophora spicifera : The chemical investigation of this alga, exhibiting antifertility activity led to the isolation of two new compounds from the chloroform fraction. One of these was found to be Keto sterol. On the basis of the spectral data, the Keto sterol was designed the structure 5alpha - cholestane, .3beta - ol - 6, 24 dione. Further confirmation of the structure was carried out by two - dimensional 1H-1H chemical shift correlation (Homo cosy), 1H-13C chemical shift correlation (Hetero cosy), specific proton decoupling NMR experiments at CDRI, Lucknow. These studies confirmed our earlier observations that one hydroxyl and two carbonyl groups are located at C3 and C6, C24 portion respectively as shown in the structure (I).

Structure - I

NIO 251 (soft coral - Lakshadweep) : This organism was extracted exhaus- tively with methanol. After concentrations the methanolic extract was fractionated between various solvents. The petroleum ether fraction was found to be mainly a mixture of fatty

esters. From petroleum ether fraction two batyl alcohols (structure - II) with C16 and C18 carbon chain in the alkyl residue were isolated. 77 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

CH2 OH I OH CH I O (CH2)n - CH3 CH 2 15, 17

η Structure - Il

The chloroform fraction was found to contain mainly steroidal constituents. The steroids were characterised as 24 - methyl D22 cholesterol, 24 methylene cholesterol and cholesterol. Besides these, two interesting sterols i.e. cholesta 24 methyl 25 acetoxy - 3,5,6

triol (Structure - III) and 5 cholesta 23, 28 dimethyl, 24-25-28 cyclopropyl 3beta- ol (Structure - IV) were isolated and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data.

Structure - III Structure - IV

NIO 160 (sponge from Lakshadweep) : Dihydro fucosterol, 24 methyl cholesterol and D4, 3 keto dihydrofucosterol were isolated and characterized from the extracts of this sponge collected from Lakshadweep islands.

Padina tetrastromatica: The isolation of fatty acids and their esters, sterols and loliolide from this source has been reported earlier by this laboratory. Further detailed investigation of the crude extract resulted in the isolation of two more compounds in very minute quantities. One of the compounds (structure V) was allenic in nature and was found

to be identical with acetate of the compound known as grass hopper ketone isolated from terrestrial source. The second compound (structure Vl) was found to be identical with ozonolysis product of allene compound. 78 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Structure - V Structure - Vl

2. Toxicity studies of sea cucumber extracts: The sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota from two different locations (Anjuna and Grande Island) was extracted for their Saponin content. This fraction was tested for toxicity at different concentration towards fish (Y. Tilopia). Results indicated that Saponin fraction from cuverian glands is more toxic than the fraction from the body wall.

The comparison of toxicity of the cuverian glands from different sources indicated that the species from Anjuna is more toxic than the one from Grande Island sp.

Biochemical properties of these toxic fractions have also been studied.

3. Collection and identification of marine and estuarine biota from intertidal and subtidal regions along the west coast of India and the Lakshadweep Ar- chipelago

i) Collected and identified 261 species of marine biota, of which, 97 species have exhibited potential activity - antifertility, antiviral, antispasmodic, CNS, etc.

ii) Chemical ecology of Aplysia benedicti, Onchidium verraculatum and Amphiroa fragilissima were completed.

iii) Screening of marine st. eptomycetes for antagonistic properties and L - Asparaginase activity, were undertaken.

79 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

6. SPONSORED PROJECTS

A. Sponsored Projects

1. Popularisation scale production of mussels and oysters by off bottom culture in Goa waters (estimated cost Rs. 1.10 lakhs) sponsored by Department of Science, Technology & Environment, Govt. of Goa.

This is a new project started in June 1987 to transfer the technology for mussel and oyster culture and to train the user community. Under this project, pilot scale production units have been organised. Imparting of training in the details of technology is underway.

2. URAN-CSU effluent treatment-efficiency of bacterial cultures and the impact of treated effluent on marine environment (estimated cost Rs. 3.2 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

This is a new project to study the efficiency of bacterial cultures in treating the effluent of URAN-CSU Plant and also to estimate the effect of such cultures on the marine environment.

3. Evaluation of anaerobic marine thiobacilli for use in sulfide removal from offshore reservoirs (estimated cost Rs. 4.422 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Com- mission, Bombay.

(Phase I) : Sixty strains isolated from the Arabian Sea and mangroves were screened for their ability to oxidize sulfide at different concentrations. Further screening is being continued.

4. Automatic tide gauge (estimated cost Rs. 2.59 lakhs) sponsored by Calcut- ta Port Trust.

The project has now reached the final stages. Current work on the project is on system integration involving testing out software routines on the completed electronics of the gauge. It is expected that the gauge will be ready for field trials at Mormugao Har- bour shortly. After satisfactory conclusion of these trials, the gauge will be permanently installed at Sagar Island, near the mouth of the Hooghly River, Calcutta.

5. Hydrographic survey around Andaman Islands (estimated cost Rs. 14.15 lakhs)sponsored by Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Cochin.

80 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

The cruise 183 on board R.V. Gaveshani was organised for Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Cochin as a sponsored project around the Andaman Islands. During this cruise, hydrographic parameters were collected along selected tracks. At one stationary position an array of currentmeter mooring was laid and recovered after 3 days. Time series observations on hydrographic and surface meteorological parameters were also carried out. Wave rider buoy and Suber buoy moorings were also carried out. The data collected during the sponsored cruise are being processed.

6. Survey of marine area for sea outfall off Valinokkam, Tamil Nadu (estimated cost Rs.0.9 lakhs) sponsored by Tamil Nadu Magnesium and Marine Chemicals Ltd., Madras.

This sponsored project work was carried out for Tamil Nadu Magnesium and Marine Chemicals Ltd.. Madras to locate a marine outfall site at Valinokkam. A field survey was organised and carried out at the Valinokkam bay and the adjacent areas during Sep- tember, 1987. Surface and sub-surface floats were tracked to study the flow field within the bay and adjacent areas for more than 10 tidal cycles. Observations were also made on wind velocity and wave parameters. On the basis of physical and chemical observations recommendations were made about the site of discharge of effluents. The final report was prepared and submitted to the sponsors in October, 1987.

7. Wave and current measurement off Sundarbans - east coast of India (estimated cost Rs. 9.00 lakhs) sponsored by Calcutta Offshore Project, ONGC, Calcutta.

The objective of the project is to collect long term data on waves and current and to estimate design parameters which will be applicable to design and operation of offshore structure in that region. Measurement on waves and current were commenced in December 1987 and are being continued. Data collected so far are being analysed.

8. Additional studies for waste water disposal off Mithapur (Part II) (estimated cost Rs. 4.2 lakhs) sponsored by Tata Chemicals Ltd., Bombay.

Measurements of currents and circulation pattern were undertaken during the premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon periods at selected stations in the open coast off Mithapur and in the Gulf region. It was recommended that the channel in the vicinity of Shankolia Point could be considered for wastewater release. Significant portion of the waste water will however tend to oscillate although good dilution and mixing was expected which would disperse the waste water widely.

9. Disposal of waste water off Haldia from a petrochemical complex and environmental impact assessment (estimated cost Rs. 10.05 lakhs) sponsored by Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., Calcutta.

The first phase of investigations in 30 km stretch of the Hooghly estuary, off the proposed plant site has just begun. 81 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

10. Seabed sampling in Hansthal Creek, Gulf of Kutch in connection with feasibility studies of tidal power project sponsored by Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi.

In continuation of the earlier surveys, CEA had requested to collect about 100 samples from Hansthal Creek at the grid spacing of 300 m in the alignment zone of the proposed barrage in April 1987. 81 sediment samples were collected using Peterson Grab as sampling device, while Miniranger was used for position fixing and Atlas Deso -10 for bathymetry. Sediment distribution map was prepared for the Hansthal Creek which will help in planning and designing of main structure of the barrage. The report has been submitted to the sponsors in August 1987.

11. Surveys to delineate the sewage pipeline trenches at worli and Bandra (estimated cost Rs. 2.39 lakhs) sponsored by Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay.

The aim of the surveys was the delineation of the pipeline trenches, dredged more than a year before the surveys were taken up and to find out the depth at which bedrock exists and if the trench is still standing. The work was started in May 1987 and completed in November 1987. The surveys indicate that mostly the pipeline trenches are not standing and two reflectors are prominent, the first giving the thickness of the soft clay and the second the acoustic basement which have to be confirmed by borer hole data.

12. Magnetic surveys for the relocation of lost wellheads in PaIk Strait,east coast (estimated cost Rs.0.83 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission.

The objective of the project was to locate the coordinates of lost wellheads PH 9-1. Magnetic surveys have been carried out over a grid of 20 m along N-S and E-W lines conspicuous anomalies observed have helped to identify the location.

13. Bathymetric surveys and waterline determination of Tapti River at Magdal- Ia Port, Gujarat coast (estimated cost Rs. 1.73 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Com- mission.

The objective of the project was to locate a suitable effluent release point. A bathymetry map was prepared and cross sections were prepared. The bathymetry of east of Magdalla Jetty shows that the depth ranges from 1.5 above chart datum to 5 mtrs. below chart datum. The gradiant 1:250 from north end to 1:74 south end. Tidal data also showed considerable difference in predicted tidal heights and observed one. Based on the bathymetry of the area an effluent discharge point was located and the pipeline route was finalised.

14. Marine study for Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Project (estimated cost Rs. 9.6 lakhs) sponsored by Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals, Bombay.

Bimonthly survey beginning from October 1987 for a period of 12 months is 82 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

being done between Mangalore and Surathkal to collect relevant physical, chemical and biological parameters for recommending marine outfall point for the treated liquid effluent from the proposed Mangalore Refinery Complex. Three surveys (October 1987, January and March 1988) have been completed.

B. Consultancy Projects

1. Ecological studies at Thanneerbhavi coast, Mangalore (estimated cost Rs. 0.64 lakhs) sponsored by Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Pvt. Ltd., Mangalore.

2. Reclamation of timber pond (Bombay Harbour) - environmental impact assessment (estimated cost Rs. 0.40 lakhs) sponsored by Bombay Port Trust, Bombay.

The timber pond with its mangrove vegetation was found to be highly polluted. The prevailing water quality and biological characteristics supported the deteriorating conditions. It was recommended that the proposed reclamation of timber pond including the mangrove habitat would not pose any serious impact in the prevailing coastal ecosystem of the Sewree mudflat.

3. Feasibility of converting salt pan into fish culture pond at Nerul, Goa (estimated cost Rs. 2100/-)

4. Toxicological studies on marine organisms with mineral oil, mineral oil base & oil mud cuttings (estimated cost Rs. 0.31 lakhs) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Com- mission, Dehradun.

The objective of the project is to test the magnitude of toxicity in marine organisms by flow-through and static bioassay technique. Progress made so far in this project is as follows :

i) selection of candidate species finalized; ii) standardization ofdifferentcon- centrationof toxicant carriedoutand iii) bioassay testing in progress.

5. Environmental management - naval base in Karwar (in association with Prof. Madhav Gadgil, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore) (estimated cost Rs. 0.98 lakhs) sponsored by Project Seabird, Indian Navy, New Delhi.

Main objectives are: i) identification of natural habitats, biological communities, important plant and animal species; ii) identification of likely pressures on natural habitats, due to the development under Project Seabird and iii) outlining of the environmental basis of a plan to conserve and to protect the ecological processes and diversity of biota. Sur- vey of the locality of the project area is in progress. 83 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

C. Grant-in-aid Projects

1. Development of technology and training for women in the preparation of prawn (fish) feed (estimated cost Rs. 3.35 lakhs) funded by the Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi.

2. A transmitting tide gauge (estimated cost Rs. 2.59 lakhs) funded by Depart- ment of Science and Technology.

3. Marine fungi : role in biodegradation, as feed for detritivores and their en- zymes (estimated cost Rs.2.06 lakhs) funded by Department of Environment.

4. Marine archaeology project (estimated cost Rs.22.99 lakhs) funded by the Department of Science and Technology.

Projects funded by Department of Ocean Development

5. Survey of environmental pollutants in the seas around India (estimated cost Rs.24.45 lakhs).

6. Procurement of oceanographic information and data of Antarctic region (estimated cost Rs. 1.09 lakhs).

7. Oceanographic data and information management (estimated cost Rs 28 lakhs).

8. Remote sensing of oceanic features/parameters (estimated cost Rs. 81.45 lakhs).

9. Development of acoustic techniques for remote sensing of ocean - ocean acoustic tomography (estimated cost Rs. 120.7 lakhs).

10. Photo-diode array optical system (estimated cost Rs. 8.0 lakhs).

11. Oceanographic training onboard research vessels/boats/ crafts (estimated cost Rs. 16 lakhs).

12. Development of free-fall bathythermograph (estimated cost Rs. 7.37 lakhs).

13. Development of Vector Averaging Current Meter (estimated cost Rs. 9.21 lakhs).

14. Data acquisition system for coastal research vessels (estimated cost Rs. 84 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

20 lakhs).

15. Marine algal resources along the central west coast of India (estimated cost Rs. 8.90 lakhs).

16. Biochemical genetic variation in marine and estuarine population using isozymic gene frequency data (estimated Rs. 2.76 lakhs).

17. Studies of chemical constituents of waste water in marine environment and their influence in the marine ecosystem (estimated cost Rs. 12.766 lakhs).

D. Completed Projects of the previous year

1. Biology and larval rearing of horse-shoe crab under natural and captive conditions sponsored by M/s UNICHEM Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Bombay (date of completion, April 1987).

2. Seawater quality testing for water injection in Heera Oilfield (microbiological characteristic) sponsored by Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Dehradun (date of completion, February 1987).

3. Baseline studies - microbioligical characteristics of water and sediments of Amba river sponsored by IPCL (date of completion, December 1987).

85 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

7. OCEANOGRAPHIC CRUISES

R.V. Gaveshani

Cruise No. 181 : Visakhapatnam, 22.3.1987 to Madras, 12.4.87 Participants : D.P. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO - 8, Andhra Univ.- 4, Berhampur Univ.- 1, Jadavpur Univ.-1 Area of operation : Northern Bay of Bengal Objectives & work done : To study the physical, chemical and biological properties in the northern Bay of Bengal during premonsoon period. A total number of 56 stations were occupied covering a distance of 2530 nm. Data on temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and other chemical parameters were collected at each station at standard depths upto bottom. Phyto and zooplankton samples and sediment samples were collected. Sur- face meteorological data were collected at every 3 hourly intervals.

Cruise No. 182 : Madras, 15.4.1987 to Madras, 28.4.1987 Participants : D. P. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO - 8, Andhra Univ.- 3, PRL, Ahmedabad - 2 Area of operation : Central Bay of Bengal Objectives & workdone :For the study of oceanbgraphic conditions during pre-monsoon season. A total number of 31 oceanographic stations were occupied covering a distance of 3100 lkm. This was a continuation of the previous cruise. Data on temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and other chemical parameters were collected. Water samples for trace metals and data on surface meteorological observations were collected. Radium isotope concentrations were measured at each station.

