SCIENTISTS CALL ON THE FOREST SERVICE TO UPHOLD THE NATIONAL ROADLESS AREA RULE THAT PROTECTS OVER 9 MILLION ACRES ON THE TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST, ONE OF THE WORLD’S LAST INTACT TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS

As scientists with expertise in conservation science, climate change, wildlife and fisheries policy, and economics, we urge the Forest Service to uphold the National Roadless Area Conservation Rule on the Tongass National Forest in southeast Alaska. The Forest Service is proposing a new Alaska-specific roadless rule that would open all 9.4 million acres of the Tongass forest’s roadless areas to development. Such actions will adversely impact the region’s robust recreation and fishing economy and displace traditional subsistence users who rely on verdant temperate rainforests remaining intact. At a time of unprecedented climate change and in the face of a rapidly approaching global biodiversity crisis1, protecting carbon- and wildlife-rich places like the Tongass forest has never been more urgent.

The landmark National Roadless Conservation Rule enacted in 2001 protects 58.5 million acres of the nation’s most intact forest landscapes, including the Tongass forest. As the premier conservation achievement of its time, the Roadless Rule is predicated on years of careful deliberation, unprecedented numbers of public meetings, more than 1 million supportive public comments, and the backing of hundreds of scientist signatories. Overwhelming public support for roadless protections was demonstrated again in recent public meetings held by the Forest Service regarding the Alaska-specific rule change.

Alaskans and the nation are blessed with some of the wildest, most biologically prolific temperate rainforests on Earth2. Nowhere else in America is this more evident than on the Tongass, the crown jewel of the national forest system. The Tongass contains ~16% of the national roadless acreage and at least 8% of the nation’s total forest carbon stores3. Free of development, Tongass roadless areas allow all five species of Pacific salmon to replenish; deer, wolves, bears and other wildlife find sanctuary in them as well2.

Alaska is experiencing the nation’s fastest rate of climate change, 3-degree F warming since 19494. This comes with severe long-term consequences already evident in melting glaciers and permafrost, coastal erosion, displaced Alaskan villages, and die-off of Alaska yellow cedar5. Roadless areas provide refuge for species experiencing more rapid climate change such as in the Alaska interior6. Opening roadless areas to development would emit much of the forest’s stored carbon at a time when the world needs to drastically cut emissions3,7.

1 https://www.ipbes.net/news/how-did-ipbes-estimate-1-million-species-risk--globalassessment-report 2 DellaSala, D.A. 2011. Temperate and boreal rainforests of the world: and conservation. Island Press: DC. 3Leighty, W. et al. 2006. Effects of Management on Carbon Sequestration in Forest Biomass in Southeast Alaska. Ecosystems 9: 1051–1065. 4Alaska Climate Res. Center. http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/ClimTrends/Change/TempChange.html 5Hennon, P.E. et. al. 2012. Shifting Climate, Altered Niche, and a Dynamic Conservation Strategy for Yellow-Cedar in the North Pacific Coastal Rainforest. Bioscience Vol. 62:147-158 2 6DellaSala, D.A. et al. 2018. Climate Change May Trigger Broad Shifts in North America's Pacific Coastal Rainforests. In: D. A. DellaSala, and M. I. Goldstein (eds.) The Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, vol. 2, p. 233-244. Oxford: Elsevier 7Griscom, B.W. et al. 2017. Natural climate solutions. PNAS 114:11645-11650. Also, see IPCC 2017 - https://www.ipcc.ch/.

1 Building roads into an intact forest jump starts a death-by-thousand cuts scenario. Roads fragment wildlife habitat into small, isolated parcels that contribute to declining wildlife populations8, as is evident for wolf and deer populations on nearby Prince of Wales Island. Roads and associated landslides have pervasive and lasting deleterious impacts on streams and fish habitats.

Wild places, like those protected by the Roadless Rule, also are the backbone of the southeast Alaska economy. According to Forest Service, many of Alaska’s nearly 2 million annual visitors come to the Tongass to hunt, fish and recreate, while spending over $350 million. The Tongass produces ~40% of Alaska’s commercial salmon fishery that was worth an estimated $414 million in 2015. The visitor industry alone contributes nearly 8000 jobs to the regional economy, while logging jobs (currently about 60) on the Tongass forest pale by comparison9.

