Products and Data

4th edition

Table of Contents I 1 4th edition

Issued by: EUROGLAS © Copyright 2016 by EUROGLAS, Haldensleben Graphic editing: TEAM ABSATZFÖRDERUNG GmbH, Filderstadt

Applicable to print and electronic media, in whole and in part. Not to be published without express consent (also applies to foreign languages).

The technical data listed conforms to the current values at the time of going to print and can alter without prior notice. Unless otherwise indicated, these data are based on calculations founded on measurements conducted on standard structures. The light-related/energy-related data and the U values are based on EN standards and EN 673 respectively. Warranted quality cannot be derived from these data for individual finished products. The statutory provisions must be observed for all types of use.

No further guarantee for technical values shall be accepted, in particular if tests are performed in other installation situations.

Legal claims cannot be derived from the content of this book. Preface

As your partner, we would like to support you in your capacity as planner, processor and architect in your day-to-day operations. This book describes the values and properties of our brand families and their products. It also includes recommendations on how to use the products correctly. You will be provided with insights into the production methods and into physical correlations. References are made for this purpose to the special features of glass as a building material.

We don't stand still; our products are subject to a continuous improvement process, and innovative glass types are being added. The contents of this book are therefore revised on a periodic basis.

It's amazing how versatile glass is as a building material. EUROGLAS as the producer of basic glass is the first link in the chain. Optimum applications planning requires technical expertise.

EUROGLAS Group

Table of Contents

1. The EUROGLAS Group 1.1.

2. Glass as a Building Material 2.2.

3. Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts 3.3.

4. Products 4.4.

5. Logistics 5.5.

6. Application and Handling 6.6.

7. Standards, Technical Regulations 7.7. 1. The EUROGLAS Group 13

2. Glass as a Building Material 15

2.1. Historical development 15 2.2. Manufacture of float glass 18 2.3. Basic glass 19 2.3.1. Float glass 19 2.3.2. Window glass 20 2.3.3. Ornamental and cast glass 20 2.3.4. Wired ornamental glass, wired glass and polished wired glass 21 2.3.5. Borosilicate glass 21 2.3.6. Glass-ceramics 21 2.3.7. Radiation shielding glass 21 2.3.8. Polished plate glass 22 2.3.8. Lead crystal 22 2.3.10. Quartz glass 22 2.3.11. Available thicknesses of different glass 22 2.4. General comments on building with glass 22 2.4.1. Safety glass must be planned and specified 23 2.4.2. Even the thickest glass can break 23 2.4.3. Glass should be replaceable with reasonable effort and expense 23

3. Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts 25

3.1. Glass and solar radiation 25 3.2. The greenhouse effect 25 3.3. Operation in terms of radiation physics 26 3.4. Glass characteristics 28 3.4.1 Light transmission/light transmittance (LT) 28 3.4.2. Light absorption/light absorptance (LA) 28 3.4.3. Light reflection/light reflectance (LR) 28 3.4.4. Radiation transmission/radiation transmittance (RT) 28 3.4.5. Radiation absorption/radiation absorptance (RA) 28 3.4.6. Radiation reflection/radiation reflectance (RR) 28 3.4.7. Total energy transmission/total energy transmittance (g value) 29 3.4.8. Shading coefficient 29 3.4.9. Selectivity characteristic 30 3.4.10. General colour rendering index (Ra) 30 3.4.11. UV transmission 30 3.5 The U value 30

6 I Table of Contents 4. Products 33

4.1. EUROFLOAT – Uncoated basic glass 33 4.1.1. Manufacture of float glass 33 4.1.2. Product range 37 4.1.3. Physical and chemical properties of flat glass 40 4.1.3.1. Definition and composition 40 4.1.3.2. Mechanical properties 42 4.1.3.3. Thermal properties 44 4.1.3.4. Chemical properties 46 4.1.3.5. Radiation-physical properties 47 4.1.3.6. Further properties 50 4.1.3.7. Summary of the most important technical characteristics of float glass 51 4.1.4. Available range and packing 52

4.2. SILVERSTAR – Coated glass 55 4.2.1. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings 60 4.2.1.1 Use as thermal insulation glass 61 4.2.1.2. Combination possibilities 62 4.2.1.3. Available range 62 4.2.2. SILVERSTAR solar control layers 63 4.2.2.1. Function of solar control insulation glass 64 4.2.2.2. Application of solar control insulation glass 67 4.2.2.3. Available range 69 4.2.3. SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings 70 4.2.3.1. Application of COMBI coating 71 4.2.4. Combination possibilities 74 4.2.5. Insulation glazing 75 4.2.5.1. Principles, energy gain, comfort in the home 75 4.2.5.2. Insulating glass edge seal system 80 4.2.5.3. Thermal insulation 86 4.2.6. Balustrade panels 92 4.2.7. Special coatings 96

Table of Contents I 7 4.3. Laminated safety glass 99 4.3.1. EUROLAMEX LSG laminated safety glass 99 4.3.2. Protection and safety with glass 104 4.3.2.1. Passive and active safety 104 4.3.2.2. Glass with safety properties 106 4.3.2.3. Passive safety in practice 107 4.3.2.3.1. Balustrade glazing 107 4.3.2.3.2. Sloping, roof and overhead glazing 108 4.3.2.3.3. Glass floors 110 4.3.2.3.4. Glazing in sports facilities 111 4.3.2.3.5. Structural use of glass 111 4.3.2.3.6. Passive safety – application recommendations 112 4.3.2.4. Active safety in practice 114 4.3.2.5. Safety properties of glass 115 4.3.3. EUROLAMEX PHON – Sound-insulating glass 116 4.3.4. Packing 118 4.3.5. Sound control 121 4.3.5.1. Noise sources and perception 123 4.3.5.2. Measurement curves and their meaning 124 4.3.5.2.1. Test procedure 124 4.3.5.2.2. Sound reduction curve and weighted sound reduction index 125 4.3.5.2.3. Spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr 125 4.3.5.3. Applicable standards and regulations 125 4.3.5.3.1. The Federal Noise Control Ordinance 126 4.3.5.3.2. DIN 4109 127 4.3.5.4. Definitions pertaining to sound control 127 4.3.5.5. Function and structure of sound reduction insulating glass 130 4.3.5.6. Features of sound reduction insulating glass 131 4.3.5.6.1. Laminated safety glass with sound-insulating film (LSG P) 131 4.3.5.7. Insulating glass – window – facade interrelations 133 4.3.5.8. Sound control combined with other functions 134 4.3.5.8.1. Sound control and thermal insulation 134 4.3.5.8.2. Sound control and safety 134 4.3.5.8.3. Sound control and solar control 135 4.3.5.8.4. Sound control and muntins 135 4.3.5.9. Overview of sound insulation glass 135

8 I Table of Contents 4.4. LUXAR anti-reflective glass (HY-TECH-GLASS) 137 4.4.1. LUXAR anti-reflective glass as single glazing 139 4.4.2. LUXAR anti-reflective glass as insulating glass 139 4.4.3. LUXAR CLASSIC anti-reflective glass 140

4.5. Fire protection glass 143 4.5.1. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass – classification EI 144 4.5.2. FIRESWISS COOL fire protection glass – classification EW 148

4.6. Solar and toughened safety glass 151 4.6.1. Areas of application for EUROGLAS ESG Flat 151 4.6.2. Manufacture and processing 152

5. Logistics 157

5.1. Transport modes 157 5.2. Packaging 158

Table of Contents I 9 6. Application and Handling 161

6.1. Glass cleaning 161

6.2. Glass fracture 161 6.2.1. Glass fracture due to thermal shock 162 6.2.2. Spontaneous failure of TSG 163 6.2.3. Scratches on and fracture of insulating glass 163 6.2.4. Glass fracture on sliding doors and windows 164 6.2.5. Assessment of glass fractures 164 6.2.5.1. Glass fractures due to direct impact, shock, thrown objects or bullets 165 6.2.5.2. Glass fractures due to bending stress, pressure, suction, tension and load 165 6.2.5.3. Glass fractures due to local heating or formation of deep shadows 166

6.3. Optical phenomena 167 6.3.1. Natural colour 167 6.3.2. Colour differences of coatings 167 6.3.3. Visible area of the insulating glass edge seal 167 6.3.4. Insulating glass with internal muntins 168 6.3.5. Interference phenomena (Brewster fringes, Newton rings) 168 6.3.6. Insulating glass effect (double-pane effect) 169 6.3.7. Anisotropies (irisation) 169 6.3.8. Formation of condensation 170 6.3.8.1. Condensation on external surfaces of panes (formation of dew water) 170 6.3.8.2. Condensation on the room side 170 6.3.8.3. Dew point determination 170 6.3.9. Preventing disruptive reflections 172

10 I Table of Contents 6.4. Product-specific application directions 173 6.4.1. Handling/processing guidelines for thermal insulation glass of the SILVERSTAR product family 177 6.4.1.1. Transport and packaging 173 6.4.1.2. Handling 176 6.4.1.3. Cutting of glass to size 176 6.4.1.4. Removal of edge coating 177 6.4.1.5. Storage 178 6.4.1.6. Insulating glass manufacture 179 6.4.1.7. Quality inspection and testing 181 6.4.1.8. Recommendations 182 6.4.1.9. Standards for glass in civil engineering and building construction 184 6.4.2. SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T solar control glass 186 6.4.2.1. General 186 6.4.2.2. Tempering process requirements 186 6.4.2.3. Tempering furnace 187 6.4.3. Technical directions for using thermal insulation and solar control glass 188 6.4.4. Milky coatings on insulating glass 190 6.4.5. Plant growth behind thermal insulation glazing 190 6.4.6. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass 192 6.4.7. One-way glass 192 6.4.8. Laminated safety glass 192 6.4.8.1. Edge zone on LSG 192 6.4.8.2. Laminated safety glass with UV protection 193 6.4.9. Assessment of view-restricting facades 193

7. Standards, Technical Regulations 195

7.1. ISO international standards 195 7.2. European standards 196 7.3. German / European standards (DIN EN) 196 7.4. German standards 198

Table of Contents I 11 1.

12 I Die EUROGLASUp to Gruppe 800 tons of float glass come off the line every day at the EUROGLAS plant in Osterweddingen. 1. The EUROGLAS Group

Partner in glass – this has been the role of EUROGLAS since its founding at the start of the 1. 1990s. EUROGLAS was established from the alliance of five independent small to medium-sized glass-processing companies. All these companies were united by one idea – the independent sup- ply of glass.

EUROGLAS is a subsidiary of the Glas Trösch Group in Switzerland. In 1995 the Group's first float glass facility came into operation at Hombourg in Alsace/France. This was followed three years later by the plant in Haldensleben and in 2006 by the plant in Osterweddingen, both in Germany. The most recent float glass plant was built in 2011 in Ujazd, Poland. All four melting baths produce over 3000 tons of glass per day, ensuring the independent supply of basic glass.

As well as float glass and extra-white glass, EUROGLAS manufactures laminated safety glass (LSG), coated glass for thermal insulation and solar control applications, and glass for solar and interior applications.

“Think global, act local”: EUROGLAS products are sold throughout Europe – but investing in the fu- ture also involves taking on responsibility at the regional level. EUROGLAS is committed in its four plants to the health and further education of its workforce and provides on-the-job training. The latest techniques are used to improve conservation of resources and environmental protection: an intelligent furnace design, exhaust air cleaning und heat recovery reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions. In this way, the glass is already contributing during the production process to a sustainable and responsible-minded value chain.

Satisfied customers, a committed workforce, constant innovation, continuous growth and envi - ronmentally aware production are the cornerstones of the traditional company philosophy.

View into the melting bath: firing above the batch. The EUROGLAS Group I 13 2.

14 I Glass as a Building Material 2. Glass as a Building Material

2.1. Historical development

Glass is one of the oldest man-made materials. However, the mystery as to the ori- gins of glass manufacture is unresolved to this day. The oldest glass finds, in the form of glazes of ceramics, date back to the 7th millennium BC. We can talk of the beginnings of actual glass production from around 3500 BC onwards, in the form of glass beads and later also as rings and small figures manufactured in moulds. The sand core technique was developed around 2. 1500 BC. Here a ceramic core attached to a rod and serving as a negative mould was dipped into the melt and turned about its own axis until the viscous glass mass stuck to it. The mass was then rolled out on a plate until the desired shape was obtained. The workpiece was then cooled, the auxiliary core was removed, and the rough glass elements were finished by polishing and grinding. This technique produced small vases, drinking vessels and bowls which at the time were still opaque but coloured, with the col- ours being obtained by adding copper and co- balt compounds to the melt. Around 1000 BC, the art of the glassmaker had spread in the Nile valley from Alexandria to Luxor, between the Euphrates and the Tigris, in Iraq and in Syria, to Cyprus and Rhodes, and as a result a kind of prehistoric glass industry was established.

Figure: Lotus goblet with the name of Thutmo- sis III. The oldest reliably dated glass vessel. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1450 BC Lotus goblet, Thutmosis III/© State Museum of Egyptian Art, Photographer: Marianne Franke State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich

Glassmaker's blowpipe The invention of the glassmaker's blowpipe by Syrian craftsmen around 200 BC took glass man- ufacture up to a whole new level. This simple instrument, an iron pipe around 100 – 150 cm long, made possible the manufacture of a wide variety of thin-walled and transparent vessels. The glassblower takes a gob of liquid glass from the melt and blows it into a ball. Further development of this technique into the cylinder stretching process already made it possible to make flat glass slabs up to a size of around 90 x 200 cm by the 1st century AD. In spite of huge technical advances, the glassmaker's blowpipe is still used today, in virtually unchanged form, to manufacture special glass, for example authentic antique glass.

Glass as a Building Material I 15 Spread throughout the Roman Empire With the occupation of Syria by the Romans (64 BC), the art of glassmaking was adopt- ed by them, and with its spread throughout the entire Roman Empire a first heyday of glass culture developed, with the founding of glassworks in Italy. Just after the birth of Christ the first window panes were already being installed in town houses in Rome, and around 50 years later the first Roman glassworks north of the Alps were established in Cologne and Trier.

2. 2.

A gob of viscous glass is removed with the glassmaker's St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, Czech Republic blowpipe

Around 540 AD, a first great work of church architecture, the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, was provided with glass windows. In the Gothic period (ca. 1150 – 1500), glass in church architecture was held in extraordinarily high regard, surpassing even the status of gold. 5000 m2 of stained glass windows were installed in Chartres Cathedral (construction period 1194 – 1260).

Venetian glassmaking Between the 9th and 13th centuries, glass was made primarily in monastery glassworks. From then on, glassmaking moved away from the monasteries, and the first forest glassworks were established north of the Alps, initially changing location nomadically (depending on the availability of wood) but settling in permanent locations from the 18th century onwards. The glass products from these works were, due to the high iron oxide content of the sand and the associated green colouration, not of top quality. Examples in Switzerland of forest glassworks of this type are the “Verrerie près de Roche” (1776) and the “Glasi Hergiswil”. Absolute top quality when it came to glass products originated in Venice between the 15th and 17th centuries. The success of Venetian glass was founded on its exceptional purity and colourlessness. The Venetian glassmakers, who had been organised in a glassmakers' guild since 1280, succeeded in discovering a decolouring agent from the ashes of a beach plant. Under the threat of draconian punishments, they were long able to keep this and other secrets of the high art of glassmaking to themselves, and thus found not only fame but also considerable fortune.

16 I Glass as a Building Material First cast glass process In 1599 the first glazed greenhouse was built in Leiden/Holland. Glass was by now being increas - ingly used not only in churches and monasteries, but also in townhouses, palaces and castles, causing greater demand. This steadily increasing demand and the monopoly of Venice forced the glassworks to come up with new production methods. The cast glass process was developed in France around 1688. The viscous glass mass was poured out onto a smooth preheated copper plate and rolled out with a water-cooled metal roller into a sheet. The new process was much more productive than previous processes and produced significantly flatter sheets, which were then ground and polished. The so-called “grandes glaces” measured 120 x 200 cm, were of high 2. quality and came in a variety of thicknesses. 2.

Greenhouses in Britain The start of the 19th century witnessed, particularly in Britain, a new type of building, the so-called “hothouse”, also known as an orangery or palm house. The building shell consisted solely of iron and glass, with the glass for the first time having structural functions as the bracing element. A high point of this glass architecture was the construction of the “Crystal Palace” for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. The building complex designed by Joseph Paxton, of huge dimensions (length 600 m, width 133 m, height 36 m) even by today's standards, consisted of an iron structure filled out with 300,000 individual glass panes. The clear and minimal iron structures and the open space became the model for modern glass architecture.

Crystal Palace, London

In the 19th century, advances were made in all areas of glass manufacture. Thus, for example, the cast- ing and rolling process was continuously developed further to deliver ever larger pane dimensions (by 1958 dimensions of 2.50 x 20 m were possible). Cylinder glass blowing was further improved by the use of compressed air. Glass cylinder sizes of 12 m in height and 80 cm in diameter became possible, and with them theoretical pane sizes of approximately 2.50 x 11.50 m. Cast and raw glass is in principle still manufactured today using the rolling process.

Glass as a Building Material I 17 From drawn glass to float glass After 1900 the Belgian Emile Fourcault succeeded in developing a process for manufacturing glass in which the glass is drawn directly from the melt. The drawn glass process was patent- ed in 1902, but could only be used on an industrial scale a good ten years later. This process made it possible to manufacture plain glass panes which are clearly transparent without need- ing to be ground and polished. In addition to the Fourcault process, a further process, that of Libbey-Owens developed by the American Irving Colburn, was of significance: here the glass was not drawn into the vertical, as in the Fourcault process, but via a bending roller into the horizontal. From 1928 onwards, the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company produced glass using 2. a process which combined the advantages of the two above processes. This produced in particular 2. a further increase in production speed.

The decisive step towards the economical production of high-quality glass slabs with absolutely plane-parallel surfaces was taken in 1959 by the Englishman Alastair Pilkington with the develop- ment of the float glass process. Float glass is the most widely used type of glass today.

2.2. Manufacture of float glass

Float glass is produced in a long and continuous stream, in the course of which an endless ribbon of glass that never tears is created and, depending on the glass thickness and the capacity of the installation, grows up to 30 kilometres every day. Only absolute precision over the entire produc - tion distance of several hundred metres can guarantee the high quality of EUROFLOAT glass. For information on its manufacture please refer to Chapter 4.1.1.

Osterweddingen float glass plant

18 I Glass as a Building Material 2.3. Basic glass

2.3.1. Float glass Float glass is the most widely used type of glass today. The float process enables the economical manufacture of clearly transparent glass with flat surfaces in thicknesses from 2 to 19 mm. Float glass is available as standard float glass, with a slight green colouration, and as extra-white glass with no natural colour. For further information please refer to Chapter 4.

Coloured float glass 2. Coloured float glass can be produced by adding 2. metal oxides, with the entire glass mass being coloured. The upshot is that the intensity of the respective colour is linked to the thickness of the glass. Theoretically, a wide range of shades would be possible, but for practical reasons the available palette is confined to a few shades (green, grey, bronze, blue). When exposed to sunlight, coloured glass heats up very strongly due to the high radiation absorption, increasing the risk of thermal breakage. Coloured float glass must therefore often be tempered in practice. The sheet size is 3210 x 6000 mm.

Colouring oxides and their effect according to Dr Fahrenkrog (extract)

Colouring oxide Effect

Iron oxide Green Nickel oxide Grey Cobalt oxide Blue

Al Falassi, Dubai, UAE

Glass as a Building Material I 19 2.3.2. Window glass The term window glass today denotes glass that has been produced in the drawing process. Win- dow glass and float glass have the same chemical composition and exhibit the same physical properties. The significance of window glass is today confined in practical terms to the renovation market for historically important buildings. The drawing marks (stripes) that give the glass sur- face the feel of being “alive” are very much in demand in the reconstruction or replacement of historical windows.

2. 2.3.3. Ornamental and cast glass 2. Ornamental glass is glass with a more or less structured surface on one or both sides. During manufacture, the glass mass passes through one or more pairs of rollers which impart the re- quired embossed texture. The glass does lose its clear transparency in this process, but as a result is perfectly suitable for use as privacy screening with high translucence. The thermal and structural load capacity of ornamental glass is generally lower than that of float glass.

Some structured glass can be tempered, laminated into LSG or combined to make insulating glass. The finish is dependent on the type and direction of the structure and on production tech- nology factors.

Batch filling

Melting furnace Rollers (glass structure) Cutting Cooling zone to size

Spec. 32 white Master Carré white Raw plate glass Str. 200 white

Selection from the Glas Trösch ornamental glass collection. For all types of ornamental glass, please visit www.glastroesch.ch

20 I Glass as a Building Material 2.3.4. Wired ornamental glass, wired glass and polished wired glass Ornamental glass can be provided with a wire mesh insert, which is inserted during the produc- tion process into the still liquid glass. In the event of the glass being mechanically destroyed, the wire mesh holds the fragments together, providing a degree of protection against falling shards.

Wired ornamental glass has one structured surface Wired glass has two smooth surfaces Polished wired glass (previously wired 2. plate glass) has two polished surfaces 2.

Warning Wired glass too is much more susceptible to breakage than float glass and is by no means a safety glass.

Wired glass

2.3.5. Borosilicate glass Contains an addition of 7 – 15 % boron oxide. The coefficient of thermal expansion is very much lower when compared with float, window and ornamental glass. Borosilicate glass therefore has a significantly higher resistance to changing temperatures, and also a high resistance to alkalis and acids. It is used when high thermal stability is required.

2.3.6. Glass-ceramics Glass-ceramics are not glass in the strict sense of the word, in that they have a partial or com- plete microcrystalline structure. They can nevertheless be absolutely transparent. They have an extraordinarily high resistance to changing temperatures. They are used in building applications primarily as ceramic hobs.

2.3.7. Radiation shielding glass Consists of a high percentage of lead oxide that absorbs X-rays. It is therefore also often called lead glass. Radiation shielding glass has a high density (depending on the lead content up to 5 g/ cm3), and so is up to twice as heavy as float glass. A characteristic feature of radiation shielding glass is its slight yellow colouration. Its effectiveness against X-rays is specified with the so- called lead equivalent. It is used particularly in hospitals and in research and development facil - ities. Generally wherever clear transparency is desired, but optimum radiation shielding must be ensured.

Glass as a Building Material I 21 2.3.8. Polished plate glass Term for cast and rolled glass ground plane-parallel on both sides. With clear transparency and flawless appearance, colourless or coloured (superseded by float glass).

2.3.9. Lead crystal Term for mostly plumbiferous, ground hollow glass ware (not flat glass!).

2. 2.3.10. Quartz glass 2. Quartz glass consists of pure silicon oxide. Its name is a little misleading in that it exhibits not a crystalline structure like quartz, but an amorphous structure as is customary with glass. Quartz glass has a great capacity to transmit ultraviolet radiation, a low coefficient of thermal expansion and thus a high resistance to changing temperatures. Applications: optics, bulb production, semi- conductor production, fibre-optic cables and insulation materials in electronic components.

2.3.11. Available thicknesses of different glass types

EUROFLOAT 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm on request EUROWHITE 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm on request

2.4. General comments on building with glass

Developments in glass technology over the past few decades have resulted, thanks to the wide variety of processing and finishing processes, in improved mechanical strength and in significantly improved physical properties. The continuous further development of production facilities creates ever larger available dimensions, which is why the option of building with glass has in recent years become increasingly popular with architects, planners and building sponsors. At the same time, building experts are proving to be increasingly knowledgeable about glass and its potential uses. However, fundamental rules are frequently disregarded amidst all the euphoria.

22 I Glass as a Building Material 2.4.1. Safety glass must be planned and specified The glass industry offers a wide range of glass types with safety properties. However, standard float glass is used for obvious economic reasons if no safety requirements are defined. Unfortu- nately, this often leads to safety-related misunderstandings with dangerous consequences. Seri- ous planning therefore requires an agreement on utilisation between architect and building spon- sor. As well as defining the type of utilisation of the different building parts, this agreement must also set out the safety requirements (active and/or passive) with regard to the glazing. The agree- ment on utilisation forms the basis for defining the required glass quality with the glass specialist. 2. 2. 2.4.2. Even the thickest glass can break Glass is indeed a high-strength, but unfortunately brittle-fracturing material. The material is al - most completely elastic in its behaviour and has no plasticising possibilities that would enable it to displace peak stresses, as is for example possible with metals. This property makes glass to a certain extent “unpredictable”. It must therefore always be assumed that glass can break due to an unforeseeable external influence (e.g. stone impact or exposure to heat etc.).

For this reason, the warranties furnished by the glass supplier as a rule exclude the risk of break- age/fracture. It is therefore customary to take out special glass breakage insurance to cover glass breakage damage.

To prevent people from being endangered or even injured in the event of glass breakage, it is es- sential in any event to incorporate the consideration as to “what happens in the event of or after a glass breakage?” in the planning and to take the necessary planning precautions. This safety risk can often be reduced by the use of special laminated safety glass.

2.4.3. Glass should be replaceable with reasonable effort and expense The improved physical, structural, design and safety properties, and in particular single and insu- lating glass with hitherto inconceivable dimensions, afford the planner immense design and im- plementation latitude, which is often pushed to the limits. But since glass after being fitted, as explained in Section 2.4.2., can break due to unforeseeable external influences or can lose its aesthetic perfection (e.g. as the result of scratches), it is essential to address the question of the replaceability of glazing. Prudent planners and designers ensure that individual panes of glass can be replaced at any time, even after completion of construction, at reasonable effort and ex- pense. In this respect, emphasis should be placed on simple assembly and disassembly and on sensible accessibility (approach route, accessibility with a crane jib, etc.) for the replacement glazing. This detail too is part of sustained building and planning.

Glass as a Building Material I 23 3.

Financial Center, Abu Dhabi, UAE 24 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts UV visible Infrared 100 %

90 %

80 % Light

70 %

60 %

50 %

40 %

30 %

20 %

10 %

0 % 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Wavelength in nm

UV visible Infrared 100 % 3. Glass90 % Characteristics and Basic Physical 80 % Totalenergy

Concepts70 %

60 %

50 % 3.1. Glass and solar radiation 40 %

30 % Glass is characterised by its great capacity to transmit radiation in the solar spectrum range. The specific behaviour20 % with regard to solar radiation is therefore in practice an important distinguishing factor of different10 % types of glass, expressed with the so-called glass characteristics. These charac- teristics are radiation-physical0 % comparative values. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Spectral subdivision of solar radiation 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Wavelength in nm Type of radiation Wavelength range Percentage (energy) 3.3. Ultraviolet radiation 320 – 380 nm approx. 4 % Visible radiation 380 – 780 nm approx. 45 % Infrared radiation 780 – 3000 nm approx. 51 %

Solar radiation can, depending on the angle of incidence, geographical location, time of day and at- mospheric conditions, range up to 800 W/m2 or more.