Cruise No. 183 : Madras, 5.5.1987 to Madras, 24.5.1987 Participants : D. P. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO - 5, NPOL, Cochin -11 Area of operation : Around the Andaman Islands Objectives & work done: This cruise was sponsored by Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Cochin for carrying out oceanographic survey around the Andaman Islands. STD stations upto 1000 m depth were occupied at selected stations. At each hydrographic station surface meteorological data and transparency measurements were carried out. XBT probes were launched at every 15 nautical miles. At a station where depth was 80 m, current meters and wave rider buoy were deployed for 72 hours. A Suber Buoy was deployed at a depth of 60 m for about 5 hours and ambient noise was recorded.

Cruise No. 184 : Madras, 1.6.1987 to Cochin, 15.6.1987 Participants : V.S.N. Murty (Chief Scientist) NIO - 5, Andhra Univ.- 3, Berhampur Univ.-1, CSMCRI Bhavnagar -1 Area of operation :Central Bay of Bengal Objectives & work done : To study the distribution of various parameters such as temperature, salinity and density. Hydrographic data, Digital Bathythermograph and surface meteorological data were collected at all the stations. Water samples were analysed for 86 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

salinity. A total of 18 stations were occupied during the cruise.

Cruise No. 185 : Cochin, 18.6.1987 to Cochin, 21.6.1987 Participants : P. Vethamony (Chief Scientist), NIO - 2, NPOL, Cochin - 8 Area of operation : Off Cochin Objectives & work done :This cruise was sponsored by NPOL, Cochin to carry out hydrographic, acoustic and wave measurements off Cochin at a stationary position. During the cruise the magnetometer was towed from Cochin to the stationery positions and back along the cruise track.

Cruise No. 186 : Mormugao, 15.9.1987 to Mormugao, 30.9.1987 Participants : M.K. Antony (Chief Scientist), NIO - 8, Goa Univ.-1, Andhra Univ.- 2, Man- galore Univ.- 2, IIT, Madras -1, Berhampur Univ.-1, NPOL, Cochin - 2 Area of operation : West coast of India Objectives & work done : The cruise was undertaken to collect data on thermal structure along the coast and time series observations along the continental shelf. Shipboard training was imparted to nine persons from various universities and institutions. Mooring was done by deploying 3 current meters at about 82 m depth and hourly time series observations were carried out.

Cruise No. 187 : Mormugao, 10. 10.1987 to Cochin, 26.10.1987 Participants : V.N. Sankaranarayanan (Chief Scientist), NIO -10, School of Marine Scien- ces, C.U.S.T. Cochin - 2 Area of operation : The Central and southwest coast of India Objectives & work done : To collect hydrographic, hydrochemical and biological data from the central and southwest coast of India. This was a multidisciplinary cruise and studies included physical, chemical and biological oceanography. Samples were collected from 37 stations.

Cruise No. 188 : Mormugao, 19.11.1987 to Mormugao, 8.12.1987 Participants : M. Veerayya (Chief Scientist) NIO -13 Area of operation : Western continental margin of Gulf of Kutch Objectives & work done: To collect underway geological and geophysical data compris- ing of echosounding, side scan sonar, shallow seismic and magnetic profiling besides sediment sampling on the western continental margin off Gulf of Kutch. Nine traverses were made between 25 and 2500 m water depths and covered the western continental shelf between Dwarka and the Indus mouth and a part of the Indus upper fan. Seven sampling stations were occupied and six grab samples were collected.

Cruise No. 189 : Mormugao, 12.12.1987 to Mormugao, 25.12.1987 Participants : M.V.M. Wafar (Chief Scientist), NIO - 16,Karnataka Univ.-1, Cochin Univ.-1, Annamalai Univ.-1 Area of operation : Lakshadweep Sea Objectives & work done :For studies on the ecology and oceanography of the Lakshad- weep Sea and collection of flora and fauna for screening for bioactive substances. Nitrogen uptake of zooxanthellae, collection of reef fauna for bioactive substances, collection of in- 87 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

tertidal, subtidal benthos and sediments, microfouling and microbiology of reef waters and tidal variations of the physical and chemical properties of the water masses near the Kadamat Atoll were the various studies carried out during the cruise.

Cruise No. 190 : Mormugao, 29.12.87 to Mormugao, 19.1.1988 Participants : M. Veerayya (Chief Scientist), NIO -10, Goa Univ.-1 Area of operation : Continental margins off Mormugao-Bhatkal Objectives & work done : To study the regional geology, tectonics and sedimentation process. Thirteen tracks were covered between 20 m and 2100 m water depths off Mor- mugao-Bhatkal. During the cruise data on echosounding, sub-bottom profiling and magnetics were collected. In all 25 sampling stations were occupied.

Cruise No. 191 : Mormugao, 21.1.1988 to Visakhapatnam, 16.2.1988 Participants : D.P. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO - 7 Area of operation : Bay of Bengal Objectives & work done : This cruise was undertaken in the Bay of Bengal for collection of field data for acoustic tomography. Data were collected on STD upto bottom, surface meteorology and currents at selected places upto 300 ml. The cruise covered a distance of 6320 lkm and worked at 31 stations.

Cruise No. 192 : Visakhapatnam, 20.2.1988 to Visakhapatnam, 10.3.1988 Participants : T.C.S. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO -11, Andhra Univ. - 3, Berhampur Univ.-1, Osmania Univ. -1 Area of operation : Eastern continental margin Objectives & work done : The cruise was planned to map the magnetic field anomalies and sediment thickness over the eastern continental margin. Bathymetric, magnetic and shallow seismic data were collected along 30 profiles perpendicular to the coast. Surface as well as core samples were collected along six traverses.

Fig. 12. R.V.GAVESHANI Cruise tracks.

Cruise No. 193 : Visakhpatnam, 13.3.1988 to Mormugao, 28.3.1988 Participants :V.S. Rama Raju (Chief Scientist) NIO-5, Andhra Univ. -5, Berhampur Univ. -1. 88 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Area of operation : East coast of India between Visakhapatnam and Madras Objectives & work done : This cruise was conducted to study the intensity of upwelling and to collect data for monitoring pollutants along the central east coast of India. Data were collected on temperature, salinity, nutrients, trace elements, zooplankton and surface water from 36 stations. The ship covered a distance of 4020 lkm.

ORV Sagar Kanya

Cruise No. 31 : Visakhapatnam, 24.3.1987 to Mormugao, 21.4.1987 Participants : Ch. M. Rao (Chief Scientist), NIO -19, NGRI - 5, ONGC - 1, Jadavpur Univ.- 1, Andhra Univ.-1 Area of operation : Eastern continental margin and the deep sea fans of the Bay of Ben- gal Objectives & work done : To study the geomorphological setting of the area, the thickness and stratigraphy of the sedimentary column, the sedimentary and geochemical processes in space and time, the nature of the basement, the evolutionary history of the fan and the continental margin and the mineral potential they hold. During the cruise 9081 lkm of echosounding, 1428 lkm of seismics and 4130 lkm of magnetics data were collected. Ten sediment cores were collected. Sampling was done for mineralogical, geochemical, micropaleontological and geotechnical studies. Water samples were collected at two stations for chemical parameters.

Cruise No. 32 : Mormugao, 25.4.1987 to Mormugao, 11.5.1987 Participants : R.R. Nair (Chief Scientist) MIO -18, FRG - 4, USA -1 Area of operation : Arabian Sea Objectives & work done : This cruise was under the project "Quaternary upwelling and climate in the. Arabian Sea related to monsoonal events". The main objective of the cruise was to retrieve and redeploy the 3 sets of sediment traps deployed earlier for a further period of six months. Hydrographic and hydrochemical profiles of the three mooring stations and deployment of wave buoy system for testing were done.

Cruise No. 33 : Mormugao, 15.6.1987 to Mormugao, 13.7.1987 Participants : Satish R. Shetye (Chief Scientist), NIO -19, IMD - 5 Area of operation : Southwest coast of India Objectives & work done : To collect data on biological, chemical and physical oceanographic conditions during southwest monsoon. Salinity and temperature data were collected to infer the circulation pattern. Water samples were collected to study the distribution of oxygen, nitrate, ammonia, silicate and phosphate and the watermass characteristics. Studies on vertical and horizontal distribution of microbial biomass and primary and secondary production were also made. IMD carried out 214 weather observations and conducted 49 radio sonde ascents.

Cruise No. 34 : Mormugao, 16.7.1987 to Mormugao, 8.8.1987 Participants : Aditi Pant (Chief Scientist), NIO -15, CMC -1, IMD - 5, ONGC -1 Area of operation : EEZ along the west coast of India 89 N.I.O ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Objectives & work done : To study the Exclusive Economic Zone along the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon, tar pollution in benthic sediments and the water column and to collect weather data and upper air investigations. Data were collected from 73 stations on physical and chemical parameters. Work on fungi and bacteria was done at 25 stations. Forty stations were occupied for hydrocarbon and tar ball pollution studies. Balloon ascensions and observations on speed and direction of wind and cloud were also carried out.

Cruise No. 35: Mormugao, 22.8.1987 to Mormugao, 23.10.1987 (Port of call: Port Louis 31.8.1987 to 15.9.1987) Participants : Mormugao to Mauritius: B.U. Nayak (Chief Scientist) NIO - 26, IMD - 4, IIT, Madras -1 In the EEZ of Mauritius: B.U. Nayak (Chief Scientist), NIO -17, IMD - 4, Mauritian Scientists - 8 Area of operation : EEZ of Mauritius Objectives & work done : To undertake the multidisciplinary oceanographic studies in the EEZ of Mauritius for evaluating the environmental conditions and living and non-living resources. Forty two XBT operations were undertaken on the way to Mauritius at three hourly intervals and surface meteorological observations at six hourly intervals. About 3600 lkm of bathymetric surveys were carried out along Goa-Mauritius track. The ship cruised 5,600 lkm in the EEZ of Mauritius and occupied 94 stations. XBT, Radio sonde and Omega sonde observations were carried out. Observations on temperature, salinity, nitrients, primary productivity zooplankton, bottom sediment sampling by Van Veen grab, Spade corer and Boomerang samplers, trace metals and hydrocarbons were carried out. Bathymetric and gravimetric surveys were also carried out.

Cruise No. 36 : Mormugao, 4.11.1987 to Mormugao, 19.11.1987 Participants : N.H. Hashimi (Chief Scientist), NIO - 20, Aligarh Univ.-1, CMC Engineer-1 FRG - 5, USA - 1 Area of operation : Arabian Sea Objectives & work done : This cruise was under the Indo-FRG bilateral project on "Quater- nary upwelling and climate in the Arabian Sea related to monsoon events". The objective was to recover the traps deployed in the previous cruise and to redeploy them at the same locations for a period of one year. Biofouling experimental panels were attached to each of the traps. Water sampling was done at all stations for nutrients.

Cruise No. 37 : Mormugao, 27.11.1987 to Mormugao, 21.12.1987 Participants : Satish R. Shetye (Chief Scientist), NIO -16, PRL - 2, IMD - 5 Area of operation : In the EEZ along the west coast of India Objectives & work done : For interdisciplinary studies of physical, chemical and biological oceanography in the EEZ during the north east monsoon. The cruise covered a distance of 5730 lkm and occupied 101 stations. At each station data on salinity, temperature, phosphate, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and oxygen were collected. Sediment samples were collected at 21 stations for microbiological and chemical studies. Water samples were collected at 42 stations for trace metal studies. Zooplankton samples, detritus, chlorophyll and POC samples were also collected. Radio isotope studies were carried out at 381 stations.

90 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Cruise No. 38 : Mormugao, 7.1.1988 to Mormugao, 6.2.1988 Participants : Aditi Pant (Chief Scientist), NIO -16, ONGC -1 Area of operation : North Central Arabian Sea Objectives & work done : This was in continuation of cruise 34 and was a multidisciplinary one to study the Arabian Sea as a part of the Indian Exploitable Economic Zone. The studies carried out were geostrophic circulation of water, niutrients, nitrous oxide, electron transport activity, chlorophyll a distribution, primary and secondary production species and biomass. Tar pollution in sediments and water column were also studied.

Cruise No. 39 : Mormugao, 14.2.1988 to Mormugao, 11.3.1988 Participants : G.C. Bhattacharya (Chief Scientist), NIO -15, ONGC - 4, CMC -1 Area of operation : Bombay High and adjoining areas Objectives & work done : This was a cruise on a project sponsored by ONGC to collect marine gravity data in the Bombay High area. About 4362 lkm of high precision gravity and bathymetric data were collected.

Fig. 13. O.R.V. Sagar Kanya Cruise Tracks.

91 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

8. INFRASTRUCTURE

Library

a) Collections : Additions during Total the year Collection

Books 1045 17969

Technical reports 278 4860

Journals of subscription Nil 220

Journals of exchange/gift Nil 82

b) Users:

Institute staff 502

Outsiders 670

Photocopies/books/periodicals loaned to other Institutes 20

Photocopies/books/periodicals received on loan from other institutes 102

Resource sharing within NIO and Goa University Library is also continued.

c) Following activities are continued :

i) Computerized processing of journals subscription renewals

ii) Computerized literature search facility : "Oceanline" (inhouse system)

d) Library services : During 1987 library published :

92 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Current Awareness Services Series

i) New Arrivals Books (Monthly)

ii) -do- Technical Reports (Monthly)

iii) Aquatitles - (Fortnightly)

2. Computer Centre

The Institute's computer ND-520 is being run in two shifts. The system was available to the users throughout the year, and was often run for twenty four hours. The on-time was kept to a minimum. The user statistics for the usage of the computer for the period February 87 to February 88 is as follows:

Terminal time : 3,96,342 minutes

CPU time : 16,72,177 seconds

Pages printed : 92,440 pages

A new Centronics Printer capable of printing with the speed of 300 lines per minute with a 96 character print band was added to ND-520. A slimline 8" floppy drive was also installed. On the software side we had enhanced facilities of FORTRAN Compiler and User Environment.

The UPS was also commissioned and is being run in two shifts. The existing computer centre was air-conditioned by split air-conditioning plant. This has greatly reduced noise level in the computer room.

The Computer Centre has provided software and computational facilities for processing the NIO Pay Roll. Software was developed for office automation to calculate ΤΑ/DA of officers on tour and LTC.The other software developed is as follows :

a) Digitizer Subroutine Library for Benson Digitizer Model 6201

b) Interactive Digitizing of Geophysical Data

c) Conversion routine for magnetic tapes from computers such as PDP & UNIVAC in ASCII, EBCDIC or Binary data format to ND compatible format

d) Disassembler for micro processor 8085

93 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

e) Intel MDS floppy media access

Interface to ND-520 Computer

The following devices were interfaced with ND-520 Computer System :

a) Aanderaa Tape Reader

b) Memodyne Reader

c) Apple Il

d) Benson Digitizer Model 6201

3. Worskhop

The following major fabrication jobs were undertaken : Direct Reading Current Meter Fabrication (3 nos)

Weather Station (4 nos)

Tide Gauge Casing (1 no)

Optical Rail (1 no)

EBT Casing (2 nos)

In addition, 280 service and fabrication jobs were also carried out during the year. The following machines were transferred from RC Cochin : Hacksaw Machine Lathe -1.5 meter bed length

4. Prototype Section

The following major printed circuit board layout, assembly, fabrication and testing jobs have been completed:

PCB layout and fabrication : Electronic BT - 2 sets

Current Meter -15 sets

94 1987-889 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Tide Gauge - 1

Weather Station - 4 sets

Student Projects -2

Fibreglass fabrication : Rotor current meter

5. Printing and binding

Printing and binding facilities were provided to the Institute's R & D work as well as for the administrative work. Printing of NIO Newsletter, brochures, various forms and registers for the administration, letterheads and cover pages for various reports, etc. are some of the jobs undertaken by this group. Cutting and binding of all the publications and reports like cruise reports, sponsored reports were also done. In all, this group has done the jobs worth at a market value of Rs. 88,000/- (approx.).