Logging in the Tongass is completely dependent on annual subsidies because Forest Service expenditures typically exceed timber revenues by over $20 million. Road construction costs at $250,000 per mile make it especially difficult to find timber sales that have positive appraisal values. The Forest Service goes so far as requiring taxpayers to pay for roads, rather than the timber companies; even then, the agency allows companies to export up to 100% of logs.

Although the Roadless Rule protects intact areas greater than 5,000 acres in extent, it has numerous allowances to include road connections between communities and other state highway projects, access to mining claims under the Mining Law of 1872, utility corridors, and hydropower projects. As of September 2019, the Forest Service reviewed and approved all 67 projects proposed within Alaska roadless areas, typically within a month of proposal submission.

Additionally, the Tongass Advisory Committee, made up of representatives of the State of Alaska, timber industry, conservation groups, and the regional Alaska Native corporation, unanimously agreed in 2016 that the Forest Service should protect roadless areas10. They also agreed that the agency should transition timber management out of old-growth logging and into previously logged, younger forests.

In closing, the Forest Service must recognize that efforts to undermine the Roadless Rule on the Tongass will only prove divisive and unnecessary. The Roadless Rule is working for Alaskans by supporting the regional economy, allowing the kinds of development that local people want, and holding together a globally important rainforest that is under enormous pressures from unprecedented climate change and the ever-expansive human ecological footprint.

8Ibisch, P.L., et al. 2017. A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status. Science 354:1423-1427. 9Employment coefficients and direct income for SE Alaska timber industry updated CY2017 – USDA Forest Service and Central Tongass DEIS Table 95. 10Tongass Advisory Committee Final Recommendations at 13, 6 (Dec. 2015), http://merid.org/~/media/Files/Projects/tongass/December%202015%20Meeting/Tongass%20Advisory%20Committee%20Final%20Recommend ations_Dec%202015.pdf.

2 Sincerely (affiliations for identification purposes only),

Lead Signatures

Dominick A. DellaSala, Ph. D. Edward O. Wilson, Ph. D. Chief Scientist University Research Professor Emeritus Geos Institute, Ashland, OR

Reed Noss, Ph. D. Thomas Lovejoy, Ph. D. Chief Scientist and Florida Inst. Cons. George Mason University Science & Visiting Scholar, Nicholas Washington, DC School of Environment Duke University, Orlando, FL. Dennis Murphy, Ph. D. Department Paul C. Paquet, Ph. D. University of Nevada, Reno, NV Professor Adjunct, Univ. of Victoria, BC Canada & Raincoast Cons. Foundation Chris Maser, Ph. D. Social-Environmental Sustainability David S. Wilcove, Ph. D. Corvallis, OR Prof., /Public Affairs Princeton University, NJ Thomas Michael Power, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus, University Montana William Ripple, Ph. D . Power Consulting, Inc. Missoula Distinguished Professor Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Stuart Pimm, Ph. D. Professor, Conservation John Terborg, Ph. D. Nicholas School of the Environment Emeritus Professor Duke University, Durham, NC Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL James Cook University, Cairns, Australia Matt Kirchoff, M. S. Retired Wildlife Biologist Ernie Niemi, M.S. Anchorage, AK Economist Natural Resource Economics Barry Noon, Ph. D. Eugene, OR Emeritus Professor Dept. Fish, Wildlife & Conservation Biol. John Schoen, Ph. D. Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO Wildlife Ecologist Anchorage, AK Steven R. Beissinger, Ph. D. Professor of Russell Lande, Ph. D. University of California, Berkeley, CA Emeritus Professor University California, San Diego, CA

3 Additional Signatories

Peter Abrams, Ph. D. Mark Barath, M.S. Professor Em. of Ecology & Evolutionary Bio. Retired scientist University of Toronto U.S. EPA Victoria, Maryland Willow Grove, Pennsylvania