3.2. The greenhouse effect

Because float glass has a very high capacity to transmit (transmission) solar radiation, the majority of the solar energy impinging on glazing passes by direct transmission into the room interior.

T: 6000 K 1353 W/m

2 Extraterrestrial radiation _ Float glass 6 mm = 200 10000 nm λ 800 W/m

2 T: 300 K λ = 30° Radiation transmitted λ = 300 Global radiation _ 3000 nm Atmosphere 576 W/m

2 Secondary radiation

λ = 7000 nm

Absorption

Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 25 In the room, the sun's rays are absorbed by walls, floors and bodies. These are heated up and now in turn transmit the received energy in the form of long-wave infrared radiation. Glass is barely able to transmit this type of radiation. The interior of a room therefore heats up be- cause new energy is constantly coming in from the outside and only a small amount of this energy passes from the inside to the outside. Primarily responsible for the greenhouse effect is the different capacity of float glass to transmit (trans- mission) short-wave and long-wave radiation.

3.3. Operation in terms of radiation physics

The most important terms in connection with solar control glass (Physical values)

Transmission, Reflection and Absorption

UVUV sichtbar sichtbar InfrarotInfrarot 3. 100100 % % Above90 90% all% when it comes to solar control glass, 80 80% % LichtLicht

three70 terms70% % – and thus also three numerical val- ues –60 60are% % of crucial importance. 50 50% % Reflection40 40% % – Throwing back of the 30 30% %

sun's2020 % % rays; mirror effect. Transmission10 10% % – Passing through of the 0 %0 % 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

sun's rays. 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 UV visible Infrared WellenlängeWellenlänge in nmin nm 100 %Absorption – Taking in of the sun's rays; 90 % dark surface.UVUV sichtbar sichtbar InfrarotInfrarot 80 % 100100 % % Light Reflection Transmission Absorption 90 % 70 % 90 90% % 80 80% % GesamtenergieGesamtenergie 60 % 70 70% % 50 % None 60of 60% % these three properties exist in their pure form in the building material glass. Every piece 40 % 50 50% %

of30 %glass40 40% % allows a certain proportion of rays to pass through (transmission and stops some of these 30 30% % 20 % rays by20 20% absorption% and reflection. The sum total of reflection, transmission and absorption is always 10 % 100%.10 10%A % distinction is made between light (the visible range of the spectrum 380 – 780 nm) and the 0 % 0 %0 % 0 0 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

total solar100 spectrum200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 320 – 3000 nm. The physical values are also defined accordingly. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 Wellenlänge1900 2000 2100 2200 in nm2300 2400 2500 WellenlängeWellenlängeWavelength in nmin nm in nm

UV visible Infrared UV visible Infrared 100 % 100 % 90 % 90 % 80 % Totalenergy 80 % Light 70 % 70 % 60 % 60 % 50 % 50 % 40 % 40 % 30 % 30 % 20 % 20 % 10 % 10 % T: 6000T: 6000 K K 0 % 13531353 W/m W/m 0 % 0

2 2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Extraterrestrische 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 ExtraterrestrischeExtraterrestrische 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

StrahlungStrahlung 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 _ _ FloatglasFloatglas 6 mm 6 mm Wavelength in nm =λ 200 = 200 10000 10000 nm nm Wavelength in nm λ λ 800800 W/m W/m

2 2 2 T: 300T: 300 K K λ =λ 30°= 30° DurchgelasseneDurchgelassene Strahlung Strahlung λ λ = λ300= 300 GlobalstrahlungGlobalstrahlung _ _ 30003000 nm nm UV visible Infrared AtmosphäreAtmosphäre 576576 W/m W/m 100 % 2 2 SekundärstrahlungSekundärstrahlung 90 % λ =λ 7000= 7000 nm nm 80 % Totalenergy Absorption 26 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical ConceptsAbsorptionAbsorption 70 %

60 %

50 %

40 %

30 %

20 %

10 %

0 % 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Wavelength in nm T: 6000 K 1353 W/m

2 Extraterrestrial radiation _ Float glass 6 mm = 200 10000 nm λ 800 W/m

2 T: 300 K λ = 30° Radiation transmitted λ = 300 Global radiation _ 3000 nm Atmosphere 576 W/m

2 Secondary radiation

λ = 7000 nm

Absorption

T: 6000 K 1353 W/m

2 Extraterrestrial radiation _ Float glass 6 mm = 200 10000 nm λ 800 W/m

2 T: 300 K λ = 30° Radiation transmitted λ = 300 Global radiation _ 3000 nm Atmosphere 576 W/m

2 Secondary radiation

λ = 7000 nm

Absorption UV sichtbar Infrarot 100 %

90 %

80 % Licht

70 %

60 %

50 %

40 %

30 %

20 %

10 %

0 % UV sichtbar Infrarot 0 100 % 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 90 % Wellenlänge in nm 80 % Licht

70 %

60 % UV sichtbar Infrarot 50 % 100 %

40 % 90 %

30 % 80 % Gesamtenergie

20 % 70 % 10 % 60 % 0 %

0 50 % 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 40 % Wellenlänge in nm 30 %

20 % UV sichtbar Infrarot 100 % 10 %

90 % 0 %

80 % Gesamtenergie 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 70 % 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Wellenlänge in nm 60 %

50 %

40 %

30 % Energy Light 20 % (total range of spectrum) (visible range of spectrum) 10 %

0 % 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Wellenlänge in nm

Transmission Radiation transmission Light transmission Reflection Radiation reflection Light reflection Absorption Radiation absorption Light absorption 3.3.

T: 6000 K 1353 W/m

100 %2 Extraterrestrische Strahlung Transmission _ Floatglas 6 mm = 200 10000 nm λ 800 W/m

2 T: 300 K λ = 30° Durchgelassene Strahlung T: 6000 K λ Reflection = 300 1353 W/m Globalstrahlung _ 3000 nm Atmosphäre 576 W/m 2 Radiation and Radiation and Extraterrestrische 2 Strahlung convection convection _ Floatglas 6 mm Sekundärstrahlung = 200 10000 nm λ 800 W/m λ = 7000 nm 2 T: 300 K λ = 30° Durchgelassene Strahlung λ = 300 Absorption Globalstrahlung _ 3000 nm Atmosphäre 576 W/m

2 Sekundärstrahlung

λ = 7000 nm

Absorption

Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 27 3.4. Glass characteristics

Glass characteristics constitute important performance and distinguishing features of glazing. They can be ascertained using measurement methods, but in current practice generally by the usie of cer- tified calculation methods for both single glass and complex-structured multi-pane insulating glass.

Light and glass

3.4.1. Light transmission/light transmittance (LT) The light transmittance of glazing denotes the percentage of solar radiation in the visible light range (380 – 780 nm) which is transmitted from the outside to the inside.

3. 3.4.2. Light absorption/light absorptance (LA) The light absorptance denotes the proportion of solar radiation in the visible range (380 – 780 nm) which is absorbed by the glazing. Light absorption is a less common characteristic quantity.

3.4.3. Light reflection/light reflectance (LR) The light reflectance denotes that percentage of solar radiation in the visible light range (380 – 780 nm) which is reflected outwards.

Total energy and glass

3.4.4. Radiation transmission/radiation transmittance (RT) The radiation transmittance, also known as energy transmittance, denotes the proportion of radia- tion in the total solar spectrum that is allowed to pass through by the glazing.

3.4.5. Radiation absorption/radiation absorptance (RA) The radiation absorptance, or energy absorptance, denotes the proportion of radiation in the total solar spectrium range that is absorbed by the glazing.

3.4.6. Radiation reflection/radiation reflectance (RR) The radiation reflectance, or energy reflectance, of glazing denotes the proportion of radiation in the total solar spectrum that is reflected directly outwards by the glazing.

28 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts UV sichtbar Infrarot 100 %

90 %

80 % Licht UV sichtbar Infrarot 70100 % %

6090 % % Secondary heat output 5080 % % Licht The amount of absorbed radiation is dissipat- 70 % 40 % ed again by the glazing in the form of radiation 3060 % % (long-wave infrared). This process is called 2050 % % secondary heat output. It is divided into two as 1040 % % a rule unequal parts (secondary heat output to 030 % % the outside and secondary heat output to the

0 Secondary Secondary 20 % inside). 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 heat output to heat output to 10 % Wellenlänge in nm the outside the inside 0 % Qo Qi 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 UV sichtbar Infrarot Wellenlänge in nm 100 %

90 %

80 % Gesamtenergie UV sichtbar Infrarot 3.3. 70100 % % 3.4.7. Total energy transmission/

6090 % % total energy transmittance (g value) The total energy transmittance denotes the sum 5080 % % Gesamtenergie total of radiation transmission RT and secondary 4070 % % heat output Qi to the inside. 3060 % % ST + Qi = g value 50 % 20 % RT 1040 % % The total energy transmittance is, aside from 030 % % the U value, the most important characteristic

20 % 0 quantity for glazing. It indicates how much of the 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Qi 10 % Wellenlänge in nm outer-impinging solar energy ultimately passes 0 % into the room interior. For optimum passive solar

0 energy utilisation, the g value should be as high 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 as possible, and for optimum solar control effect Wellenlänge in nm as low as possible.

3.4.8. Shading coefficient The shading coefficient is a characteristic quantity derived from the g value, with two different deri- vations being customary Shading coefficient = g value : 0.80 (customary in Germany) Shading coefficient = g value : 0.87 (customary in the UK and the USA)

The purpose of the shading coefficient is to compare the shading effect of glazing with the shading effect of conventional uncoated double insulation glazing (g value = 0.80) or of single glazing with 6 mm thick float glass (g value = 0.87). Relevant directives and guidelines for calculating cooling loads frequently require not the g value, but the shading coefficient. To avoid misunderstandings, it is advisable in each case when specifying shading coefficients to define the basis for calculation exactly!

T: 6000 K 1353 W/m

2 Extraterrestrische Strahlung _ T: 6000 K Floatglas 6 mm λ = 200 10000 nm Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 29 1353 W/m 800 W/m

2 2 T: 300 K Extraterrestrische λ = 30° Durchgelassene Strahlung Strahlung λ _ Floatglas= 300 6 mm λ = 200 10000 nm Globalstrahlung _ 800 W/m 3000 nm Atmosphäre 576 W/m 2 2 T: 300 K λ = 30° SekundärstrahlungDurchgelassene Strahlung λ = 300 Globalstrahlung λ = 7000 _nm 3000 nm Atmosphäre 576 W/m

2 Absorption Sekundärstrahlung

λ = 7000 nm

Absorption 3.4.9. Selectivity characteristic The selectivity characteristic denotes the ratio between light transmittance and total energy transmittance.

Light transmittance Selectivity characteristic = Total energy transmittance

The selectivity characteristic is particularly important with regard to solar control glazing. A high selectivity characteristic (>1.5) means good solar control and, in spite of this, plenty of daylight.

Example SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 60/27 T: Light transmission = 60 %, g value = 27 % Selectivity characteristic = 2.22 3.

3.4.10. General colour rendering index (Ra) The general colour rendering index is a measure of the change in the light (or its influence on the rendering of colours, where eight different standardised shades are assessed) by a piece of glazing.

The higher the colour rendering index, the less colours are altered by the glazing. A rendering index of 95 – 100 means very minor colour changes, while an index of 90 – 95 means minor colour changes. The colour rendering index can be an important decision-making criterion, particularly in the case of museums, galleries and craft and industrial activities where colours play a signifi- cant role.

3.4.11. UV transmission Generally, solar control glazing has UV transmission reduced roughly proportionally to the g val- ue. Installing a UV-absorbing film in the laminated safety glass offers an option of additional UV protection. UV radiation can be reduced completely with this film. Furthermore, highly photo- chemical rays can become effective above 380 nm, with the ability to impair colours for example. Extra caution is therefore advised, especially at altitudes above around 600 m above sea level when shop/display windows, museums and the like are involved.

3.5. The U value

The heat transfer coefficient (U value) is the unit of measure for determining the heat loss of a component. The U value specifies the amount of heat that passes per unit of time through 1 m2 of a component with a temperature difference of 1 K. The lower the U value, the lower the heat losses to the outside and accordingly the lower the energy consumption.

30 I Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts UVUV sichtbar sichtbar InfrarotInfrarot 100100 % %

90 %90 %

80 %80 % LichtLicht For insulating glass, the U value (according to the test standard EN 673 termed Ug) is probably the most important characteristic quantity. In practice the Ug value can be determined using certified 70 %70 % calculation methods for each individual insulating glass structure. It is to be noted that the Ug val- 60 %60 % ue applies to the so-called undisturbed area, i.e. without the influence of the edge area (in which 50 %50 % the heat flow is much greater). The edge seal is therefore of no importance to the Ug value. Only when the U value is determined for the whole window (glass incl. window frame), the Uw value (w 40 %40 % = Window) does it have a bearing. 30 %30 %

20 %20 % SILVERSTAR insulating glass achieves - thanks to highly efficient thermal insulation coatings - Ug 2 10 %10 % values up to 0.4 W/m K. This equates to the insulation provided by a wooden wall at least 25 cm thick. 0 %0 % 0 0 Energy or heat transfer inside the insulating glass takes place in three different ways 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 WellenlängeWellenlänge in nm in nm Conduction, through the individual glass panes and through the gas or air fillings in the cavities. 3.3. Convection, through flow of the gas or air fillings in the cavities. Radiation, through heat radiation (long-wave infrared radiation) of the glass surfaces. UVUV sichtbar sichtbar InfrarotInfrarot 100100 % % Heat radiation makes up by far the biggest share (approx. 2/3) of the heat loss. The thermal insu- 90 %90 % lation performance can be dramatically improved by using extremely thin and practically invisible 80 %80 % GesamtenergieGesamtenergie thermal insulation coatings.

70 %70 % Thermal insulation 60 %60 % coating 50 %50 % Conduction Conduction 40 %40 % 30 %30 % 33 % 33 %

20 %20 %

10 %10 % Convection Convection

0 %0 % 0 0 Radiation 67 % Radiation 7 % 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 WellenlängeWellenlänge in nm in nm

Energy transfer in insulating glass without Energy transfer in insulating glass with thermal insulation coating thermal insulation coating

Glass Characteristics and Basic Physical Concepts I 31

T: 6000T: 6000 K K 13531353 W/m W/m

2 2 ExtraterrestrischeExtraterrestrische StrahlungStrahlung _ _ FloatglasFloatglas 6 mm 6 mm = 200 = 200 10000 10000 nm nm λ λ 800 800W/m W/m

2 2 T: 300T: 300 K K λ = λ30°= 30° DurchgelasseneDurchgelassene Strahlung Strahlung λ = 300λ = 300 GlobalstrahlungGlobalstrahlung _ _ 30003000 nm nm AtmosphäreAtmosphäre 576 576W/m W/m

2 2 SekundärstrahlungSekundärstrahlung

λ = λ7000= 7000 nm nm

AbsorptionAbsorption 4.

32 I Products – EUROFLOAT 4. Products

4.1. EUROFLOAT – Uncoated basic glass

This provides the basis for all forms of glass, whether used in interior or exterior applications. Flat glass is produced in a complex production process under enormous heat and the subsequent slow cooling process. EUROFLOAT consists primarily of quartz sand. It acquires its striking green colour from traces of iron oxide in the raw material. The use of low-iron raw materials produces brilliant white glass – EUROWHITE.

4.1.1. Manufacture of float glass

The most important base material in the manufacture of float glass is quartz sand, a material that is in plentiful supply in nature and will also be available to future generations in sufficient quantity. It also needs soda, dolomite, lime and other raw materials in smaller quantities. Approximately 20 % clean cullet is added to the mixture to improve the melting process. These raw materials enter the melting furnace as a batch, where they are melted at a temperature of approx. 1550 °C and refined with minimal bubbles. The liquid glass is then fed to the float bath, which contains a tin melt in a protective inert-gas atmosphere. The glass mass "floats" on the molten tin in the form of an endless ribbon. The surface tension of the glass and the flat surface of the tin bath cause a plane-parallel and distortion-free glass 4. ribbon of high optical quality to form. In the cooling tunnel and on the subsequent open roller conveyor, the glass ribbon is continuously cooled down from 600 to 60 °C, monitored by camera technology for defects, and then cut into glass sheets of predominantly 3210 x 6000 mm in size.

Diagram: float glass process

1 Batch charging

2 Melting furnace approx. 1550 °C 3 Float bath 4 Cooling zone Defect detection 5 Cutting

Products – EUROFLOAT I 33 1 Batch charging The batch is weighed fully automatically and fed to an intermediate reservoir. From there it is placed continuously into the bath. Depending on the bath size, up to 1200 tons of base materials are poured in every day.

Batch house Delivery of soda, Cullet batch dolomite

Delivery of sand Mixing

Tank preliminary silo

Metering Weighing

Furnace 4.

2 Melting The batch is melted in the bath at a temperature of around 1550 °C. This is followed by the refining zone, where the glass is refined with as few bubbles as possible and then prepared in a so-called cooling tank for subsequent shaping by cooling down to around 1100 °C. The melting bath and the cooling tank constantly contain up to 1900 tons of glass.

EUROGLAS melting bath/float glass plant, Hombourg, France 34 I Products – EUROFLOAT 3 Float bath The liquid glass is cast onto a bath containing liquid tin. The process of adapting the lower surface to the completely flat upper surface of the tin bath and simultaneous heating from above (fire-polishing) produce plane-parallel glass equivalent to plate glass. The glass thickness is adjusted by so-called top roll machines, which engage with the edge of the glass ribbon, and by means of heating and cool- ing in the float bath, taking into account the drawing speed of the glass ribbon in the annealing lehr. Without external influences, an equilibrium thickness of around 6 to 7 mm would be set. For a lower glass thickness, the viscous glass mass must be sped up by means of the annealing lehr drawing speed, and for a higher glass thickness it must be slowed down.

4 Cooling zone After leaving the tin bath, the glass ribbon enters the more than 140 m long annealing lehr. It is cooled down from approx. 600 to 60 °C. The slow, controlled cooling process ensures that the glass mass solidifies without stress. This is important to ensure problem-free further processing.

Annealing lehr

Glass Heat dissipation of glass to the flow air Cooling air from Glass ribbon is visible 600 °C above and below for the first time Cold Hot air Air 4.

580 °C 480 °C 370 °C 60 °C

Cutting

5 Cutting The final part of the production line is called the “cold end”. It contains the quality inspec- tion and testing and the cutting sections. The entire glass ribbon is continuously checked by camera systems for the smallest defects. Are- as of the glass ribbon that fail to meet the high quality standards can thus be immediately seg- regated and withdrawn. The glass is then cut to standard dimensions (3210 x 6000 mm) and stacked. The glass can be further prepared di- rectly in accordance with customer dimensions on a separate cutting line. After a distance of 400 m, float glass has been created from pre- dominantly natural raw materials – ready for de- livery, ready for further processing. Cutting, float glass

Products – EUROFLOAT I 35 Cutting Line monitoring Longitudinal cut cubicle Emergency cutting Thicknesses/ Trimming break 1 and 2 bridge Stress Measurement Transverse cut Contour camera Float crusher 1 Crushing roller

Float crusher 2 Float crusher 3 Cullet belt Defect detection Trimming cutter Stacking area

Glass with a length of 9 metres In the EUROGLAS plants, where required, float glass up to a size of 3210 x 9000 mm can be produced and also be provided over its full size with thermal insulation, solar control or combination coatings, or further processed to make toughened safety glass, laminated safety glass and insulating glass. 4. The most important raw materials for float glass production

Raw material By % in weight

Quartz sand ~ 59 % Soda ~ 18 % Dolomite/lime ~ 20 % Further raw materials ~ 3 % Plus addition of clean cullet (recycling) ~ 20 %

Float glass is further processed to make Insulating glass Laminated safety glass (LSG) Toughened safety glass (TSG) Thermal insulation glass Solar control glass Printed glass Fire protection glass Mirrors etc.

36 I Products – EUROFLOAT and serves as the base material for facades, windows, shop/display windows, roofs glass cabinets, display cases and other glass furniture fittings and furnishings in shop and interior finishing

EUROGLAS glass warehouse, Hombourg, France 4.

4.1.2. Product range

EUROFLOAT Standard float glass with a slight green coloura- tion, which can be clearly seen particularly at the glass edges. The green colouration, also called green tinge, originates from small quantities of iron oxide contained in the raw materials. The standard sheet size is 3210 x 6000 mm. Larger dimensions are possible on request.

EUROWHITE NG Extra-white glass manufactured from raw ma- terials that are particularly low in iron oxides and exhibiting practically no natural colour. EUROWHITE NG is used mostly for aesthetic and optical reasons. The standard sheet size is 3210 x 6000 mm. Larger dimensions are possible on request.

Products – EUROFLOAT I 37 Technical data - EUROFLOAT

EUROFLOAT 2 mm 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm

Light characteristics (EN 410)

Light transmittance V 91 % 91 % 90 % 90 % 90 % 89 % 89 % 88 % Light reflectance (exterior) ρ 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % V 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % Light reflectance (interior) ρVL General colour rendering index 100 99 99 99 98 98 97 97 (transmission)

Energie characteristics (EN 410 / ISO 9050)

Total energy transmittance – g value 89 % 88 % 87 % 86 % 85 % 83 % 81 % 79 %

Direct radiation reflectance 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 7 % 7 % 7 % (exterior) – ρe

4. Direct radiation transmittance – e 88 % 87 % 85 % 84 % 82 % 80 % 77 % 75 % Direct radiation absorptance – αe 4 % 5 % 7 % 9 % 10 % 13 % 16 % 18 %

Transmission factor 102 % 101% 100 % 99 % 98 % 95 % 93 % 91 % (b factor, g value/0.87) – SC

UV transmittance – UV 79 % 75 % 71 % 68 % 66 % 61 % 58 % 55 %

Thermal characteristics (EN 673)

Heat transfer coefficient 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 Ug in W/m²K

The values specified are calculated in accordance with the European standards EN 410:2011 and EN 673:2011 and are based on test data. Production tolerances in accordance with applicable EN standards may give rise to slight discrepancies in the effective values. National standards or supplements (e.g. for the heat transfer coefficient Ug) are not taken into consideration.

38 I Products – EUROFLOAT Technical data - EUROWHITE NG

EUROFLOAT 2 mm 3 mm 4 mm 5 mm 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm

Light characteristics (EN 410)

Light transmittance V 92 % 91 % 91 % 91 % 91 % 91 % 91 % 89 % Light reflectance (exterior) ρ 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % V 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % Light reflectance (interior) ρVL General colour rendering index 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 99 (transmission)

Energie characteristics (EN 410 / ISO 9050)

Total energy transmittance – g value 91 % 91 % 91 % 91 % 91 % 90 % 90 % 89 %

Direct radiation reflectance 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % 8 % (exterior) – ρe

Direct radiation transmittance – e 91 % 91 % 91 % 90 % 90 % 90 % 89 % 88 % 4. Direct radiation absorptance – αe 1 % 1 % 1 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 3 % 4 %

Transmission factor 105 % 105% 105 % 105 % 105 % 103 % 103 % 102 % (b factor, g value/0.87) – SC

UV transmittance – UV 87 % 86 % 85 % 83 % 82 % 80 % 78 % 76 %

Thermal characteristics (EN 673)

Heat transfer coefficient 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 Ug in W/m²K

The values specified are calculated in accordance with the European standards EN 410:2011 and EN 673:2011 and are based on test data. Production tolerances in accordance with applicable EN standards may give rise to slight discrepancies in the effective values. National standards or supplements (e.g. for the heat transfer coefficient Ug) are not taken into consideration.

Products – EUROFLOAT I 39 4.1.3. Physical and chemical properties of flat glass

4.1.3.1. Definition and composition The glass that we use today as a building material is, due to its composition, called soda-lime silicate glass. The raw materials are heated during production. The subsequent cooling process means that the ions and molecules do not have the opportunity to arrange themselves. Silicon and oxygen cannot combine into crystals, the random molecular state is “frozen”. Glass therefore consists of an irregu- larly and spatially interlinked network of silicon (Si) and oxygen (O), in the gaps of which cations are dispersed. When glass is heated to about 1000 °C and this temperature is maintained for a certain time, so-called devitrification begins. This process sees the creation of silicon crystals which are segregated from the actual glass mass. This process results in milky-opaque glass.

Glass is not a solid in the chemical-physical sense, but rather a solidified liquid. The molecules are random and molecular lattices are not formed. This circumstance is often given as the reason for the transparency of the substance. There are however other theories besides this: one theory, for exam- ple, attributes the transparency to the fact that silicon oxide is a very stable compound that does not exhibit any free electrons which can interact with light radiation.

4. Na Na

Na Na

Na

Na

Na

Na

Simplified diagrammatic representation of the structures of float glass (left) and crystalline SiO2

40 I Products – EUROFLOAT Because glass consists of different compounds, there are no chemical formulae for calculating the physical properties. Glass has no melting point, like that of other substances such as wa- ter, that is liquid above 0 °C and crystallises into Undercooled ice below 0 °C. When subjected to heat, glass melt Volume Melt passes continuously from a solid (high-viscosity) to a liquid (low-viscosity) state. The temperature Glass range between solid, brittle and plastically vis- cous states is often called the transformation

Crystal range. For float glass, this is between 520 and T T g melt 550 °C. As a rough simplification, it is possible

Temperature to derive from it the mean value 535 °C, which is called the transformation point or transforma- Schematic representation of the changes in properties tion temperature (Tg). (solid/liquid) of crystalline and vitreous substances

The situation where glass is rightly referred to as a frozen liquid often gives rise to the opinion that glass would also flow continuously in the solidified state, albeit very slow- ly. A glass pane standing upright would, after a sufficiently long period of time (decades or centuries), become measurably thicker at the bottom end. But this is not true. Today it is 4. a scientifically established fact that a glass body at usage temperatures does not change its shape due to its own gravity load unless there is a bending deflection in the structural sense.

When compared with many crystals, glass has an amorphous isotropy, i.e. the properties are not dependent on the direction in which they are measured.