6. Photography

This group has undertaken 405 jobs at an estimated cost of Rs. 65,000/- during the year which includes field works and has assisted in three Marine Archaeological Ex- peditions to Dwarka.

7. Drawing

About 460 jobs amounting to Rs. 72,000 (approx.) were undertaken by this group during the year.

8 . Facilities added during the year

Marine Instrumentation

The Division has procured the following :

i) HCL PC-AT (10 MHZ) Microcomputer with - A3/A4 Size Plotter NEC - Pin Writer Printer 40 Mb Hard disk & 1 High density floppy disk EGA Colour Monitor

95 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

ii) Software: Xenix V Operating System Software Autocad drawing and drafting package Readcad P.C.B. design package iii) - A buoy hull has been procured for testing of wave sensors

Geological Oceanography

The PMN samples and equipment storage building construction has been completed and occupied.

A precision depth sounding equipment, finite amplitude depth sounder (FADS) has been procured.

Marine Archaeology

Underwater Osprey TV Camera has been acquired and made use of, for film- ing underwater exploration in Dwarka waters and in Grande Island.

Ocean Engineering

Recently directional wave measuring system - the WAVEC, the receiving unit - DIREC were tested under static condition in the laboratory, which gave satisfactory results. Trial cruise was conducted to test the system for on-line data collection and analysis.

A software was developed to retrieve and to plot the logged directional and power spectral data from data Cartridges. Software runs on HP85B Personal Computer, decoding the stored data consisting of character strings followed by 127 times 3 bytes to give the numerical values of the date and time of data collection, error log and energy spectra and directional spectra in the form of dump tables or as a plotted hard copy outputs.

Physical Oceanography

An Ocean Remote Sensing Centre has been established with facilities for the Digital Image Processing and visual interpretation of satellite data and for the collection of sea truth required for remote sensing studies. The following specialised instruments were procurred :

Multispectral Additive Colour Viewer, In-situ fluorometer, Large format optical enlarger, Optical reflecting projector, and Particle size analyser. Various types of satellite data (Landsat, Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper, NIMBUS - Colour Zone Colour Scanner, SEASAT - Synthetic Aperture Radar and NOAA - Advanced Very High Resolu- tion Radiometer) were procured for analysis and testing of software packages supplied on 96 1987-889 ANNUALREPORT N.I.O.

the Image Analysis System.

Biological Oceanography

Large format optical enlarger, Optical Reflecting Projecter and B.O. D. Incubator have been added during the year.

97 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

9. VISITORS

1. Prof. Rui J.P. de Figuereido, of the Dept. of Computer Sciences and Electrical Engineering, Rice University, U.S.A. visited NIO under TOKTEN Programme between 17-28 August, 1987. During his stay, the ray trace program developed in the institute was revised and expressions for obtaining the analytical form of the sound speed profile were obtained. Prof. Figuereido delivered a series of specialised lectures on image and signal processing. 2. Prof. H.O. Berktay, visiting scientist from U.K. delivered a lecture on "Sonars in Oceanography and Marine Geophysics" 3. Mr. O.S. Houmb, OCEANOR, Norway 4. Mr. Tom Ivar Bern, 5. Mrs. Brit Falch, 6. Dr. N.N. Panicker, Tatsat Corpn, USA 7. Dr. Alexander Flinder, Founder Chairman of the International Society for Nauti- cal Archaeology and Underwater Exploration, London, visited NIO and delivered a talk on "The British experience in Marine Archaeology and presented a film "Mary Rose - the battleship of King King Henry VII". 8. Dr. V. lttekkot, Coordinator of Indo-FRG, Hamburg University visited during May 1987 9. Dr. C. Manthey, International Buro, FRG during November 1987 10. Mrs. M. Veltman, Port of Rotterdam, Holland 11. Shri S. Kasturi, Chairman, Kasturi Associates, Madras 12. Dr. C. P. Srivastava, Deputy Secretary, University Grants Commission, New Delhi 13. Dr. V.S. Vijayan, Project Scientist, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. 14. Dr. S. Ramachandran, Secretary, Dept. of Biotechnology, Govt. of India visited the Institute and delivered a talk on "Future of Biotechnology". 15. Dr. Brajesh Kumar Kothari, Associate Radiophysicist, Radiological Health Unit of New York State Department of Labour, Brooklyn visited the Institute and delivered a talk on "Indoor Radar: Geochemical Aspects". 16. Dr. R.M. Galkin and Dr. E.V. Hikhaloski, senior scientists of the Arctic and An- t a r c t i c Research In- s t i t u t e , Leningrad, USSR delivered two lectures on Soviet Antarctic Exploration and Soviet Geologi- cal Research in the Antarctica. 17. S / Shri V. Arunachalam, N.E. Balaram, Mahendra M. Mishra, C. Lakshmana, Mirza lrshad Baig, V.Narayana Swamy, Adinarayana Photo. 17. Committee on Govt. Assurances in Rajyasabha at NIO. 98 1987-889 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Reddy and Roshan LaI, a Committee on Govt. Assurance in Rajya Sabha visited NIO. The acitivities of the Institute were explained to them. They had shown keen interest on the work on mangroves that forms a part of the National Waste Land Development Programme. They were also taken to the mangrove areas near Chorao Island. The Committee expressed deep appreciation on the work carried out at NIO. 18. Cdr. S. Sayal and Cdr. H.S. Bawa, from Naval Oceanography. 19. Prof. Ranganna, from KREC. 20. Dr. Ferry Vis, Delft Hydraulics. 21. Mrs. Dwa Stepxowska of Poland. 22. A Committee of six members on Estimates of Karnataka Legislative Assembly 23. Mr. Khomenco, Mr. Barrin, Mr. Smirnov and Mrs. Khuranov of USSR 24. Mr. John J. Eddy, American Consulate General and his wife. 25. Dr. A.P. Mitra, DGSIR. 26. Shri Chittatosh Mookerjee, Chief Justice of High Court, Bombay and Acting Gover- nor of Goa 27. Members of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Prime Minister visited the In- stitute and held meeting. They also visited ORV Sagar Kanya, Chorao Mangrove Plantation Site and B,rds Sanctuary. 28. A Soviet Photo, 18. Justice C. Mookerjee, Chief Justice, High Court, Bombay delegation (Extreme Right) at the Image Processing Lab, at NIO. consisting of Acad Yanshin, Prof. A O.A. Boatikov and Dr. A.P. Bendick 29. Prof. Y. P. Neprochnov, Dr. L.R. Merklin and Dr. V.V. Sedov, Institute of Oceanology, Moscow visited and delivered talks on marine geolophysical aspects. 30. Mr. T. Borden, American Consular Officer, Bombay 31. A team of three Soviet Scientists, Dr. Vassily Lykossov, Dr. V. Zaleshy and Dr. Veniamin Perov visited and delivered talks on numerical simulation and mathematical modelling.

99 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

10. AWARDS, HONOURS AND MEMBERSHIPS

Dr. B.N. Desai Chairman, Committee to evaluate projects related to DODs programmes on "Island Develop- ment", New Delhi Chairman, Action Group under Standing Committee on Ocean Resources (SC-OO, Govt. of India, New Delhi Chairman, Managing Committee of CTAF, CSIR, New Delhi Member, Award Committee on Antarctic Expeditions, Govt. of India, New Delhi Member, Marine Research Development Fund, New Delhi Invited Membei, Ocean Science and Technology Board, New Delhi National Project Director, "UNEP Project on Satellite Data Analysis for Oceanographic Inves- tigations" Member, Scientific Advisory Committee, HT, Delhi Vice President, Society of Biosciences, Muzzafarnagar, U.P. Member, Eco Development Council, Govt. of Goa Member, Planning Board, Govt. of Goa Member, Environment Research Committee, Dept. of Environment, Govt. of India, New Delhi Member, National Council of Science Museums, Calcutta Member, Executive Council, Goa University, Goa Member, Task Force on Climatic Changes & Environment, Planning Commission, Govt. of India, New Delhi Member, Board of Studies in Applied Biology, Bombay University Fellow, National Academy of Sciences, Allahabad Member, Review Committee to go into the present & future programme of Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune Member, Review Committee in ICAR Member, Task Force for identification of a University for starting M.Sc.Marine Biotechnology, Min. of Science & Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi

Dr. J.S. Sastry Member, Board of Studies in the area of Coastal Processes and Marine Resources of Indian In- stitute of Remote Sensing, Dehra Dun

Shri L.V.G. Rao Member of I0DE/I0C (UNESCO) Task Team on Ocean Data Management for climatic studies Member of Indian Meteorological Society Member of ISI Hydrometer Sub-Committee CDS 33:3 Expert member in the selection committee, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune Alternate memtier of ISI Marine Structures Sub-committee BDC Member of the Action Group (under Standing Committee on Ocean Resources, SCO) constituted by the Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India National Project Coordinator for UNDP assisted project Satellite Data Processing for Oceanographic Investigations Expert Member in the Promotions Committee, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad

Dr. M.K. Anthony Member of the Board of Examiners, Cochin University of Sciences Technology for Ph. D qualify- ing examination

Dr. S.W.A. Naqvi Won the CSIR Young Scientist Award in Earth Sciences (1987) for his work on the nitrogen system in the oceans

Dr. A. Rajendran Recoanised as a teachinq quide for Ph.D students in Chemical Oceanoqraphy by Andhra Univer- 100 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

sity Recognised as an Editor for Tamil articles in Oceanography in the preparation of an en- cyclopaedia in science by Tanjore Tamil University

Shri R.R. Nair Member, Research Advisory Council, Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS) Member, Board of Studies, Goa and Mangalore Universities Dr. O.S. Chauhan Awarded Scholar Status in the Marine Geography Group of International Geographical Union (IGU) Member, Nautical Archaeology Institute, U.S.A.

Shri M.V.S. Guptha Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India, Bangalore' Research Guide for M.Sc, Marine Sciences of Goa University

Shri N.H. Hashimi Elected Life Member of Geological Society of India, Bangalore Research Guide for M.Sc, Marine Sciences of Goa University

Dr. R. Nigam Elected Life Member of the Geological Society of India Bangalore Recognised as Ph.D. Guide in the Goa University

Dr. D. Gopala Rao Recognised as Ph.D. Guide by the Andhra University

Dr. A.H. Parulekar Member, National Steering Committee of International Society for Tropical Ecology Member, Consultative Committee of Fishery Survey of India, Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India Member, Study Group on Antarctic Research & Expeditions, Dept. of Ocean Development, Govt. of India Member, Technical Committee, Bio-economics of Small Scale Fisheries in Bay of Bengal, Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, Govt. of India Member, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Society, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India Member, IOC/SCOR/SCAR Expert Committee on Productivity and Biomass in the Southern Ocean

Dr. A.G. Untawale Member, National Mangrove Committee, Govt. of India, Dept. of Environment, New Delhi Hon. Secretary, World Wild Life Fund for Nature, Goa Division, Panaji Member, Editorial Committee, Western Ghat News, IIS, Bangalore

Dr. D. Chandramohan Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Microbiological Methods, Published by Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam

Dr. Joseph Royan Awarded the UGC Visiting Fellowship by the Kerala University

Dr. A.B. Wagh Elected as Fellow of Indian Academy of Wood sciences

Dr. B.U. Nayak Member, Beach Erosion Board, Central Water Commission 101 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Dr. E. de Sa Member, National Radar Council on Sonar and Underwater Electronic Systems Member, Project Review and Steering Group Electromagnetic Ships Log and Ultrasonic Echo Sounder Member, Steering Committee of Computer Centre, Govt. of Goa Member, International Engineering Committee on Oceanic Research Member, Science and Technology Council Electronics Group, Govt. of Goa External Examiner, Engineering College, Govt. of Goa Member, Institute Menezes Braganza, Goa

Shri M.R. Nayak Fellow Member, IETA (India) Member, Marine Technology Society (MTS), U.S.A. Member, Society of Electronics Engineers Member, Instrument Society of India Member, Indian Physics Association Member, Institution of Instrumentation Scientists and Technologists (India) Member, Indian Science Congress Association

Shri T. Suresh Member, IEEE (U.S.A.) Member, Computer Society of India Member, NORSK Data Computer Users Society

Dr. M.D. Zingde Member, Committee to look into the Environmental aspects of development programmes relat- ing to Diu and Chanck Islands, Dept. of Environment, New Delhi Member, Working Committee on Marine Pollution, Dept. of Ocean Development, New Delhi Member, Sub-committee on Examination of Oil Pollution Control Facilities in Ports and Coas- tal states, Dept. of Ocean Development, New Delhi

Dr. K. Govindan Life Member, National Academy of Sciences of India, Allahabad

Dr. S. N. Gajbhiye Life Member, National Academy of Sciences of India, Allahabad

Dr. (Mrs.) V. Santhakumari Member, Proto-Zoologists, Canada

Shri T. Balasubramanian Life member, Society for Ecological Conservation & Development

Dr. U.K. Gopalan Task Group, Kerala State Committee on Science & Technology and Environment

Dr. KJ. Peter Life Member, Asian Fisheries Society

Shri N.P. Prabhakaran Member, Association of Microbiologists of India Member, World Wild Life Fund

Dr. (Mrs.) Ranu Gupta Member, Marine Biological Association of India

102 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Awards of Ph.D./Others

Name Title of the Thesis University Guide(s) Year

D.Sc. V. Santhakumari Studies on associates Cochin 1987 and parasites University of some marine organisms and zooplankton with special reference to hydromedusae

Ph.D. Relationship between nutrients Poona Dr. R. Sen 1987 and dissolved oxygen and nitrate University Gupta S.W.A. Naqvi reductionin the Arabian Sea A study of major and minor Bombay Dr. V.N. Kamat 1987 elements in Mahi river estuary, University Dalai P.V. Narvekar Gujarat Geomorphology & evolution Bombay Dr. H.N. Siddi- 1987 ol the coastal and offshore University quie B.G. Wagle areas of Maharashtra & Goa, India SG. Prabhu Ecosystem characterisation Bombay Dr. A.H. Parule- 1987 Matondkar in Antarctica University kar K. Sarala Devi Effect of Industrial Cochin pollution on the bent- University hic communities of a tropical estuary M. Dileep Inorganic chromium Andhra Dr. R. Sen 1987 Kumar species in sea water University Gupta

M.Tech. A.K. Suryavanshi Corrosion control I.IT. Bombay Dr. G.V.Prabhu 1987 and monitoring of Gaonkar embedded steel in concrete exxposed to marine environment

M.Sc. D. Amal Jayakumar Chemical Studies of Bombay Dr. R.V.Tamba 1987 sediments from University the estuarine systems of Goa (M.Sc.) M.T. Babu Hydrography and Bombay Dr. A.K.Heblekar 1987 circulation of the University waters of Bay of Bengal during postmonsoon season

103 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

11. DEPUTATIONS

Name Venue Duration Purpose

1 2 3 4

1. Dr. B.N. Desai Mauritius 22 August to International Ocean Festival Shri R.M.S Bhargava 23 October, 1987 Exhibition, cruise in the EEZ Dr V. P. Devassy of Mauritius and International Shri B.S. Ingole Sea Conference. Shri J.I. Goes Dr. T.G. Jagtap Dr. D.P Rao Shri V.V. Gopala- krishna Shri Y.V.B. Sarma Shri K. Santanam Dr. S.Y.S. Singbal Dr. S.N. DeSouza Shri M.D. George Shri F. Almeida Shri K.H. Vora Shri K.L Kotnala Shri R. Dias Shri B. Nagendranath Shri M.Shyam Prasad Shri V.S. Rajaram Shri V.D. Khedekar Shri Gawin Walker Dr. B.U. Nayak Shri P. Chandramohan Shri S.G. Diwan Shri P. Selvam Dr S.N. Gajbhiye

2. Dr. B.N. Desai U.S.S.R. 15 to 31 July Under Indo-USSR Bilateral Pro- 1987 gramme on Oceanography, to participate in discussions.