Peter Albers, Ph. D. Jesse Barber, Ph. D. Retired USGS Research Wildlife Biologist Associate Professor Traverse City, Michigan Boise State University Boise, Idaho A. Z. Andis Arietta, M.S. Ph. D. Candidate Linda Sue Barnes, Ph. D. Yale University, School of Forestry and Env. Professor Emeritus of Biology New Haven, Connecticut Methodist University Fayetteville, North Carolina William Armbruster, Ph. D. Principal Research Scientist Frank Barnwell, Ph. D. University of Alaska Professor Emeritus Fairbanks, Alaska University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis, Minnesota Jonathan Aurnou, Ph. D. Professor of Planetary Physics Constance Becker, Ph. D. UCLA Director Los Angeles, California Life Net Nature Willcox, Arizona Peter Bahls, M.S. Executive Director/Fish Biologist Craig Benkman, Ph. D. Northwest Watershed Institute Professor Port Townsend, Washington University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming Carl Bailey, Ph. D. Professor of Biology Michael Bennett, Ph. D. New Mexico State University Professor of Neuroscience Las Cruces, New Mexico Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Rowan Baker, M.S. Fisheries Biologist/Watershed Specialist David Berg, Ph. D. Retired Professor of Biology Portland, Oregon Miami University Oxford, Ohio William Baker, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Linda Bernhardt, M.S. University of Wyoming Natural Resources Manager, retired Laramie, Wyoming Talent, Oregon

Bruce G. Baldwin, Ph. D. Robert Beschta, Ph. D. Professor of Integrative Biology Professor Emeritus University of California Oregon State University Berkeley, California Corvallis, Oregon

4 Richard Bierregaard, Ph. D. F. Stuart Chapin III, Ph. D. Research Associate Professor Emeritus of Ecology Academy of Natural Sci. of Drexel Univ. University of Alaska Fairbanks Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fairbanks, Alaska

Scott Black, M.S. Donald Charles, Ph. D. Executive Director Senior Scientist Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Academy of Natural Sci. of Drexel Univ. Portland, Oregon Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Brian Bodenbender, Ph. D. Mike Cohen, Ph. D. Professor of Geology and Env. Science Professor of Biology Hope CollegeProfessor Sonoma State University Holland, Michigan Rohnert Park, California

Brooke Boswell, M.S. Phyllis Coley, Ph. D. Research Program Manager Distinguished Professor Northern Biobank Initiative University of Utah Edmonds, Washington Salt Lake City, Utah

John Bowman, Ph. D. Joseph Cook, Ph. D. Professor Regents Professor of Biology Monash University University of New Mexico Melbourne, Australia Albuquerque, New Mexico

Dennis Bramble, Ph. D. Tara Cornelisse, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Senior Scientist Univerisity of Utah Center for Biological Diversity Salt Lake City, Utah Portland, Oregon

Kristin Carden, J.D./Ph.D. Will Crampton, Ph. D. Oceans Program Scientist Associate Professor Center for Biological Diversity University of Central Florida Bozeman, Montana Orlando, Florida

Gary Carnefix, M.S. Patrick Crist, Ph. D. Retired Principal Carnefix Ecological Consulting Broomfield, Colorado Missoula, Montana Sam Davis, Ph. D. Bobb Carson, Ph. D. Conservation Scientist Professor Emeritus Dogwood Alliance Lehigh University Asheville, North Carolina Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Catherine De Rivera, Ph. D. Kai Chan, Ph. D. Professor of Env. Science & Management Professor Portland State University IRES, University of British Columbia Portland, Oregon Vancouver, British Columbia

5 John DeCicco, Ph. D. Marianne Edain, B.A. Research Professor Restoration Ecologist University of Michigan Frosty Hollow Ecological Restoration Ann Arbor, Michigan Langley, Washington

Terry Dickey, M.Ed. Mark Egger, M.S. Board Chair Research Associate Friends of Cascade-Siskiyou Nat’l Monument WTU Herbarium, Burke Museum of Nat History Ashland, Oregon Seattle, Washington