Composition of soda-lime glass

Raw material Chemical formula Proportion

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 69 % – 74 %

Sodium oxide (Na2O/soda) 12 % – 16 % Calcium oxide (CaO) 5 % – 12 % Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0 % – 6 %

Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 0 % – 6 %

Products – EUROFLOAT I 41 4.1.3.2. Mechanical properties

Tensile and compressive strength The silicate basic mass gives glass hardness and strength, but also the familiar and unwelcome property of brittleness: a property that must be taken into account in every application. Glass, unlike metals for example, has no plastic range; it is elastic up to its breaking point. Breakage therefore occurs suddenly, without any visible signs in advance.

The compressive strength of glass is very high, far outstripping that of other building materials, and therefore poses no problems when glass is used in practical building applications. The crucial factor is tensile strength, in particular bending tensile strength. It is well known that glass fibres ex- hibit very high tensile strength. However, there is a big difference between the load-bearing capacity of a glass fibre and that of a glass pane. The load-bearing strength of a glass pane in practical terms is dependent not on the cohesion in the chemical structure, but on other influencing factors. Glass is in reality not a fully compact body, but instead has numerous discontinuities, manifesting as surface defects in the form of microcracks and notches. In the final analysis, it is these that determine the practical strength. It is also noticeable that the strength decreases with the load duration; different permissible stresses therefore often apply in practice, depending on the type of load duration. A typ- ical short-term load is for example wind load, whereas snow loads take effects over the longer term. 4. δ (P) δ (P) δ (P)

Fracture Yield (force) Stress Fracture Elastic Fracture perm. δ Elastic

perm. δ

Glass Steel Wood

Ε(∆l) Ε(∆l) Ε(∆l) Elastic Elastic Plastic Elastic Plastic range range range

Displacement/force diagram of glass, steel and wood in comparison

Theoretical and practical tensile strength

Glass type Tensile strength

Theoretical tensile strength of soda-lime glass (fracture) 13000 N/mm2 Practical tensile strength of soda-lime glass (fracture) 30 – 80 N/mm2

42 I Products – EUROFLOAT Comparison of strengths of different materials (approximate values)

Material Permissible bending stress Compressive strength Float glass/plate glass 12 – 20 N/mm2 400 N/mm2 Toughened safety glass made of float glass 50 N/mm2 400 N/mm2 Aluminium 70 N/mm2 70 N/mm2 Structural steel 180 N/mm2 180 N/mm2 Oak 50 N/mm2 30 N/mm2 Beech 35 N/mm2 25 N/mm2

Modulus of elasticity

Material Elasticity

Float glass/plate glass 70000 N/mm2 Toughened safety glass made of float glass 70000 N/mm2 Aluminium 70000 N/mm2 Structural steel 210000 N/mm2 4. Oak 12500 N/mm2 Beech 11000 N/mm2

Products – EUROFLOAT I 43 Material bulk density

Material Density

Soda-lime glass 2.5 g/cm3 Radiation shielding glass RD 50 5.0 g/cm3 Aluminium 2.6 g/cm3 Steel 7.9 g/cm3 Concrete 2.0 g/cm3 Lead 11.3 g/cm3

Reference quantity for everyday application: 1 m2 glass weighs per mm thickness 2.5 kg. 1 m2 float glass of 6 mm thickness weighs 6 x 2.5 kg/m2 = 15 kg/m2.

Surface hardness Compared with other materials, such as wood, metals and plastics, glass has a very hard surface.

Scratch hardness according to Mohs (HM)

4. Material Scratch hardness

Apatite 5 HM Soda-lime glass (float glass, window glass, ornamental glass) 5 – 6 HM Feldspar 6 HM Quartz 7 HM

Scratches are visible from a depth of around 100 nm (0.0001 mm) and noticeable from around 2000 nm (0.002 mm). On coated glass, scratches are already visible from a depth of around 10 nm!

4.1.3.3. Thermal properties

Coefficient of thermal expansion Compared with other materials, glass has a low thermal expansion that is also dependent on the composition. Glass-ceramics, for example, demonstrate practically no thermal expansion, and sos there are no stresses that can arise from zones subject to different levels of heating. (See also Temperature change resistance)

The coefficient of expansion of 9.0 x 10-6/K means that a pane of float glass 1 metre long when heated by 100 °K expands by 0.9 mm. For aluminium, the analogous value would be 2.4 mm.

44 I Products – EUROFLOAT Coefficient of thermal expansion

Material Thermal expansion

Soda-lime glass (float glass, window glass, ornamental glass) 9.0 x 10-6/K Borosilicate glass 3 – 4 x 10-6/K Quartz glass 0.5 x 10-6/K Glass-ceramics 0.0 x 10-6/K Aluminium 24 x 10-6/K Steel 12 x 10-6/K Concrete 10 – 12 x 10-6/K

Thermal conductivity Compared with metals, the ability of glass to conduct heat is indeed very low, but compared with conventional insulation materials is high. But it plays an unimportant role in practical building appli- cations, since the extraordinarily good thermal insulation of insulating glass is founded in particular on the effect of thermal insulation coatings.

Coefficient of thermal conductivity 4. Material Coefficient of thermal conductivity Soda-lime glass (float glass, window glass, ornamental glass) 1.0 W/mK Aluminium 210.00 W/mK Steel 75.00 W/mK Concrete 1.00 W/mK Wood (spruce) 0.14 W/mK Cork 0.05 W/mK Polystyrene 0.04 W/mK

Products – EUROFLOAT I 45 Temperature change resistance Temperature change resistance denotes the capacity to withstand an abrupt change of temperature. It is given in degrees Kelvin and constitutes a measure of the probability of so-called thermal shock, i.e. a fracture as a result of thermal overloading. The higher the temperature change resistance of a piece of glass, the lower the danger of thermal shock. However, it is not possible to make a direct inference from the temperature change resistance to maximum permissible surface temperatures of glazing, in that the temperature distribution in the component in particular is the crucial factor.

Temperature change resistance

Glass type Temperature change resistance

Float glass 40 °K Toughened safety glass (TSG) 150 °K Borosilicate glass 260 °K Glass-ceramics > 300 °K

4.1.3.4. Chemical properties 4. Float glass is highly resistant to virtually all chemicals. One exception is hydrofluoric acid (HF), which is used to etch glass. However, glass is also not absolutely stable against many aqueous solutions either: both acids and in particular base solutions can attack the surface.

Effect of acids An ion exchange occurs, in which for example Na+ H+ Cl- + + + Na and Ca2 ions are exchanged for H ions

without the SiO2 network being attacked. This process therefore does not leave any visible trac- es. A similar process is even used to finish glass, in so-called chemical tempering.

Effect of lyes/alkaline solutions In this process, the lye reacts with the + - - Na OH HSiO3 SiO2 network. This produces soluble silicic acids, destroying the glass structure. Visible causticisations are left, for example when ce- ment slurry is spilled on glazing. Even after just a short standing time, the surface is attacked and irreparable damage is incurred.

46 I Products – EUROFLOAT Glass corrosion in the boundary area of water and air Glass that is left standing in water for an extend- ed period of time can be damaged in the bound- ary areas between water and air by a chemical process. The separation of sodium ions can pro- duce soda lye in combination with water. When the water is constantly exchanged, this lye is strongly diluted straight away and thus rendered harmless. In the transition area between water and air where the water is only slightly exchanged or in the event of an attack by stagnant water, dilution does not take place, and so the surface of the glass can be damaged by the soda lye produced.

4.1.3.5. Radiation-physical properties An outstanding property of glass is its capacity to transmit solar radiation, particularly light. This feature, allied with the high strength of its hard surface and its extraordinarily high resistance, makes glass a unique, practically irreplaceable building material.

Spectral subdivision of solar radiation

Solar radiation Wavelength range 4.

Ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation) 320 – 380 nm Light radiation 380 – 780 nm Infrared radiation (IR radiation) 780 – 3000 nm

Spectral transmissibility of float glass of different thicknesses

100

80

60

40 2 mm 4 mm

Transmissibility % Transmissibility 20 6 mm 10 mm

0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800

Wavelength λ (nm)

Products – EUROFLOAT I 47 4.

48 I Products – EUROFLOAT Radiation-physical data - EUROFLOAT

Nominal thickness Light transmittance Light reflectance g value U value

2 mm 91 % 8 % 89 % 5.8 W/m2K 3 mm 91 % 8 % 88 % 5.8 W/m2K 4 mm 90 % 8 % 87 % 5.8 W/m2K 5 mm 90 % 8 % 86 % 5.7 W/m2K 6 mm 90 % 8 % 85 % 5.7 W/m2K 8 mm 89 % 8 % 83 % 5.6 W/m2K 10 mm 89 % 8 % 81 % 5.6 W/m2K 12 mm 88 % 8 % 79 % 5.5 W/m2K 15 mm 87 % 8 % 77 % 5.4 W/m2K 19 mm 86 % 8 % 74 % 5.3 W/m2K

Radiation-physical data - Float EUROWHITE NG (extra-white float glass)

Nominal thickness Light transmittance Light reflectance g value U value 4.

2 mm 92 % 8 % 91 % 5.8 W/m2K 3 mm 91 % 8 % 91 % 5.8 W/m2K 4 mm 91 % 8 % 91 % 5.8 W/m2K 5 mm 91 % 8 % 91 % 5.7 W/m2K 6 mm 91 % 8 % 91 % 5.7 W/m2K 8 mm 91 % 8 % 90 % 5.6 W/m2K 10 mm 91 % 8 % 90% 5.6 W/m2K 12 mm 91 % 8 % 89 % 5.5 W/m2K 15 mm 90 % 8 % 89 % 5.4 W/m2K 19 mm 90 % 8 % 88 % 5.3 W/m2K

Products – EUROFLOAT I 49 4.1.3.6. Further properties

Sound reduction Thanks to its density, glass is perfectly suitable for sound reduction. However, compared with other building materials (brick, concrete, wood, etc.), glass is generally only installed in very low thickness- es, and thus this statement becomes relative. Optimum sound reduction values are achieved with appropriately structured insulating glass or with special laminated safety glass elements, whose element thicknesses are comparatively still very low.

Sound reduction values of glass and other building materials

Building material Thickness Weighted sound reduction index RW

Float glass 3 mm ≈ 28 dB 6 mm ≈ 31 dB 12 mm ≈ 34 dB LSG with sound-insulating film 12 mm 39 dB Sound insulation glass 40 mm 50 dB Wooden wall structure 80 mm ≈ 35 dB 4. Brick wall 200 mm ≈ 50 dB

Resistance Glass is one of the most resistant building materials imaginable. Glass does not rust does not rot is not afflicted by mould/fungus does not weather does not discolour does not absorb moisture does not exude moisture does not swell does not shrink does not warp resists cold and heat does not become either brittle or soft is UV- and light-resistant

50 I Products – EUROFLOAT 4.1.3.7. Summary of the most important technical characteristic values of float glass

Property Symbol Numerical value and unit

Density (at 18 °C) ρ 2500 kg/m3 Hardness 6 units (acc. to Mohs) Modulus of elasticity E 7 x 1010 Pa Poisson's ratio µ 0.2 Specific heat capacity c 0.72 x 103 (J/kg x K) Mean coefficient of linear thermal α 9 x 10-6/K expansion between 20 and 300 °C Thermal conductivity λ 1 W/mK Mean refractive index in the visible n 1.5 range (380 to 780 nm)

4.

Prime Tower – Swiss Platform, Zurich/Photographer: Hans Ege Products – EUROFLOAT I 51 4.1.4. Available range and packing

Available range, lehr end sizes (LES)

EUROFLOAT

Dimensions Thicknesses

3210 x 6000 mm 3 - 12 mm 3210 x 5100 mm 3 - 12 mm 3210 x 4500 mm 3 - 12 mm

EUROWHITE NG

Dimensions Thicknesses

3210 x 6000 mm 3 - 12 mm

Special lengths and the glass thicknesses 2 mm, 15 mm and 19 mm on request. 4.

Available range, split lehr end sizes (SLES)

EUROFLOAT

Dimensions Thicknesses

2550 x 3210 mm 3 - 12 mm 2250 x 3210 mm 3 - 12 mm 2000 x 3210 mm 3 - 12 mm

EUROWHITE NG

Dimensions Thicknesses

2550 x 3210 mm 3 - 12 mm 2250 x 3210 mm 3 - 12 mm 2000 x 3210 mm 3 - 12 mm

Special lengths and the glass thicknesses 15 mm and 19 mm on request.

52 I Products – EUROFLOAT Packing EUROFLOAT / EUROWHITE NG LES / SLES

Thicknesses in mm 3 4 5 6 8 10 12

2000 x 3210 mm number of sheets per pack 41 32 25 21 16 13 10 2250 x 3210 mm number of sheets per pack 41 32 25 21 16 13 10 2550 x 3210 mm number of sheets per pack 41 32 25 21 16 13 10 3210 x 4500 mm number of sheets per pack - 18 14 11 9 7 6 3210 x 5100 mm number of sheets per pack 21 15 12 10 8 7 7 3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack 18 15 12 10 7 6 5 3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack 34 25 20 16 12 10 8 3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack 36 26 3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack 30

Packing EUROFLOAT / EUROWHITE NG fixed dimensions (FD)

Endcaps Height Thicknesses Number of sheets

E 01 800 - 900 mm 3 mm 73 4. E 02 901 - 980 mm 3.1* mm 70 E 03 981 - 1060 mm 4 mm 55 E 04 1061 - 1140 mm 5 mm 44 E 06 1141 - 1280 mm 6 mm 36 E 07 1281 - 1370 mm 8 mm 27 E 09 1371 - 1520 mm 10 mm 22 E 10 1521 - 1600 mm

*on request Maximum length: 2520 mm

Dimensions and tolerances – Glass thickness tolerance

Nominal thicknesses in mm Thickness tolerance EUROFLOAT EUROWHITE NG Permitted divergences in mm 3 3 +/- 0.2 4 4 +/- 0.2 5 5 +/- 0.2 6 6 +/- 0.2 8 8 +/- 0.3 10 10 +/- 0.3 12 12 +/- 0.3

Nominal thicknesses and tolerances according to EN 572. Products – EUROFLOAT I 53 4.

54 I Products – SILVERSTAR Plexus Granges-Paccot, Fribourg/Photographer: Hans Ege 4.2. SILVERSTAR – Coated glass

The right U and g values for every requirement Windows in winter were long regarded as “heat bridges”, while in summer life behind glass could be made a misery by the greenhouse effect.

The reason for overheating in the summer is the different capacity of glass to transmit short-wave and long-wave radiation. Radiated solar energy is converted in the room by absorption and emission into long-wave heat radiation, which cannot escape through the glass (greenhouse effect, see 3.2.). In winter, transmission heat losses in the case of poorly insulating glass lead to cooling of the room- side surfaces, with the result that room occupants near these surfaces feel uncomfortable.

Glass coatings offer excellent solutions to both these problems. The range of demands placed on light and energy transmittance by modern insulating glazing for the huge variety of building shapes is very wide. For this reason, there is no single all-round coating for all applications, but instead a finely matched range of SILVERSTAR glass coatings for thermal insulation and solar control. The desired radiation properties are selectively set here.

Areas of application For new buildings and renovations For residential buildings, in conservatories 4. For Minergie buildings and passive houses In office complexes and public buildings For commercial and industrial buildings

Two mechanisms

T T

Insolation: Cooling: In summer/throughout the day In winter/throughout the night

Products – SILVERSTAR I 55 UV sichtbar Infrarot 100 % Insolation (solar radiation) 90 % Solar radiation that impinges on a surface is broken down into the following components: 80 % Licht

70 % Component Description Possibilities for influencing this component in glass 60 %

50 % Reflection Proportion of radiation that Increase in reflection by special coatings is reflected at the boundary 40 % Reduction in reflection by special optical- surface interference coating (antireflection) 30 % Absorption Proportion of radiation Reduction in absorption by the use of white 20 % absorbed and dissipated glass again as heat (secondary 10 % Increase in absorption by the use of tinted heat output) glass 0 % Increase in absorption by special coatings 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Transmission Proportion of radiation that Reduction in transmission by increase in the 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Wellenlänge in nm passes unhindered through reflection and/or absorption proportion the material Increase in transmission by reduction in the reflection and/or absorption proportion

UV sichtbar Infrarot 100 % Cooling (heat radiation) 90 % 4. Every heat flow – even the transmission heat loss through a pane of insulating glass – is made up of three components. 80 % Gesamtenergie

70 % In the case of uncoated double insulating glass, 60 % heat conduction and convection together make up 1/3 while radiation makes up 2/3 of the heat 50 % Conduction losses. 40 % 30 % 33 %

20 %

10 % Convection

0 % 0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Radiation 67 % 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 Wellenlänge in nm

SILVERSTAR manufacture and finishing Insulating glass has for decades been upgraded with translucent and heat-reflecting coatings. In- ternationally, the high-vacuum magnetron process has won acceptance as the coating technology of choice. This process is used for all SILVERSTAR coatings.

56 I Products – SILVERSTAR

T: 6000 K 1353 W/m

2 Extraterrestrische Strahlung _ Floatglas 6 mm = 200 10000 nm λ 800 W/m

2 T: 300 K λ = 30° Durchgelassene Strahlung λ = 300 Globalstrahlung _ 3000 nm Atmosphäre 576 W/m

2 Sekundärstrahlung

λ = 7000 nm

Absorption Diagram of a high-vacuum magnetron system

System control room Sputter chambers Monitoring station Loading and monitoring station and cathodes

Outward-transfer Inward- Washing Unloading chamber transfer chamber machine

Principle of cathodic evaporation (sputtering)

Plasma formation in the sputter process U = -500 V

Ar molecule (neutral) Cathode - Target Ar ions (+) Plasma 4. Electrons (-) Target atoms

Anode + + anode

Gas inlet Gas inlet

Glass pane

Sputtering: Dislodging of atoms from the target material by means of ion bombardment. Vacuum: The gas contained in a sealed cavity has been removed by means of suitable vacuum pumps. Cathode: Negative electrode of an electrical discharge. Anode: Positive electrode of an electrical discharge. Ion: An ion is an electrically charged molecule which has lost one or more electrons. Nanometre: 1 nanometre = 10–9 m = 1 thousand-millionth metre or 1 millionth millimetre

Products – SILVERSTAR I 57 In the magnetron process, the coatings are applied subsequently, after float glass production. Older coating processes that are hardly used any longer are pyrolysis and the immersion (dipping) process.

In the case of pyrolysis, liquid metal oxides are sprayed directly onto the hot glass during float glass production. These coatings are very hard, but considerably less effective. Pyrolytically coated glass can also be used, with reservations, as single glazing. Environmental influences can cause coating changes in the case of coatings positioned on the side exposed to the weather.

In the immersion process, glass is immersed in a bath of hot, liquid metal oxides and then burned in. The coatings created in this process are always on both sides of a pane. This means that when the glass is assembled into insulating glass one coating is always exposed to the weather.

Product properties The SILVERSTAR coatings applied in the magnetron process consist of several extremely thin metal or metal oxide coatings in the nano range.

Schematic coating structure of a SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating

Covering coating Oxide 2 = protective coating 4. Blocker = barrier coating Silver = function coating Oxide 1 = adhesive coating

Float glass

The thicknesses of the individual coatings are used to determine technical data (e.g. colour, g value, transmission and angle dependence).

The thickness of a SILVERSTAR glass coating is, depending on the coating package, 40 – 160 nm (na- nometres). Due to the high colour neutrality in reflection and transmission, SILVERSTAR coated glass is barely distinguishable from normal float glass. The SILVERSTAR coatings are subject to continuous further development.

The needs and requirements as to how much solar energy and heat radiation are to be transmitted are varied. The specific values are adapted by different coatings. Normal float glass has the property of transmitting solar energy and heat radiation in a particular wave range. These properties are al- tered by different coatings in such a way as to create thermal insulation glass, solar control glass or a combination of both.

58 I Products – SILVERSTAR Selection of the wavelength (nm) of the solar spectrum through SILVERSTAR coatings (setup: 6/16/4)

380 nm 788 nm UVm Light Infrared = heat radiation approx. 5 % approx. 45 % approx. 50 % 90 % Float 80 %

70 % SELEKT 60 %

50 % COMBI Neutral 61/32 40 %

30 % COMBI Neutral 51/26 20 %

10 % COMBI Neutral 41/21

0 % 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 4.

There are essentially three different coating types:

SILVERSTAR Reduces the heat radiation of the glass surface, thermal insula- resulting in a low Ug value. tion coating

SILVERSTAR Guarantees good sun protection thanks to low solar control solar energy transmittance with neutral to coating colour-accentuated light reflection.

SILVERSTAR Ensures a good solar control function combined COMBI with thermal insulation. coatings

Products – SILVERSTAR I 59 4.2.1. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings

Efficient thermal insulation The transmission heat losses are high in the case of insulating glass made from normal float glass. However, a Ug value that is as low as possible is crucial to energy-efficient building. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings keep valuable heat radiation in the room, but at the same time permit the greatest possible gain of solar energy thanks to a high g value. High light transmission, a high colour rendering index and the optimum colour neutrality are further hallmarks of SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings.

Overview of SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings

Function Coating types Ug value g value LT value

Thermal insulation SILVERSTAR EN2plus 1.1 W/m²K 64 % 82 % double* SILVERSTAR EN2plus T 1.1 W/m²K 64 % 82 % SILVERSTAR ZERO NG 1.0 W/m²K 54 % 76 % SILVERSTAR ZERO E*** 1.0 W/m2K 58 % 78 % Thermal insulation SILVERSTAR EN2plus 0.6 W/m²K 53 % 74 % triple** SILVERSTAR EN2plus T 0.6 W/m²K 53 % 74 % SILVERSTAR TRIII E 0.7 W/m²K 62 % 73 % 4. * Double insulating glass SILVERSTAR thermal insulation, pane structure float 2 x 4 mm; cavity 16 mm argon ** Triple insulating glass SILVERSTAR thermal insulation, pane structure float 3 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 14 mm argon *** The declared values are within the permitted tolerances of EN 1096. These tolerances are for the light-related and radiation-physics values ± 0.03 and for the emissivity + 0.02. On the basis of the European standard, the basic glass SILVERSTAR ZERO E can be processed to make CE-compliant insulating glass.

Position of the SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings for double insulating glass in position 3 and for triple insulating glass in positions 2 and 5

60 I Products – SILVERSTAR 4.2.1.1. Use as thermal insulation glass

Utilising the sun's energy with efficient thermal insulation Modern insulating glass for energy-efficient building must exhibit high thermal insulation, i.e. have a Ug value that is as low as possible. On the other hand it, it is desirable, in order to utilise free so- lar energy, to let as much sunlight into the room as possible. SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass keeps valuable heat radiation in the room, but at the same time thanks to a high g value permits the greatest possible gain of solar energy.

Function of thermal insulation glass The particular coating system delivers the outstanding thermal insulation values of SILVERSTAR insulating glass. It has the property of transmitting short-wave solar radiation almost unhindered (transmission), and on the other hand of reflecting long-wave radiation such as for example thermal or body heat. The pane is thus impermeable to most heat radiation. The heat is kept in the room, sig- nificantly reducing the energy loss. The g value specifies how much energy from the impinging solar radiation (in %) passes through the glazing into the room. The higher the g value, the more energy is delivered through the glazing inwards. SILVERSTAR E thermal insulation glass exhibit high g values even at low Ug values and therefore guarantee maximum heat gain.

4.

Reflection Solar energy transmittance

Solar energy Reflection

Heat conductivity Heat energy

Secondary output Secondary output

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass manufacture and finishing An extremely thin, barely discernible coating system is applied to float glass by means of a technically sophisticated high-vacuum magnetron coating process.

To optimise thermal insulation, the cavity of SILVERSTAR insulating glass is usually filled with a thermal insulation gas.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 61 4.2.1.2. Combination possibilities

EUROLAMEX SILVERSTAR / EUROLAMEX S PHON SILVERSTAR

The SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coatings are also possible on all EUROLAMEX and EUROLAMEX S PHON glass. In this way, thermal insulation is combined with safety or sound control functions. The double-pane laminated glass has on one side a coating that is exposed and not applied up to the seal.

The technical data are by and large the same as those of SILVERSTAR-coated glass without a seal.

EUROWHITE NG SILVERSTAR

Likewise all thicknesses and sizes of SILVERSTAR-coated glass are also available on the extra-white EUROWHITE NG glass.

The technical values are thereby improved as follows:

Coating on Light trans- Improvement Total energy Improvement EUROWHITE NG mission compared with transmittance compared with EUROFLOAT EUROFLOAT 4. SILVERSTAR EN2plus, double 83 % + 1% 68 % + 4% SILVERSTAR ZERO NG, double 78 % + 2 % 56 % + 2 % SILVERSTAR TRIII E, triple 75 % + 2 % 67 % + 5 % Double insulating glass, pane structure EW NG 2 x 4 mm; 1 x cavity 16 mm argon, coating in position 3 Triple insulating glass, pane structure EW NG 3 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 16 mm argon, coating in positions 2 and 5

4.2.1.3. Available range

The glass is available in the following standard dimensions and packings:

Thicknesses 2250/2550 x 3210 mm 3210 x 6000 mm number of sheets per pack number of sheets per pack

4 mm 30 13/25 5 mm 10/20 6 mm 20 8/16 8 mm 6/11 10 mm 5/10 Other dimensions, thicknesses and packaging possible on request

To protect the coating, each packaging unit receives a 4 mm float glass top pane or, in the case of coated laminated safety glass, an LSG 6.1 protection sheet.

62 I Products – SILVERSTAR 4.2.2. SILVERSTAR solar control coatings

Effective against the sun In the case of insulating glass made from normal float glass, sunlight may give rise to substantial heating of rooms. SILVERSTAR solar control coatings work primarily by reflecting the impinging solar energy and thereby reducing the input of energy into the interiors. The light, i.e. the visible proportion of the sunlight, should however illuminate the interior sufficiently.

The crucial value that characterises solar control glass is the g value. The lower the g value, the lower the energy transmittance and the slower the rate of heating.

Overview of SILVERSTAR solar control coatings

Function Coating types Ug value g value LT value

Solar control SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T 0.7 W/m²K 32 % 42 % SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 50 T 0.7 W/m²K 31 % 40 % SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 30 T 0.7 W/m²K 19 % 24 % SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Silver 20 T 0.7 W/m²K 14 % 17 %

Triple insulating glass, pane structure float 1 x 6 mm, 2 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon Solar control coating in position 2; thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR EN2plus in positions 3 and 5 4.

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6

SILVERSTAR solar control coating in position 2 SILVERSTAR solar control coating in position 2, SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating in positions 3 and 5

Products – SILVERSTAR I 63 Large-area glazing has become the obvious choice in modern buildings, but in the summer months the unwelcome heating up of rooms can be a problem. Solar control insulating glass helps here: it lets the daylight through, but reduces the amount of incident solar energy. Extremely thin solar control coatings applied to the glass in the SILVERSTAR magnetron process reduce excessive solar radiation into the room, by reflection and absorption, and with it excessive heating up of the room.