3. -do- West Germany 31 July to Under the lndo FRG Programme 4 August, 1987 Oceanography. He also visited various universitities.

4. -do- Paris 7 to 15 March, To lead the Indian Delegation 1988 to the 21st Session of Execu- tive Committee of the IOC.

5. Dr. J.S. Sastry Mauritius 3 to 16 April, 3rd meeting of the Indian 1987 Panel of CCCO.

6. Dr. J.S. Sastry U.S.S.R. 25 July to As members of the Indian Shri D.Gopala Rao 1 August, 1987 Delegation to finalise the Dr. N. Bahulayan collaborative programme under lndoUSSR Bilateral Programme in Oceanography.

104 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

1 2 3 4

7. Dr. N. Bahulayan People's 7 to 11 Dec- To attend the UNESCO sponsored Republic ember, 1987 International Meeting on Mar- of China rine Science Curricula Deve- lopment Activities for Asia - Pacific Region

8. Shri C.K. Canada 9 to 23 August, To attend XIX IUGG General Gopinathan 1987 Assembly Symposia (17 on Low Latitude Ocean - Atmosphere Interactions)

9. Shri P. Vethamony China 6 to 12 Sept., To participate in the Interna- Shri S. Mandal 1987 tional Conference on Coastal and Port Engineering in deve- loping countries

10. Shri P.V. Sathe Canada 27 April to Training on software applica- 25 May, 1987 tions of ARIES-KERNAL images processing packages supplied with Micro vax based Dipix Aires Image Analysis System

11. Dr. Y. Sadhuram Italy 23 November to To participate in the Inter- 12 December, 1987 national Workshop on Cloud Physics and Climate organised by ICTP

12. Dr. R. Sen Gupta Madagascar 4 to 10 April, To participate at the interna- 1987 national Colloquium for the development of oceanography

13. -do- Thailand 19 to 21 May, To participate and chair the 1987 meeting of the Task Team for South Asian Seas of UNEP at Bangkok

14. Dr. R. Sen Gupta Canada 9 to 22 August, To participate and present Dr. M.Dileep Kumar 1987 invited papers at XIX General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geo- physics (IUGG) at Vancouver.

15 Dr. R Sen Gupta U.S.A. 23 August 1987 To deliver invited lectures at the United States Geologi- cal Survey at Palo Alto, California

16. Dr R Sen Gupta Antarctica 25 Nov. 1987 to Leader of the VII Indian Sci- 26 March 1988 entific Expedition to Antarc- tica

Dr P M A.Bhattathri -do- do- To participate in the VII Dr T W. Kureishy Indian Scientific Expedition Shri V. Ramcsh Babu to Antarctica Shri M Manoharan

105 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

1 2 3 4

17. Shri Amal England Dec, 1987 to UNESCO Fellowship leading to Jayakumar Nov., 1988 MSc. Degree in coastal zone management

18. Dr. S.Y. Kamat U.S.A. 16 Sept. to To get acquainted with newer 31 Dec. 1987 techniques in isolation and structural elucidation of organic compounds

19. Dr.(Mrs.) Solimabi USA. 16 Sept. 1987 to -do- Wahidulla 14 March, 1988

20. Shri R.R. Nair Federal 22 Feb. 1987 to Indo-FRG Joint Programme Republic 21 March 1988 of Germany

21. Shri M.V.S.Guptha Federal 17June1987 to Indo-FRG Joint Programme Republic 1 Sept. 1987 of Germany

22. Shri T. Ramprasad Norway 6 August to To undergo training in seismic Shri A.K. Chaubey 8 February, 1987 data processing

23. Shri M. Sudhakar USA. 6 to 21 August, Member of the Indian Delegat- 1987 ion to the Preparatory Commi- ssion for the International Seabed Authority.

24. Shri V. Purna U.S.A. 14 June to Visiting Scientist to Depart- Chandra Rao 18 Sept. 1987 ment of Oceanography, Florida State University for seamount phosphorite studies

25. Dr. A.H.Parulekar Antarctica 26 Nov. 1986 to Leader of the Vl Indian Sci- & 22 March 1987 entific Expedition to Antarc- Mauritius tica. Goodwill visit to Mauritius

Shri B.S. lngole -do- -do- To participate in the Vl Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica & Goodwill visit to Mauritius

26. Dr. V.P. Devassy Japan 10 to 17 Nov., Participation in the Internat- 1987 ional Symposium on red tides. To attend IOC Workshop on international cooperation in the study of ocean blooms and red tides.

27. Dr. S.G. Prabhu France 30 May to lOC/SCOR/SCAR/CCAMLR Symp- Matondkar 14 June, 1987 osium at Paris on "Antarctic varia- Dr.X.N. Verlenkar bility with special reference to krill population"

106 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

1 2 3 4

28 Dr. S.G. Prabhu Federal 25 July to Special Investure Research Matondkar Republic 30 Nov., 1987 Fellowship on Antarctic Res- of Germany earch by Alfred-Wegner Polar Research Institute.Bremerhavan

29. Dr. S.C. Goswami Federal 27 July to Participation under CSIR & FRG Republic 26 Sept., 1987 Bilateral Exchange Programme of Germany

30. Dr. Aditi Pant U.S.A. 14 to 16 Oct., To attend Antarctic Biomass 1987 Workshop & present a paper entitled "Phytoplankton/Zoo- plankton interactions at the ice edge during an Austral Summer

31. Dr. Joseph Royan Belgium 1 Feb. to Work at Artemia Reference 30 April, 1987 Centre, Ghent

32. Dr. M.V.M. Wafar France 13 May to To analyse oceanographic data 4 August, 1987 collected by Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest - France

33. Dr. D. Chandra- U.S.A. 18 to 22 Nov., To attend the International mohan 1987 Symposium on Marine Biodete- rioration - Basic Research Authority

34. Dr. A.B. Wagh U.S.A. 17 to 25 Nov. To participate in the seminar 1987 organised by Office of Naval Research, on Marine Biodeter- ioration

35. Shri Eurico Federal June 1987 to DAAD Fellowship Programme J. D1Sa Republic December 1988 of Germany

36. Shri Andrew Norway 28 August to NORAD Fellowship Training in Menezes 23 Dec. 1987 Software for ND 500

37. Shri T. Suresh Norway 18 January to NORAD Programme 13 June 1988

38. Shri J.S. Sarupria U.K. 15 to 19 Feb., To participate and present the 1988 INODC activities in the first consultative meeting on RNODC at Wormley, U.K.

39. Shri S.J.D. Italy/ 11 to 27 Jan., Training course on "Aquatic Varaprasad France 1987 Sciences & Fisheries Informa- Shri G.H.Sainekar tions System (ASFIS)"

107 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

40. Dr. M.D. Zingde Thailand 6 to 12 Dec- To attend the Second Meeting ember, 1987 of National Focal Points on the Development of an Action Plan for the Protection and Management of the South Asian Seas Region

41. Dr. A.N. Kadam U.S.A. 17 to 26 June, For attending Gas chromato- 1987 graphy training course held at Perkin Elmer, Inc., Norway

42. Dr. A.N. Kadam Federal 30 June to To attend UV-VIS Spectroscopy Republic 3 JuIy, 1987 training course held at Boden- of Germany seewerk Perkin Elmer & Co., GmbH, Uderlingen

43. Mrs. K. Sarala Netherlands 1985 UNESCO Sponsored Programme for Devi studies in the field of Marine Sciences

44. ShriK.K.C. Nair West Germany November 1987 to Under DAAD Reinvitation Pro- January 1988 gramme for CSIR Scientists. 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

12. PARTICIPATION IN SEMINARS, SYMPOSIA, MEETINGS, ETC.

Title of the paper/ Name of the Symposia/Seminar/ lecture presented/ Venue & date Participant Meeting attended delivered

1 2 3 4

Dr. B.N. Desai 1st Indian Conference 1) Bioecology of the Jamnagar Dr. A.H. Parulekar on Marine Archaeology Gulf of Kutch 2) Gas- 12-14 Oct.'87 Dr. T.C.S. Rao of Indian Countries tropod fauna of Bet Dr. R. Nigam Dwarka 3) Flora of Bet Shri N.H. Hashimi Sankhodar in the Gulf Miss Vijaya Ambiye of Kutch 4) Distribut- ion of mangroves along Gulf of Kutch

Dr. J.S. Sastry Indian TOGA Meeting Delhi 31 March to 1 April '87

Shri Y.K. Somayajulu Geotomography Hyderabad 30-31 Dec.'87

Shri P.M. Muralee- Orientation course in Dehra Dun dharan coastal processes and marine resources

Dr. Y. Sadhuram Training Course in Ahmedabad Shri Harilal B. Satellite Oceanography 7-18 Sept.'87 Menon

Shri L.V.G. Rao Meeting of Investiga- Hyderabad tors of the Oceano- 24 April '87 graphy Project under the Indo-FRG Programme in Remote Sensing

Shri L.V.G. Rao National Conference 1) Remote sensing for Goa Dr. T.C.S. Rao on Ocean Technology ocean research and 16-18 June '87 Shri V.S. RamaRaju for the Twenty First surveillance - some Dr. A.H. Parulekar Century projections for early Dr. A.G. Untawale 2000 A.D. 2) New Dr. S.G. Dalal vistas in marine bio- Dr. K.S.R. Murty technology 3) Seaweed technology for 21 st century 4) Indian Fisheries: realities and aspirations

Shri L.V.G. Rao TOGA National Work- New Delhi ing Group Meeting 2 Nov.'87

109 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

1 2 3 4

Shri L V.G. Rao Orientation Programme New Delhi for Assessors and 21-22 Jan.'88 Meeting of the Expert Panels in Thermal and Optical Measurements under NCTCF Programme

-do- Third Meeting of the New Delhi Expert Group on Bound- 25 Jan.'88 ary Layer Studies

Dr. R. Sen Gupta 1) Meeting of the Delhi Committee for Nat- 20-24 July'87 ionwide survey of marine pollution along the Indian coast.

2) Meeting of the high- power Committee for selection of the Leader and members for the VII Indian Scientific Expedit- ion to Antarctica

Dr. R. Sen Gupta UNESCO regional Estuarine fauna : Calcutta Dr. A. H. Parulekar training course on distribution & 14-16 Sept.'87 estuarine research diversity.

Dr. R. Sen Gupta 1) Briefing for VII Delhi Antarctica Expedi- 27-28 Oct. '87 tion 2) Committee for Oil Pollution Control Equipments at ports of DOD 3) Committee for Nationwide survey of marine pollution along the Indian coast.

Dr. R. Sen Gupta National Seminar on 1) Environmental charac- Trivandrum Dr. A.H. Parulekar Estuarine Management teristics of the Ganga 4-5 June'87 Dr. U.K. Gopalan 2) Management & conser- Dr. (Mrs) Ranu Gupta vation of estuarine Shri N. Prabhakaran resources & environment.

Dr. R. Sen Gupta Bioactive substances Chemical ecology & Lucknow Dr. A.H. Parulekar from the Indian Ocean taxonomy of Opistho- 5-6 August '87 Dr. S.Y. Kamat branchiate molluscs

110 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

1 2 3 4

Dr. R. Sen Gupta 1) Meeting of the Delhi Committee for the 7-8 Sept.'87 allocation of responsibilities to different agencies for marine pollution control of DOD 2) Group of atmospheric and marine sciences of lndo- US Sub-Commission on Science and Technology

Dr. A. Sarkar National Symposium Organochlorine pestici- Darjeeling on Pesticide chemis- des in the seas sedi- 3-7 Dec.'87 try in lndia:Present ments around India and Future

Dr. S.Y. Kamat Workers meet on bio- Chemical investigation Goa Mrs. L D'Souza active substances of Acantophora 10-11 Nov.'87 Dr. R. Sen Gupta from the Indian spicifera and Padina Dr. A.H. Parulekar Ocean tetrastromatica Dr. C.G. Naik Miss Prita Sirvoicar Miss Vijaya Ambiye Shri P.S. Parameshwaran

Shri S.Y.S. Singbal Orientation Course Hyderabad on Remote Sensing 22-26 June'87

Dr. C.G. Naik Workshop on bio- 1) Chemical investigat- Port Blair Shri P.S. Paramesh- active substances ion of marine organisms 7-9 Jan.'88 waran from Indian Ocean 2) Ecology & bioactivity Dr. S.Y. Kamat of some of the marine Dr. A.H. Parulekar organisms along the Miss Vijaya Ambiye Indian coast 3) Distri- Dr. D. Chandramohan bution of intertidal fauna along the Indian coast 4) Some observat- ion on Amphiroa fragilissima (L.) Lam. 5) Screening of marine streptomycetes for antibiotics and L asparaginase activity

Dr. Ch. M. Rao Brain storming Bombay session on Surface June'87 Geochemical pros- pecting - offshore and onshore Bombay

111 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

1 2 3 4

Shri M. Sudhakar Training Programme New Delhi in C-Language 25 May to 6 June '87

Shri N.H. Hashimi National Seminar on 1) Late Pliestocene Baroda Dr. R. Nigam Recent Quaternary ooids on the western 11-13 Feb.'88 Studies in India continental shelf of lndia:their characteristics and distribution 2) Late Holocene monsoonal variations through foraminiferal studies.

Dr. A. H. Parulekar National Workshop Goa on Human Resources 25-26 Nov.'87 Development Activi- ties.

Dr. A.H. Parulekar IX International 1) Culture fishery Varanasi Dr. A. G. Untawale Symposium on Tropi- resources of the tropi- 11-16 Dec.'87 Dr. S.C. Goswami cal Ecology cal marine ecosystems Dr. Aditi Pant 2) Environmental impact Dr. D. Chandramohan assessment on the mangrove ecosystem along the west coast of India 3) Rehabilitation of coastal wetlands of India 4) Dynamics of qualitative & quantitative assessment of litterfall and decom- position of mangroves 5) Zooplankton ecology of the mangroves of Goa 6) Productivity of the Arabian Sea 7) Micro- bial features of tropical marine ecosystem.