Alan Dickman, Ph. D. Heather Erickson, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Research Ecologist Consulting Research Ecology Eugene, Oregon Portland, Oregon

Andrew Dobson, Ph. D. Jerry Estberg, Ph. D. Professor Professor Emeritus Princeton University University of San Diego Princeton, New Jersey Port Angeles, Washington

Nathan Donley, Ph. D. Daniel Evans, Ph. D. Senior Scientist Environmental Scientist Center for Biological Diversity Denver, Colorado Portland, Oregon Jonathan Evans, Ph. D. Craig Downer, M.S. Professor of Biology Wildlife Ecologist University of the South Andean Tapir Fund Sewanee, Tennessee Minden, Nevada Jules Evens, M.S. Blake Downing, Ph. D. Candidate Principal Department of Plant and Microbial Biology Avocet Research Associates UC Berkley Point Reyes Station, California Berkeley, California Sophia Ewens, Ph. D. Candidate Peter Dunwiddie, Ph. D. UC Berkeley Affiliate Professor Berkeley, California University of Washington Seattle, Washington Daniel Feller, B.S. Western Region Ecologist Katarina Eckerberg, Ph. D. Maryland Department of Natural Resources Professor Frostburg, Maryland Ume University Umeå, Sweden Elizabeth Figus, Ph. D. Postdoctoral Researcher Ginny Eckert, Ph. D. University of Alaska Fairbanks Associate Professor Juneau, Alaska University of Alaska Juneau, Alaska

6 Doug Fischer, Ph. D. Allen Gibbs, Ph. D. Research Scholar Professor Ronin Institute University of Nevada Santa Barbara, California Las Vegas, Nevada

Daniel Fisher, Ph. D. Elizabeth Glenn, Ph. D. Professor of Earth and Env.l Sciences Biologist University of Michigan Corvallis, Oregon Ann Arbor, Michigan Scott Goetz, Ph. D. Margaret Flaherty, MPT Professor Assistant Director of Rehabilitation Services Northern Arizona University Berkeley, California Flagstaff, Arizona

Thomas Fleischner, Ph. D. Robert Good, DVM, MS Executive Director Epidemiologist Natural History Institute USDA Prescott, Arizona Welsville, Kansas

Johannes Foufopoulos, Ph. D. David Gray, Ph. D. Associate Professor Professor University of Michigan California State University Northridge Ann Arbor, Michigan Northridge, California

Janet Franklin, Ph. D. Steven Green, Ph. D. Professor Senior Professor Emeritus University of California University of Miami Riverside, California Coral Gables, Florida

Evan Frost, M.S. Gregory F. Grether, Ph. D. Terrestrial Ecologist Professor of Biology Wildwood Consulting LLC University of California Ashland, Oregon Los Angeles, California

Robert Fuerstenberg, M.S. Robert Grumbine, Ph. D. Ecologist Senior Researcher Retired Kunming Institute of Botany Vashon, Washington Bellingham, Washington

John Gatz, Ph. D. Leah Gulyas, B.S. Professor Emeritus of Zoology Graduate Student Ohio Wesleyan University University of California, Berkeley Delaware, Ohio Berkeley, California

Jennifer Gervais, Ph. D. Simon Gunner, M.S. Wildlife Ecologist Botanist Oregon Wildlife Institute Olofson Environmental, Inc. Corvallis, Oregon Oakland, California

7 Paula Halupa, M.S. Malcolm Hunter, Ph. D. Retired Fish and Wildlife Biologist Professor U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (retired) University of Maine Fort Pierce, Florida Orono, Maine

Cheryl Harding, Ph. D. Marc Imlay, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Natural Places Chair, Sierra Club CUNY Bryans Road, Maryland New York, New York Karl Jarvis, Ph. D. Cindy Haws, M.S. Lecturer Retired Wildlife Biologist Southern Utah University Umpqua Natural Leadership Science Hub Cedar City, UT Myrtle Creek, Oregon Mitchell Johns, Ph. D. Betsy Herbert, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Soil and Crop Science Free lance environmental writer California State University Betsyherbert.com Chico, California Corvallis, Oregon Thomas L Johnson, Ph. D. Marissa Hill, M.S. Retired Senior Analyst University of Mary Washington Toronto, Canada Fredericksburg, Virginia