Optimum utilisation of natural daylight is nevertheless assured thanks to the high light transmission.

Insulating glass with SILVERSTAR magnetron coating satisfies the varying demands placed on con- temporary architecture.

The benefits of solar control glass Reduction in solar energy transmittance Effective protection against unwanted room heating Reduction in the cooling and heating energy demand in summer In combination with a good thermal insulation coating, low energy consumption in winter Greater comfort and a pleasant temperature level High light transmission, for optimum utilisation of natural daylight Depending on the architecture, neutral or colourfully brilliant appearance Combinable with solar control and safety functions 4. EUROGLAS offers a wide selection of solutions and products for reconciling aesthetic and functional needs and for covering individual requirements, and so meeting the high expectations of building sponsors and architects.

Solar control variants The g value, the light transmission and the visual appearance can be influenced by factors such as the coating material, the coating thickness and the colour of the glass. Every solar control coating is optimised in such a way that high light transmission is maintained, despite low energy transmittance.

Another possibility is to use SILVERSTAR ROLL. In this insulating glass variant, slat blinds or gath- ered fabric are integrated into the cavity and can be manually or automatically controlled.

4.2.2.1. Function of solar control insulating glass

Solar radiation Sun equals radiation. The sun can, depending on its altitude and the time of year, release huge quan- tities of energy. Thus, for example, the insolation of solar energy on a summer's day around noon on a horizontal surface can amount to approximately 800 W/m2.

64 I Products – SILVERSTAR While normal insulation glazing consisting of 2 x 4 mm float glass transmits solar energy at up to around 80 %, solar control glass can sometimes reduce total energy transmission to under 15 %.

The solar spectrum is composed of: Ultraviolet radiation approx. 320 – 380 nm (approx. 4 %) Visible radiation approx. 380 – 780 nm (approx. 45 %) Infrared radiation approx. 780 – 3000 nm (approx. 51 %)

In the visible range, not only light but also a large part of the solar energy is radiated. To ensure effective solar control, it is therefore necessary to put up with a reduction in light transmission. For more information, see Chapter 3.

The most important terms associated with solar control glass When it comes to solar control glass in particular, three physics terms – and thus also three numer- ical values – are of crucial importance. Transmission – Passing through of the sun's rays Reflection – Throwing back of the sun's rays; mirror effect Absorption – Taking in of the sun's rays; dark surface

At a glance How solar control glass with magnetron coating works in terms of radiation physics 4.

Reflection coating

100 %

Transmission

Reflection

Radiation and Radiation and convection convection

The g value = total energy transmittance The total energy transmittance is, beside the the U value, the most important characteristic quantity for solar control glazing. It indicates how much of the outward-impinging solar energy ultimately passes into the room interior. For an optimum solar control effect, the g value should be as low as possible.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 65 The total energy transmittance denotes the sum total of radiation transmission RT and secondary heat output Qi to the inside. ST + Qi = g value

RT

= g value

Qi

The greenhouse effect – For more information, see Chapter 3.2. Operation in terms of radiation physics – For more information, see Chapter 3.3. Glass characteristics – For more information, see Chapter 3.4.

4. Coating and/or tinting The glass for solar control is either tinted, printed, coated or tinted-and-coated.

Tinted glass The glass mass acquires its tinting from the admixture of metal oxides. Be- cause the radiation absorptance of tinted glass is really high, this glass must usually be tempered. This increases the temperature change resistance, helping to avoid thermally induced glass fractures. The solar control effect of this glass is based on the principle of radiation absorption.

Coated glass Coated glass works above all according to the principle that radiated ener- gy is reflected outwards. The degree of radiation absorptance determines whether the glass has to be tempered.

Tinted and coated glass Works with both absorbing and reflecting effects. Must normally be tem- pered.

66 I Products – SILVERSTAR 4.2.2.2. Application of solar control insulating glass

Protection against overheating SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass reflects a large part of the impinging solar energy. This reduces the input of energy into the interiors. However, the transmission of light, i.e. of the visible proportion of the solar radiation, is nevertheless assured to a sufficient extent.

Solar control is not the same as anti-glare protection The primary function of a solar control system is to protect the interior against overheating by solar radiation. Workplaces are subject to further requirements such as functional anti-glare protection. Glare from the sun is a problem of high luminance. Even when light transmission is reduced to 20 or 30 %, the luminance in the direct field of vision is perceived as irritating. It is therefore recommended to provide, in addition to solar control glass, anti-glare protection in the form of slats, curtains, roller blinds or the like.

Buildings with a high proportion of glass In buildings with a high proportion of glass, thermal comfort must be assured not only in winter but also in summer. Both the heating demand in winter and the cooling energy demand in summer should be kept as low as possible. Solar control glass makes a particularly valuable contribution to saving expenditure on energy for air conditioning. The German Energy Conservation Regulation (EnEV) contains, in addition to requirements regarding the limitation of transmission heat losses in heated buildings through the building shell to the outside, stipulations regarding thermal insulation 4. during summer. Maximum permissible solar input factors, which are calculated according to the specifications of DIN 4108-2, are intended to prevent overheating of rooms in summer and hence an uncomfortable room climate.

Avoiding insulating glass stress The cavity in the insulating glass is hermetically sealed. As a result, forces act on the insulating glass unit in the event of thermal and barometric changes. These are affected by: Installation height in m above sea level Air pressure changes Temperature changes Radiation absorptance of the glass Size of the cavity Unequal glass thicknesses (asymmetrical structure) Element dimensions

Due to the higher radiation absorptance, the cavity heats up more in solar control insulating glass than in insulating glass made with clear glass. If a cavity of over 16 mm is provided, the structure of the insulating glass should already be checked in the planning phase. Moreover, insulating glass with small dimensions or short side lengths is exposed to greater loads than insulating glass with large dimensions. For structural strength reasons, the panes are more rigid and cannot bend in the event of an increase in pressure in the cavity.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 67 Optical measures Optical distortions can occur as a result of the double-pane effect. To ensure that these are less visible, it is necessary to use the thicker pane on the outside and the thinner pane on the inside. The difference in thickness between the outer solar control glass and the inner pane should not exceed 3 mm. The cavity should not be greater than 16 mm. The outer pane should not be below the minimum thickness of 6 mm. A further improvement in optical quality is achieved by opting for thicker solar control glass, e.g. 8 mm instead of 6 mm.

To temper or not to temper? Solar control glass as a rule absorbs more heat than normal float glass or thermal insulation glass. Partial shading can cause the pane surface to heat up to different degrees. If the temperature dif- ference is too great, the pane will fracture. Thermal tempering is used to increase the temperature change resistance to such an extent as to virtually rule out the risk of breakage due to thermal influ- ences. The radiation absorptance can be used as a guideline for whether thermal tempering of the coated pane is necessary or not. If it is more than 50 %, tempering is usually necessary.

Sample glazing Solar control facades are aesthetically ambitious components. For large objects, it is recommended to manufacture sample elements of the insulating glass and the balustrade glass (in the original 4. structure and with the actual glass thicknesses).

Colour-matched balustrades For more information, see Chapter 4.2.6.

SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass manufacture SILVERSTAR solar control coatings are coated in a high vacuum in multi-chamber magnetron sput- ter systems with a wide variety of metals. For more information, see Chapter 4.2. Modern systems technology ensures the building physics values, the regular visual appearance of the glass and series reproducibility.

The SILVERSTAR solar control range opens up a wealth of possibilities for facade design. Glass with low outward reflection or with a highly reflecting outward appearance are available in different re- flective colours. Individual wishes with regard to a colour-neutral glass view can be catered for with a wide range of neutral glass, and without compromising on the solar control function.

68 I Products – SILVERSTAR Overview of SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass

Function Coating types Ug value g value LT value

Solar control SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T 0.7 W/m²K 32 % 42 % SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 50 T 0.7 W/m²K 31 % 40 % SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 30 T 0.7 W/m²K 19 % 24 % SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Silver 20 T 0.7 W/m²K 14 % 17 %

Triple insulating glass, pane structure float 1 x 6 mm, 2 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon Solar control coating in position 2; thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR EN2plus in positions 3 and 5.

4.2.2.3. Available range The glass is available in the following standard dimensions:

Dimensions Thicknesses

Lehr end size Float 4; 5; 6; 8; 10 mm 3210 x 6000 mm LSG 6.1; 6.2; 8.1; 8.2; 10.2 mm Split lehr end size 2250 x 3210 mm Float 4; 5; 6; 8; 10 mm 4. 2550 x 3210 mm LSG 6.1; 6.2; 8.1; 8.2; 8.4; 10.2 mm

Lehr end sizes are supplied in the size 3210 x 6000 mm. For production reasons, reduced useful widths are possible. Certain combinations using screen printing necessitate fixed dimension coating. This is possible on request.

The lehr end sizes are shipped in packs of 2.5 tons each. Special packs are possible on request. The glass is arranged on the rack in such a way that the coating side faces inwards. If required, the glass can also be reversed so that the coating side faces outwards.

Delivery is handled in complete shipments or added to other SILVERSTAR-coated glass.

Other dimensions, thicknesses and packaging methods possible on request. Packing details can be obtained from the relevant in-house staff. To protect the coating, each packaging unit receives a 4 mm float glass top pane or, in the case of coated laminated safety glass, an LSG 6.1 protection sheet.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 69 4.2.3. SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings

Two in one – twin-track strategy for solar control and thermal insulation Coating packages can be produced with high selectivity by means of the special magnetron coating. SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings combine good solar control with optimum thermal insulation and at the same time ensure high light transmission.

The hallmark is excellent light transmission performance in relation to the total energy transmit- tance. (For selectivity characteristic, see Chapter 3.4.9.)

Overview of SILVERSTAR COMBI coatings

Function Coating types Ug value g value LT value

Solar control and SILVERSTAR SELEKT 74/42 0.7 W/m²K 39 % 67 % thermal insulation SILVERSTAR SELEKT 74/42 T 0.7 W/m²K 39 % 67 % triple* SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 60/27 0.7 W/m²K 26 % 53 % SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 60/27 T 0.7 W/m²K 26 % 53 % SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 35/14 T 0.7 W/m²K 13 % 31 % 4. SILVERSTAR COMBI Silver 32/21 T 0.7 W/m²K 18 % 28 % SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 70/35 0.7 W/m²K 35 % 63 % SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 61/32 0.7 W/m²K 31 % 55 % SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 51/26 0.7 W/m²K 25 % 46 % SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 41/21 0.7 W/m²K 20 % 36 % SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 30/21 T 0.7 W/m²K 18 % 27 %

*Triple insulating glass, pane structure float 1 x 6 mm, 2 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon COMBI coating in position 2; thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR EN2plus in positions 3 and 5.

1 2 3 4

SILVERSTAR combination coating for double insulating glass in position 2

70 I Products – SILVERSTAR 4.2.3.1. Application of COMBI coating

Solar control and thermal insulation combined in insulating glass SILVERSTAR COMBI is a combination coating in a coating package in position 2. The special magne- tron coating delivers a combination of good solar control and optimum thermal insulation and at the same time ensures high light transmission. A comfortable room climate is assured – both in summer and in winter.

Areas of application for SILVERSTAR COMBI Wherever good solar control together with plenty of daylight are wanted. For new buildings and renovations. For residential, office and public buildings. For commercial and industrial buildings. In large-area glass facades.

Product properties The primary feature of SILVERSTAR COMBI is its outstanding selectivity. This is synonymous with high performance in the ratio of light transmission to total energy transmittance.

SILVERSTAR COMBI insulating glass with combi- nation layers yields numerous benefits. The low 4. Ug value reduces the heat losses and by doing so lowers the energy consumption. The outstand- ing solar control properties also improve cost efficiency. By reflecting solar energy radiation, SILVERSTAR COMBI prevents the unwelcome heating up of rooms, an attribute that can also minimise cooling energy costs.

A further plus point of combination layers is comfort in the room, regardless of the outside temperatures.

1 2 3 4 65

SILVERSTAR COMBI coating in position 2 and thermal insulation coating in position 5

Products – SILVERSTAR I 71 Solar control and light transmission are optimally combined in SILVERSTAR COMBI. Thanks to maxi- mum light transmission, plenty of daylight is admitted into the room interior. The insulating glass can be combined with functions such as safety and sound insulation.

Dimensions Dimensions up to max. 3210 x 6000 mm.

All SILVERSTAR COMBI glass is also available as laminated safety glass up to a maximum thickness of 12 mm.

The lehr end sizes are shipped in packs of 2.5 tons each. Special packs are possible on request. The glass is arranged on the rack in such a way that the coating side faces inwards. If required, the glass can also be reversed so that the coating side faces outwards.

The fixed sizes are packaged in film with desiccant and shipped on reusable transport racks. Delivery is handled in complete shipments or added to other SILVERSTAR-coated glass.

Other dimensions, thicknesses and packaging possible on request.

4.

SILVERSTAR SELEKT/Bienne/Biel Vocational Business School, Switzerland

72 I Products – SILVERSTAR SILVERSTAR SELEKT

Insulating glass for all seasons SILVERSTAR SELEKT combines athermal insulation with solar control and is suitable for use as win- dow or facade insulation with optimum coordination for a pleasant room climate in all four seasons.

Areas of application for SILVERSTAR SELEKT SILVERSTAR SELEKT insulating glass is suitable for use in all outdoor architectural applications. For windows and facades. For new buildings and renovations. For residential, commercial and industrial buildings.

Product properties The colour-neutral SILVERSTAR SELEKT insulating glass combines thermal insulation with solar control in optimum coordination for a pleasant room climate – and in all four seasons. It provides for a balanced temperature level indoors and so for enhanced comfort. SILVERSTAR SELEKT achieves as double insulating glass a Ug value of 1.1 W/m²K, with a g value of 42 % and light transmission of 72 % (structure SILVERSTAR SELEKT 6 mm; cavity 16 mm argon; float 4 mm).

Colour-matched balustrade glass is available for balustrades. 4. Dimensions Dimensions: made to measure up to max. 3210 x 6000 mm.

SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT

Selectivity-optimised solar control and thermal insulation glass The SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT insulating glass provides plenty of natural daylight, but also pre- vents overheating by solar radiation in summer. The insulating glass - thanks to its special coating - attains high light transmission with at the same time extremely low total energy transmittance. Moreover, the insulating glass exhibits outstanding thermal insulation, for significantly reduced heat- ing energy costs.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 73 4.2.4. Combination possibilities

Solar control and sound control SILVERSTAR solar control insulating glass is also feasible with an asymmetrical structure of panes of unequal thickness – as double or triple insulating glass. This ensures, as well as solar control, good sound control. The installation of EUROLAMEX laminated safety glass produces SIL- VERSTAR solar control insulating glass with high sound insulation.

Solar control and safety Solar control glass can as a rule meet the same safety requirements as normal glass. SILVERSTAR solar control glass is also available as thermally tempered toughened safety glass (TSG) and as lam- inated safety glass (LSG).

Because the safety requirements can vary greatly above all in office, administrative and industrial buildings, it is recommended to consult the experts at EUROGLAS.

4.

Yas Island Yacht Club, Abu Dhabi, UAE

74 I Products – SILVERSTAR 4.2.5. Insulation glazing

4.2.5.1. Principles, energy gain, comfort in the home

The insulating glass used today is the result of continuous further development and improvement of the “good old window”. Large windows, window fronts and glass facades provide brightness and quality of life.

Modern, coated multi-pane insulating glass satisfies the most exacting standards and is impressive as a translucent building material with outstanding thermal insulation and solar control properties. It requires a low mounting depth and achieves peak values that meet the needs and requirements of modern-day architecture. For example, with regard to thermal insulation, solar control, sound con- trol and fire protection, and all this together with flawless safety and high light incidence. Ug values of 0.4 W/m2K and sound reduction values of around 50 dB are possible today. As well as the highest degree of thermal insulation, energy gains through passive solar energy utilisation are possible. Insulating glass is a well thought-out and high-performing building material that has been exhaus- tively researched down the years.

Modern insulating glass is a glazing unit manufactured from two or more glass panes that are sep- arated from each other around the edge by a spacer. The cavity is sealed gas-tight to the outside by a variety of sealants and permanently connects the glass panes to each other. The all-round double 4. seal prevents the ingress of dust and water vapour (edge seal). The principle of the insulating glass unit is founded on the fact that motionless air is a very poor conductor of heat. In this way, the air cushion trapped between the panes forms a good thermal insulation layer.

Cavity The cavity is filled with a thermal insulation gas (argon or krypton = noble gases) or with dry air and hermetically sealed to the outside. To prevent condensation water from forming on the cold outer pane inside the cavity, the trapped gas or air filling must be dry. This is achieved with a hygroscopic desiccant that is integrated into the spacer and extracts the moisture in the cavity. When the insulating glass unit is assembled, the air pressure obtaining at the production location prevails in the cavity.

Pane spacing Different values for the heat transfer resistance of the gas or air layer inside the cavity are ob- tained depending on the pane spacing (distance between the panes). The maximum value with air is achieved at approx. 15 mm. Here the optimum lies between heat conduction, which decreases with a larger cavity, and convection (= movement of air, energy flow), which increases with a larger spacing, and worsens the thermal insulation again. The optimum for argon is approx. 16 mm and for krypton approx. 10 mm.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 75 Edge seal The edge seal is intended to permanently connect the glass panes and form a vapour-tight barrier which must prevent a post-diffusion of water vapour for many years to come. It is also intended to compensate elastically for natural changes in the volume of air inside the cavity due to cold and heat, and to be resistant over time to chemical influences from the atmosphere and to light, especially UV rays.

Thermal insulation coating (SILVERSTAR) The glass panes are finished against the cavities with translucent (light-transmitting) and heat-re- flecting layers. They are applied in the magnetron process and consist of several extremely thin metal or metal oxide layers in the nano range.

Glass rebate space/window frame To maintain long life, the glass rebate space between the insulating glass and the window frame must always be sufficiently ventilated so that the edge seal is not destroyed by constant moisture.

Useful life The practical useful life of multi-pane insulating glass is, as far as is known at present, 20 to 30 years. The useful life is exceeded when condensation water appears in the cavity.

4. Benefits Aside from protection against the weather, modern insulating glass is impressive for the following properties: Energy loss is significantly reduced by a low Ug value. Brightness and quality of life thanks to high light transmission. Solar heat gains due to advantageous total energy transmittance (g value). Effective solar control in summer. Comfort in the vicinity of the window. Natural colour neutrality. Combination with sound control, fire protection and safety possible.

Float or special glass

Thermal insulation coating

Cavity with thermal insulation gas or dried air

Spacer with hygroscopic desiccant Water-vapour-tight and ageing-resistant double seal

Structure of double insulating glass

76 I Products – SILVERSTAR Energy gain and comfort Thermal insulation glass is a type of insulating glass that is intended to retain the heat in the room as much as possible. The most important assessment criteria in relation to thermal insulation glass are the heat transfer coefficient (Ug value) and the total energy transmittance (g value).

To be able to offer effective thermal insulation, glass must have a Ug value that is as low as pos- sible. The lower the Ug value, the lower the heat loss of the glass and hence the energy consump- tion. The heating costs and environmental pollu- tion are reduced accordingly.

A good Ug value also means higher tempera- tures at the pane surface on the room side. And consequently outstanding comfort in the room even at very low outside temperatures.

4. Solar heat gains An additional benefit, i.e. passive solar energy utilisation, can be obtained with a high g value. The g value specifies how much energy from the impinging solar radiation passes through the glazing into the room. The higher the g value, the greater the energy gain – but also the more pronounced the rate at which the room heats up. Accordingly, effective solar control is required in the summer months.

The solar energy gains afforded by the glazing are a highly determining factor in the heating energy balance of buildings. They are often greater than the entire ventilation heat losses and can also eas- ily make up more than half of the remaining heating demand in residential buildings not specially optimised. In Minergie buildings, it can even be significantly more than the remaining heating de- mand (this would therefore be more than twice as high without solar energy gains).

With an appropriate concept and temperature control, the utilisation factor in the winter months is particularly high in that there are hardly any situations in which the heat due to overheating could not be used. The effective solar radiation at our latitudes is approximately 600 – 800 W/m2.

Thermal comfort With conventional insulating glass cold zones can be felt in the vicinity of the window. An unpleasant- ly cold draught manifests itself. This is not the case with SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. The extraordinarily good thermal insulation eliminates unpleasant currents of air to a large extent.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 77 The surface temperature of the room-side window pane assimilates to a large extent to the room temperature. Currents of cold air, which manifest themselves as draughts, do not occur in practice, thereby increasing comfort. The formation of condensation in the edge area of the pane is also greatly reduced.

Comfort criteria (DIN 4108) The temperature that is felt, taking into account the influencing factors of the room and of the person, is the crucial factor when it comes to comfort. Room air temperature Surface temperatures Movement of air Relative room air humidity Activity and clothing of the person

Optimum room temperature as a function of activity and clothing (EN ISO 7730)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 m2 K/W met 2 3.0 10 °C W/m 12 °C

4. 14 °C

16 °C ± 5 °C 150 18 °C 2.0 20 °C 100

1.0 22 °C 50 24 °C

26 °C ± 4 °C

28 °C Specific heat dissipation

± 3 °C

± 1 °C ± 1.5 °C ± 2 °C ± 2.5 °C 0 1.0 2.0 c/o

Thermal insulation value of clothing

Example: Work clothing during sedentary activity, approx. 22 °C room temperature

78 I Products – SILVERSTAR Cold air drop: Max. Ug values as a function of glass height From a glass height of 1.7 m an insulating glass Ug value of < 1.0 W/m2K is required. In “passive” houses the comfort criterion is: Ug ≤ 0.8 W/m2K.

1.8 1.7 1.6 Example: 2 1.5 Ug = 1.0 W/m K (double) Glass height max. 1.70 m 1.4 K 2 1.3 1.2 in W/m

g 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

U value of glass U of glass U value 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 Glass height h in m

The temperature difference between room air temperature and surface temperature of the room-side pane means: 4.

0 to 5 °C Greatest comfort, even directly next to the window No unpleasant draught sensation near the window Condensation water and ice on the room-side pane possible only in exceptional cases Low extraneous heat demand (energy saving) 5 to 10 °C Medium to good comfort Slight draft sensation possible directly next to the window Condensation water and ice on the room-side pane possible at outside temperatures well below the freezing point Medium extraneous heat demand above 10 °C Reduced comfort Draught sensation next to the window Condensation water and ice on the room-side pane possible already at temperatures below the freezing point High extraneous heat demand

Crucial to the comfort of a room is the temperature difference between the room air temperature and the surface temperature of the adjoining wall parts. The greater the temperature differences, the less comfortable the resident will feel. With regard to the window, the surface temperature of the room-side pane is accordingly of interest.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 79 Surface temperature at 20 °C room temperature

Glass type Ug value Outside air temperature 0 °C - 5 °C - 11 °C - 14 °C Single-pane glass 5.8 W/m2K + 6 °C + 2 °C - 2 °C - 4 °C Double insulating glass 3.0 W/m2K + 12 °C + 11 °C + 8 °C + 7 °C Double insulating glass SILVERSTAR ZERO E 1.0 W/m2K + 18 °C + 17 °C + 16 °C + 16 °C Triple insulating glass SILVERSTAR E-Line 0.5 W/m2K + 19 °C + 18 °C + 18 °C + 18 °C

Comfort and room utilisation

Hot glass surface Comfort without compromises Cosy atmosphere near the window temperature

40 % 100 % View of glazed portion SILVERSTAR thermal insulation coating

Ground plan of glazed portion Without thermal insulation coating 4. Ug value e.g. ≥ 3.0 W/m2K Thermally SILVERSTAR thermal insulating insulation coating ACSplus Ug values up to 0.4 W/m2K edge seal

Room gain through increased comfort Comfort zone Additional thermal insulation in the edge area by ACSplus

4.2.5.2. Insulating glass edge seal system

Thanks to highly effective SILVERSTAR coatings, modern insulating glass has excellent thermal insu- lation properties. Since the thermal insulation value for the entire window is crucially determined by the insulating glass Ug value, decisive improvements for the entire window system are achieved. In addition, formation of condensation water on the room-side glass surface can be ruled out in practi- cal terms even under extreme conditions.

In the edge area, the thermal insulation performance is influenced not by the coatings, but primarily by the design of the so-called edge seal. In other words: in the edge area the thermal insu- lation is less effective. The consequence of this is lower temperatures on the inside surface of the glazing. In rooms with high air humidity, condensation water may therefore form at times in the edge area in cold winter weather.

80 I Products – SILVERSTAR Traditionally, insulating glass was equipped with a spacer section – the section determining the spac- ing between the two glass panes – made of aluminium. These spacers of flawless quality have proven their worth at Glas Trösch for over fifty years. Aluminium is however a good conductor of heat and is therefore a contributory factor in the reduced thermal insulation in the edge area.

The functions of the insulating glass edge seal Permanent water-vapour seal / gas-tight seal Guarantee of uniform spacing Compatibility with the edge seal sealants No chemical reactions in the long term Integration of muntins must be ensured

4.

Formation of condensation water in the edge area

Structure of insulating glass

Dimensions, edge seal SltH EW SH

CV = Cavity EW = Edge width = 11.5 - 15.5 mm SH = Section height = approx. 7 mm SltH = Sealant height = 4 - 8 mm CV BH = Butyl height = approx. 3.5 mm BT = Butyl thickness = 0.7 mm

BH BT

Products – SILVERSTAR I 81 ACS edge seal Some years ago, EUROGLAS already launched onto the market with the ACS edge seal a system that substantially improves thermal insulation in the edge area and so satisfies the requirement for virtual absence of condensation in the edge zones as well.

ACSplus edge seal ACS stands for “Anti Condensation System” and describes the technical function. The edge seal system provides for improved thermal insulation and has the function of minimising appearance of condensation in the edge area. This very func-

tion significantly improves hygiene and aesthet- ACSplus black cross-section ics. But ACSplus also optimises the thermal in- sulation of the window, helping to save valuable heating energy.

Thanks to its unique quality, ACSplus absorbs the movements of the insulating glass and so subjects 4. the sealing system of the edge seal to a lesser load than conventional spacers. This is also of cru- cial importance for the long life of the insulating glass. Installing SILVERSTAR insulating glass with ACSPLUS seal affords benefits in every situation and so can be recommended for all types of window.