Dr. A.G. Untawale National Symposium 1) Indian Seaweed - New Delhi Dr. Aditi Pant on All India Phyco- Resources & Utiliza- 16-17 Oct.'87 logical Congress tion 2) Application of tissue culture technique to some economically important marine algal species.

Dr. A.G. Untawale National Academy of Seaweed utilization & Bombay Dr. VK. Dhargalkar Sciences Symposium its present status in 19-21 Dec.'87 Dr. S.N. Gajbhiye on the Utilization of India the living resources of the Indian Seas

112 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

1 2 3 4

Dr. A.G. Untawale Workshop on S & T 1) Management of coast- New Delhi Shri R.M.S. Bhargava Inputs for Island al vegetation for 14 Nov.'87 Development integrated development of islands 2) Oceano- graphic coverage on Andaman & Nicobar Seas

Dr. Usha Goswami First Indian Fisher- Morphogenetic analysis Mangalore ies Forum on Penaeus merguiensis 4-8 Dec.'87 from Ratnagiri for selective breeding programme

Dr. S.C. Goswami All India Symposium 1) Ecology of zooplank- Thanjavur Dr. CT. Achuthan- on Aquatic Organisms ton in the coastal Feb.'87 kutty waters of Goa 2) Man- groves for aquaculture: some thoughts in relation to capture & culture fisheries of marine prawns 3) Biology of the banana prawn Penaeus merguiensis (DeMann) from Goawaters

Dr.T.G. Jagtap Workshop on Konkan 1) Potential & prospects Ratnagiri Shri Z.A. Ansari 2001 AD - Conference of development of Marine 21-23 May'87 Shri S.R. Sree- on Investment oppor- Park at Malwan 2) Pros- kumaran Nair tunities pects of seafarming Dr. Ch. M. Rao along Maharashtra coast.

Dr. T.G. Jagtap Wasteland Develop- Lucknow ment Meeting 22 July. '87

Miss Vijaya Ambiye INDO-US Workshop on Syridia fusiformis New Delhi Bioactive Sub- Boergs New record along 11-13 Jan.'88 stances from the the west coast of India Indian Ocean

Dr. Chandralata International Phyco- Studies on algal patho- Varanasi Raghukumar talk Symposium logy-a review 18-21 Dec.'87

Shri S.G. Diwan National Conf irence 9-12 Dec.'87 Shri P. Chandramohan on Dock & Harbour Shri S.S. Bhat Engineering

Dr. Elgar de Sa Seminar USA 87 Bombay Shri R.G.P. Desai Electronics 17-19 Sept.'87

Shri R.G.P. Desai Conference on Local Bangalore Shri George Area Networks (LAN) 20-22 Jan.'88 Vithayathil

113 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

1 2 3 4

Shri R.G.P. Desai National Symposium on Bombay Personal Computers in 3-5 Feb.'88 Science & Engineering

Shri MP. Tapaswi Scientific Communicat- Calcutta ion and Bibliometrics 15-16 Feb.'87

Shri GH. Sainekar Second NISSAT/DRTC Bangalore Training Programme in 9 Feb. to Computer application 20 March'87 to Library & Informat- ion Retrieval

Shri S.J.D. Training Course in New Delhi Varaprasad Effective Science 26-28 Oct.'87 Shri S.R. Bhat Communication

Dr. S.G. Dalal National Symposium Marine Fishery System Waltair Marine Resources, 15-18 May'87 Evalution & Manage- ment

-do- National Conference New Delhi on Technology for 18-19 Jan.'87 Self Reliance and Growth

-do- National Symposium Compartmental model New Delhi on Statistical Eco- for assessing the 12-14 Nov.'87 logy fishery potential in the Indian Ocean

Dr. M.D. Zingde First National Work- Bombay Dr. K. Govindan shop on Marine 15 June'87 Dr. M.N. Sabnis lnstruments:Research Dr. S.N. Gajbhiye Development and Dr. A. N. Kadam Manufacture Dr. Elrich de Sa Dr. Elgar de Sa

Dr. A.N. Kadam Workshop on 'Gas Temperature programm- Bombay Chromatographic' ing in Gas Chromato- 11-12 June'87 column packing graphy

Dr. U. K. Gopalan Conference 'DST Gandhigram Review' 24 June'87

.-do- Seminar on Fisheries Trivandrum Resource and Exhibi- 27 August'87 tion

Dr. P. Sivadas Symposium 'Society Introduction of Soft Waltair for Reproductive shelled crabs 26-27 Feb.'87 Biology and Compara- tive endocrinology' 114 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

1 2 3 4

Dr. U.K. Gopalan Symposium on Tropical Zooplankton product- Cochin Dr. K.J. Peter Marine Living Res- ion in the Indian 11-14 Jan.'88 Shri K.K.C. Nair ources Ocean Shri P.N. Aravin- dakshan Dr. T. Balachandran Dr. (Mrs.) V. Santhakumari Mrs. P.P. Meenakshi Kunjamma Dr.(Mrs.) Sarala Devi Shri T. Balasubra- manian Mrs.C.B. Lalitham- bika Devi Dr. S.G. Dalal

115 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

13. PUBUCATIONS

Achuthankutty, C.T., 1987. Commercially important penaeid shrimps larvae in the estuaries of Goa. Mahasagar- BuII. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(4): 217-224. Ambiye, Vijaya, 1987. Spyridia fusiformis (Boergs) - New record along the west coast of India. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(4): 267-268. Ansari, Z.A. and Prita Shirwaikar, 1987. Impact of marine pollution on living resources, case studies on the effect of mining activity and organic enrichment on benlhic fauna. CSIR SpI. Pub. on National Science Day, 96-99. Banakar, V.K., 1987. Ferromanganese mineralisation on tympanic bulla of a minke whale from CIOB. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4): 261-262. Bhalla, S.N. and R. Nigam, 1987. Recent foraminifera from polluted marine environment of Velsao beach, south Goa, India. Rew. de Paleobiol, 5(1): 43-46. Bhat, S.S. and B.U. Nayak, 1987. Wave groups off Bombay coast : a case study. Proc. 2nd Natn. Conf. Dock & Harb. Engg., lit. Madras. I: 123-129. Bhat, S.R. and A.G. Untawale, 1987. Bruguiera cylindrica (L) (Rhizophoraecae) - a new locality record from the west coast of India. Curr. Sci., 56(12): 604-605. Bhattacharya. G.C, F. Almeida, K.H. Vora and H.N. Siddiquie, 1987. Sub surface geology off Bombay and some Paleoclimatic inference - interpretation from shallow seismic profiles. Jour. Coast. Res., 3: 521-530. Bhattathiri, P.M.A., 1987. Laccadive Sea - Its environmental characteristics. Contribution in Marine Sciences. (Dr. S.Z. Qasim, 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 105-115. Bhosle, N.B., S.P. Fondekar and R. Sen Gupta, 1987. Identification of oil pollution sources in harbour waters. In- dian J. mar. Sci., 16(3): 192-195. Borole, D.V., G. Rajagopal and B.L.K. Somayajulu, 1987. Radiometric ages of phosphorites from the west coast of India. Marine Geology, 78: 161-165. Chakraborty, B., 1987. Side lobe suppressed beam pattern of coaxial circular array at operating wavelength useful for underwater transducer application. Acoustic Letters, 11(3): 34-38. Chakraborty, B., 1988. Mutual interaction effects between array elements at different wave lengths in coaxial circular array. Jour. Acoustical Society of America, 83(1): 362-364. Chandramohan, D. and N. Ramaiah, 1987. Heterotrophic activity and bacterial biomass in coral atolls of Lakshad- weep Archipellago. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. SZ. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 117-130. Chandramohan, P. and B.U. Nayak, 1987. Seasonal wave power distribution around the Indian coast. Proc. 2nd Natn. Conf. Dock & Harb. Engg., IIT, Madras, I: 362-365. Dalal, S.G., 1988. Fish farming industry in India. Seafood Export Jour., 20(1): 5-7. Dalal, S.G., 1988. A critique of Indian Ocean fishery estimates. Marine Int. fishery magazine : 11-12. Desai, B.N., R.M.S. Bhargava, J.S. Sarupriya and T. Pankajakshan 1987. Oceanographic Coverage of Andaman and Nicobar Seas. Proc. Conf. on Sci. Tech. Inputs for Island Development. DOD-Indian Assoc. Advance- ment Sci. New Delhi. Desai, B.N., R.M.S. Bhargava and J.S. Sarupriya, 1987. Fishery Potentials of the EEZ of India. Proc. Symp. utilization of Living Resources of the Sea, Bombay. Desai, B.N., 1987. New vistas in oceanography. Proc. Gujarat Academy of Science. Desai, B.N., 1987. Marine environment - management and conservation. Proc. International Sea Conf., Mauritius Devassy, V. P., 1987. Trichodesmium red tides in the Arabian Sea.Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. SZ. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 61-66. Devassy. V.P. and S.R. Sreekumar Nair, 1987. Discolouration of water and its effect on fisheries along the Goa coas\.Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr, 20(2): 121-128. Devassy, V.P., CT. Achuthankutty, S.N. Harkantra and S.R. Sreekumaran Nair, 1987. Effect of Industrial effluents on biota: a case study off Mangalore, west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(3): 146-150. Dhargalkar, V.K. and N.B. Bhosle, 1987. Hydrocarbons in benthic marine algae of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Bu// Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 38: 313-317. Dhargalkar, V.K., C.R.K. Reddy and G.V. Deshmukhe, 1987. Biochemical composition of some benthic marine algae of the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4): 269-271. Dileep Kumar, M., 1987. Cation hydrolysis and the regulation of trace metal composition in seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51: 2137-2145. Diwan, S.G., K. Ashok Kumar and K.G. Prabhu Desai, 1987. Direct read out system for Aanderaa Currentmeter. Proc. 2nd Natn. Conf. Dock & Harb. Engg., IIT, Madras, I: 118-122. Gajbhiye, S.N., Vijayalakshmi R. Nair and B.N. Desai, 1987. Toxic effect of domestic sewage to zooplankton. Mahasagar- Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(2): 129-133. Gonalan, U.K., D. T. Vengayil, P. Udaya Varma and M. Krishnan Kurty, 1987. The shrinking backwaters of Kerala. 116 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O

Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 25(1 & 2) : 131-141. Harkantra, S.N. and A.H. Parulekar, 1987. Benthos off Cochin, southwest coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4): 57- 59. Hashimi, N.H. and B.G. Wagle, 1987. Seabed surveys of Victoria Harbour. Mahe, Seychelles. 2nd Natn. Conf. Dock &Harb. Engg.: 349-354. lngole, B.S., 1987. Occurrence of resting eggs in Macrostomum orthostylum (Turbellaria :Macrostomida) Zoologis- cher Anzeiger, 219(1/2S): 19-24. lngole, B.S., Z.A. Ansari and A.H. Parulekar, 1987. Meiobenthos of Saphala salt marsh - west coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(2): 110-113. lngole, B.S., 1987. Benthic fauna of Ungwana Bay, Mombassa (Kenya) - a preliminary account. Pakistan J. Sci. & lndust. Res. , 30(2): 128-131. lngole, B.S. and A.H. Parulekar, 1987. Microfauna of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica. I. water-moss communities. Sci. Report. IVth Indian Sci. Exp. to Antarctica : 139-148. lngole, B.S., X.N. Verlenkar and A.H. Parulekar, 1987. Microfauna of Priyadarshani Lake, Schirmacher Oasis, An- tarctica. Sci. Report IVth Indian Sci. Exp. Antarctica : 149-154. Jagtap, T.G., 1987. Seasonal distribution of organic matter in the mangrove environment of Goa. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(2): 103-106. Jagtap, T.G., 1987. Distribution of algal and coral communities from Lakshadweep Islands, India. Indian mar. Sci. 16(4): 256-260. Jauhari, P., 1987. Classification inter-element relationship of ferro-manganese nodules from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Mar. Mining, 6 :419-429. Joseph, A., 1987. A technique for display applications. Appplied ideas Section - Electronic Engineering, U.K :27. Kadam, A.N., 1987. Petroleum hydrocarbons in surface sediments in Kandla Creek (Gujarat). Mahasagar- Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr, 20(4) : 243-248. Kureishy, T.W., S. Sanzgiry, A. Misquita and R. Sen Gupta, 1987. Importance and significance of intercalibration exercise in marine chemical studies. Proc. Inter-Depart. Sem. on Status of Mar, Poll, in India : 19-37. Kureishy, T.W., A. Misquita and R. Sen Gupta, 1987. Mercury concentrations in and around Binge Bay, Karwar. Contributions in Marine Science (Dr. S.Z. Qasim Felicitation 60th Birth-day Volume): 347-353. Lokabharathi, P.A., Shanta Nair and D. Chandramohan, 1987. Vibrio parahaemolyticus like organisms in offshore Indian waters. Mahasagar- Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(1): 43- 51. Madhupratap, M., 1987. Status and strategy of zooplankton of tropical Indian estuaries : a review. Bull. Plank. Soc. Japan, 36(1): 65-81. Mathew, Basil and P.M. Muraleedharan, 1987. Circulation in the Northern Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16: 196- 198. Mukhopadhyay, R., 1987. Morphological variations in the polymetallic nodules from the selected stations from the Central Indian Ocean. Geo. Mar. Lett., 7(1): 45-51. Nagender Nath, B., V.S. Rajaraman and A.V. Mudholkar, 1988. Modified interstitial water squeezer for trace elements analysis. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17(1): 71-72 Naidu, Divakar P., 1987. Shallow seismic surveys in Dabhol Minor Port, Maharashtra. 2nd Natn. Conf. Docks & Harb. Engg.: 344-348. Nair, K.K.C., V.N. Sankaranarayanan, T.C. Gopalakrishnan, T. Balasubramanian, C.B. Lafithambika Devi, P.N.Aravindakshan and M. Krishnan Kutty, 1988. Environmental conditions of some paddy-cum-prawn culture fields of Cochin backwaters, southwest coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17: 24-30. Nair, S. R. Sreekumaran, 1987. In-vitro fertilisation in banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(3): 189-193. Nair, Shanta and U. Shimidu, 1987. Distribution of heterotrophic marine bacteria with antibacterial activity and their significance. Appl. Environ. Microbial, 53: 295 pp. Nair, R.R. and N.H. Hashimi, 1987. On the origin of the cohesive and non-cohesive sediment boundary on the western continental shelf of India. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume):^ 3-425. Nair, R. Vijayalakshmi, 1986. Monsoon regime in the Indian Ocean and zooplankton variability. Pelagic biogeog- raphy UNESCO Tech. Paper in Mar. Sci., 49 : Proc. Int. Conf. Netherlands : 210-213. Nair, R. Vijayalakshmi, K. Govindan, S.N. Gajbhiye and L. Krishnakumari, 1987. Toxicity of different types of was- tes on the fish Therapus jarbua (Forsskal, 1977). Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 131-139. Nandakumar, K., N.B. Bhosle and A.B. Wagh, 1987. Dissolved and particulate lipid content in the Arabian Sea off Bombay coast. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16: 240-242. Nandakumar, K., K. Venkat and N.B. Bhosle, 1987. Distribution of particulate organic carbon in the Central Bay of Bengal. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth & Planet. Sci), 96:189-193.