Karen Holl, Ph. D. Russell Jones, Ph. D. Professor of Environmental Studies Professor Emeritus University of California Santa Cruz University of California Felton, California Berkeley, California

Richard T. Holmes, Ph. D. Alan Journet, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Professor Emeritus Dartmouth College Southeast Missouri State University Hanover, New Hampshire Jacksonville, Oregon

Elizabeth Horvath, M.S. Walter Judd, Ph. D. Associate Professor of Biology Distinguished Professor Emeritus Westmont College University of Florida Santa Barbara, California Gainesville, Florida

Edward Huang, Ph. D. Jacob Kann, Ph. D. Principal Aquatic Ecologist California Institute of Env. Design & Mgmt. Aquatic Ecosystem Sciences LLC Arcadia, California Ashland, Oregon

Malorri Hughes, M.S. James Karr, Ph. D. Portland State University Professor Emeritus Portland, Oregon University of Washington Seattle, Washington

8 Ken Keefover-Ring, Ph. D. Beverly Law, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Prof. Global Change Biology & Terrestrial Sys. Madison, Wisconsin Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Bruce Kendall, Ph. D. Professor Derek Lee, Ph. D. University of California, Santa Barbara Associate Research Professor Santa Barbara, California Penn State University University Park, Pennsylvania Eugene Kennedy, M.A. Associate Faculty Peggy G. Lemaux, Ph. D. Butte College Cooperative Extension Specialist Oroville, California University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Maya Khosla, M.S. Senior Biologist and Toxicologist Gene Likens, Ph. D. S2S Distinguished Senior Scientist, Emeritus Rohnert Park, California Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Clinton Corners, New York Bruce Kirchoff, Ph. D. Professor Harvey Lillywhite, Ph. D. University of North Carolina at Greensboro Professor of Biology Greensboro, North Carolina University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Jason Koontz, Ph. D. Professor of Biology and Env. Studies Jay Lininger, M.S. Augustana College CEO & Principal Scientist Rock Island, Illinois Pyrolysis LLC Talent, Oregon Fayette Krause, Ph. D. Retired Brian Linkhart, Ph. D. Port Townsend, Washington Professor Colorado College Rick Landenberger, Ph. D. Colorado Springs, Colorado Science & Mgmt. Specialist and Assistant Prof WVU, Dept. Of Geology and Geography Darvel Lloyd, M.A. Morgantown, West Virginia Retired Portland, Oregon Kim Landsbergen, Ph. D. Associate Professor Darryl Lloyd, M.S. Antioch College Author Yellow Springs, Ohio Friends of Mount Adams Hood River, Oregon Inger Marie Laursen, M.S. Wildlife Biologist Andy MacKinnon, Ph. D. [email protected] Forest Ecologist Watsonville, California Simon Fraser University Metchosin, Canada

9 Lucas Majure, Ph. D. Ellen Moyer, Ph. D. Herbarium Curator, Assistant Professor Principal Florida Museum of Natural History Greenviron,ent, LLC Gainesville, Florida Montgomery, Massachusetts

Travis Marsico, Ph. D. Megan Mueller, M.S. Professor Senior Conservation Biologist Arkansas State University Rocky Mountain Wild Jonesboro, Arkansas Denver, Colorado