ACSplus black ACSplus grey ACSplus white (matt black) (matt grey) (matt white)

82 I Products – SILVERSTAR The crucial improvement with ACSplus

Example: Double glazing (structure 4-16-4): Wood window (Uf = 1.3 W/m2K) with SILVERSTAR insulating glass (Ug = 1.0 W/m2K)

-10 °C 20 °C -10 °C 20 °C

15.7 °C 15.7 °C

5.2 °C 9.2 °C

with aluminium spacer with ACSplus spacer 4.

Example: Triple glazing (structure 4-12-4-12-4): Wood window (Uf = 1.3 W/m2K) with SILVERSTAR insulating glass (Ug = 0.7 W/m2K)

-10 °C 20 °C -10 °C 20 °C

17.3 °C 17.3 °C

7.4 °C 11.5 °C

with aluminium spacer with ACSplus spacer

ACSplus = improved thermal insulation in the edge area of the insulating glass = higher surface tem- peratures along the window frame.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 83 The essential features of ACSplus Improved thermal insulation in the edge area No condensation water formation in the edge area Improvement of the window Uw value (depending on the design between 0.1 and 0.3 W/m2K)

What is a heat bridge? Weak points in the outer shell of a building are called heat bridges. They lead to an increased heat loss and to lower surface temperatures on the room side, and so to the risk of the formation of con- densation water and mould fungi.

The insulating glass edge seal constitutes a heat bridge of considerable length with regard to the increasing improvement in the Ug values of insulating glass. The Ug value of the glass surface is thus not achieved in the edge area of the pane.

Consequences for the window In the window, a typical heat bridge in the edge area is created in the transition between the frame and the glazing. The lower surface temperatures arising as a result can give rise to condensation water at times in this area. But the heat bridge also reduces the thermal insulation of the window as a whole.

4. With the heat-insulating ACSplus edge seal, the propensity to condensation water can be reduced to a minimum and the thermal insulation of the window as an entire element can be significantly improved.

Linear heat transfer coefficient The linear heat transfer coefficient Ψg takes into account the increased heat transfer through the insulating glass edge seal and the glass rebate area of the frame.

The thermal significance of the spacer The improvement of the U value for the entire window by ACSplus is dependent on the geometry of the window. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated in accordance with SIA 380/1.

Example: Window with aluminium spacer

Component part window Material U value/psi value

Window frame Wood/metal 1.4 W/m2K Glazing Triple insulating glass 0.5 W/m2K Spacer Aluminium 0.097 W/m U value, entire window (Uw) 1.07 W/m2K

84 I Products – SILVERSTAR Example: Window with ACSplus spacer

Component part window Material U value/psi value

Window frame Wood/metal 1.4 W/m2K Glazing SILVERSTAR E 4-4 0.5 W/m2K Spacer ACSplus 0.035 W/m U value, entire window (Uw) 0.84 W/m2K

Improvement of the window U value (U) by ACSplus 21.5 %

4.

Triple insulating glass with SILVERSTAR SELEKT and SILVERSTAR COMBI/Philip Morris International, Lausanne

Psi value tables Ψ To calculate the thermal value Uw (window and glass), the linear psi value is a factor that must also be taken into consideration. It is dependent on the type of insulating glass spacer and the type of win- dow frame. The psi value is also influenced by whether the glass is double or triple insulating glass.

The insulating glass spacer is extremely important in the thermal calculation, particularly when the frame makes up a large proportion of the structure.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 85 4.2.5.3. Thermal insulation

Generously glazed rooms cater for modern preconceptions of comfort. In an era of respect for nature and the environment, purely aesthetic requirements are no longer sufficient. Nowadays, much more is demanded of modern thermal insulation glazing. In earlier times, the window, and hence glazing, was considered to be an “energy hole”. Since then, efforts to improve the thermal insulation value of insulating glass have made impressive advances. A Ug value in double insulating glass of 1.0 W/m2K and in triple insulating glass of 0.6 W/m2K is today standard. Glazing has therefore become a highly heat-insulating component.

Trend of U value of insulation glazing with argon fillings

U value in W/m2K Single glass: U value = 6.0 W/m2K

Double insul.: U value = 2.8 W/m2K 6.0 Triple insul. with argon filling: 5.0 U value = 2.2 W/m2K

4.0 Double SILVERSTAR: U value = 1.3 W/m2K 3.5 Triple SILVERSTAR: 4. U value = 0.8 W/m2K 3.0

2.5 Triple SILVERSTAR: U value = 0.7 W/m2K 2.0

1.5 Triple SILVERSTAR TRIII: U value = 0.6 W/m2K 1.0

Triple SILVERSTAR E: 0.5 U value = 0.5 W/m2K World record 2003: SILVERSTAR U 02: U = 0.2 W/m2K 0.2

Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007 2010

86 I Products – SILVERSTAR This opens up new prospects. The process of matching the surface temperature of the glazing to the other components eliminates the annoying phenomenon of draughts near the windows. The rooms can be utilised to better effect. The temperatures remain more constant due to the high insulating capacity. This makes it possible to design heating installations of smaller dimensions and to signifi- cantly simplify their control systems.

Heating oil Litres consumption per m2 glass 70 area per year 60

50

40

30

20

10 60 28 13 8 7 6 5

Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2007 2010 4.

The U value in accordance with EN 674/673 The heat transfer coefficient specifies the amount of heat that passes per unit of time through 1 m2 of a component at a temperature difference of the adjacent room and outside air of 1 K. The smaller the U value, the better the thermal insulation. The unit of measurement is W/m2K.

The U value of glazing is measured in accordance with EN 674 with the plate apparatus or calculated in accordance with EN 673.

The Ug value as a function of cavity and gas filling, degree of filling 90 %, calculated in accordance with EN 673 on the example of SILVERSTAR E4 triple insulating glass (ɛ = 0.01).

Ug value Cavity with Air Argon Krypton

0.4 W/m2K 2 x 12 mm 0.5 W/m2K 2 x 16 mm 2 x 10 mm 0.6 W/m2K 2 x 14 mm 0.7 W/m2K 2 x 16 mm 2 x 12 mm 0.8 W/m2K 2 x 14 mm 2 x 10 mm

Products – SILVERSTAR I 87 Factors that influence the U value of insulating glass

No. and width of cavities UVUV sichtbar sichtbar InfrarotInfrarot 100100 % % Filling of cavities 90 %90 % - Air - Argon 80 %80 % LichtLicht - Krypton - Mixed gases 70 %70 %

60 %60 % Number of thermal insulation coatings and effectiveness (emissivity) of the coatings 50 %50 %

40 %40 %

30 %30 %

20 %20 %

10 %10 % Insulating glass and U value Energy exchange through the insulating glass is effected primarily in the form of long-wave infrared 0 %0 % radiation. The energy is delivered from the room air to the inner pane. This causes the room-side 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 4. pane of insulating glazing to heat up. Energy is transported from the inner pane to the outer pane 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 WellenlängeWellenlänge in nm in nm by means of conduction, convection and for the most part radiation. The outer pane in turn passes energy by means of conduction, radiation and convection to the outside air.

In the case of conventional double insulation glazing, energy exchange occurs to the extent of UVUV sichtbar sichtbar InfrarotInfrarot 33 % by heat conduction and convection 100100 % % 67 % by radiation 90 %90 %

80 %80 % GesamtenergieGesamtenergie Energy exchange in insulating glass without and with thermal insulation coating

70 %70 % Thermal insulation 60 %60 % coating 50 %50 % Conduction Conduction 40 %40 %

30 %30 % 33 % 33 % 20 %20 %

10 %10 % Convection Convection

0 %0 % 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Radiation 67 % Radiation 7 % 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 WellenlängeWellenlänge in nm in nm

88 I Products – SILVERSTAR

T: 6000T: 6000 K K 13531353 W/m W/m

2 2 ExtraterrestrischeExtraterrestrische StrahlungStrahlung _ _ FloatglasFloatglas 6 mm 6 mm = 200 = 200 10000 10000 nm nm λ λ 800 800W/m W/m

2 2 T: 300T: 300 K K λ = λ30°= 30° DurchgelasseneDurchgelassene Strahlung Strahlung λ = 300λ = 300 GlobalstrahlungGlobalstrahlung _ _ 30003000 nm nm AtmosphäreAtmosphäre 576 576W/m W/m

2 2 SekundärstrahlungSekundärstrahlung

λ = λ7000= 7000 nm nm

AbsorptionAbsorption The window U value designations In the European standards, all the quantities are abbreviated on the basis of their English designa- tions.

Ug Glazing Uf Frame Uw Window Ucw Curtain Wall

The U value for glass Ug Generally speaking, the Ug value as the nominal value of glass can either be calculated in accordance with EN 673 or measured in accordance with EN 674 or EN 675. For gas-filled insulating glass, the Ug value is determined by means of the degree of gas filling of 90 %. The details of the process are described in the product standard EN 1279-5.

Generally speaking, the Ug value must be speci- fied to one place after the decimal point and used in this form for the subsequent calculation. 1 To calculate the heat transfer coefficient, the fol- 2 + 3 lowing input variables are required: 4.

1) Emissivity of the glass surfaces to the cavity 2) The type of gas filling in the cavity 3) The degree of gas filling in the cavity 4) The cavity width 4

For today's typical thermal insulation glazing (SILVERSTAR ZERO E coating with an emissivity of 1 % and an argon gas filling in the cavity), this produces in the case of double insulating glass with 16 mm cavity a Ug value of 1.0 W/m2K.

33 % It makes no difference to the Ug value on which surface in relation to the cavity the layer is applied. The g value can vary by several %, depending on the position of the layer.

Ug value – from 3.0 to 0.4 W/m2K Just a few decades ago, building glazing was still considered to be an energy hole in that adequate thermal insulation could not be achieved. The double glazing used in the 1950s exhibited a Ug value of roughly 3.0 W/m2K, and the first double insulating glass in 1960 attained values of around 2.8 W/ m2K. Today, modern insulating glass attains outstanding thermal insulation values. A Ug value of 0.4 W/m2K represents the current state of the art for triple insulating glass. Glazing has therefore be- come a highly heat-insulating component – with indisputable advantages with regard to appearance, longevity and maintenance.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 89 Emissivity (low-e) The crucial variable for U value calculation is the emissivity. The emissivity serves to denote the heat radiation of a surface in relation to a precisely defined, so-called “black body”. The lower the emissiv- ity εn of a coating, the more effective the insulating glass in terms of thermal insulation.

Emissivity εn of glass and other materials at room temperature

Black body 100 % Masonry 94 % Float glass 89 % Brick 88 % Water and ice 96 % SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass 1 % – 7 % Aluminium 4 % Copper 3 %

Silver-coated thermal insulation glass is referred to in technical parlance as “low-e glass” (low emis- sivity = low heat radiation). Magnetron-coated SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass exhibits an emissivity of 1 – 7 %. The emis- 4. sivity is determined by the coating manufacturer by means of measurement.

Ug values for double insulating glass with a thermal insulation coating SILVERSTAR ZERO E (emissivity 1 %) in accordance with EN 673

Cavity Ug value

Argon, degree of filling 90 % Air 10 mm 1.4 W/m2K 1.8 W/m2K 12 mm 1.2 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K 14 mm 1.1 W/m2K 1.4 W/m2K 16 mm 1.0 W/m2K 1.3 W/m2K 18 mm 1.1 W/m2K 1.3 W/m2K 20 mm 1.1 W/m2K 1.3 W/m2K

At EUROGLAS, all values are calculated in accordance with EN 673 with a 90 % gas filling.

90 I Products – SILVERSTAR The U value of the window Uw Method for calculating the heat transfer

The U values at a window Uw = Uf + Ug coefficient of the window Uw Definitive standards for calculations: EN 674, EN 12412-2, EN ISO 12567-1

Glass Ug The heat transfer coefficient Uw of a window is dependent on: the dimensions and percentages of area (frame/glass) of the window the heat transfer coefficient of the glass Ug the heat transfer coefficient of the Spacer ψ Frame frame Uf Uf the linear heat transfer coefficient in the transition area between glass and frame ψg

4.

Glass edge: Glass area Lg; ψg Ag, Ug 1150 mm 1150

Frame area: Af; Uf

1550 mm

Standard window size 1150 x 1550 mm outside view

Ug • Ag + Uf • Af + ψ • Lg Uw (W/m2K) Aw

Uw = Heat transfer coefficient, window Ug = Heat transfer coefficient, insulating glass Ag = Glass area Uf = Heat transfer coefficient, window frame Af = Frame area ψ = Linear heat transfer coefficient, glass edge Lg = Glass edge length Aw = Total window area

Products – SILVERSTAR I 91 Uw values for standard windows 1150 x 1550 mm, frame percentage 25 % with stainless steel spacer ψg = 0.06 W/m2K.

Glass Ug Frame Uf in W/m2K 2 in W/m K 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 4. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 0.7 0.95 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 0.6 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.5 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3

I Values meet requirements with regard to unheated rooms Bold type: Very good values for windows Values meet requirements with regard to outside climate

4.2.6. Balustrade panels

Colour-accentuated or from one casting – every wish is catered for As well as transparent glass elements, balustrade panels are used in facades. The colour-matched SWISSPANEL balustrade panel provides for impressive and homogeneous outward appearances, particularly in flush-mounted all-glass facades. But deliberate and playful use of colours can also be achieved with SWISSPANEL.

Areas of application for SWISSPANEL Warm and cold facades Projecting facades (solar aprons) and exhaust air facades For bonded facades (structural glazing) In the roof area

92 I Products – SILVERSTAR Product properties Facades and balustrade panels can, matching the respective thermal insulation or solar con- trol glass, be combined in all facade structures known today.

The back-ventilated cold facade a) The outer facade panel of glass provides pro- tection against the weather and performs archi- B tectural design functions.

A b) The inner shell is the bearing element, pro- tects the room, and provides thermal insulation and sound insulation among others.

The cavity between the two shells must be back-ventilated so that accumulated moisture and radiant heat can be dissipated.

The warm facade 4. Glass facade panels can be created with insula- tion fitted at the rear and a vapour barrier on the room side into an integrated facade element. These elements are a room protection compo- nent, an insulating element and an architectural design medium rolled into one. They may not be exposed to static loads. The thickness of the bal- ustrade element is determined by the thermal insulation requirements.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 93 SWISSPANEL glass structure SWISSPANEL balustrade elements are available monolithically from TSG-H toughened safety glass with heat-soak test, from laminated safety glass consisting of 2x HSG or as double-shell facade pan- els (insulating glass) of TSG-H.

The back of the SWISSPANEL balustrade ele- TSG balustrade element LSG balustrade element ments is provided with an opaque coating.

1a 1b The edges of the SWISSPANEL elements are 2 2 arrissed (ground chamfer, edge surface not 3 3 worked). Other forms of finish are possible. For 4 4 exposed edges, we recommend a polished or dull-ground version Subsequent finishing such as grinding or drilling of TSG-H is not possible. All finishes such as holes, flakings or the like must be applied before the tempering process. 1a EUROGLAS TSG Flat TSG-H 1b EUROLAMEX LSG of 2x HSG 2 Solar control layer 3 Opaque layer 4 Insulation layer 4. SWISSPANEL can be combined with all solar control or thermal insulation coatings.

Colour-matched balustrade panels The use of SWISSPANEL permits colour matching or intentional accentuation of modern glass facades.

The balustrade panels are produced to match as much as possible the colours of the individual SILVERSTAR coatings. The term often used in the industry “harmony” presupposes that the facade components (balustrade panels or insulating glass) have an identical shade of colour. Practice how- ever shows that colour coordination of transparent and non-transparent areas is very much depend- ent on the prevailing light conditions based on the time of day or weather, and consequently absolute “harmony” is not possible.

94 I Products – EUROFLOAT SILVERSTAR coating and colour-matched SWISSPANEL balustrade panels

Insulating glass BD panel

SILVERSTAR EN2plus/ZERO BD 66-S SILVERSTAR SELEKT 70/40 BD 72-S SILVERSTAR SUPERSELEKT 60/27 T BD 72-S SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 70/35 BD 82-S SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 61/32 BD 82-S SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 51/26 BD 84-S SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 41/21 BD 84-S SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Silver 20 T SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 30 T BD 60-S SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Blue 50 T BD 62-S SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T BD 66-S

Dimensions Maximum 1000 x 2500 mm with 6 mm TSG or 1500 x 2500 mm with 8 mm TSG. Minimum 300 x 800 mm. Other dimensions on request. 4.

PEMA GmbH, Herzberg am Harz

Products – EUROFLOAT I 95 4.2.7. Special coatings

Thermal insulation glass with SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T coating

Clear view with no outside misting Owing to its outstanding thermal insulation properties, modern insulating glass is prone to misting from the outside in certain weather conditions. The intelligent SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T coating eliminates outside misting almost entirely.

Areas of application for SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T insulating glass is used wherever outside misting is unwelcome. Ideal for insulating glass with very low Ug values. For new buildings and renovations. For residential buildings and villas. For Minergie buildings and passive houses. For exposed glass surfaces with high radiation.

Product properties The outstanding thermal insulation properties of modern thermal insulation glass permit only a mi- nimal flow of heat to pass from the inside of the room to the outside. As a result of radiation to the 4. cold night sky, the outer insulating glass pane can even become colder than the surroundings. This can result in the formation of condensation water and, in the worst case, in this water freezing like on a car windscreen. The SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T coating suppresses - to the greatest possible extent - radiation from the outer pane to the clear night sky. As a result, the pane does not cool down so dramatically and generally remains above the dew point of the ambient air. This eliminates the possibility of misting. The function is long-lasting.

With SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T double or triple insulating glass, the outer pane acts permanently as TSG.

Hotel Hof Weissbad, Switzerland

96 I Products – SILVERSTAR Technical data SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T

SILVERSTAR SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T FREE VISION T coating coating TSG TSG SILVERSTAR SILVERSTAR TRIII E EN2plus coating coating

Double insulating glass Triple insulating glass Structure SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T 4 mm / SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T 4 mm / cavity 16 mm argon / cavity 14 mm argon / SILVERSTAR SILVERSTAR EN2plus 4 mm TRIII E 4 mm / cavity 14 mm argon / SILVERSTAR TRIII E 4 mm with without with without FREE VISION T FREE VISION T FREE VISION T FREE VISION T Light transmission 83 % 82 % 75 % 73 % Light reflection 9 % 12 % 15 % 18 % outside Ug value 1.1 W/m²K 1.1 W/m²K 0.7 W/m²K 0.7 W/m²K g value 64 % 64 % 63 % 64 % 4.

The appearance is colour-neutral.

Dimensions Dimensions up to max. 3210 x 6000 mm.

Products – SILVERSTAR I 97 4.

98 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Prime Tower – Swiss Platform, Zurich/Photographer: Hans Ege 4.3. Laminated safety glass

4.3.1. Laminated safety glass EUROLAMEX LSG

Protection and safety For many everyday applications, it is important that glass panes retain their intended protective ef- fect if they are accidentally or even intentionally damaged. EUROLAMEX LSG consists of two or more glass panes that are permanently connected with highly tear-resistant, tough-elastic intermediate layers of polyvinyl butyral film (PVB). In the event of overload due to shock or impact, the glass does break, but the fragments adhere to the undamaged PVB layer. In this way the damaged glass has a residual stability and the glazed opening remains closed. The risk of injury is also reduced due to the fact that the shards are retained on the film.

Areas of application for EUROLAMEX LSG In school buildings and child care centres as room-dividing glazing, to prevent injury by glass shards and as fall protection elements. For overhead and roof glazing in private and public applications. In interior finishing and in outdoor areas as privacy screening or to achieve optical effects with colours in special printing process as design glass. As single glazing in doors, stairway landings, stairway railings and balcony glazing. In combination with insulating glass as anti-burglar protection for windows. 4. In public applications as fall or fall-through protection glazing for windows, doors and shop/display windows. As breakout-resistant and penetration-resistant glazing in prisons and nursing homes. As bullet-proof glass for cash desks and counter systems in banks, post offices and similar applications. As glazing for animal cages or zoo aquariums. As balustrade elements for all-glass facades such as structural glazing. For industrial and military installations as explosion-resistant glazing and for vehicles, aircraft and ships.

Product guidelines and important facts EUROLAMEX LSG is a laminated safety glass in accordance with EN 12543.

LSG consists of two or more glass pane with highly tear-resistant, tough-elastic intermediate layers of PVB film. The structure and thickness of the elements are based on the demands made of the glass solution. By combining different glass and film layers it is possible to achieve with EUROLAMEX LSG safety features such as resistance to thrown objects, penetration (in acc. with EN 356) and bullets (in acc. with EN 1063) as well as fall and fall-through resistance and walk-on capability.

Prime Tower – Swiss Platform, Zurich/Photographer: Hans Ege Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 99 EUROLAMEX LSG manufacture and finishing After the pane surfaces have been cleaned, the glass sheets and PVB film are placed on top of each other, heated and pressed together by rollers or by a vacuum into the pre-lamination. The elements are then passed to the autoclave, where they are firmly bonded together under pressure and heat. Edge finishing is performed after the manufacturing process. If LSG or HSG is fashioned into LSG, edge finishing cannot be performed at a later stage.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Manufacturing stage Description

1. Loading The system is loaded by gantry stacker. 4. The glass is cleaned in the washing machine. The glass thickness is au- 2. Cleaning tomatically measured, then the machine parameters are automatically set. Glass-film-glass is joined in accordance with the sandwich principle in this room. Since the PVB film is very sensitive to temperature and mois- 3. Laminating room ture, and every speck of dust can impair the optical quality, the lamina- ting room is an air-conditioned clean room. For this reason too, the film is stored specifically for each product in air-conditioned rooms. The so-called pre-lamination is made in the pre-lamination furnace from 4. Pre-lamination the glass sheets and the film in between. To do so, the glass sheets are heated to a defined temperature and pressed together by rollers. The glass panes are permanently joined to the film under pressure and 5. Autoclave temperature in the autoclave. The finished LSG sheet is thus fashioned from the pre-lamination. After autoclaving, further processing such as grinding or drilling in the 6. Unloading/delivery glass can be performed.

100 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Laminating room Autoclave

Vacuum process for production of LSG PVB film Beside traditional LSG production with pre-lam- ination by means of rollers and autoclave, there 4. is a further process in which the pieces of glass Glass are vacuumed both in a pre-lamination (with- out rollers) and in an actual bonding process in an enclosed bag-like container. This process is much more complicated and is used in the build- ing industry for special glass structures, and pri- Glass marily for curved glass.

Product properties The structure of EUROLAMEX LSG elements and the thickness are based on the safety demands placed on the glazing. Thrown-object / penetra- tion-resistant glass can be adapted to the respec- Key to the designation tive safety requirements by the number of glass EUROLAMEX LSG 8.2 layers and the thickness of the PVB film in be- 8 = Element thickness (mm) consisting of tween. EUROLAMEX LSG is resistant to light and 2x float glass 4 mm ageing. The edges of the LSG sheets must be 2 = Number of films at 0.38 mm protected against acid and alkaline solutions and against permanently wet conditions so that the film is not compromised.

The intermediate layers of PVB film can be clear or tinted, and on request also UV-permeable or sound-reducing or combined with special functions such as shading elements.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 101 When clear film and clear glass is used, translucence is not compromised, exhibiting roughly the same values as single glass of the same thickness.

Unlike TSG, EUROLAMEX LSG when damaged does not shatter into small pieces, but retains its intended effect. The fracture pattern of EURO- LAMEX LSG shows its shard-retaining capability: It resembles a spider's web which, depending on the severity of the impact, exhibits a narrower or wider mesh structure.

EUROLAMEX LSG fracture pattern: shard-retaining property thanks to PVB film

Technical data of EUROLAMEX LSG 4. EUROLAMEX LSG exhibits the same temperature change resistance and roughly the same tensile bending stress as normal float glass. To increase these values, TSG, TSG-H and HSG can be used instead of float glass in the assembly of EUROLAMEX LSG. EUROLAMEX LSG can be provided with a SILVERSTAR thermal insulation layer and assembled into insulating glass. When worked into insu- lating glass, EUROLAMEX LSG delivers not only the desired degree of safety, but also improved sound reduction. Special LSG film is available to improve the static properties, particularly the laminated effect and residual stability after fracture.

Dimensions The maximum production size of EUROLAMEX LSG is 3210 x 8500 mm. The production size is how- ever dependent on the structure of the laminated safety glass and its application.

Available range

Structure Film type Maximum Dimensions

4.2 / 4.4 / 6.1 / 6.4 / 8.1 / 8.4 / 10.1 / 10.4 / 12.1 / 12.4 / 16.1 / Clear, matt 3210 x 8000 mm 16.4 / 20.1 / 20.4 6.1 / 6.2 / 8.1 / 8.2 / 10.1 / 10.2 / 12.1 / 12.2 / 16.1 / 16.2 / Sound 3210 x 8000 mm 20.1 / 20.2 control*

Special dimensions and further structures on request. * When used in overhead applications the glazing must always be linear-mounted. The maximum dimensions are 1250 x 2500 mm.

102 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.

Stairwell design with tinted laminated safety glass Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 103 4.3.2. Protection and safety with glass

Glass is one of the most interesting and popular building materials. It can be used in a huge variety of applications. As with any other material, building with glass calls for some fundamental safety considerations. This aspect is sufficiently taken into consideration thanks to the continuous further development of glass technology. However, safety with glass must be planned and this requires me- ticulous clarification, depending on the task for which the glazing is intended. Serious safety planning always starts with an agreement on utilisation that defines the safety re- quirements with regard to the various types of glazing.

The following laws, standards and recommendations in particular must be taken into consideration (not exhaustive) DIN 18299: German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: General technical spec- ifications for construction contracts (ATV) – General rules applying to all types of construction work DIN 18360: German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: General technical specifica- tions for construction contracts (ATV) – Metalwork EN 12978: Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates – Safety devices for power operated doors and gates – Requirements and test methods EN 1627: Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resist- 4. ance – Requirements and classification EN 1628: Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resist- ance – Requirements and classification EN 1990: Basis of structural design EN 1991-1-1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions – Densities, self-weight, im- posed loads for buildings TRLV: Technical rules for the use of linear supported glazing TRPV: Technical rules for the design and execution of glazing with punctiform supports TRAV: Technical rules for the use of fall-proof glazing

4.3.2.1. Passive and active safety

In practice a distinction is made between passive and active safety; different types of glass are gen- erally used accordingly. However, glazing often has to assume both passive and active safety func- tions.

Passive safety Passive safety involves providing projection against injury by the glazing itself. The glazing concerned is injury-reducing, e.g. doors, balustrades, table tops, partition walls, vestibules, stairwell, overhead and floor glazing (walk-on safety in this case), etc.

