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Jpn. J. Protozool. 38(2) 171-183
Jpn. J. Protozool. Vol. 38, No. 2. (2005) 171 Review On the origin of mitochondria and Rickettsia-related eukaryotic endo- symbionts B. Franz Lang1*, Henner Brinkmann1, Liisa B. Koski1, Masahiro Fujishima2, Hans-Dieter Görtz3 and Gertraud Burger1 1Program in Evolutionary Biology, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Centre Robert Cedergren, Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard- Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada. 2Biological Institute, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan. 3Abteilung Zoologie, Biologisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany. SUMMARY sence of genes for oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle, and many other metabolic pathways, Resent insights into the origin and early evo- but the presence of several pathogenesis-related lution of mitochondria come from two approaches: genes and a high number of bacterial IS elements. the investigation of mtDNAs from minimally de- Phylogenetic analyses with multiple protein se- rived (primitive) mitochondriate eukaryotes, in quences place H. obtusa basally to the Rickettsia- particular jakobid flagellates, and of genomes from Ehrlichia-Wolbachia assemblage of bacterial intracellular α-proteobacterial symbionts. Of par- pathogens. This leads us to postulate that H. ob- ticular interest in this context is Holospora obtusa, tusa is the closest bacterial relative of mitochon- an intracellular bacterial endosymbiont that resides dria known to date. and replicates in the somatic nucleus of its eu- karyotic host, the ciliate Paramecium caudatum. Currently we have sequenced close to 50% of the INTRODUCTION ~ 1.7 Mbp H. obtusa genome, revealing the ab- One of the major advancements in under- standing eukaryotic evolution was the discovery that mitochondria evolved from an endosymbiotic α-Proteobacterium, and that mitochondrial DNA *Corresponding author (mtDNA) is a relict bacterial genome. -
Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet. -
BMC Research Notes Biomed Central
BMC Research Notes BioMed Central Short Report Open Access A split and rearranged nuclear gene encoding the iron-sulfur subunit of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase in Euglenozoa Ryan MR Gawryluk and Michael W Gray* Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 1X5, Canada Email: Ryan MR Gawryluk - [email protected]; Michael W Gray* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 3 February 2009 Received: 18 December 2008 Accepted: 3 February 2009 BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:16 doi:10.1186/1756-0500-2-16 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/2/16 © 2009 Gray et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Analyses based on phylogenetic and ultrastructural data have suggested that euglenids (such as Euglena gracilis), trypanosomatids and diplonemids are members of a monophyletic lineage termed Euglenozoa. However, many uncertainties are associated with phylogenetic reconstructions for ancient and rapidly evolving groups; thus, rare genomic characters become increasingly important in reinforcing inferred phylogenetic relationships. Findings: We discovered that the iron-sulfur subunit (SdhB) of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase is encoded by a split and rearranged nuclear gene in Euglena gracilis and trypanosomatids, an example of a rare genomic character. The two subgenic modules are transcribed independently and the resulting mRNAs appear to be independently translated, with the two protein products imported into mitochondria, based on the presence of predicted mitochondrial targeting peptides. -
Multigene Eukaryote Phylogeny Reveals the Likely Protozoan Ancestors of Opis- Thokonts (Animals, Fungi, Choanozoans) and Amoebozoa
Accepted Manuscript Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opis- thokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E. Chao, Elizabeth A. Snell, Cédric Berney, Anna Maria Fiore-Donno, Rhodri Lewis PII: S1055-7903(14)00279-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012 Reference: YMPEV 4996 To appear in: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Received Date: 24 January 2014 Revised Date: 2 August 2014 Accepted Date: 11 August 2014 Please cite this article as: Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., Snell, E.A., Berney, C., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Lewis, R., Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ympev.2014.08.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 1 Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts 2 (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa 3 4 Thomas Cavalier-Smith1, Ema E. Chao1, Elizabeth A. Snell1, Cédric Berney1,2, Anna Maria 5 Fiore-Donno1,3, and Rhodri Lewis1 6 7 1Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. -
Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane). -
University of Copenhagen
Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of eukaryotes Heiss, Aaron A.; Kolisko, Martin; Ekelund, Fleming; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. Published in: Royal Society Open Science DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171707 Publication date: 2018 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Heiss, A. A., Kolisko, M., Ekelund, F., Brown, M. W., Roger, A. J., & Simpson, A. G. B. (2018). Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Royal Society Open Science, 5(4), 1-13. [171707]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171707 Download date: 09. Apr. 2020 Downloaded from http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on September 28, 2018 Combined morphological and phylogenomic rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org re-examination of Research malawimonads, a critical Cite this article: Heiss AA, Kolisko M, Ekelund taxon for inferring the F,BrownMW,RogerAJ,SimpsonAGB.2018 Combined morphological and phylogenomic re-examination of malawimonads, a critical evolutionary history taxon for inferring the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. R. Soc. open sci. 5: 171707. of eukaryotes http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171707 Aaron A. Heiss1,2,†, Martin Kolisko3,4,†, Fleming Ekelund5, Matthew W. Brown6,AndrewJ.Roger3 and Received: 23 October 2017 2 Accepted: 6 March 2018 Alastair G. B. Simpson 1Department of Invertebrate Zoology -
Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes Adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitim
Protist, Vol. 170, 125683, December 2019 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 21 October 2019 ORIGINAL PAPER Novel Lineages of Oxymonad Flagellates from the Termite Porotermes adamsoni (Stolotermitidae): the Genera Oxynympha and Termitimonas a,1 b a c b,1 Renate Radek , Katja Meuser , Samet Altinay , Nathan Lo , and Andreas Brune a Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology/Zoology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany b Research Group Insect Gut Microbiology and Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany c School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Submitted January 21, 2019; Accepted October 9, 2019 Monitoring Editor: Alastair Simpson The symbiotic gut flagellates of lower termites form host-specific consortia composed of Parabasalia and Oxymonadida. The analysis of their coevolution with termites is hampered by a lack of informa- tion, particularly on the flagellates colonizing the basal host lineages. To date, there are no reports on the presence of oxymonads in termites of the family Stolotermitidae. We discovered three novel, deep-branching lineages of oxymonads in a member of this family, the damp-wood termite Porotermes adamsoni. One tiny species (6–10 m), Termitimonas travisi, morphologically resembles members of the genus Monocercomonoides, but its SSU rRNA genes are highly dissimilar to recently published sequences of Polymastigidae from cockroaches and vertebrates. A second small species (9–13 m), Oxynympha loricata, has a slight phylogenetic affinity to members of the Saccinobaculidae, which are found exclusively in wood-feeding cockroaches of the genus Cryptocercus, the closest relatives of termites, but shows a combination of morphological features that is unprecedented in any oxymonad family. -
Molecular Identification and Evolution of Protozoa Belonging to the Parabasalia Group and the Genus Blastocystis
UNIVERSITAR DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE BIOMOLECOLARI E BIOTECNOLOGICHE (Intenational PhD School in Biomolecular and Biotechnological Sciences) Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Direttore della scuola: Prof. Masala Bruno Relatore: Prof. Pier Luigi Fiori Correlatore: Dott. Eric Viscogliosi Tesi di Dottorato : Dionigia Meloni XXIV CICLO Nome e cognome: Dionigia Meloni Titolo della tesi : Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Tesi di dottorato in scienze Biomolecolari e biotecnologiche. Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Universit degli studi di Sassari UNIVERSITAR DEGLI STUDI DI SASSARI SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO IN SCIENZE BIOMOLECOLARI E BIOTECNOLOGICHE (Intenational PhD School in Biomolecular and Biotechnological Sciences) Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Direttore della scuola: Prof. Masala Bruno Relatore: Prof. Pier Luigi Fiori Correlatore: Dott. Eric Viscogliosi Tesi di Dottorato : Dionigia Meloni XXIV CICLO Nome e cognome: Dionigia Meloni Titolo della tesi : Molecular identification and evolution of protozoa belonging to the Parabasalia group and the genus Blastocystis Tesi di dottorato in scienze Biomolecolari e biotecnologiche. Indirizzo: Microbiologia molecolare e clinica Universit degli studi di Sassari Abstract My thesis was conducted on the study of two groups of protozoa: the Parabasalia and Blastocystis . The first part of my work was focused on the identification, pathogenicity, and phylogeny of parabasalids. We showed that Pentatrichomonas hominis is a possible zoonotic species with a significant potential of transmission by the waterborne route and could be the aetiological agent of gastrointestinal troubles in children. -
Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary
16 Aug 2002 13:56 AR AR168-MI56-14.tex AR168-MI56-14.SGM LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: GJC 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950 Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2002. 56:315–44 doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950 First published online as a Review in Advance on May 7, 2002 THE CLASS MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary Leonel Mendoza,1 John W. Taylor,2 and Libero Ajello3 1Medical Technology Program, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing Michigan, 48824-1030; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3102; e-mail: [email protected] 3Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta Georgia 30333; e-mail: [email protected] Key Words Protista, Protozoa, Neomonada, DRIP, Ichthyosporea ■ Abstract When the enigmatic fish pathogen, the rosette agent, was first found to be closely related to the choanoflagellates, no one anticipated finding a new group of organisms. Subsequently, a new group of microorganisms at the boundary between an- imals and fungi was reported. Several microbes with similar phylogenetic backgrounds were soon added to the group. Interestingly, these microbes had been considered to be fungi or protists. This novel phylogenetic group has been referred to as the DRIP clade (an acronym of the original members: Dermocystidium, rosette agent, Ichthyophonus, and Psorospermium), as the class Ichthyosporea, and more recently as the class Mesomycetozoea. Two orders have been described in the mesomycetozoeans: the Der- mocystida and the Ichthyophonida. So far, all members in the order Dermocystida have been pathogens either of fish (Dermocystidium spp. -