Chris Maser, M.S. John Mull, Ph. D. Social-environmental Sustainability Professor of Zoology Corvallis, Oregon Weber State University Ogden, Utah Kathleen McCarthy, M.S. Landscape Restoration Project Manager Pete Murphy, Ph. D. New York, New York Professor Emeritus Michigan State University Dylan McClung, B.S. East Lansing, Michigan Graduate Student University of California, Berkeley K. Greg Murray, Ph. D. Berkeley, California Professor of Biology Hope College Carl McDaniel, Ph. D. Holland, Michigan Professor Emeritus and Visiting Professor Rensselaer and Oberlin College James Murray, Ph. D. Oberlin, Ohio Professor Emeritus of Biology University of Virginia Daniel McGarvey, Ph. D. Charlottesville, Virginia Associate Professor of Environmental Studies Virginia Commonwealth University Philip Myers, Ph. D. Richmond, Virginia Professor Emeritus University of Michigan Gary Meffe, Ph. D. Ann Arbor, Michigan Conservation Biologist, retired Conservation Biologist, Textbook Author Christopher Nagano, MES Brandon, Vermont Senior Scientist Center for Biological Diversity Douglas Meikle, Ph. D. Portland, Oregon Professor and Chair of Biology Miami University Richard Nawa, M.A. Oxford, Ohio Staff Ecologist Klamath Siskiyou Wildlands Center E. Charles Meslow, Ph. D. Ashland, Oregon Retired Wildlife Research Biologist USFWS Cara Nelson, Ph. D. Corvallis, Oregon Professor University of Montana Missoula, Montana

10 Gretchen North, Ph. D. Raimundas Petrokas, Ph. D. Professor of Biology Scientist Occidental College Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre Los Angeles, California Kaunas, Lithuania

Richard Nyhof, Ph. D. Roger A Powell, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Professor Emeritus Calvin University North Carolina State University Grand Rapids, Michigan Raleigh, North Carolina

Philip Nyhus, Ph. D. Nancy Pullen, Ph. D. Associate Professor Professor Colby College Kennesaw State University Waterville, Maine Kennesaw, Georgia

Ewa Orlikowska, M.S. Robert Pyle, Ph. D. Ph. D. Candidate Biologist and Writer Swedish University of Ag. Sciences Independent Skinnskatteberg, Sweden Gray's River, Washington

Steven Osofsky, DVM John Ratti, Ph. D. Professor, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Research Scientist, Retired Cornell University University of Idaho Ithaca, New York Moscow, Idaho, Idaho

John Pagels, Ph. D. Ryan Rebozo, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Director of Conservation Science Virginia Commonwealth University Pinelands Preservation Alliance Chesterfield, Virginia Southampton, New Jersey

Daniel Papaj, Ph. D. Fred M. Rhoades, Ph. D. Professor Biology Department Research Associate University of Arizona Western Washington University Tucson, Arizona Bellingham, Washington

Gustav Paulay, Ph. D. Jennifer Riddell, Ph. D. Curator & Professor Faculty University of Florida Mendocino College Gainesville, Florida Ukiah, California

Steve Paulsen, Ph. D. John Robinson, Ph. D. Senior Research Scientist Chief Conservation Officer Corvallis, Oregon Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx, New York Michael Pelizzari, Ph. D. Physicist, retired Javier Rodriguez, Ph. D. Milpitas, California Professor University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada

11 Garry Rogers, Ph. D. Brant Schumaker, DVM, MPVM, PhD President Laramie, Wyoming Agua Fria Open Space Alliance, Inc. Humboldt, Arizona Kathy Schwager, M.S. Ecologist Dan Rosenberg, Ph. D. Yaphank, New York Wildlife Ecologist Oregon Wildlife Institute Will Sears, M.S. Corvallis, Oregon Board of Directors Lomakatsi restoration project Don Ross, Ph. D. Ashland, Oregon Research Professor of Soils University of Vermont Steve Sheffield, Ph. D. Burlington, Vermont Professor of Biology Crofton, Maryland Amy Rossman, Ph. D. Research Leader Janet Shellman Sherman, Ph. D. USDA-ARS Lecturer, Research Scientist, retired Corvallis, Oregon Cornell University Eastsound, Washington Matthew Rubino, M.S. Research Scholar Thomas Sherry, Ph. D. North Carolina State University Professor Raleigh, North Carolina Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana Robin Salter, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Thomas D Sisk, Ph. D. Oberlin College Olajos-Goslow Chair of Env. Science and Policy Oberlin, Ohio Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona Melissa Savage, Ph. D. Associate Professor Emeritus Diana Six, Ph. D. University of California Los Angeles Professor of Forest Entomology and Ecology Los Angeles, New Mexico University of Montana Missoula, Montana Carol Savonen, M.S. Assoc prof emerita James C Slater Slater, M.S. Oregon State University Alternative Energy Engineer Corvallis, Oregon Pelican, Alaska