Typical properties that must be exhibited by such glazing: Injury-reducing e.g. by crumbling when shattered (TSG) or by shard retention (LSG) Shard-retaining (LSG in the overhead area) Fall-preventing (Glazing with balustrade function)

104 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Active safety Active safety involves protection by the glazing against an external attack, by so-called attack-resist- ant glass. They are intended to provide protection against: Thrown objects (e.g. attack with a stone) Break-in, break-out and penetration Attack with firearms Explosion pressure

Passive safety Injury-reducing Shard-retaining Fall-preventing Resistant to ball impact Active safety (attack resistance) Thrown-object-resistant Penetration-resistant Bullet-resistant Explosion-pressure-resistant

It is possible to choose from different products and designs to suit the area of application and the safety requirement. The choice is made on the basis of standards and regulations. If these are not provided, the safety need must be clarified meticulously and with absolute precision before the 4. product is chosen. “One size fits all” solutions rarely deliver successful results, since safety too is perceived individually. An extensive product range permits customised solutions which cover every safety need.

Business Center Andreaspark, Zurich/Photographer: Hans Ege

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 105 4.3.2.2. Glass with safety properties

There are only two types of glass with safety properties Toughened safety glass (TSG, also TSG-H) Laminated safety glass (LSG) (for more information, see Chapter 4.3)

TSG (3–8 mm) Thermally tempered Increases temperature change resitance Increases mechanical load capability Injury-reducing (crumbling when shattered) Resistant to ball impact

LSG Injury-reducing Shard-retaining Thrown-object-resistant Fall-preventing Resistant to ball impact

LSG Penetration-resistant 4. Fall-preventing

LSG Bullet-resistant

The following glass types are not safety glass since they do not exhibit appropriate safety properties; specifically, they are not injury-reducing.

Float glass/ Fracturing can create dangerous and sharp-edged fragments. The relevant safety ornamental properties are produced only by tempering into TSG or by assembling into LSG. glass Heat- HSG has a higher mechanical strength and a higher temperature change resis- strengthened tance than float glass. Fracturing can however create dangerous fragments. glass (HSG) Wired and Wired glass is a rolled flat glass with a wire-mesh insert embedded inside it. On wired plate fracturing, the wire mesh holds the fragments together up to a certain load. In the glass overhead area, it can offer limited protection against falling glass pieces. Howe- ver, serious injuries can be incurred with wired or wired plate glass particularly in doors, partition walls, balustrades, etc. Furthermore, wired and wired plate glass has only very limited structural and thermal load capability.

106 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.2.3. Passive safety in practice

4.3.2.3.1. Balustrade glazing Balustrade glazing used in stairway and grandstand, balcony or facade applications must meet spe- cific safety requirements. In particular, they should prevent anyone from injuring themselves or fall- ing. Glazing in the balustrade area requires particular attention.

1.00 m 1.00 m

1.00 m 1.00 m

Glazing above balustrade area of Glazing in the balustrade area Special 4. 1.00 m No special measures required safety glazing required for the time being Upper floor: injury-reducing and fall- preventing glazing required Ground floor: injury-reducing glazing required Inner Inner Outer Outer

Cristal Shopping Mall, Martigny, Switzerland

Example of injury-reducing/fall-preventing room-height facade glazing in two variants. Variant on left: outside float 8 mm / inside LSG 16 mm (injury-reducing and fall-preventing) Variant on right: outside LSG 16 mm (fall-preventing) / inside TSG 8 mm (injury-reducing)

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 107 For structural verification of fall prevention, a knife-edge load in accordance with EN 1991-1-1 “Actions on structures”, see “Barriers”, is taken as the basis. For residential, office and selling spac- es, the characteristic value is 0.8 kN/m. Depending on the type of use and strain to be anticipated (e.g. due to jostling crowds) this can be up to 3.0 kN/m.

4.3.2.3.2. Sloping, roof and overhead glazing

10°

4.

Hotel Hof Weissbad, Switzerland

Sloping, roof or overhead glazing refers to single or insulating glazing that is installed with an incli- nation of more than 10° from the vertical.

As well as being sufficiently dimensioned, which results from a variety of factors, it is essential from a safety standpoint in the case of sloping glazing that in the event of the glass fracturing, individual glass pieces or even entire glass elements cannot fall and injure people.

108 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Overhead glazing must therefore always have LSG made of float glass or heat-strengthened glass as its innermost glass. LSG consisting of 2 TSG panes is not permitted, since this combination does not exhibit sufficient residual stability after fracture and is therefore prone to the risk of complete elements falling down.

Single glazing Insulating glazing 4.

Possible structures of overhead glazing

Single glazing LSG made of float glass LSG made of HSG Insulating glazing Glass outer TSG-H HSG Float glass LSG Glass inner LSG made of float glass LSG made of HSG

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 109 Caution in the event of larger spans! LSG can – up to a span of 1500 mm – usually furnish its intended properties (preventing individual glass pieces or whole elements from falling down after fracture). For greater spans, additional meas- ures to prevent entire elements from falling must be provided. For elements that are only supported on two sides, this already applies from a span of 1200 mm.

Support Span Structure

2-sided Up to 1200 mm LSG made of 2 x float glass LSG made of 2 x HSG >1200 mm Special measures required to prevent entire elements from falling 4-sided Up to 1500 mm LSG made of 2 x float glass LSG made of 2 x HSG >1500 mm Special measures required to prevent entire elements from falling

4. Special measures (examples) LSG as a triple structure Increase support surfaces Design measures to prevent falling (e.g. nets or cross-struts, etc.)

4.3.2.3.3. Glass floors

Glass floors are subject to the same safety considerations as sloping glazing. However, non-slip safe- ty must also be taken into consideration.

110 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.2.3.4. Glazing in sports facilities

Gymnasiums and sports halls generally require safety and resistance to ball impact as well as injury reduction. This can be ensured both with toughened safety glass (TSG) and with laminated safety glass (LSG).

Safety and resistance to ball impact (for glazing installed on four sides)

Glass type Max. dimensions

EUROGLAS TSG Flat 6 mm 2000 x 3000 mm EUROLAMEX LSG 8.1 2250 x 4200 mm

For larger dimensions, appropriately thicker glass must be used.

4.3.2.3.5. Structural use of glass

The structural use of glass calls for comprehensive considerations regarding the issue of safety. The consideration “What happens when glass breaks?” (is there a risk of injury by glass pieces, can somebody fall, is there sufficient residual stability to prevent entire elements or supporting struc- tures from collapsing?) that should always be made whenever glass is used is particularly important 4. in the case of glass that assumes structural functions, and cannot under any circumstances by re- placed by a so-called “static overdimensioning”.

Underground station, Nuremberg, Photographer: Gerhard Hagen/poolima

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 111 4.3.2.3.6. Passive safety – application recommendations

Fracture pattern Glass types Windows with Railings Glass balus- balustrades trades/glass facades

Float glass/ Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable

cast glass Windows with Not permitted balustrades in acc. with EN 1627/1628

Wired glass Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable

Toughened safety Suitable Suitable Suitable

glass (TSG) Additional Additional EUROGLAS fall prevention fall prevention 4. TSG Flat in acc. with in acc. with EN 1627/1628 EN 1627/1628

Heat-strengthened Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable

glass (HSG) Only as LSG Only as LSG EUROGLAS with HSG with HSG TSG Flat

Laminated safety Suitable Suitable Suitable

glass (LSG) Without Without EUROLAMEX punctiform punctiform made of float glass/ mounting mounting cast glass

Laminated safety Suitable Suitable Suitable

glass (LSG) If 4-sided If 4-sided EUROLAMEX in the frame in the frame made of toughened safety glass

Laminated safety Suitable Suitable Suitable

glass (LSG) Particularly Particularly EUROLAMEX with punctiform with punctiform made of heat-strength- mounting mounting ened glass (HSG)

112 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Glass doors All-glass Glass roofs Stairways/ Sports facility systems/glass walk-on glazing partition walls glazing

Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable

Unsuitable Unsuitable Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable

Panes all-round inside the frame Span small side < 600 mm

Suitable Suitable Suitable Unsuitable Suitable

Use if there is no Only for IV glass; TGS is resistant to danger of falling; upper pane TSG; ball impact; make glass visible lower pane in LSG Use if there is no 4. shard-retaining danger of falling

Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable

Only as LSG Only as LSG Only as LSG Only as LSG Only as LSG with HSG with HSG with HSG with HSG with HSG

Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Necessary if there is Overhead glazing Ensure a danger of falling; shard-retaining slip resistance make glass visible; without punctiform mounting

Suitable Suitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Suitable

If there is no danger If there is no danger of falling; make of falling; make glass visible; parti- glass visible; parti- cularly with puncti- cularly with puncti- form mounting form mounting

Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable Suitable

Necessary if there is Overhead glazing Choose pane with Necessary if there is a danger of falling; shard-retaining; high section modulus a danger of falling; make glass visible; particularly with and slip-resistant; make glass visible; particularly with punctiform mounting protect support pane particularly with punctiform mounting punctiform mounting

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 113 4.3.2.4. Active safety in practice

For the most part, glass tested in accordance with the relevant standards is used in practice as at- tack-resistant glazing (active safety).

Thrown-object-resistant and penetration-resistant glazing This is standardised glazing in accordance with EN 356, classified into the categories P1A to P5A (thrown-object-resistant glazing) and P6B to P8B (penetration-resistant glazing).

Classification in acc. with EN 356

Resistance Drop height No. of drop tests Number of blows Resistance to Glass structure category with steel balls with hammer/ attack weighing 4110 g axe with plastic handle P1A 1500 mm 3 – Thrown-object- LSG double resistant P2A 3000 mm 3 – P3A 6000 mm 3 – P4A 9000 mm 3 – P5A 9000 mm 3 x 3 = 9 – P6B – – 31 – 50 Penetration- LSG multiple resistant structure 4. P7B – – 51 – 70 P8B – – over 70

Optimum attack resistance can only be achieved when the window frame too offers appropriate safe- ty. Particularly during break-in attempts, it is often the case that the perpetrator does not actually break the glazing, but instead tries to forcibly open the window casement. EN 1627 governs the window frame requirements in the resistance categories WK 1 – WK 6 and assigns the appropriate glazing categories.

Insulating glass is governed by the principle that glass must exhibit the required classification. Frame categories are not assigned to the glazing categories P1A and P2A, i.e. this glazing does offer a certain degree of safety, but does not conform to any standardised window resistance category. However, glazing of this type is often installed in detached family houses and generally offers ade- quate protection against simple break-in attempts.

114 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.2.5. Safety properties of glass

The matrix below provides an overview of the most important types of glass used in building to- gether with their relevant safety properties and the temperature change resistance. The properties “thrown-object- and penetration-resistant” are combined as “burglar-resistant” as glass of this type is usually used to prevent break-ins. The property “bullet-resistant” is not listed as specially struc- tured laminated safety glass is required for this purpose.

Glass type Injury-reducing Shard-retaining Resistant to ball impact Burglar-resistant Fall-preventing Residual load-bearing capacity after fracture Increased resistance to change temperature

Float glass / cast glass

Wired / wired plate glass

TSG *

HSG LSG made of float / cast glass * * * 4. LSG made of TSG * **

LSG made of HSG * *** *

Suitable, * Observe structure/thickness, ** Only when held on 4 sides in the frame, *** Only under certain conditions

Vocational Business School, Bienne/Biel, Switzerland Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 115 4.3.3. EUROLAMEX S PHON – Sound-insulating glass

Laminated safety glass with integrated sound control achieves, thanks to its special sound-insulating film, an average improvement in the weighted sound reduction index Rw of 3 dB. EUROLAMEX S PHON can be processed like conventional laminated safety glass because it retains all the safety properties of conventional LSG. It can be used as single glazing for interiors and as insulating glass.

50 Sound reduction index (dB)

45

40

35

30 8.2 Standard LSG* 8.2 EUROLAMEX S PHON*

25 Frequency (Hz) 20 4. 100 160 250 400 630 1000 1600 2500 4000 *Not insulating glass

Monolithic LSG structures

Sound control film

Product designation Structure Sound reduction index Rw

EUROLAMEX S PHON 6.2 35 dB EUROLAMEX S PHON 8.2 37 dB EUROLAMEX S PHON 10.1 38 dB EUROLAMEX S PHON 10.2 38 dB EUROLAMEX S PHON 12.2 40 dB EUROLAMEX S PHON 16.2 41 dB EUROLAMEX S PHON 20.2 42 dB

Matt film

EUROLAMEX matt 6.2 33 dB EUROLAMEX matt 8.2 35 dB EUROLAMEX matt 10.2 36 dB EUROLAMEX matt 12.2 38 dB

116 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 117 4.3.4. Packing

Type mm 2000 2250 2550 6000 6000

Glass Film Sheet t Sheet t Sheet t Sheet t Sheet t 6.1 6 0.38 20 1.98 20 2.23 20 2.52 9 2.67 18 5.35 6.2 6 0.76 19 1.93 19 2.17 19 2.46 9 2.75 18 5.49 6.3 6 1.14 18 1.88 18 2.11 18 2.39 9 2.82 18 5.63 6.4 6 1.52 18 1.93 18 2.17 18 2.46 9 2.89 18 5.78 8.1 8 0.38 15 1.97 15 2.21 15 2.51 7 2.75 14 5.51 8.2 8 0.76 15 2.01 15 2.26 15 2.56 7 2.81 14 5.62 8.3 8 1.14 14 1.91 14 2.15 14 2.44 7 2.87 14 5.73 8.4 8 0.52 13 1.81 13 2.03 13 2.31 7 2.92 14 5.84 10.1 10 0.38 12 1.96 12 2.20 12 2.50 5 2.45 10 4.90 10.2 10 0.76 12 1.99 12 2.24 12 2.54 5 2.49 10 4.98 10.3 10 1.14 11 1.85 11 2.09 11 2.36 5 2.53 10 5.06 10.4 10 1.52 11 1.88 11 2.12 11 2.40 5 2.57 10 5.14 12.1 12 1.38 10 1.95 10 2.20 10 2.49 4 2.34 8 4.69 4. 12.2 12 0.76 10 1.98 10 2.23 10 2.52 4 2.38 8 4.75 12.3 12 1.14 9 1.81 9 2.03 9 2.30 4 2.41 8 4.82 12.4 12 1.52 9 1.83 9 2.06 9 2.33 4 2.44 8 4.88 16.1 16 0.38 8 2.08 8 2.34 8 2.65 3 2.34 6 4.67 16.2 16 0.76 8 2.10 8 2.36 8 2.67 3 2.36 6 4.72 16.3 16 1.14 8 2.12 8 2.38 8 2.70 3 2.38 6 4.77 16.4 16 1.52 8 2.14 8 2.41 8 2.73 3 2.41 6 4.82 20.1 20 0.38 6 1.94 6 2.18 6 2.48 2 1.94 4 3.88 20.2 20 0.76 6 1.96 6 2.20 6 2.50 2 1.96 4 3.92 20.3 20 1.14 6 1.97 6 2.22 6 2.52 2 1.97 4 3.95 20.4 20 1.52 6 1.99 6 2.24 6 2.54 2 1.99 4 3.98

118 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Stability tests Two test methods are used to test the safety of LSG:

Ball drop test The ball drop test is used to determine the stability of LSG. All panes must be able to withstand being hit three times by a steel ball weighing approx. 4 kg. The drop heights in the individual categories are defined in the following table:

Ball drop test in acc. with EN 356

Category Drop height

P1A 1500 mm P2A 3000 mm P3A 6000 mm P4A 9000 mm P5A 3 x 9000 mm

Pendulum impact 4. The pendulum impact test is used to simulate the impact load and the resulting fracture beha- viour of LSG. A distinction is made between three types of fracture behaviour:

Category Drop height

3 190 mm 2 450 mm 1 1200 mm

LSG fracture

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 119 Tested laminated safety glass

EUROLAMEX matt Product Ball drop test EN 356 Pendulum impact EN 12600

EUROLAMEX matt 6.2 P2A EUROLAMEX matt 8.2 P2A EUROLAMEX matt 10.2 P2A EUROLAMEX matt 12.2 P2A

EUROLAMEX Product Ball drop test EN 356 Pendulum impact EN 12600

EUROLAMEX 4.2 P2A Category 1 EUROLAMEX 4.4 P2A Category 1 EUROLAMEX 6.1 P1A Category 2 EUROLAMEX 6.2 P2A Category 1 EUROLAMEX 6.4 P4A Category 1 EUROLAMEX 8.1 - - 4. EUROLAMEX 8.2 P2A Category 1 EUROLAMEX 8.4 P4A Category 1 EUROLAMEX 8.6 P5A - EUROLAMEX 12.8 P6B -

EUROLAMEX S Phon

Product Ball drop test EN 356 Pendulum impact EN 12600

EUROLAMEX S PHON 6.2 P2A 1B1 EUROLAMEX S PHON 8.1 P1A 1B1 EUROLAMEX S PHON 8.2 P2A 1B1 EUROLAMEX S PHON 8.4 P4A 1B1 EUROLAMEX S PHON 12.2 P2A 1B1

Construction key for the designation: EUROLAMEX 6.1 (6 = element thickness in mm, consisting of 2 x 3 mm float glass, 1 = number of films at 0.38 mm). Further thicknesses and special structures on enquiry. Max. dimensions 3210 x 8000 mm.

EUROLAMEX – resistance to ball impact in acc. with DIN 18032-3

Product Max. pane size

EUROLAMEX 6.2 2250 x 4200 mm EUROLAMEX 8.1 2250 x 4200 mm EUROLAMEX 8.2 2250 x 4200 mm

120 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.5. Sound control

4.

Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt am Main

Our environment is getting ever louder, with private and public transport constantly increasing. No- body is safe from excessive noise. Even quiet places today can be exposed to heavy noise tomorrow. But: what is excessive noise? Excessive noise is defined as any type of sound which is felt to be of- fending, annoying or painful. Ambient noise consists of a multitude of tones of differing frequency and intensity. Specific perception by the human ear is taken into account in the determination of excessive noise intensity. Higher pitched tones are subjectively felt to be louder than lower pitched ones. The loudest tone a human can hear without pain has a sound intensity ten billion times greater than the quietest tone. The human ear copes with this by perceiving a tenfold increase in sound intensity as a doubling of the loudness. Dealing with such large figures is not very practical, and for that reason a logarithmic scale is used. The unit is the decibel (dB), derived from the bel (B) (1 bel = 10 decibels), a non-dimensional proportional number that corresponds to the decadic logarithm.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 121 Sound intensities Examples of the relationship of linear and logarithmic values

In linear In powers Decadic In bels (B) In decibels (dB) units of 10 logarithm

1* 100 0 0 0 10 101 1 1 10 100 102 2 2 20 1000 103 3 3 30 5000 103.7 3.7 3.7 37 10000 104 4 4 40

*Hearing threshold

4.

Landhaus Schaffhausen/Architect: hofer.kick architekten/Photographer: © foto-panorama.ch

122 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.5.1. Noise sources and perception

The diagram below sets out some typical types of noise with their loudness (in decibels) and subjec- tive perception.

Pain 130 dB threshold Aeroplane (50 m away) 120 dB Rock concert 110 dB Pneumatic hammer 100 dB Loud factory floor 90 dB Loud radio music 80 dB Road traffic 70 dB Office noise Mean range of audibility 60 dB Normal 4. conversation 50 dB TV programme

40 dB Quiet garden

30 dB Ticking clock 20 dB Rustling paper 10 dB

Hearing threshold 0 dB Loud Quiet Silent Painful Very loud Very loud Very Very quiet Very More quiet More Intolerable Intolerable Barely audible Barely Extremely loud Extremely Moderately loud Moderately Almost inaudible Almost

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 123 4.3.5.2. Measurement curves and their meaning

4.3.5.2.1. Test procedure The testing of sound insulation glass is precisely standardised. The sound reduction index for the individual frequencies of 50 – 5000 hertz is measured at third intervals. The values obtained are entered into a system of coordinates and connected to each other. The curve produced in this way is used to make a reference curve congruent according to precisely defined rules. The value exhibited by the displaced reference curve at 500 hertz corresponds to the weighted sound reduction index Rw.

60

50

Rw 40

4.

30

20

Sound reduction index R in dB index Sound reduction 10 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 Frequency f in Hz Measurement curve Displaced reference curve Frequency range corresponds to the curve of reference values (EN ISO 717-1)

Test chambers and measuring equipment can vary from test institute to test institute. This results in possibly diverging values. Test certificates issued by recognised test institutes are still definitive for the assessment of sound reduction insulating glass by building sponsors, architects and authorities.

124 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.5.2.2. Sound reduction curve and weighted sound reduction index The weighted sound reduction index Rw can be considered to be a type of average value of meas- urements at different frequencies. But this in no way means that the different measured values are added up and divided by their number. Instead, the evaluation method takes account of the attributes of the human ear, which reacts to sound sources with low frequencies (100 to approx. 400 hertz) less sensitively than to those with higher frequencies. No conclusions can be drawn as to the sound reduction performance at individual frequencies from the weighted sound reduction index alone. Depending on the situation, the proportion of low frequencies can be high (road intersection with ap- proaching trucks). In these cases, the sound reduction in the relevant frequency range must be noted as well as the weighted sound reduction index. In the event of such problems, the sound reduction curve included with every test certificate can prove useful. Sound reduction insulating glass prod- ucts with the same weighted sound reduction index can exhibit significant differences at individual frequencies.

4.3.5.2.3. Spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr In the case of the weighted sound reduction index Rw in dB, the acoustic effect on specific noise exposures such as road, aircraft or residential noise is not specifically taken into account. A sound reduction value with regard to the frequency characteristic of a specific noise source can be adjusted with the so-called spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr. For road noise, for example, the spectrum adjustment value Ctr (tr = traffic) is calculated (a negative value) and added to the weighted sound 4. reduction index. The sum of Rw + Ctr provides information about the sound reduction properties of insulating glass with regard to road noise. The adjustment value C applies as a rule to railway and industrial noise.

Example The following values were determined in the laboratory for insulating glass: Rw = 39 dB (C = -1 dB; Ctr = -4 dB) It follows that: Sound reduction with regard to railway and industrial noise: Rw + C = 39 + (-1) = 38 dB Sound reduction with regard to road noise: Rw + Ctr = 39 + (-4) = 35 dB

4.3.5.3. Applicable standards and regulations

Two important bases for the requirements with regard to the sound insulation of windows: Merkblatt über kennzeichnende Größen der Luftschalldämmung (Pamphlet on characteristic variables of airborne sound insulation) (Bundesinnungsverband des Glaserhandwerks, Hadamar) DIN 4109 “Sound insulation in buildings”, edition 1989 It must be noted here that the values imposed in these two regulations for sound insulation refer to the entire window in the installed state and not just to the insulating glass on its own.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 125 4.3.5.3.1. The Federal Noise Control Ordinance

Purpose and objective: A large part of the Federal Noise Control Ordinance (LSV) is dedicated to limiting and curbing noise immissions. Where this achieves only limited success, the Noise Control Ordinance lays down specif- ic requirements with regard to sound insulation of buildings (particularly for windows).

The most important deciding factors are: Type and use of the building Exact location in a specific zone Intensity of the sound source to be reduced

For example, buildings in industrial zones must be treated differently from those in recreational are- as. Hospitals are governed by guidelines that differ from those for school buildings.

New buildings The Noise Control Ordinance places building sponsors under an obligation to ensure that sound control conforms to the generally accepted rules of architecture. The Ordinance refers in particular to the minimum requirements as stipulated in DIN 4109.

4. Existing buildings The Noise Control Ordinance lays down so-called load limit values for existing buildings. These are dependent on the respective sensitivity stage of the corresponding building zone. Distinctions are made between recreational areas and residential, mixed and industrial zones. If the load limit values are exceeded, the Noise Control Ordinance specifies for noise-sensitive areas a spe- cific sound noise reduction index as a function of the noise exposure (R‘w + (C or Ctr) = 32 or 38 dB).

The local authorities are obligated by the Noise Control Ordinance to draw up noise registers for existing roads, railways and airfields/airports . These are plans which illustrate precisely what areas are exposed to what intensity of noise. These loads (levels of exposure) can be measured or calcu- lated.

Requirements with regard to the weighted sound reduction index Rw (measured at the building) of windows and associated components, such as roller shutter boxes, as a function of the determined assessment level Lr (for existing buildings in acc. with LSV).

Lr day (dB) Lr night (dB) R‘w window R‘w + C R‘w + Ctr < = 75 < = 70 32 dB > 75 > 70 38 dB

Rw must be at least 35 dB and at most 41 dB.

For particularly large windows, the authorities can increase the requirements appropriately.

126 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.5.3.2. DIN 4109 DIN 4109 defines a calculation formula with which the requirements with regard to the sound reduc- tion index of windows can be determined for every room. The values apply to the entire facade part of a room. It is possible to determine the required sound reduction index, which is generally slightly lower, in a calculation procedure, as a function of the room volume and the window proportion of the facade. Neither the Noise Control Ordinance (for existing buildings) nor DIN 4109 (for new buildings) specify sound reduction indices for insulating glass. The prescribed values always refer to the entire window.

Generally speaking, a distinction is made between Rw + (C, Ctr) insulating glass: Weighted sound reduction index, insulating glass (laboratory measurement) Rw + (C, Ctr) window: Weighted sound reduction index, window (laboratory measurement) R‘w + (C, Ctr) window: Weighted sound reduction index, window (measured at the building)

4.3.5.4. Definitions pertaining to sound control

Sound 4. Sound denotes mechanical oscillations and waves of an elastic medium, particularly in the frequency range of human hearing (16 to approx. 20,000 hertz). These oscillations can propagate in air (airborne sound) and in solid bodies, e.g. masonry (structure-borne sound). A further distinction is made be- tween infrasound for tones with a frequency below 16 hertz, and ultrasound for tones above 16,000 hertz. These are no longer perceptible by the human ear.

Decibel (dB) 1 dB = 1/10 bel Non-dimensional logarithmic unit for the sound level. The decibel is named after the inventor of the electromagnetic telephone, Alexander Graham Bell.

Frequency The frequency (f) specifies the number of oscillations per second. The unit of this oscillation fre- quency is the “hertz” (Hz). 1 hertz = 1 oscillation per second. High tones have a high frequency (many oscillations), low tones correspondingly have few oscillations. The frequency range of 100 Hz to 5000 Hz is taken into account in building.

Noise Noise is the generic term for all auditory sensations which cannot be exclusively termed as tone or sound. A noise is dependent on its chronological sequence, the tonality (or the spectrum), the inter- ference effect and its origin.