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Naqvi, S.W.A., 1987. Variation of frontal structure in the south Indian/Antarctic Ocean : possible reason for lon- gitudinal differences in the intensity of the oxygen maximum. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 319-328. Naqvi, S.W.A., 1987. Relationship between nutrients, dissolved oxygen and nitrate reduction in the Arabian Sea. DISCO VII Proc. Vllth Dissertation Symp. Chem. Oceanogr, Honolulu, Hawaii, 9-13 Feb., 1987: 20-21. Naqvi, S.W.A., 1987. Some aspects of the oxygen-deficient conditions and denitrification in the Arabian Sea. J. Mar. Res.,49: 1049-1072. Narvekar, P.V. and M.D. Zingde, 1987. Behaviour of Boron, Calcium and Magnesium in Puma and Auranga estuaries (Gujarat). Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(1): 46-50. Nayak, B.U., P. Chandramohan and S. Mandal, 1987. Wave measurement and evaluation techniques adopted at Daman on the west coast of India. Proc. Internal. Conf. Coastal & Port Engg., Beijing, China, II: 1669-1683. Nayak, B.U., S. Mandal and P. Chandramohan, 1988. Proc. Internal. Symp. on Tidal Power Develop., New Delhi, 1: 39- 43. Nayak, M.R., 1987. Antarctic Communication. Acta Astronantica, 15(8): 587-591. Nayak, M.R., 1987. On the Technological Requirements of Marine Edn. Proc. OCEANS'87, Halifax, Canada : 790- 792. Nayak, M.R., 1987. Information Management - the next generation. Int. J. of Systems Res. & Inform. Sci., 2: 179- 181. Nayak, M.R., 1987. On the operational aspects of subsea systems. Proc. ROV'87, California (U.S.A.) : 75-78 Nigam, R. and A.S. Rao, 1987. Prlocculus size variation in recent benthic foraminifera. Implications for paleoclimatic studies. Estuarine, Coastal & Shelf Sciences, 24(5): 649- 655. Nigam, R., 1987. Distribution, factor analysis and ecology of benthic foraminifera within inner shelf regime of Ven- gurla - Bhatkal sector, west coast, India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 29(3): 327-334. Pankajakshan, T. and D.V. Rama Raju, 1987. Intrusion of Bay of Bengal water into Arabian Sea along the west coast of India duringnortheastmonsoon.Contributions Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 237-244. Parulekar, A.H. and S.G. Prabhu Matondkar, 1987. Production of krill, Euphausia superba (Dana 1857) in the An- tarctic waters. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 51-60. Parulekar, A.H. and X.N. Vrlencar, 1984. Status and prospects of fish farming in Goa. Proc. Symp. Coastal Aqua., 3: 732-737 (Marine Biological Assoc. of India, Cochin (India). Parulekar, S.H., Z.A. Ansari, X.N. Verlencar and S.N. Harkantra, 1987. Effect of total solar eclipse on the behaviour and metabolism of some tropical intertidal animals. Proc. N. Balakrishnan Nair Felicitation Volume : 79-87. Pattan, JN. and V.N. Kodagali, 1988. Seabed topography and distribution of manganese nodules in the Central Indian Ocean. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 21(1): 7-12. Paulinose, V.T., S.C. Goswami and Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, 1987. Studies on planktonic decapoda and stomatopoda (crustacea) from Arabian Sea. Mahasagar- Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr, 20(2): 99-108. Prasanna Kumar, S. and C.S. Murty, 1987. Response of the barrier beaches along the southwest coast of India to monsoonal forcing. Jour. Coastal Res., 3(3): 343-358. Prasanna Kumar, S. and P. Vethamony, 1987. Shoreline stability in the vicinity of Cochin harbour. Proc. 2nd Natn. Conf. Dock & Harb. Engg.: 317-326. Qasim, S.Z. and R. Sen Gupta, 1987. Heavy metals in the marine environment of India. In: Science, Development and Environ- ment, (Eds.) V.P. Agarwal and S.V.S. Rana, Society of Biosciences, Qasim, S.Z. and R. Sen Gupta, 1988. Some problems of coastal pollution in India. Mar. Poll. Bull., 19: 100-106. Qasim, S.Z., R. Sen Gupta and T.W. Kureishy, 1988. Pollution of the seas around India. Proc. lnd. Acad. Sci. (Animal Science), 97: 117-131. Raghukumar, Chandralata, 1987. Fungal parasites of marine algae from Mandapam (south India). Diseases of aquatic organisms, 3 (2): 137-145. Raghukumar, Chandralata, 1987. Fungal parasites of the green alga Chaetomorpha media. Diseases of aquatic organisms 3: 147-150. Raghukumar, Chandralata, S. Pathak and D. Chandramohan, 1987. Biodegradation of calcareous shells of window- pane oyster by shell boring cyanobacteria. In: Proc. Internal. Conf. Mar. Biodeterioration: 658-666. Raghukumar, S, 1987. Occurrence of the thraustochytrid Corallochytrium limacisporum gen. et. sp. nov. in the coral reef lagoons of the Lakshadweep islands in the Arabian Sea. Botanica marina, 30: 83-89. Raghukumar, S, D. Chandramohan and N. Ramaiah, 1987. Contribution of thraustochytrid Corallochytrium limacisporum Raghukumar to microbial biomass in coral reef lagoons. Indian J. mar. Sci, 16(2): 122-125. Raghukumar, S, 1987. A device for continuous microscopic observations of aquatic microorganisms. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(2): 132-133. Raghukumar, S, L.N. Santhakumaran and D. Chandramohan, 1987. Association of marine fungi on timber panels treated with preservatives.In: Proc. Internal. Conf. Mar. Biodeterioration, 618-623. Ramaiah, N. and D. Chandramohan, 1987. Distribution and species composition of planktonic luminous bacteria 118 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O

in the Arabian Sea. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(2): 139-142. Ramana, M.V., B. Rajendraprasad and R.D. Hasen, 1987. Geophysical and geological surveys along the north eastern flank of mount Error, Northwestern Indian Ocean. Marine Geology, 76:153-162. Rama Raju, V.S., V.V. Sarma, T.V. Narasimha Rao and R. Vijaya Kumar, 1987. Variation of physico-chemical characteristics with tide in Visakhapatnam harbour waters, east coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16 : 218-222. Ramaswamy, V., 1987. Particle flux during the southwest monsoon on the western margin of India. In: Particle flux in the Ocean, (Eds. ET. Degens, ES. Honjo & E.lzdar. SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband, Heft 62, Hamburg Univ.: 233-242. Ramesh Kumar, R.K. Gupta and V. Dayal, 1987. Theme oriented enhancement of sea surface temperature in thermal infrared AVHRR imageries. Pub. in Photonirvachak, Jour. lnd. Soc. Remote Sensing, 15(2): 43-51. Rao, B.P., V. Ramesh Babu and P. Chandramohan, 1987. Seasonal variability of thermal structure in the coastal waters of Visakhapatnam. Proc, Indian Acad. Sci., I: 69-79. Rao, Ch. M., A.L Paropkari, A. Mascarenhas and P.S.N. Murty, 1987. Distribution of phosphorous and phosphotisa- tion along the western continental margin of India. Geol. Soc. India, 30: 423-438. Rao, Gopala D., 1987. Magnetic anomalies off Bombay coast, west of India. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 391-413. Rao, Gopala D., G.C. Bhattacharya, L.V. Subbaraju, M.V. Ramana, V. Subrahmanyam, K.A.K. Raju, T. Ramaprasad and A.K. Chaubey, 1987. Regional marine geophysical studies of the south western continental margin of India. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 427-437. Rao, Kameswara K., P. Sivadas, B. Narayanan, K.V. Jayalakshmy and M. Krishnan Kutty, 1987. Distribution of foraminifera in the lagoons of certain islands of the Lakshadweep Archipelago, Arabian Sea, Indian J. mar. Sci., 16: 161-178. Rao, Kameswara K., K.V. Jayalakshmy, B.M. Panikkar and M. Krishnan Kutty, 1988. Living planktonic formainifera of the Wadge Bank, Northern Indian Ocean. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17: 67-70. Rao, V. Purnachandra, 1987. Mineralogy of the polymetallic nodule and associated sediments from the Central In- dian Ocean Basin. Mar. Geol., 74 " 151-157. Rao, V. Purnachandra, N. Purnachandra Reddy and Ch.M. Rao, 1987. Clay mineral distribution in the shelf sediments of the northern part of the east coast of India. Continental Shelf Research, 8: 145-151. Rao, S.R., 1988. Marine Archaeology Finds Submerged Dwarka. Indian and Foreign Review, 25(6): 16-30. Rao, S.R., 1987. Submerged city and shipwreck in Dwarka, International Jour. Naut. Archaeology & Underwater Explor., 16(3): 252-254. Revichandran, C.K., R. Shyam, P. Udaya Varma and Abraham Pylee, 1987. Water and salt budget in the Azhikod estuary during postmonsoon season. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4): 223-226. Royan, Joseph P., Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan, L Krishnakumari and N. Ramaiah, 1987. Cyst quality and hatching in parthenogenetic brine shrimp, Artemia. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4): 249-252. Royan, Joseph P., Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan and L Krishnakumari, 1987.Adult Artemia as food for juvenile prawns. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(2): 109-113. Sadhuram, Y. and M.R. Ramesh Kumar, 1988. Does evaporation over Arabian Sea play a crucial role in moisture transport across west coast of India during active monsoon period ? Monthly Weather Review, 116(2): 307- 312. Santhakumari, V., 1986. Epizoic and ectoparasitic protozoans from crab larvae. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr, 19(1) : 65-67. Santhakumari, V., 1986. Two new species of suctorians, protozoa, Acineta satyanandani sp. nov. from ostracods of the south west coast of India. Indian J. Fish., 33(4): 471 -475. Santhakumari, V., 1987. Epizoic and ectoparasitic protozoa from copepods of south west and east coast of India with a description of a new species. J. mar. biol. Ass. India, 27 : 29-38. Sarkar, A. and G. Banerjee, 1987. Component analysis of some chemical parameters influencing the stability of DDVP in sea-sediments along the east coast of India. Internal. J. Environ. Studies, 29: 171-174. Sarkar, A. and R. Sen Gupta, 1987. Chlorinated pesticide residues in sediments from the Arabian Sea along the central west coast of India. Bull. Environ. Contam. & Taxico., 39: 6. Sarkar, A. and R. Sen Gupta, 1987. Chlorinated pesticides in marine sediments. Mar. Poll. Bull., 13: 217-218. Sarupria, J.S. and P.D. Kunte, 1988. Integrated Inventory Information System (IIIS). Communications, Computer Soc. India: 25-30. Satyanarayana, D., K.P. Reddy, M. Dileep Kumar and A. Ramesh, 1987. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 291-305. Satyendranath, S., L. Prieur and A. Morel, 1987. An evaluation of the problems of chlorophyll retrieval from ocean colour, for case 2 waters. Adv. Space Res., 7(2): 2(27)-2(30). Sen Gupta, R. and S. Upadhyay, 1987. Nutrient Biochemistry of the Mahanadi estuary. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 291-305. Sharma, R.K., 1988. Deep sea mining : environmental monitoring and management. Jour. Engg. Geol., 17(3 & 4): 119 N.I.O ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

1-12. Shenoi, S.S.C, C.S. Murty and M. Veerayya, 1987. Monsoon induced seasonal variability of sheltered versus exposed beaches along the west coast of India. Mar. Geol., 76: Shetye, S.R. and C.S. Murty, 1987. Seasonal variation of salinity irfthe Zuari. Proc. lnd. Acad. Sci., Earth Planet. Sci., 90(3): 249-257. Shirodkar, P.V. and V.N. Kamat Dalal, 1988. Sediment boron and its relation to sediment properties in a tropical estuary. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 21 (1): 45-54. Siddiquie, H.N., G.C. Bhattacharya, F. Almeida, K.H. Vora, M.V. Ramana and V. Subrahmanyam, 1987. Seabed conditions for offshore development off Bombay - an assessment. Proc. Offshore & Arctic Operations Symp. at ETCE Dallas, Texas, ASME Paper No. OAOS 87/155. Siddiquie, H.N., S.M. Karisiddaiah and V. Subrahmanyam, 1987. A note on the occurrence ofortho amphibolites on the inner self of Bhatkal, west coast of India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, 30(6): 499-506. Siddiquie, H.N., N.H. Hashimi, K.H. Vora and M.C. Pathak, 1987. Exploration of the continental margins of India. Internal. Hydro. Rew., 64(1): 91-110. Singbal, S.Y.S. and P.V. Narvekar, 1988. Chemistry of the sea surface microlayer. 1. Fabrication and testing of the sampler. Mahasagar- Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 21(1): 55-60 Sivadas, P., B. Narayanan and Muktesh Kumar, 1987. On the occurrence of Neisosperma oppositifolia (Lamk) Fos- berg & Sachet at Kavaratti Islands, Lakshadweep. Indian Forester, 113(11): 750-752. Sivadas, P., 1987. Possible threats to the marine environment and ecology of Lakshadweep (Laccadive Islands). Environmental Conservation : 361 -364 Somasunder, K., A. Rajendran and M. Dileep Kumar, 1987. Property -property relations 2 and 9 discontinuities in the Arabian Sea. Oceanologica Acta, 10(2): 293-300. Somayajulu, Y.K., T.V. Ramana Murty, S. Prasanna Kumar and J.S. Sastry, 1987. Hydrographic characteristics of central Bay of Bengal waters during S-W monsoon of 1983. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16: 207-217. Soundalsekar, V.M. and T.V. Ramana Murty, 1987. Heat transfer in flow past a continously moving porous plate with oscillating plate temperature. Mechanics Res. Commun., 14(4): 219. Subbaraju, L.V. and K.H. Vora, 1987. The utility of side scan sonar and shallow seismic surveys in marine inspec- tion works - a case history from Bombay coast, India. 2nd Natn. Conf. Dock & Harb. Engg.: 339-343. Sumitra-Vijayaraghavan, L Krishna Kumari and Joseph P. Royan, 1987. Evaluation of different feeds for optimal growth and survival of parthenogenetic brine shrimp Anemia. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4): 253-255. Suryanarayana, A., G.V. Reddy, T. Pankajakshan, A.S. Micheal, J.S. Sastry and N. Bahulayan, 1987. Watermass structure and current system in the equatorial western Indian Ocean during August, 1985. Deutshe Hydrographische Zeitschuft, 40: 182-190. Suryavanshi, A.K. and G.V. Prabhu Gaunkar, 1987. Half-cell potentials of embeded steel in concrete. Proc. 2nd Natn. Conf. Dock & Harb. Engg., IIT, Madras, I: 460-464. Unnikrishnan, A.S., 1987. Numerical modelling experiments in the Girande estuary. Bull. Geol. du Bassin d'- Aquitaine, France, 42: 142-161. Unnikrishnan, A.S., 1988. Link mode model for the simulation of tides in the Girande estuary. Indian J. mar. Sci., 17:9-13. Untawale, A.G., 1987. Conservation of Indian mangroves - a national perspective in marine sciences. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 85-104. Untawale, A. G., 1987. Exploitation of mangroves in Ind ia. In: Mangrove Ecosystems of Asia and the Pacific - Status, Exploitation & Management (Eds. CD. Field, AJ. Dastrall) Australian lnst. Mar. Sci. Australia, : 220-227. Upadhyay, S., 1988. Phisico-chemical characteristics of the Mahanadi estuary ecosystem, east coast of India. In- dian J. mar. Sci., 17: 19-23. Varadachari, V.V.R., V. Kesava Das and D. Sengupta, 1987. Oceans and the Indian summer monsoon - a review. Contribution in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume): 141-174. Varadachari, V.V.R., and V. Kesava Das, 1987. Oceanography in India. 40 years of Research- A CSIR Overview. council of scientific & industrial research, New Delhi: 37-62. Varkey, M.J., 1987. Effect of attenuation correction on surface amplitude distribution of wind waves. Mahasagar- BuII. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(2): 91-98. Varkey, M.J., 1987. Application of FFT methods to wind wave data by adding zeros. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(3): 183-186. Veriencar, X.N., 1987. Distribution of nutrients in the coastal and estuarine waters of Goa. Mahasagar - Bull. natn. lnst. Oceanogr., 20(4): 205-215. Veriencar, X.N. and AH. Parulekar, 1987. Nutrients and phytoplankton production in the southern ocean in a section 10° to 52°E in the Indian Ocean. Sci. Report IVth Indian Sci. Exp. Antarctica : 159-167. Vethamony, P., V. Ramesh Babu and M.R. Ramesh Kumar, 1987. Thermal structure and flow patterns around Seychelles group of islands during austral automn. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(3): 179-183. Vijayan, M., K. V. Jayalakshmi and V.S. Zlobin, 1987. Appropriate growth model to explain heavy metal pollution