Paul Schaeffer, Ph. D. Gar Smith, B.A. Associate Professor Director, Academic Publishing, Inc. Miami University Environmentliasts Against War.org Oxford, Ohio Berkeley, California

Charles Schelz, M.S. Douglas R Smith, M.F.A. Ecologist Professor Emeritus, retired Cascade-Siskiyou NM Yosemite Community College District, retired Ashland, Oregon Ashland, Oregon

12 Winston Smith, Ph. D. Anna Tyler, Ph. D. Principal Research Scientist Research Scientist Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska The Jackson Laboratory Juneau, Alaska Bar Harbor, Maine

Jack Sobel, M.S. Dean Urban, Ph. D. President Professor of Landscape Ecology Little Falls Watershed Alliance Duke University Bethesda, Maryland Durham, North Carolina

Trygve Steen, Ph. D. Mike Vandeman, Ph. D. Professor of Env. Science and Mgmt. Retired Portland State University, ESM dept. Human-Free Habitat Association Portland, Oregon San Ramon, California

Bruce Stein, Ph. D. John Vogel, Ph. D. Chief Scientist and Associate Vice President Adjunct Professor National Wildlife Federation University of Califronia, Berkeley Washington, DC, District of Columbia Berkeley, California

Andrew Stephenson, Ph. D. Marlene Wagner, M.S. Distinguished Professor of Biology Ecologist, Ph. D. Candidate Penn State University Simon Fraser University University Park, Pennsylvania Petersburg, Alaska

Gwen Stone, M.S. Robert Wagner, Ph. D. Cfo Ecologist After care Companions Quantitative Ecological Services, Inc. Mission Viejo, California Castle Rock, Colorado

Richard Strathmann, Ph. D. David Wake, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Professor, Grad. School in Integrative Biology University of Washington University of California Friday Harbor, Washington Berkeley, California

Michael Swift, Ph. D. Greg Walker, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Emeritus of Biology Professor Emeritus St. Olaf College University of california, riverside Northfield, Minnesota Riverside, California

Stephen Tettelbach, Ph. D. Faith Walker, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Research Professor Long Island University Northern Arizona University Brookville, New York Flagstaff, Arizona

Walter Tschinkel, Ph. D. Don Waller, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Professor Emeritus Florida State University University of Wisconsin - Madison Tallahassee, Florida Madison, Wisconsin

13 Bridget Watts, M.S. Mark Woods, Ph. D. Biologist Professor of Philosophy Borealis LLC University of San Diego Arlington, Virginia San Diego, California

Frank Wegscheider, M.A. George M. Woodwell, Ph. D. Wildlife Biologist Founder, President, Director Emeritus Orange, California The Woods Hole Research Center Woods Hole,, Massachusetts Judith Weis, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Jeff Writer, Ph. D. Rutgers University Instructor New York, New York University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Jeffery Werner, Ph. D. Wildlife Ecologist, Provincial Government Tiffany Yap, Ph. D. BC FLNRORD Scientist, Wildlife Corridor Advocate Prince George, British Columbia Center for Biological Diversity Oakland, California Dave Werntz, M.S. Science and Conservation Director Conservation Northwest Twisp, Washington

David Whitacre, Ph. D. Biology, statistics instructor Treasure Valley Math and Science Center Boise, Idaho

Norris Williams, Ph. D. Retired, Curartor Emrttitus FLMNH Gainesville, Florida

Rebecca Windell, M.S. Graduate Research Assistant University of Washington Okanogan, Washington

Heidi Wipf, Ph. D. Candidate Graduate Student Researcher University of California, Berkeley Albany, California

Shaye Wolf, Ph. D. Climate Science Director Center for Biological Diversity Oakland, California

14