Excessive noise Excessive noise denotes all noises which have a stressing or disruptive effect on human hearing or on the environment due to their loudness and structure.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 127 Sound bridges Rigid connections between leaves of multilayer constructions. Increased transmission of struc- ture-borne sound is effected via these connections.

Sound level Designation for the sound intensity.

Coincidence dip Characteristic of single-leaf partition elements is a clear decrease in sound reduction at certain fre- quencies. This phenomenon is called the coincidence dip. The position (frequency) of the coincidence dip is determined by the mass per area (kg/m2) and the bending strength.

Loudness The loudness specifies how loudly a specific sound is perceived by the human ear. Here loudness as a measure is dependent on the sound pressure and the frequency.

50 4.

40

30 in dB

20

Sound reduction index Rw index Sound reduction 10 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 Sound frequency f in Hz

Sound reduction curve of glass panes of different thicknesses (acc. to EMPA, Lauber) Glass pane thickness 3 mm Glass pane thickness 6 mm Glass pane thickness 12 mm

128 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Sound control Sound control denotes in particular protection against road, aircraft and train noise as well as in- dustrial noise and neighbourhood noise, etc. A distinction is made between active and passive sound control. Sound control is active when measures are taken at the source of the noise to reduce the sound emission, for example vibration isolation, flight bans, noise prevention walls, etc. Passive sound control is achieved by measures taken at the place of immission, particularly by sound insu- lation glazing.

Sound level difference (D) Difference between sound level L1 in the transmitting room and sound level L2 in the receiving room (or the side facing the sound and the side turned away from the sound of a part of a building). D = L1 - L2 in dB

Octave Two frequencies f1 and f2 with an oscillation frequency in the ratio 1:2.

Third 3 Two frequencies f1 and f2 in the ratio: 1: 2 . One third equals 1/3 octave.

Impact sound Sound that is created when walking on or by other excitations of a wall or ceiling, and partially emit- 4. ted as airborne sound.

Characteristic variables

Weighted sound reduction index Rw Measure for characterising airborne sound insulation. Rw is the sound reduction index of a structural element weighted by reference to a standard curve (to take into account human hearing). It is given in dB. Rw comprises only the transmission of sound via the component without secondary paths (e.g. connecting joint).

Test value Rw,P Rw,P is another term for Rw and is frequently found in old test certificates.

Weighted building sound reduction index R’w R’w is the value of the component measured in the installed state with all secondary paths.

Spectrum adjustment values C and Ctr Correction values that take into account special frequencies. The adjustment value C is used for excessive noise with a wide frequency spectrum (railway or industrial noise). Ctr (tr = traffic) is the adjustment value for road and air noise.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 129 4.3.5.5. Function and structure of sound reduction insulating glass

The sound reduction of insulating glass can be improved with a variety of measures. Thicker glass Asymmetrical structure: combination of thin and thick glass Elements with sound-insulating film in the laminated safety glass Gas filling in the cavity Larger cavity: Better sound reduction values are achieved with a larger cavity. However, from a technical insulating glass standpoint, cavities larger than 20 mm present problems.

Increased glass dimensions The improvement in sound reduction due solely to thicker panes in the symmetrical structure is not very great.

Asymmetrical structure The influence of natural frequency is reduced in insulating glass with an asymmetrical structure. Be- cause the coincidence dips are also apparent at different frequencies, a clear improvement in sound reduction is achieved.

4. Elements of laminated safety glass Intermediate layers of one or more pieces of film produce flexurally softer leaves and thus less strik- ing coincidence dips.

Gas filling in the cavity Depending on the specific structure, sound insulation is improved by the use of krypton thermal insulation gas and mixed gases of argon/krypton. SF6 is not used by EUROGLAS (BUWAL recom- mendation).

130 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Plexus Granges-Paccot, Fribourg/Photographer: Hans Ege High-performance sound reduction insulating glass is obtained above all from the combination of the previously mentioned measures

Increased cavity

Laminated safety glass, laminated glass

Intermediate layers of highly tear-resistant film or PVB sound-insulating film

Asymmetrical structure

Gas fillings MG – argon/krypton Argon Krypton

4.3.5.6. Properties of sound reduction insulating glass 4. The sound reduction of insulating glass and windows is format-dependent. Square formats generally demonstrate better values than rectangular formats. The laboratory values of insulating glass refer to a standard dimension (1230 x 1480 mm). Depending on the format, changed sound reduction values may be obtained during re-measurements. From an acoustic point of view, it makes no difference whether the thicker or the thinner pane is facing the noise source. Specifically selected double combinations achieve - with the same element thickness and the same total glass thickness - better sound reduction values than triple insulating glass.

4.3.5.6.1. Laminated safety glass with sound-insulating film (LSG P) The development of the new, special acoustic PVB film provided the breakthrough to delivering the perfect product for acoustic glazing of the highest quality. This product combines in multipane insu- lating glass excellent sound control properties with all the safety benefits of conventional PVB film.

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 131 Sound reduction of monolithic glass

Sound reduction

37 dB 37 dB

36 dB

35 dB

34 dB 34 dB

33 dB

32 dB 32 dB

31 dB

4. 30 dB

29 dB Float glass LSG LSG S PHON 8 mm 4 – 0.76 – 4 4 – 0.76 – 4

In monolithic laminated safety glass, sound-insulating film already demonstrates its outstanding sound control performance. In terms of sound reduction values, an improvement of up to 2 dB is achieved with LSG with standard PVB film compared with float glass of the same thickness; with SC sound-insulating film even 5 dB. Sound-insulating film thus complies with all the requirements of standard laminated safety glass – also for the overhead area and fall-prevention glazing.

132 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass Comparison of LSG standard PVB film with sound-insulating film

LSG structure Standard Sound control film

Glass/PVB/glass PVB film RW* C; Ctr

4 / 0.76 mm / 4 34 dB 37 dB -1; -4 dB 5 / 0.76 mm / 5 35 dB 38 dB -1; -3 dB 6 / 0.76 mm / 6 37 dB 39 dB 0; -2 dB 8 / 0.76 mm / 8 38 dB 41 dB -1; -3 dB 10 / 0.76 mm / 10 39 dB 42 dB -1; -3 dB 12 / 0.76 mm / 12 40 dB 43 dB -1; -3 *Measurements at ift Rosenheim acc. to EN 20140-3 / EN ISO 140, test certificates on request

4.3.5.7. Insulating glass – window – facade interrelations

The sound reduction of a window is not determined by the insulating glass alone, although at 70 – 80 % it makes up the biggest area. Effective sound reduction can only be achieved when all the components – the window frame, the fittings, the seal between frame and wing and the connection to the structure as well as the insulating glass – are correct . 4.

Insulating glass Window frame

Sound reduction index Window in building

Seal: Installation details frame / wing

Influences on the weighted sound reduction index of a window in the building The weakest component determines the sound reduction of the entire window. A poorly insulating frame or a leaking joint cannot be enhanced, or only very minimally enhanced, by highly insulating glass. Meticulous matching of window and insulating glass and expert assembly are always essen- tial. Despite the additional influences mentioned, the insulating glass is one of the most important factors in optimum sound reduction. On condition that all the components are optimally matched and that meticulous and expert as- sembly is assured, the following interrelations are more or less obtained between insulating glass, window and window in the installed state (as a rough rule of thumb).

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 133 Sound reduction index Diminution Example

Rw insulating glass (laboratory value) 39 dB

Rw window (laboratory value) 2 – 3 dB approx. 36 – 37 dB

Rw window measured at building 1 – 2 dB approx. 34 – 36 dB

4.3.5.8. Sound control combined with other functions

4.3.5.8.1. Sound control and thermal insulation Good thermal insulation is particularly important in all heated rooms. In particular, proof of the mean U value must be furnished. It must be noted here that a low glazing U value for the glazing not only entails energy savings, but also means a clearly perceptible increase in comfort due to higher sur- face temperatures on the inner pane. Comfort plays a central role in living and office areas.

SILVERSTAR SILVERSTAR ZERO E ZERO E 4. Argon Argon Sound- insulating film

8LSG 10 14 4 14 6 -1PS 14 4 14 6

Practically every sound reduction insulating glass can be easily provided with adequate thermal in- sulation. Sound control and thermal insulation can be ideally combined in insulating glass.

4.3.5.8.2. Sound control and safety Safety insulating glass exhibits good sound reduction properties through combination with thicker laminated safety glass. This glass too can be provided, by coating, with excellent thermal insulation.

Toughened safety glass EUROGLAS TSG Flat (TSG) The sound reduction properties of float glass are not altered by tempering into toughened safety glass. Accordingly, the same sound reduction indices apply to insulating glass combinations with TSG as to the corresponding combinations without tempered glass.

134 I Products – Laminated Safety Glass 4.3.5.8.3. Sound control and solar control Solar control glass too can be provided with good sound reduction properties. However, smaller cav- ities are more suitable for solar control insulating glass for physical and aesthetic reasons.

Argon

SILVERSTAR ZERO E

SILVERSTAR COMBI Neutral 70/40 coating

8 16 4

8 12 4 12 6

4. 4.3.5.8.4. Sound control and muntins The use of muntins in the cavity of insulating glass may diminish the sound reduction effect. All the sound reduction values confirmed by EUROGLAS refer to test elements without installed muntins.

4.3.5.9. Overview of sound insulation glass

Sound reduction, float glass – single glass Sound reduction values and spectrum adjustment values in acc. with DIN 12758

Glass thickness Rw C Ctr

3 mm float glass 28 dB -1 dB -4 dB 4 mm float glass 29 dB -2 dB -3 dB 5 mm float glass 30 dB -1 dB -2 dB 6 mm float glass 31 dB -2 dB -3 dB 8 mm float glass 32 dB -2 dB -3 dB 10 mm float glass 33 dB -2 dB -3 dB 12 mm float glass 34 dB -0 dB -2 dB

Products – Laminated Safety Glass I 135 4.

136 I Products – LUXAR Display case at Museum of Ethnology, Berlin 4.4. LUXAR anti-reflective glass (HY-TECH-GLASS)

The important things are only made visible by the invisible Whether you're visiting an exhibition, standing at a shop counter or in front of a shop window, or sit- ting in your car: non-reflecting glass affords a direct view of reality. The optical-interference coating reduces reflected light waves – in favour of a clear view. LUXAR glass coatings open up a whole new world of creativity to architects, interior designers and manufacturers of technical products. Innovative magnetron technology is used to transform standard glass types, ranging from simple float glass and insulating glass to bullet-proof glass, into non-reflecting glass.

Areas of application for LUXAR anti-reflective glass LUXAR is used whenever a partition is needed that is to remain invisible. Thanks to its high transparency, LUXAR is the preferred choice in architecture for facades, interior design, conservatories and counter systems. Used in shop fitting for shop/display windows, display cases, shop counters and product displays. On indicator boards as covering for plasma, LCD, LED and OLED displays and video walls. For picture frames and display cases in museums. In vehicle manufacturing for cockpit displays, indicating instruments, interior and partition 4. glazing, windscreens and rear windows.

Product guidelines and important facts LUXAR glass must be regularly cleaned to preserve its clarity. The special processing guidelines and cleaning instructions must be followed: Use aqueous, neutral and weakly alkaline glass cleaners Do not use scratching / abrasive cleaning agents No alkaline lyes No microfibre cloths

LUXAR manufacture and finishing LUXAR glass is coated in the magnetron process with a hard, corrosion-resistant multiple coating of oxides. The coating can be applied to one side or both sides. The optical-interference LUXAR coating can be applied to all types of float glass: to simple float glass, white glass, tinted glass and special glass types.

Tempered and partially tempered (heat-strengthened) glass, laminated safety glass, toughened safety glass, alarm glass, curved glass, bullet-proof glass, screen-printed glass and insulating glass combinations with thermal insulation coating can be manufactured from the finished glass.

Products – LUXAR I 137 Product properties LUXAR glass is anti-reflective. Regular reflections and reflected glare are reduced to a minimum. Non-reflecting views are in many cases not just a question of aesthetics – they also serve the pur- poses of safety and visual comfort.

High-quality products or works of art in particular must be displayed behind safety glass. Conven- tional glazing can impair clear views. For the glass surface to create an undisrupted effect for the human eye, reflection must be less than 2 %. The LUXAR coating makes unimpaired colour percep- tion possible. Indicator boards and multifunction displays also benefit with LUXAR from the extremely low residual reflection. LUXAR's outstanding views, brilliant colours and excellent resolution all deliver a product that the viewer barely notices is actually there.

The extremely hard surface ensures that the coating is very durable and abrasion-resistant.

LUXAR is available as: LUXAR on one side (for LSG or combinations with another functional layer) Dimensions 3210 x 6000 mm Glass thicknesses 4 – 15 mm LUXAR on both sides (standard for non-reflecting views) 4. Dimensions 1900 x 3210 mm Glass thicknesses 2 – 12 mm

On the following float glass substrates: Float clear Float extra-white Float tinted (bronze, grey, green, etc).

Berlin Palm House

138 I Products – LUXAR 4.4.1. LUXAR anti-refl ective glass as single glazing Light transmittance and light refl ectance of single glazing

100 % 100 % 100 %

4.0 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 4.0 % 90 % 4.0 % 93.7 % 0.3 % 99.5 %

Glass type Float glass Float glass Float glass uncoated with LUXAR coating with LUXAR coating on one side on both sides Light refl ection 8 % 4.3 % < 1 x (type 0.6 %) Light trans- 90 % 94 % 97.4 % mission

4.4.2. LUXAR anti-refl ective glass as insulating glass Light transmittance and light refl ectance of insulation glazing. Example: 4. Double insulating glass fl oat 2 x 4 mm; cavity 12 mm argon Triple insulating glass fl oat 3 x 4 mm; 2 x cavity 12 mm argon

12 % < 1.5 %

Glass type Double insulating glass Double insulating glass with LUXAR coating SILVERSTAR EN2plus in pos. 1, 2 and 4 and SILVERSTAR EN2plus thermal insulation layer in position 3 Light refl ection 12 % < 1.5 %

In the case of insulating glass, each glass/air transition should be anti-refl ective – even the side of the glass that is facing the cavity. This is recommended above all in conjunction with the SILVERSTAR EN2plus layer.

The use of EUROWHITE NG fl oat glass, coated on both sides with LUXAR, signifi cantly increases light transmission.

LUXAR can be combined with the complete SILVERSTAR coating range.

Products – LUXAR I 139 4.4.3. LUXAR CLASSIC anti-reflective glass LUXAR CLASSIC is an optical-interference white glass that is anti-reflective on both sides.

Areas of application for LUXAR CLASSIC The anti-reflective glass LUXAR CLASSIC is the first choice for picture frames, display cases and glass covers. Used in the art world, galleries. For museums and exhibitions.

Product properties The virtually non-glare and extra-white glass ensures an unimpaired colour perception and a di- rect and reflection-free view onto the exhibit. The practically glare-free coating has a mini- mum residual reflection of less than 0.5 %. LUXAR CLASSIC can be laminated with film for UV and shard protection into laminated safety glass. As LSG 4.1 the UV protection of LUXAR CLAS- SIC is 99 %. LUXAR CLASSIC is available in glass thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm and as LSG with 4.4 mm glass thickness.

4.

Robert Burns Museum, Scotland

Dimensions

Glass thickness Available dimensions Light reflection UV protection

2 mm 1605 x 1900 mm and <1 % 70 % 1900 x 3210 mm 3 mm 1605 x 1900 mm and <1 % 70.5 % 1900 x 3210 mm 4.4 mm as 1605 x 1900 mm and <1 % 99 % LSG 2.2.1 1900 x 3210 mm

140 I Products – LUXAR 4.

Grünes Gewölbe (Green Vault), Dresden Products – LUXAR I 141 4.

142 I Products – Fire Protection GlassInsulation glazing with fire protection/ETH Studio Monte Rosa/Tonatiuh Ambrosetti 4.5. Fire protection glass

The building material glass is, with increasing frequency, taking on the job of protecting against fire, smoke and heat radiation. Transparent fire protection provides for flowing room transitions and effi- cient daylight utilisation. FIRESWISS fire protection glass as a highly effective special glass permits fire protection solutions in contemporary glass architecture. It provides for openness, transparency and natural lighting with simultaneously comprehensive safety.

Accredited testing agency of Glas Trösch

4.

The Buochs fire laboratory of Glas Trösch AG FIRESWISS is accredited as the testing agency for fire tests on components. A series of fire tests can be carried out for national and international certifica- tions in Buochs, Switzerland.

Vertical and horizontal fire testing rigs during a fire test

Products – Fire Protection Glass I 143 4.5.1. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass – classification EI

Protection against fire, smoke and heat radiation A significant factor of FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass is the additional protection afforded against dangerous heat radiation. A so-called heat shield creates fire lobbies, allowing helpers and emergency services to safely negotiate escape routes. The basis of this property is thermal insu- lation. The side of the glass facing away from the source of the fire heats up only by max. 100 K at fire temperatures of almost 1000 °C. The average value required according to the standard is 140 K. FIRESWISS FOAM therefore provides extremely reliable protection.

Areas of application for FIRESWISS FOAM °C Wherever in the field of architecture the transparency of glass has to be combined 100 K with outstanding fire protection properties of the EI rating. Possible uses for FIRESWISS FOAM EI fire protection glazing include corridor partition walls as room-dividing components in the area of escape routes. 4. As room-sealing walls between utilised units of a building for creating fire lobbies. For moving fire doors (doors with and with- out glazing) with room-sealing function and thermal insulation, the fire resistance rat- ings EI 30, EI 60 and EI 90 are used. For elevator shaft doors with room-sealing function and with thermal insulation in the fire resistance ratings EI 30 and EI 60.

144 I Products – Fire Protection Glass Examples of glass structures for indoor and outdoor uses with FIRESWISS FOAM

Indoor use Heated  Heated Unheated  Heated FIRESWISS FOAM 30-15 FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection insulating glass

Outdoor use Unheated  Unheated Unheated  Heated FIRESWISS FOAM 30-19 FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection insulating glass

UV protection UV protection by by PVB film PVB film

FIRESWISS FOAM manufacture and finishing 4. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass is struc- tured as a sandwich package of glass in combi- Float glass nation with thermo-transformation layers.

A wide selection of combination possibilities with Thermo-transfor- functional and decorative properties is available mation layers for FIRESWISS FOAM.

Example of structure of FIRESWISS FOAM as laminated glass with foaming-up intermediate layers

Products – Fire Protection Glass I 145 Product properties The innovative thermo-transformation layers of FIRESWISS FOAM demonstrate much greater ab- sorptance than conventional multilayer systems. In this way, the radiation heat is completely ab- sorbed in the interlayer layers in the event of a fire. The energy is equally exhausted. In due course, the layers expand to form a firm and tough foam panel, to which the float sheet fragments on the fire side adhere. The sandwich structure of FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass creates in conjunction with the brushed panes a highly efficient heat shield and integrity against smoke and flames.

How FIRESWISS FOAM works

4.

Phase 1 Phase 2 Heat radiation by fire Energy-consuming foaming up of the first thermo-transformation layer

146 I Products – Fire Protection Glass FIRESWISS FOAM Direct UV radiation, e.g. from UV lamps, or an arrangement of without UV protection strongly UV-permeable components, must be avoided. FIRESWISS FOAM UV protection is assured by a special film for outdoor use. UV radi- with UV protection ation from the unprotected side must be avoided. Moisture resistance The direct effect of high air humidity (swimming pools) requires special precautions with regard to the rebate space (relax the reba- te space outwards, glass retaining strip on the outside). Formation of condensation water and standing moisture must be avoided. Temperature resistance FIRESWISS FOAM reacts under the influence of thermal energy with the formation of bubbles. Extended exposure outside the tem- perature range of -40 to +50 °C must be avoided in order to pre- vent optical impairment.

Because FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass is structured as laminated safety glass, it offers increased passive safety. Weight and element are in optimum proportion in FIRESWISS FOAM. It can be installed in diverse frame systems.

Testing of fire protection glazing with FIRESWISS FOAM 30-15

4.

t = 0 minutes t > 30 minutes flame exposure duration

Products – Fire Protection Glass I 147 4.5.2. FIRESWISS COOL fire protection glass – classification EW

Protection against fire and smoke with reduced heat radiation FIRESWISS COOL is a fire protection glazing for the requirements of classification EW (= reduced heat radiation). As well as integrity against smoke and flames, FIRESWISS COOL offers ef- fective protection against the dangerous tem- perature increase on the side unexposed to the fire and that is to be protected. Escape routes 1 m thus remain accessible even after a fire has been burning for some time.

Areas of application for FIRESWISS COOL Wherever in the field of architecture the trans- parency of glass has to be combined with out- standing fire protection properties of the EW rating.

4. Product guidelines and important facts FIRESWISS COOL is a fire protection glass of the EW fire resistance rating in accordance with EN 13501-2+A1:2009.

FIRESWISS COOL manufacture and finishing By using FIRESWISS COOL, it is possible to produce EW glazing with amazingly thin laminated glass.

A wide range of combination options for design, function and safety are available. All glass types are also possible with ornamental or coloured glass.

Product properties Depending on the requirement and type of glass used, a fire resistance duration of 30 to 120 minutes can be achieved with FIRESWISS COOL.

FIRESWISS COOL not only satisfies the requirements of the strict European test standards, but also complements functionality with outstanding appearance. It exhibits outstanding optical quality with no distortions or discolorations.

UV protection for example for outdoor use is feasible with optional PVB film.

The stabilising effect of FIRESWISS COOL laminated glass offers increased passive safety as well as fire protection.

Efficiency and glass thickness are in excellent proportion in FIRESWISS COOL. Various tested glass surfaces are available in many popular wood and steel frame systems

148 I Products – Fire Protection Glass 4.

Fire protection glazing/Westside, Berne/Photographer: Hans Ege Products – Fire Protection Glass I 149 4.

150 I Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass Matterhorn Glacier Paradise, Zermatt 4.6. Solar and toughened safety glass

EUROGLAS markets solar glass and individually processed glass with drilled hole and edge grinding under the name EUROGLAS ESG Flat (ESG = German abbreviation of EinscheibenSicherheitsGlas = toughened safety glass). It can also be further processed into TSG or HSG.

Perfectly fitting and safe – EUROGLAS ESG Flat Hole cut-outs of varying number and size can be drilled to suit the application. Edge grinding of the glass is possible in three different versions. For information on edge grinding, see Chapter 4.6.2. Manufacture is geared towards mass production. The safety aspect plays an increasingly important role. Broken glass poses a high risk of injury. The fragments are pointed and their edges are often razor-sharp. For many applications, it is important that glass panes are ultimately fracture-proof and, if they do actually break, that they do not pose any danger whatsoever. EUROGLAS ESG Flat has increased fracture strength as a result of thermal tempering and is therefore more resistant to impacts, shocks and hail than regular float glass. Furthermore, it is more resistant to temperature changes and shatters on fracture into small, blunt-edged pieces that pose virtually no risk of injury. The unique production process delivers particularly flat TSG with low warp- ing and high fracture strength.

4.6.1. Areas of application of EUROGLAS ESG Flat 4.

Float glass Back glass for solar modules Semi-finished product for further processing

TSG For minimising the risk of injury in the event of glass fracture in buildings used for sports (gymnasiums, sports, multipurpose and tennis halls) and in public buildings (schools, child care centres, etc.). In overhead glazing as protection against hailstone damage. TSG is used on the side exposed to the weather in insulating glass in the overhead area. In office blocks and residential buildings with a huge range of possible indoor uses (doors, parti- tion walls, all-glass systems, showers, etc.). In all-glass facades and structural glazing in insulating glass and balustrade elements. In the automotive industry for door and rear windows of cars, for building machinery, railways, agricultural vehicles, cable car cabins, municipal vehicles. For avoiding thermal fractures wherever high thermal loads are expected, e.g. for glass with high radiation absorptance or for glass that is situated less than 30 cm from a radiator or another heat source. In the machine industry as glass covers and sight glasses and for barriers. In combination with other glass. Solar module (front and back glass) Hothouse glazing

Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass I 151 HSG In all-glass facades and structural glazing in insulating glass and balustrade elements. Insulating glass and balustrade elements Canopies, roofing, enclosures, carports Solar module (front and back glass) Solar heat Greenhouses and botanical gardens

EUROGLAS ESG Flat is also available as a semi-finished product. It can be further processed individ- ually into TSG/HSG.

Product guidelines and important facts Toughened safety glass (TSG) is produced in compliance with EN 12150. TSG is a thermally tempered glass that is brought into a system of constant stress distribution under controlled conditions by heating and then rapid cooling. The glass edges are ground in compliance with DIN 1249.

4.6.2. Manufacture and finishing

The EUROFLOAT and EUROWHITE basic glass variants are available to choose from for machining. 4. Two machining lines can each perform three machining steps.

Cutting to size Lehr end sizes can be cut starting from a minimum size of 550 mm in square form.

Drilled hole Drilled holes can be fashioned starting from a minimum size of 8 mm diameter.

152 I Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass Essentially, the following glass edge machining variations are possible:

Cut edge (KG) The cut edge is created by scoring and then cutting off the glass along the cut. The borders of this edge are unma- chined and therefore still sharp.

Arrissed edge (KGS) An arrissed edge corresponds to a cut edge whose borders are more or less cut off. The cut surfaces are not machined and the corners are ground off. 4.

Ground edge (KGN) The edge surface is fully worked by grinding. A ground edge can be fashioned with cut-off borders corresponding to an arrissed edge. Ground edge surfaces have a ground-matt appearance. Bare spots and shelling are not permitted.

Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass I 153 The glass can also be processed into TSG, TTG or HSG in the hardening furnace.

The following operations are possible on the machining line:

Marking Loading "Stamping" Automatic Cutting to size online inspection Grinding Washing Removal Breaking Drilling Unloading (cutting off)

The system is loaded by fully automatic means. The system can accommodate and cut full lehr end 4. sizes. Cutting is performed directly after loading. The minimum size is 550 mm x 550 mm, the max- imum sizes are 2600 mm x 2600 mm or 1700 x 2600 mm for products intended for tempering. The glass is initially scored and then raised. The scored point forms the predetermined fracture point. The cut glass advances for marking. A marking stamp is applied if required by the customer. Now the glass advances for grinding. The system uses water and diamonds to fashion clean glass edges – peripheral wheels with corresponding profi les enable arrissed edges (KGS) or ground edges (KGN) to be created. After grinding, the panes advance for drilling. The drilled holes are also created using water and diamond bits. The openings can be made in different positions and in different sizes to suit the specifi c application. The contaminants accrued in the machining steps are then removed in a washing machine. Freshly washed, the glass advances for quality inspection and testing. An online scanner checks each individual pane for irregularities and separates it out where necessary. The next stage in the process is stacking or tempering.