120 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O

on marine phytoplankton, Platymonus virid Rouch and Phaceodactylum tricornutms Bohlis. Indian J. Exptl. Biol, 25: 700-705. Vijayan, M., K. Sunitha, S. Kumaran and R.V. Unnithan, 1986. Commercial viability of water hyacinth for the production of oxalic acid. Res. & lndust., 31: 355-357. Vora, K.H., 1987. A note on geophysical explorations for marine archaelogy off Tamil Nadu coast, India, Int. Jour. Nautical Arch.16(2): 159-164. Vora, K.H., O.S. Chauhan and B.R. Rao, 1987. On some geological processes in the micro-tidal Gulf of Kachchh. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(4): 230-234. Vora, K.H. and L.V. Subbaraju, 1987. Techniques in exploration of Marine Archaeological sites - a case history from Tamil Nadu coast. CSIR Science Day Commoration Volume, Delhi: 55- 60. Wafar, M.V.M., Sayeeda Wafar and V.P. Devassy, 1986. Nitrogenous nutrients and primary production in a tropical oceanic environment. Bull. Mar. Sci.,38 273-284. Wagle, B.G., 1987. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs of Ratnagiri Bay - a study. Indian J. mar. Sc/.,16(4): 227- 229. Wahidulla, S., L D'Souza and J. Patel, 1987. 5 - cholestane 3, 6 dione from red alga Acantophora_spicifera. Phytochemistry, 26(10): 2864 Wahidulla, S., L. D'Souza, B. Das and G.K. Patnaik, 1987. Oxytocic principle of red alga Mphiroa fragilissima. Botanica Marina, 30: 371. Wahidulla, S. and S.K. Paknikar, 1987. Synthesis of 2, 3, dimethoxy P-cymene. Indian J. Chem., 26B: 880-881. Zingde, M.D. and B.N. Desai, 1987. Pollution status of estuaries of Gujarat - an overview. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume) :245-268. Zingde, M.D., S.A.H. Abidi, P. Sharma and M.A. Rokade, 1987. Basewater quality off Thal. Contributions in Marine Sciences (Dr. S.Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Volume) :303-318. Zingde, M.D., Vijayalakshmi R. Nair, K. Govindan and M.M. Sabnis, 1988. Marine environmental impact assessment of proposed tidal power development in the Gulf of Kachchh. Proc. Int. Symp. Tidal Power Develop., 1: 205-208. Popular Articles

Ansari, Z.A. and A. Chatterji, January 1987. Ausidhiyon ka bhandar - sagar (Hindi). Vigyan Pragati Chatterji, A. and R. Vijayakumar, September 1987. The amazing horse-shoe crab. Science Today Kadam, A.N., April-May 1987. Kitakancha Kardankal Malathion. Dyanvikas. Parulekar, A.H., June 1987. Antarctic Research vis-a-vis Dr. S.Z. Qasim. Souvenir.of Dr. S. Z. Qasim 60th Birthday Felicitation Committee. Varaprasad, S.J.D. and R.M.S. Bhargava, March 1988. Drugs from the sea bed. Indian Express. Technical Reports

Varkey, M.J., NIO/TR-2/87. Some general purpose programs. Mandal, S. and B.U. Nayak, NIO/TR-3/87. Sea surface wave analysis - statistical approach. Ashok Kumar, K. and S.G. Diwan, NIO/TR-4/87. HP Vectra-ND 520 interface and communication software. Ramana Murty, T.V., Y.K. Somayajulu, S. Prasanna Kumar, C.S. Murty and J.S. Sastry, NIO/TR-5/87. Computa- tional details of canonical sound speed profile in the ocean. Sharma, Rahul, NIO/TR-1/88. A multidisciplinary approach to environmental monitoring and management for deep sea mining in Indian Ocean. Ramprasad, T. and Rahul Sharma, NIO/TR-2/88. An interactive program for digitization of sea bed photographs. Rao, T.C.S.,NIO/TR-3/88.Geophysicalandgeological investigations overcontinental margins of eastcoastof India -1 Allur to Paradip. Dhargalkar, V.K., December 1987. Report of the third wintering team, 1986-87. Indian Scientific Expedition to An- tarctica. Parulekar, A.H., July 1987. Record of events and preliminary scientific report of the Sixth Indian Scientific Expedi- tion to Antarctica, 1986-87. Parulekar, A.H., V.K. Dhargalkar, BS. lngole and J.I. Goes, August 1987. Report on research activities related to Antarctic marine living resources. Book Review Nair, Vijayalakshmi, R., 1987. Environmental stress and behavioural adaptation by John Davenport. Indian J. Ex- perimental Biol., 25: 431. 121 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Raghukumar, S., 1987. Biology of marine fungi. (Ed. ST. Moss). Indian J. mar. Sci., 16: 278 Books

Santhakumari, V., 1987. Life beneath the sea. Published by Peetambar Publishing Company, Educational Publishers, New Delhi, pp: 1-88. 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

14. BUDGET

A. RECURRING P1, P2, P3 Salaries 143.148 56.361 199.509 P4-Contigencies 21.690 15.577 37.267 P6-Maintenance 1.460 3.269 4.729 P7-Chemica!s & Glassware 20.810 13.217 34.027 P8-Boat Operation 74.810 43.103 117.913

B. CAPITAL P5(1)-Works 10.039 10.039 P5 (2)-Services 6.554 6.554 P5(3)-Equipment 41.166 41.166 P5(4)i-Furniture 1.700 1.700 P5(4)ii-Books 10.230 1.334 11.564 P5(4)iii-Vehicles 2.966 2.966 P5(4)iv-Models 1.325 1.325

123 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

15. COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS COMMITTEES OF NIO

Research Advisory Council

1. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Chairman Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003

2. Prof. N. Balakrishna Nair Secretary, Govt. of Kerala, State Committee on Science, Technology & Environment, Member Near Press Club, Trivandrum - 695 001

3. Prof. R. Natarajan, Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Porto Novo, Tamil Nadu - 608 502

4. Prof. M.N. Sastry, 9-42-2, Balaji Nagar, Andhra University Campus P.O., Visakhapatnam - 530 003

5. Dr. D. Srinivasan, Visiting Professor, Ocean Engineering Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras - 600 036

6. Prof. Supriya Roy, Department of Geology Jadavpur University, Calcutta - 700 032

7. Dr. E.G. Silas, Vice Chancellor, Kerala Agriculture University, Vellanikkara - 680 654

8. Dr. S. Aditya, 16-Alkapuri, Chakrata Road, Dehra Dun - 248 001

9. Dr. E.V. Chitnis, 124 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

Emeritus Scientist, Space Application Centre, Member Jodhpur Tekra, Ahmedabad - 380 053

10. Director General, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Rafi Marg, Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi-110 001

11. Prof. (Mrs.) T.R. Doctor, Head, Dept. of Microbiology, M.V. College, Andheri West, Bombay - 400 058

12. Prof. V.S. Raju, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras - 600 036

13. Prof. V. K. Gaur, Director and Chairman, Co-ordination Council of Physical and Earth Sciences Labs., National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007

14. Dr. R.P. Sarkar, Director General of Meteorology, Mausam Bhavan, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110 003

Prof. M.P. Singh, Centre for Atmospheric Research, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016 Executive Committee

1. Dr. B.N. Desai Chairman · Director, NIO

2. Prof. M.P. Singh, Member Centre for Atmospheric Research, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110 016

3. Prof. Supriya Roy, Department of Geology, Jadavpur University, Calcutta - 700 032

4. Dr. J.S. Sastry, 125 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Deputy Director, NIO, Goa

5. Dr. M.D. Zingde, Member Scientist lncharge, RC. of NIO, Bombay

6. Dr. A. B. Wagh, Head, MCMRD, NIO, Goa

7. Sr. Finance & Accounts Office, NIO, Goa

8. Administrative Officer, Member Secretary NIO, Goa pa

Cruise Planning And Programme Priorities Committee For O.R.V. Sagar Kanya & R.V. Gaveshani

(a) O.R.V. Sagar Kanya

1. Dr. S.Z. Qasim, Chairman Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110 003

2. The Director General, Member Scientific & Industrial Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi-110 001

3. Director General & Secretary, to the Govt. of India, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi-110 001

4. Shri A.P. Tewari, Department of Mines, Shastri Bhavan, New Delhi

5. Commander Narender Singh, Director, Department of Non-Conventional Source of Energy, C.G.O. Complex, Block No. 14, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003 6. The Chairman, 126 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

University Grants Commission, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi

7. Dr. C.R. Madhavan, Member Ocean Science Division, Naval Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Campus II, M.G. Road, Cochin-682 015

8. Shri K.R. Sachar, General Manager (C & P S Division) Shipping Corporation of India, 245, Madame Cama Road, Bombay - 400 021

9. Dr. M.G. Gupta, India Meteorological Department, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110 003

10. The Chairman, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, TeI Bhavan, Dehradun

11. Dr. P.K. Pant, Project Manager Bombay Offshore Project, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Bank of Baroda Building, Parliament Street, New Delhi-110 001

12. Wireless Adviser, Government of India, Ministry of Communications, Samachar Bhavan, 20, Ashok Road, New Delhi-110 001

13. Shri S. Gopalan, Director (Designs), Ministry of Shipping & Transport, Parivahan Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110 001

14. Shri S.S.V. Rao, Industrial Adviser, Director General of Technical Development, Udyog Bhavan, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi-110 011

15. Shri Vijay K. Nambiar, 127 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Director, (UNP & NAM), Ministry of External Affairs, South Block, New Delhi-110 011

16. Dr. S. Ramanathan, Member Deputy Adviser (S & T), Planning Commission, Yojana Bhavan, New Delhi-110 001

17. Dr. Pranav Desai, Deputy Head, Meteorology Division, Space Applications Centre, Jodhpur Tekra, Ahmedabad

18. Dr. N.W. Nerurkar, Joint Secretary, Department of Electronics, Lok Nayak Bhavan, New Delhi-110 003

19. Dr. M.N. Qureshy, Adviser (ES), Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi-110 016

20. Dr. S.N. Dwivedi, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.GO. Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110 003

21. The Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute K.C. Avenue, Post Boc 1912, Cochin-682 018

22. Shri V.M.K. Nair, Deputy Secretary (Land Customs), Central Board of Excise & Customs, Room No. 47-A, North Block, New Delhi

23. The Joint Secretary, to the Prime Minister of India, C-ll/31,Tilak Marg, New Delhi-110 001

24. Director, Naval Oceanography, Naval Head Quarters, New Delhi 128 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

25. Director, Member National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa

26. Joint Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003

27. Financial Adviser & Joint Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003

28. Director (A), Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003

29. Principal Scientific Officer (B), Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003

30. Additional Secretary, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003 (b) R.V. Gaveshani

1. The Director General, Chairman Scientific & Industrial Research Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Rafi Marg, New Delhi-110 001

2. Joint Adviser (Planning), Member Council of Scientific & lnc ustrial Research, Rafi Marg, New Delhi -110 001

3. Director, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa

4. The Director, National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007 129 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

5. The Director General, Member India Meteorological Department, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110 003

6. Chairman, Central Water Pollution Board, 5th & 6th Floors, Skylark, 60, Nehru Palace, Post Box No. 4364 New Delhi-110 019

7. The Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, K.C. Avenue, Post Box No. 1912, Cochin-682 018

8. Fisheries Adviser to Government of India

9. The Director, Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Oil & Natural Gas Commission 9, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun - 248 001

10. The Member Offshore, Oil & Natural Gas Commission, Express Towers, Nariman Point, Bombay

11. The Director General, Geological Survey of India, Ratnakar Building, 4, Chowringhee Lane, Calcutta

12. Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Ocean Development, Mahasagar Bhavan, Block No. 12, C.G.O. Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003

13. Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Science & Technology, Technology Bhavan, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi-110 011

14. Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Environment, Bikaner House, Shahjahan Road, New Delhi-110 011 15. Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Space, 130 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

3rd Floor, Loknayak Bhavan, Prithviraj Lane, New Delhi-110 003

16. Secretary to the Government of India, Member Department of Non-Conventional Source of Energy, C.G.O. Complex, Block No. 14, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110 003

17. Secretary to the Government of India, Department of Electronics, Lok Nayak Bhavan, Khan Market, New Delhi- 110 011

18. Naval Headquarters, New Delhi-110 011

19. The Director, Naval Hydrographic Office, Rajput Road, Delhradun-248 001

20. The Director, Naval Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Naval Base, Cochin - 682 004

21. The Vice-Chairman, University Grants Commission, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi

22. Director, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Saikrishna Building, TC No. 9/1421, Sasthamangalam, Trivandrum -10

23. Chairman, Central Electricity Authority, Government of India, Bikaner House, New Delhi-110 011

24. Secretary, Ministry of Shipping & Transport, Parivahan Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110 001

25. Head, Co-ordination Department, Minor Ports Organisations, Ministry of Shipping & Transport, Parivahan Bhavan, Sansad Marg, 131 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

New Delhi-110 001

26. Wireless Adviser, Member Government of India, Ministry of Communication, Sanchar Bhavan, 20, Ashok Road, New Delhi-110 001

27. Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs, South Block, New Delhi-110 011

28. Joint Adviser (S & T), Planning Commission, Yojana Bhavan, New Delhi- 110 001

29. Dr. R. Sen Gupta, Convener Scientist, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa

132 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O.