Fossils, Feeding, and the Evolution of Complex Multicellularity
Fossils, Feeding, and the Evolution of Complex Multicellularity The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Knoll, Andrew H., and Daniel J.G. Lahr. 2016. "Fossils, feeding, and the evolution of complex multicellularity." In Multicellularity, Origins and Evolution, The Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology, eds. Karl J. Niklas and Stuart A. Newman. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Published Version https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/multicellularity Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:34390340 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Fossils, Feeding, and the Evolution of Complex Multicellularity Andrew H. Knoll and Daniel J. G. Lahr Andrew H. Knoll Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Daniel J.G. Lahr Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo The evolution of complex multicellularity is commonly viewed as a series of genomic events with developmental consequences. It is surely that, but a focus on feeding encourages us to view it, as well, in terms of functional events with ecological consequences. And fossils remind us that these events are also historical, with environmental constraints and consequences. Several definitions of complex multicelluarity are possible; here we adopt to view that complex multicellular organisms are those with tissues or organs that permit bulk nutrient and gas transport, thereby circumventing the limitations of diffusion (Knoll, 2011). -
Supporting Material
Supporting Text Recursions. We developed a model to investigate the evolution of ploidy levels in the presence of host-parasite interactions between a focal and nonfocal species. The focal species is assumed to have two loci, a ploidy modifier locus with alleles C1 and C2 and an interaction locus with alleles A and a. Thus there are four haploid gamete types in the focal species: AC1 with frequency X1, aC1 with frequency X2, AC2 with frequency X3, and aC2 with frequency X4. The modifier locus influences ploidy levels by altering the timing of meiosis; diploid zygotes of genotype CiCj have a probability, dij, of undergoing meiosis late in life, thus experiencing host-parasite selection as a diploid, versus early in life, thus experiencing selection as a haploid (Fig. 2). The nonfocal species is assumed to be a sexual diploid, having only a brief haploid stage, although results derived with a haploid nonfocal species were similar. For clarity, we assume that the A locus in the focal species interacts with a B locus in the nonfocal species, with alleles B and b. Note that Table 1 differs from this convention by referring to alleles in both species as A and a. We use a different notation here to avoid additional subscripts in the equations. The frequencies of alleles are denoted by pA, pa, pC1, and pC2 in the focal species and pB and pb in the nonfocal species, all measured at the gamete stage of the life cycle (Fig. 2). Also measured at this stage is D = (X1 X4 - X2 X3), the disequilibrium between the modifier and selected loci in the focal species. -
Role of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Stress Tolerance in Cyanobacteria
Acta Protozool. (2002) 41: 297 - 308 Review Article Role of Lipids and Fatty Acids in Stress Tolerance in Cyanobacteria Suresh C. SINGH, Rajeshwar P. SINHA and Donat-P. HÄDER Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany Summary. Lipids are the most effective source of storage energy, function as insulators of delicate internal organs and hormones and play an important role as the structural constituents of most of the cellular membranes. They also have a vital role in tolerance to several physiological stressors in a variety of organisms including cyanobacteria. The mechanism of desiccation tolerance relies on phospholipid bilayers which are stabilized during water stress by sugars, especially by trehalose. Unsaturation of fatty acids also counteracts water or salt stress. Hydrogen atoms adjacent to olefinic bonds are susceptible to oxidative attack. Lipids are rich in these bonds and are a primary target for oxidative reactions. Lipid oxidation is problematic as enzymes do not control many oxidative chemical reactions and some of the products of the attack are highly reactive species that modify proteins and DNA. This review deals with the role of lipids and fatty acids in stress tolerance in cyanobacteria. Key words: cyanobacteria, desiccation, fatty acids, lipids, salinity, temperature stress. INTRODUCTION The cyanobacteria such as Spirulina and Nostoc have been used as a source of protein and vitamin for Cyanobacteria are gram-negative photoautotrophic humans and animals (Ciferri 1983, Kay 1991, Gao 1998, prokaryotes having ´higher plant-type‘ oxygenic photo- Takenaka et al. 1998). Spirulina has an unusually high synthesis (Stewart 1980, Sinha and Häder 1996a).