16. APPOINTMENTS / TRANSFERS / RESIGNATIONS

Appointments Dr. S.N. Gajbhiye - Scientist 'C

Shri R.M. Sakardande Shri Pravin D. Kunte Scientist 'B' Shri P.K. Dinesh Kumar Dr. Jiyalal Ram Jaiswar

Shri K. Rajan - Technical Officer

Shri H.B. Menon Senior Research Fellows Shri S.K. Sasmal

Shri K.K. Anirudhan Shri P.N. Vinayachandran Shri Ajoy Kumar Shri P. Ravindran Shri P.V. Chodanker Shri Umanat C. Rivonkar Shri Jose K. Xavier Shri Vinaya Chandran Shri R. Sanjeev Junior Research Fellows Shri Ajoy Kumar Shri CP. Vineethan Kum. Sharmila P. Kamat Kum. Madhumati O. Sharma Kum. Lissamma Sebastian Kum. C Baby Kum. Padmavati Gadi Kum. Rajamani V. Amma Kum. S. Kamat

Dr. Nasreen S. Haque Dr. Usha Devi Research Associates Dr. P. Bhattacharya - Medical Officer Dr. S.N.M. Govind - Workshop Supt. Shri J. Rodrigues -Tr acer Shri M.R.L Chavan Shri Digo Anant Shankar Drivers Shri P.V. Kale

Smt. Ana F. Vaz Peons Shri Govind Shirodkar

Shri Pundalik Gawas - Watchman

Smt. Susheela Shirodkar Smt. Ambubai Shinde Malis Shri Dinkar Kunkolkar

133 N.I.O. ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Shri Bhiku Gawas Store Bearers Shri Caelano D'Souza

Smt. Minaxi Sirvaicar Smt. M.L. Fernandes Safaiwallahs Smt. Subhedra Begh Transfers Shri V. Josanto, Sci.'C to R.C. Cochin Shri Dinesh Kumar, Sci.'B' to R.C. Bombay Shri R.C. Agrawal, J.T.A. to CRRI, New Delhi Shri K.G. Pillai, L.D.C. to RRL, Trivandrum Resignations Shri Anantha Krishna, Sci. 'B' Shri P.V. Varkeyachan, JRF Retirement Shri K.R. Das, Section Officer

134 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O

17. SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF

(The staff upto the level of JTA/Assistant as on 31 st March, 1988)

Director Dr. B.N. Desai A. Headquarters

1.Physical Oceanography Division V. Krishna Kumar

Head of the Division Senior Research Fellows

Dr. J.S. Sastry Shri H.B. Menon S. K. Sasmal Scientists Junior Research Fellows Shri L.V.G. Rao Dr CS. Murty Shri K.K. Anirudhan D.P. Rao P.N. Vinayachandran Shri M.J. Varkey Ajoy Kumar C.K. Gopinathan P. Ravindran Dr. N. Bahulayan P.V. Chodanker SR. Shetye S. S. Nath Shri V. Ramesh Babu Dr. M.K. Anthony 2. Chemical Oceanography Division Shri A. F. Anto A.D. Gouveia Head of the Division P.V. Sathe R.J.K. Charyulu Dr. R. Sen Gupta Y. K. Somayajulu V.V. Gopalakrishna Scientists M.R. Ramesh Kumar V.S.N. Murty Shri S.P. Anand Dr. S. Prasana Kumar Dr. S.Y.S. Singbal S. Shenoi SY. Kamat Shri A. Suryanarayana Dr. A. Rajendran Dr. Y. Sadhuram CG. Naik Shri P. Vethamony S.N. D'Souza Y.V.B. Sarma S.W.A. Naqvi Dr T.V. Ramana Murthy Shri M.D. George Shri M.S.S. Sarma Dr. S. Wahidullah A.A. Fernandes S.P. Fondekar Dr. P.M. Muraleedharan Shri M.D. Rajgopal A.S. Unnikrishnan Smt. C. D'Silva Shri G. Nampoothiri S. Sardesai Dr. T.W. Kureishy Junior Technical Assistants Kum. S. Sanzgiri Dr. M. Dileep Kumar Shri K. Santanam Shri P.S. parameshwaran D. Sundar P.V. Narvekar MT. Babu Smt. A.M. Mesquita A.M. Almeida DR. K. Sawkar G.S. Michael 135 N.I.O ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Dr. F.P. De Souza S.M. Karisiddaiah Shri M. Manoharan Shri A.R. Gujar Smt. M.L D'Souza M.V. Ramana Shri M. S. Shailaja Dr. A.B. Valsangkar A. Sarkar Shri V. Subramanyam B.N. Nath Senior Technical Assistants Kum. J. Pratima Shri V.P.C. Rao Smt. C.M. Dias V.K. Banakar B. Das M.S. Prasad Shri R. Nagarajan G.H. Ranade Dr. P.V. Shirodkar R. Mukhopadhyaya V.N. Kodagali Junior Technical Assistans Shyam Murti Gupta T. Ramprasad Smt. KA. Rao R. Banerjee Shri D.A. Jayakumar M. Sudhakar R. Algarswamy R.K. Sharma K. Soma Sundar S. Afzulpurkar Blasco Fernandes P.S. Rao V. Ramaswamy Senior Research Fellows Dr. D.V. Borole Shri K.A. Kamesh Raju Kum. jivexa Patel Sridhar Iyer Shri S. upadhyaya Dr. OS. Chauhan Smt. Jayasree Gosh Shri P.D. Naidu Shri J. Bhattacharya A.V. Mudholkar B. Chakraborty Junior Research Fellows K. Sree Krishna A.K. Chaubey Kum. Maheshwari Sankaran Nair Dr. J.N. Pattan Shri R.J. Noronha Shri N.H.khadge M.C. Pathak E.C.A. Dias 3. Geological Oceanography Division K.A. Kotnala Kum. Chandra Vaidyanathan Head of the Division Senior Technical Assistants Shri P.S.N. Murty Shri P.A. Marathe Scientists S.K. Nanyasi N.V. Aambre Shri R.R. Nair A.S. Muralinath Dr. Ch. M. Rao D.G. Rao Junior Technical Assistants M. Veerayya Shri B.G. Wagle Shri P.G. Mislankar K.H. Vora B. Rama Lingeshwara Rac N.H. Hashimi B. Vijayakumar F. Almeida G. Janakiram M.V. S. Gupta F. Vijayan L.V. Subba Raju R. Venkatesan Dr. A. L paropkari V.S. Rajaraman Shri G.C. Bhattacharya G.M. Phadte Dr. R. Nigam Tony Thottam 136 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O

Shri K.V. Durgaram Dr. Z.A. Ansari T. Sudhakar L. Krishnakumari D.G. Gracias M..V.M. Wafar Y. Satyanarayana Raju Dr. A.K. Chatterji P.R. Vijayan N. Ramaiah P. Ganesan V. K. Dhargalkar Shri K.M. Sivakholundu R. Menezes Dr. N. Prabhakaran X.N. Verlenkar A. Ghosh S. Wafar Smt. S.S. Pattenshetty B.S. lngole Shri C. Prakash Bubu S.G.P. Matondkar Dr. D. K. Naik S. Raghukumar R.A.A Luis T.G. Jagtap K. Srinivas U. Goswami S. Achuthankutty Junior Mechanical Assistant Shri V. Subramanian Shri J.I. Goes Shri A.V. Sonawane Junior Mechanical Assistant Radio Operator Shri M.G.K. Goudar Shri S. De Almeida Research Associates Senior Research Fellows Dr. Helga do R. Gomes Shri M. Suresh Raj Nasreen Haque Usha Murlidharan Junior Research Fellows Pool Officer Kum. Aradhana Rao Shri B.K. Kallapur Dr. David Stephen G.P.S. Murty Senior Research Fellow

4. Biological Oceanography Division Kum. G. Deshmukhe Vijaya Ambiye Head of the Division Prita Sirvoiker

Dr. A.H. Parulekar Junior Research Fellow

Scientists Shri C. Rivonker Kum. Lathika Vizhakat Dr. A.G. Untawale Veena Sathe V. P. Devassy Jason David Aditi Pant Shri Venkatarama Sharma S.C. Goswami Sumitha Sharma G. Padmavati S. Vijayaraghavan P.M.A. Bhattathiri Smt.. D. Chandramohan 5. Marine Corrosion & Materials Loka Bharathi Research Division M. Madhupratap CT. Achuthankutty S. N. Harkantra Head of the Division J. Royan Dr. A.B. Wagh Shri S.R.S. Nair 137 N.I.O ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Scientists Scientists Dr. N.B. Bhosle Shri S.S. Sawant Shri M.R Nayak T.V. Raveendran Dr. ES. Desa Shri R.G. Prabhu Desai Senior Research Fellows EJ. DSa Shri A. Joseph Shri VP. Venugopalan Smt. V.B. Peshwe L.K. Bhat Shri T. Suresh George Vithayathil Junior Research Fellow Antonio Mascarenhas

Shri K. Nandakumar Senior Technical Assistant Kum. Madhumati Sharma Shri Andrew Menezes

6. Ocean Engineering Division Senior Mechanical Assistant

Shri S.B. Tengali Head of the Division Workshop Superintendant Dr. B. U. Nayak Shri J. Rodrigues Scientists Junior Mechanical Assistant Dr. N. M. Anand Shri S.G. Diwan Shri V.N. Chodankar P. Chandramohan S. Mandal Junior Research Fellow A.K. Suryavanshi K. Ashok Kumar Kum. S. Kamat Shankar S. Bhat U.V. Jose Fine Mechanic R. Sakhardande Shri D. Rodrigues Junior Technical Assistants 8. Publication & Reprography Section Shri H.C. Mandal P.S. Pednekar K.C. Pathak Scientist-in-Charge N.S.N. Raju Shri V. Kesav Das Research Associate Scientists Shri Subramania Bhat Shri S.J.D. Varaprasad 7. Marine Instrumentation & Computer S. R. Bhat Division M. Wahidulla V.M. Date Head of the Division Senior Technical Assistant Dr E. Desa Smt. R. Thomas

138 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O

9. Training Division Technical Officer

Scientist Shri K. Rajan Shri G.N. Swamy Senior Technical Assistant 10. Planning Section Shri P. Gudigar

Secientists

Dr. S.G. Dalal 13. Establishment & General Section Shri G. Banerjee P.V.S.S.R. Sarma Administrative Officer

Junior Technical Assistant Shri R.V. Sarma

Smt.. S. Simon Section Officers

Shri K. Ramamoorthi 11. Data, Information & Library Peter D'Silva R. K. Duggal Head of the Division Senior Personal Assistant Shri R.M.S. Bhargava Shri V.N.N. Menon Scientists Assistants Shri J.S. Sarupria G. Venkata Reddy Shri Paul D'Souza Arvind Ghosh Smt.. Nancy Mascarenhas T. Pankajakshan R. D' Silva Pravin D. Kunte Shri F. G. Lourenco Kum. M. Shahapurker Research Associate Senior Stenographers Shri Prathipesh Bhattacharya Kum. Milagrine Cardozo Sr. Documentation Officer Mrs. Juliana Pinto

Shri M.P. Tapaswi

Senior Library Assistant 14. Finance & Accounts

Smt. S.H. Oka Sr. Finance & Accounts Officer

Library Assistant Shri A. Rajachandran

Shri G.H. Sainekar Section Officers

Shri C.M. Dias 12. Marine Archaeology M. Krishna Murty

Emeritus Scientist Assistants

Dr. S.R. Rao Shri Joslin D'Mello M.G. Dalvi 139 N.I.O ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Shri Agnelo Fernandes S.R. Fadte S. Subramaniam Smt. 15. Stores & Purchase Section

Senior Stores & Purchase Officer

Shri M.R. gurumurthy

Assistants

Shri G.K. Gaur T.C. Fernandes P. Gopinathan K.S. Naik T.K. Ramankutty S.G. Sanke

16. Works Section

Civil Engineer

Shri George Philip

Junior Engineer

Shri R.B. Kubsad K.B.Kulkarni Mathew P. Chacko

17. NIO Dispensary

Resident Medical Officer

Dr. Lakshmi V. Bhandare

Medical Officer

Dr. S.N.M. Govind

18. Boats

Bosun

Shri R.R. Garudi

140 1987-88 ANNUAL REPORT N.I.O

B. REGIONAL CENTRES

1. Regional Centre, Bombay Dr. B.M. Panikar M. Saraswathi Scientist-in-Charge Shri P.N. Aravindakshan Dr. V.T. Paulinose Smt. C. B. L Devi Dr. M.D. Zingde Dr. V. Santhakumari Shri K. Kameswara Rao Scientists K.K.C. Nair T.C. Gopalkrishnan Shri V. Josanto Dr. T. Balachandran Dr. V.R. Nair U.P. Saramma K. Govindan R. Stephen Dr. M.M. Sabnis Smt. P.P.M. kunjamma Shri R.V. Sarma K. V. Jayalakshmi Dr. S.N. Gajbhiye T. Joseph A.N. Kadam Dr. P. Haridas Shri P.K. Dinesh Kumar Shri T. Balasubramanium P. Venugopal Junior Engineer Smt. K.S. Devi Shri C. Ravichandran Shri M.B. Kewalraman B. Narayanan O. Raveendran Senior Technical Assistants Abraham Pylee

Shri A.V. Mandalia Senior Scientific Assistants Kum. Prabha D. Gore Shri Prashant Sharma Shri S. Kumaran M.A. Rokade KK. Balachandran K.R. Shyam Senior Research Fellows P.R. Vijayan

Smt. Asha Jyoti Senior Personal Assistant Kum. Neelam Lodh Shri C.S. Krishna Pai Junior Research Fellow Senior Stores and Purchase Assistant Kum. Annie Verghese Shri P.V. Raphael 2. Regional Centre Cochin Senior Draughtsman Scientist-in-Charge Shri V.N. Mohanan Dr. M. Krishnankutty Senior Stenographer Scientists Shri K.K. Gopinathan Shri V.N. Sankaranarayanan Dr. P. Sivadas Assistants P.U. Varma U.K. Gopalan Shri P.B. John K.J. Peter V.D. Manoharan 141 N.I.O ANNUAL REPORT 1987-88

Precision Mechanic Junior Technical Assistants

Shri T.R. Valson Kum. C. Suguna

Engine Driver Cl. I

Shri O.K. Balakrishnan

Research Associate

Dr. Ranu Gupta

Senior Research Fellow

Shri M. Viswakumar

Research Fellow (DOD)

Shri Doyil T. Vengayil

Junior Research Fellows

Shri N. Prabhakaran A. S. Sundaram

3. Regional Centre, Waltair

Scientist-in-Charge

Dr. T.C.S. Rao

Scientists

Shri V.S. Rama Raju Dr. K.S.R. Murthy V.V. Sarma Shri M.M.M. Rao A.S. Subramanyam T.V. Narasimha Rao B.P. Rao KM. Rao K.V.L.N S. Sarma

N.P.C. Reddy

Senior Scientific Assistant

Shri R. Vijayakumar

Senior Technical Assistants Shri M. K. Premkumar S. Kannan S.L. Narayana K. Venkateshwarlu 142 ISSN No. 0542 - 0938 Mahasagar

MAHASAGAR is a quarterly journal published by the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India - the premier institution in the country engaged in ocean research. The journal publishes original research contributions in all branches of marine science including marine meteorology, marine instrumentation, navigation, coastal and offshore engineering. The journal also publishes good reviews on related aspects and recently published books. Annual Subscription India Rs.100.00 Overseas US $40.00

For Details Write To: The Managing Editor, Mahasagar, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula. Goa - 403 004, INDIA.