TSG cannot be worked further after the tempering process because this would destroy its constant stress distribution and the TSG would fracture immediately. All features such as holes, cut-outs, etc., must be added before the tempering process. TSG cannot be subsequently cut to a different size. Surface machining, such as etching, frosting or printing/coating with colour, is possible in a subsequent stage.

154 I Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass Product properties of tempered glass The compressive and tensile stresses are in the rest state evenly distributed over the glass cross- section. The stresses inside the glass change in response to the load applied to the glass.

Advantages of EUROGLAS ESG Flat Thermally treated glass has a higher bending strength and is thus more resistant to impact, shock and hail than normal fl oat glass. Low warpage of the tempered glass. Very high quality drilling of holes at several positions in the glass.

Usage Front and rear glass in solar modules Solar heat All-glass facades and parapet elements Roofi ng, enclosures, carports, etc. Greenhouses and botanical gardens

Technical data

Glass thick- Glass Dimensions Drilled hole dia. Ø Edge Corner nesses type 4. Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 2Ë8 mm Float 550 mm 2600 mm 8 mm 50 mm KG; KGS; KGN Ground off

2Ë8 mm TSG, 550 mm 1700 - 8 mm 50 mm KGS; KGN Ground HSG, 2600 mm off TTG*

Special formats subject to agreement *TTG - Thermally treated glass in 2 mm thickness; special dimensions according to the arrangement; panes can be separated with powder, paper and packing cord; HSG is produced in compliance with DIN EN 1863; TSG accord to DIN EN 12150; glass edges are ground in compliance with DIN 1249

The panes can be separated with powder, paper and packing cord.

EUROGLAS SOLAR factory building in Haldensleben Products – Solar/Toughened Safety Glass I 155 5.

156 I Logistics 5. Logistics

Optimum and in line with requirements: the flow of materials from production to processing.

Professional logistics EUROGLAS Logistics ensures delivery on schedule and optimum protection of the freight. Inventory management guarantees mixed shipments with short delivery deadlines, and the internal loaders pro- vide for convenient, low-cost and safe offloading. The customers' full fragment containers are taken back on the return journey, and this important raw material is fed back into the process.

5.1. Transport modes

Internal loader Special transport for glass Rapid loading and offloading times Load securing system inside the truck (Hydro Push) A tonnage of 29 t gross is realized with a weight-optimized truck and rack Transport of large glass formats up to 3210 x 9000 mm

5.

Logistics I 157 Trailer End caps and picture frames (PFs), secured on A-racks, assembled as a block Secured with disposable racks and timber, steel bands and lashing straps Maximum tonnage 24.5 t gross Crane or fork-lift truck loading Small stillages per trailer

Open-top container Low-cost shipping modes for sea transport Load secured with timber, steel bands and lashing straps Loaded and offloaded by crane from above (easy handling by the customer) Maximum load up to 22 t (depending on country of destination) 5.

5.2. Packaging

L-rack Secure inloader transport of jumbo size and half size glass panes Offloading from one side Holding up to 28 t

158 I Logistics A-rack Secure inloader transport of jumbo size and half size glass planes Offloading from both sides possible Holding up to 28 t

Picture frame Glass storage also possible without an A-rack or L-rack Glass edge protection during storage Glass transport in the dimensions 2000 x 3210 mm, 2250 x 3210 mm, 2400 x 3210 mm, 2550 x 3210 mm also possible without special unloading fork. Secure transport with inloader or trailer 5.

Fragment container Container for the return of cullet from customers Capacity 2 t

Logistics I 159 6.

Pilatus Panoramic Gallery, Alpnach, Switzerland 160 I Application and Handling 6. Application and Handling

The following additions and further directions for handling glass are also available as fact sheets on the website www.euroglas.com.

6.1. Glass cleaning

Cleaning the glass surface Any contaminants on the glass surface, caused by installation, glazing, stickers and spacers, can be carefully removed with a soft sponge or a plastic spatula and plenty of hot soapy water. Alkaline building materials such as cement, lime mortar or the like must be rinsed off with plenty of water before they have set. The same applies to the blooming effect of building materials washed out by rain onto the glass surface. Contaminants that are particularly stubborn such as glue residues and paint or tar splashes should be dissolved only with suitable solvents such as spirit, petroleum ether or acetone, and then the sur- face should be thoroughly cleaned. In this process, it is particularly important to ensure that these solvents cannot attack or damage other adjoining organic components, sealing materials or the in- sulating glass edge seal.

WARNING Never use cleaning agents with abrasive or scouring ingredients, razor blades, steel spatulas or oth- er metallic objects. Cleaning with 00 grain steel wool is permitted. Change the cleaning implement and the liquid frequently to avoid the risk of washed-off dirt, dust and stand getting back onto the glass surface and scratching it.

Residues produced by the smoothing of sealing joints must be removed immediately, as they are virtually impossible to remove once they have dried out. Refer to and follow the manufacturer's/ supplier's specific cleaning instructions when cleaning solar control glass that is coated on the side exposed to the weather or anti-reflective display window glazing. 6.

6.2. Glass fracture

Glass as a supercooled liquid is classified as a brittle body that will fracture as soon as the elastic limit is reached. Such fractures can be caused by a wide range of factors.

When glass is handled, for example during assembly or transport, edge damage frequently occurs due to carelessness or inadvertent jolting. This damage weakens the glass and can subsequently lead to fracturing, even under comparatively low load. Likewise, modifications to the building or to the structure can exert unacceptable forces on the glass. These loads can also occur for thermal and structural reasons.

Application and Handling I 161 The cause of the fracture and the time of the fracture can occur at different times and can therefore easily cause the glazing to fail a long time afterwards.

It is therefore recommended to take out glass breakage insurance that covers breakage damage from the passage of the risk and benefit to the customer or from completed use of the glass unit by the end user.

LSG fracture HSG fracture

6.2.1. Glass fracture due to thermal shock

Avoidance of glass fracture due to thermal overloading Heavy and uneven heating up can lead to high stresses in the glass and in extreme cases trigger a so-called thermal shock, i.e. a glass fracture as a result of thermal overloading. Heat sources such as radiators, hot-air outlets, dark furniture, etc. should therefore be kept at a min- imum distance of 30 cm from the glazing. It is not permitted to paint or affix foil/decals to insulating 6. glass. Furthermore, partial shading should be avoided as sunlight may cause very high temperatures in some places. In sliding door systems with thermal insulation and solar control glass, direct sunlight can cause a build-up of heat in the panes that are positioned one behind the other when the system is opened; this heat build-up can also cause a thermal shock. The same problem is often also encountered in infrared-reflecting roller blinds or in curtains with inadequate air circulation.

Possible precautions Do not leave sliding doors or windows slid in front of one another in direct sunlight. Position dark furniture, upholstered seats etc. at least 30 cm from the glazing. Ensure adequate back-ventilation. Set up or operate shading devices (but avoid partial shading).

162 I Application and Handling Use TSG or HSG instead of normal float glass. This increases the temperature change resist- ance. Glass fracture due to the effects of temperature can be eliminated by this measure. WhereTSG or HSG cannot be used for technical reasons , we recommend that the edges be ma- chined and the cavity ventilated.

6.2.2. Spontaneous failure of TSG

During glass production both in the float process and with drawn glass, tiny crystals of nickel and sulphur, so-called nickel sulphide inclusions, can appear in the glass. Bubbles, eyes and stones are extremely rare, but due to their size and the optical change (corona) are usually clearly discernible. The situation is different with tiny nickel sulphide inclusions (NIS). They are usually less than 0.2 mm in size and are therefore not visually discernible. Under temperature stress, these NIS inclusions, if they are in the tensile stress zone of the TSG, change their state (allotropic transformation) and so become much larger. That can give rise to a very large increase of stress in the glass and in extreme cases to glass fracture without external influence. This glass fracture is called “spontaneous failure”, but can only occur in TSG and HSG. It occurs extremely rarely and can occur even up to 10 years after production.

A very good protective effect against the occurrence of spontaneous failures is achieved with the heat-soak test (HST for short).

Heat-soak test (HST) To prevent spontaneous fractures, TSG is subjected after manufacture to heat soaking in ac- cordance with EN 14179. This is mandated for back-ventilated facade panels serving as external enclosures. Here the panes are soaked in the furnace at a mean furnace temperature of 290 °C (± 10 °C) and maintained at this temperature. TSG panes with nickel sulphide inclusions are already destroyed and eliminated by this test before delivery. However, 100 % reliability is not possible.

Glass fracture as the result of a spontaneous failure is not covered by the warranty.

6.2.3. Sratches on and fracture of insulating glass 6. Loading, transporting and offloading of glass Many windows and window doors are fashioned in insulating glass in residential and office buildings and in hotels. Also, special glass in internal walls and glass sliding doors is sometimes used in different buildings. Today there are virtually no limits to the use of glass in building construction, interior finishing and modern furniture construction.

To prevent glass damage, some safety precautions must be taken when transporting these glass elements by truck from the insulating glass manufacturer to the user or to the construction site. Personnel can also avoid injuries during loading and offloading by taking appropriate technical meas- ures and wearing suitable gloves. Subsequent handling in the workshop or on construction sites can vary greatly, depending on the size, weight and use of the glass element.

Application and Handling I 163 6.2.4. Glass fracture in sliding doors and windows

Avoidance of glass fracture in sliding doors and windows Thermal insulation glass with low-e coatings are today used as standard in sliding doors and win- dows. Under certain conditions, glass fracture due to overheating may occur when these window elements are operated.

Insulating glass with low-e coatings has a high thermal insulation capacity. The glass transmits short-wave solar radiation almost unhindered, while long-wave radiation such as heat is reflected, i.e. not transmitted. This physical interaction can under certain circumstances produce an unpleas- ant effect with sliding windows or sliding doors. If the elements are slid over one another and ex- posed to the blazing sun for a longer period of time, the space between the sliding elements can heat up to such an extent that the pane fractures as a result of thermal shock.

The following precautions can be taken against such a fracture due to thermal shock: Do not leave sliding doors or windows slid one in front of the other in direct sunlight Set up or operate shading devices

If sunlight is unavoidable: Use TSG-H or HSG instead of a normal float glass. This increases the temperature change resistance. A glass fracture due to the effects of temperature can be ruled out by this measure. Where TSG-H or HSG cannot be used for technical reasons, we recommend that the edges be arrissed and the cavity ventilated.

6.2.5. Assessment of glass fractures

Glass as a supercooled liquid is a brittle body that does not permit any significant plastic deformation (like steel for instance), but will fracture as soon as the elastic limit is reached. Due to the high pro- duction quality, there are practically no internal stresses in float glass. Glass fracture and so-called stress cracks can therefore be traced back exclusively to external mechanical and/or thermal influ- ences and are not covered by the warranty.

6. (It is therefore recommended to take out glass breakage insurance from the passage of the benefit and risk to the customer or from completed use of the glass unit by the user.)

164 I Application and Handling Typical fracture patterns of fl at glass

6.2.5.1. Glass fractures due to direct impact, shock, thrown objects or bullets

In response to a hard, short and swift impact, the crack pattern will show either a smoothly pier- ced hole or a hole with a radial pattern around it.

Shock load

6.2.5.2. Glass fractures due to bending stress, pressure, suction, tension and load Clamping or tensioning the pane at a single point can cause it to fracture. This can be identifi ed from the fact that the crack originates from these points. Simple or continuous cracks are produced for the most part in response to torsion or tension.

Crack emanating from a single point Radial cracks emanating from a single point

6.

Impact effect Clamping cracks where the pane Tension or torsion was clamped too forcefully into the frame structure.

Application and Handling I 165 6.2.5.3. Glass fractures due to local heating or formation of deep shadows In the event of local heating or the formation of deep shadows on the pane surface, the crack direction is repeatedly diverted and adopts an irregular course.

Branching of the crack pattern due to local heating, Branching caused by affi xed fi lm material e.g. by a radiator or sunlight, painting or affi xed fi lm.

Pane fracture caused by bulging of the glass in the event of temperature and pressure variations in the cavity, wind pressure, water pressure, etc.

Further information can be found in the book “Glasschäden” (Glass Damage) by Ekkehard Wagner (ISBN 978-3-7783-0818-9)

6.

166 I Application and Handling 6.3. Optical phenomena

6.3.1. Natural colour

Glass products exhibit natural colours which are produced by the raw materials and which can be- come more apparent with increasing thickness. In addition, coated glass is used for functional rea- sons. Even coated glass has a natural colour. This natural colour may be more or less apparent when looking through and/or onto the glass.

Variations in the colour impression are possible and unavoidable due to the content of iron oxide in the glass, the coating process, the coating and changes in the glass thickness and the pane structure. Some finished glass likewise exhibits colorations that are inherent to the product, e.g. tempered and partially tempered glass. See EN 12150-1 or EN 1863-1.

Natural colour of EUROWHITE NG 6 mm (extra-white float glass) and EUROFLOAT 6 mm

6.3.2. Colour differences of coatings 6.

For an objective assessment of the colour differences in coatings, measurement and/or inspection of the colour differences under previously defined conditions (glass type, colour, light source) is required.

6.3.3. Visible area of the insulating glass edge seal

In the visible area of the edge seal, i.e. outside the clear glass surface, production-related marks may be visible in the glass and spacer element areas of insulating glass. These marks may become visible if the insulating glass edge seal is not covered on one or more sides as part of the design. Permissi- ble deviations in the parallelism of the spacer element(s) relative to the straight glass edge or relative to other spacer elements (e.g. in triple thermal insulation glass) are a total of 4 mm for a limit edge length of 2500 mm and a total of 6 mm for longer edges.

Application and Handling I 167 In double-pane insulating glass, the tolerance for the spacer element is 4 mm for a limit edge length of 3500 mm and 6 mm for longer edges. Typical edge seal marks may become visible if the insulating glass design means that the edge seal is not covered.

Specific frame structures and edge seal designs for insulating glass must be matched to the respec- tive glazing system.

6.3.4. Insulating glass with internal muntins

Climatic influences (e.g. double-pane effect) and shaking or manually induced vibrations can cause rattling noises at times in muntins.

Visible saw cuts and minor peeling of paint in the cutting area are caused during production.

Deviation from perpendicularity and offset within the field division must be assessed in consideration of the tolerances for production and installation and according to the overall impression.

Effects caused by temperature-related changes in the length of muntins in the cavity generally can- not be avoided. Production-related offset of the muntins cannot be completely prevented.

6.3.5. Interference phenomena (Brewster fringes, Newton rings)

Isolated instances of interference can appear on multi-pane insulating glass. This phenomenon is based on the mutual effects of beams of light and on the exact plane-parallelism of the float glass planes, which is essential to a distortion-free view. Interference consists of rings, stripes or spots of greater or lesser intensity which become visible in the spectrum colours. They are displaced by sim- ple finger pressure to the pane surface. Interference phenomena do not in any way impair the view or even the function of insulating glass; they are a physical fact and therefore cannot give rise to a cus- tomer complaint. Interference can in certain cases be made to disappear by turning or slightly changing the inclination angle of the insulating glass.

6.

168 I Application and Handling 6.3.6. Insulating glass effect (double-pane effect)

High outside pressure Low outside pressure

Insulating glass has an air/gas volume enclosed by the edge seal. The state of this volume is essen- tially determined by the barometric air pressure, the altitude of the production facility above mean sea level (m.s.l.) and the air temperature at the time and at the place of manufacture. Installing insu- lating glass at other altitudes, with temperature variations and fluctuations in the barometric air pressure (high and low pressure), necessarily induces concave or convex bulging of the individual panes and thus optical distortions.

The extent of the deformations depends on the rigidity and the size of the glass panes and on the width of the cavity. Small pane dimensions, thick glass and/or small cavities reduce these deforma- tions considerably.

Multiple reflections of varying intensity can also occur on glass surfaces. These reflections can appear more pronounced if, for example, the background to the glazing is dark.

This phenomenon is a law of physics. 6.

6.3.7. Anisotropies (irisation)

Anisotropies are a physical effect in heat-treated glass. The tempering process introduces different stresses in the glass cross-section. These stress fields induce a double refraction in the glass which is visible in polarised light. When thermally tempered soda-lime toughened safety glass is viewed in polarised light, the stress fields become visible as coloured zones, which are also referred to as “polarisation fields” or “leop- ard's spots”.

Polarised light is present in normal daylight. The extent of polarisation is dependent on the weather and the solar altitude. The double refraction is more noticeable from a glancing perspective or through polarised glasses.

Application and Handling I 169 6.3.8. Formation of condensation

6.3.8.1. Condensation on external surfaces of panes (formation of dew water) Condensation (dew water) can form on the outer glass surfaces when the glass surface is colder than the adjacent air and at the same time there is a high degree of moisture in the air (example: misted car windows).

Formation of dew water on the outer surfaces of a glass pane is determined by the Ug value, the humidity, the air flow, and the inside and outside temperatures.

The greater thermal insulation of modern insulating glass means that the outer pane heats up only slightly due to the fact that little energy passes from the inside outwards. At low night temperatures, the outer pane cools down additionally and can mist over in an atmosphere of high humidity. Conden- sation on the outside of glazing can be prevented with particular effectiveness with SILVERSTAR FREE VISION T. (See Chapter 4.2.7.)

6.3.8.2. Condensation on the room side Condensation tends to form on the room-side pane surface when the air circulation is impeded, for example by low soffits, curtains, flowerpots, window boxes, internally fitted solar control elements, poor drying-out, low room temperatures and by unfavourable arrangement of radiators and inade- quate ventilation.

Dew water forms when the interior humidity (relative humidity indoors) is high and the air tempera- ture is higher than the temperature of the pane surface.

Frequent ventilation helps to stop the humidity from rising.

When thermal insulation glass is used, condensation formation on the room-side surface under nor- mal conditions is a very rare occurrence, at most in the edge area.

6. Condensation in the edge area The edge seal creates in the edge area of insulating glass a zone with low thermal insulation, and thus lower surface temperatures and the corresponding risk of condensation. This problem zone can be practically eliminated with heat-insulating spacers, as are used for example in the ACSplus edge seal.

6.3.8.3. Dew point determination Misting of the room-side pane is dependent on the outside and inside temperatures, the relative humidity and the thermal insulation value of the glazing. The following table shows the critical sur- face temperatures at which condensation can form on the inner surface, as a function of the air temperatures and the relative humidity.

170 I Application and Handling Dew point temperature as a function of air temperature and relative humidity

Air tempe- Dew point temperature in °C rature in °C with a relative humidity of

30 % 35 % 40 % 45 % 50 % 55 % 60 % 65 % 70 % 75 % 80 % 85 % 90 % 95 %

30 10.5 12.9 14.9 16.8 18.4 20.0 21.4 22.7 23.9 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.1

29 9.7 12.0 14.0 15.9 17.5 19.0 20.4 21.7 23.0 24.1 25.2 26.2 27.2 28.1

28 8.8 11.1 13.1 15.0 16.6 18.1 19.5 20.8 22.0 23.2 24.2 25.2 26.2 27.1

27 8.0 10.2 12.2 14.1 15.7 17.2 18.6 19.9 21.1 22.2 23.3 24.3 25.2 26.1

26 7.1 9.4 11.4 13.2 14.8 16.3 17.6 18.9 20.1 21.2 22.3 23.3 24.2 25.1

25 6.2 8.5 10.5 12.2 13.9 15.3 16.7 18.0 19.1 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.2 24.1

24 5.4 7.6 9.6 11.3 12.9 14.4 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.3 23.1

23 4.5 6.7 8.7 10.4 12.0 13.5 14.8 16.1 17.2 18.3 19.4 20.3 21.3 22.2

22 3.6 5.9 7.8 9.5 11.1 12.5 13.9 15.1 16.3 17.4 18.4 19.4 20.3 21.2

21 2.8 5.0 6.9 8.6 10.2 11.6 12.9 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.4 18.4 19.3 20.2

20 1.9 4.1 6.0 7.7 9.3 10.7 12.0 13.2 14.4 15.4 16.4 17.4 18.3 19.2

19 1.0 3.2 5.1 6.8 8.3 9.8 11.1 12.3 13.4 14.5 15.5 16.4 17.3 18.2

18 0.2 2.3 4.2 5.9 7.4 8.8 10.1 11.3 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.4 16.3 17.2

17 -0.6 1.4 3.3 5.0 6.5 7.9 9.2 10.4 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5 15.3 16.2

16 -1.4 0.5 2.4 4.1 5.6 7.0 8.2 9.4 10.5 11.6 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.2

15 -2.2 -0.3 1.5 3.2 4.7 6.1 7.3 8.5 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.5 13.4 14.2

14 -2.9 -1.0 0.6 2.3 3.7 5.1 6.4 7.5 8.6 9.6 10.6 11.5 12.4 13.2

13 -3.7 -1.9 -0.1 1.3 2.8 4.2 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.7 9.6 10.5 11.4 12.2 6.

12 -4.5 -2.6 -1.0 0.4 1.9 3.2 4.5 5.7 6.7 7.7 8.7 9.6 10.4 11.2

11 -5.2 -3.4 -1.8 -0.4 1.0 2.3 3.5 4.7 5.8 6.7 7.7 8.6 9.4 10.2

10 -6.0 -4.2 -2.6 -1.2 0.1 1.4 2.6 3.7 4.8 5.8 6.7 7.6 8.4 9.2

Linear interpolation is permitted by approximation Source: DIN 4108-3, Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings, Part 3

Under the standard climatic conditions of 20 °C temperature and 50 % relative room humidity, the dew point temperature is 9.3 °C. If the surfaces are warmer, no condensation is to be expected.

Application and Handling I 171 6.3.9. Preventing disruptive reflections

LUXAR is an optical-interference coated glass which reduces reflections and glare to a minimum. With a reflection rating of less than 0.5 % magnetron-coated LUXAR spells the end for disruptive and annoying reflections. The anti-reflective effect works best when the observer looks square at the glass. If however the viewing angle changes, so too the reflection intensity increases gradually. The anti-reflective effect (the “invisibility”) of the glass is maintained up to a viewing angle of approx- imately 45°. The minimal reflection of the coating (at > 45°) exhibits a pleasant blue to blue-violet colour. However, the reflection intensity remains significantly below the reflection of standard glass, i.e. reflection is also improved here. Further product information in Chapter 4.4.

Cathedral treasure vault, Cologne

6.

172 I Application and Handling 6.4. Product-specific application directions

6.4.1. Handling/processing guidelines for thermal insulation glass from the SILVERSTAR product family, manufactured by:

Euroglas GmbH Euroglas Polska SP. z o.o SILVERSTAR SILVERSTAR Dammühlenweg 60 Osiedle Niewiadów 65 39340 Haldensleben 97225 Ujazd Germany Poland

These handling and processing guidelines for thermal insulation glass apply to the following prod- ucts:

SILVERSTAR ENplus SILVERSTAR EN2plus SILVERSTAR TRIII SILVERSTAR TRIII E SILVERSTAR ZERO

Revision number 20130925-01.2

6.4.1.1. Transport and packaging

The packaging and delivery of coated glass described here refer to deliveries inside Europe under typical climatic conditions. Deliveries outside Europe, particularly for ocean transports, are covered by separate instructions and directions.

Transport Coated glass is usually supplied by special internal loader trucks. Here the glass is packaged either on 6. L-racks – offloading from one side, offloading on the left or right depending on the order A-racks – offloading from both sides.

Standard formats here are: Lehr end sizes (LES) Format: 3210 x 6000 mm Split lehr end sizes (SLES) Format: 2000 / 2250 / 2550 x 3210 mm Other sizes and possible tonnages by arrangement with the field service.

Application and Handling I 173 Position of the coating Depending on the order, the coating is dispatched either coating against suction cup or uncoated side facing suction cup. In both cases, an uncoated pane, the so-called protection sheet, protects the outermost coated pane.

The designations in this case are: Yellow – coating faces the suction cups Blue – coating faces the rack backrest

Separating the packs The packs, which usually weigh 2.5 or 5 t, are separated by spacers so that they can be removed from the rack with a suitable loading fork. These spacers are made from recyclable material and can be returned to EUROGLAS.

Separating the sheets within a pack A layer separator is accommodated between the individual panes. This powder serves to prevent contact between glass and coating and to separate individual panes.

Bonding The individual packs can, at the customer's request, be sealed all over with a special adhesive tape. Before this is done, desiccant tapes are affixed to the vertical sides to provide protection against moisture.

Further packaging variants, particularly for delivery to non-EU countries, in consultation with the external service.

Delivery The customer must see to it that the surface on which the L- or A-rack is set down is flat and free of other objects. For safety reasons, the set-down rack must not sway, rock or stand in an inclined position in which the packs are past 87° to the horizontal.

6. Before unloading the individual packs, the customer must perform a visual inspection of the deliv- ered glass. The purpose of this visual inspection is to identify obvious damage which was caused by the delivery process. This includes breakage damage, moisture between the panes and also incorrect number of sheets or incorrect product. Defects which are identified during the delivery must be recorded in the presence of the driver in the consignment note (CMR) accompanying the shipping documents. Always get the driver to counter- sign the consignment note. If defects are detected, the signed consignment note (CMR) must be sent to EUROGLAS.

174 I Application and Handling Offloading the packs The packs must be offloaded by instructed or trained staff in accordance with the relevant health and safety directives. Loading forks complying with the generally valid regulations must be used. The rests must be free of any contaminants, e.g. fragments.

Storing the packs The storage locations must have an angle of under 87°. For safety reasons, the pack to be stored must never be stored vertically or horizontally. At least two rests which do not damage the glass edge must be provided. The packs can be separated using the supplied spacers. The spacers must then be set up as they were when the glass was delivered.

It is essential to ensure that in the storage location – in the opinion of EUROGLAS this must always be a closed building – the coated glass is not exposed to direct sunlight. Glass that is exposed to direct sunlight is subject to the risk of thermal fracture. The storage location must be dry and the humidity must not exceed 60 %. The ambient temperatures in the area of the packs must not fluctuate to such an extent as to drop below the dew point. Ensure that no chemicals are used in the same building. Experience shows that substances such as hydrochloric acid or even hydrofluoric acid will destroy the coating within a very short space of time and over an extended distance.

Apart from the time designated for the actual delivery, coated glass must not be stored outdoors.

Storage life If all the above points have been observed in accordance with the stipulations, the storage life of the products on the customer's premises from the day of delivery by our carrier is for deliveries to the following countries: Austria, Benelux, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Swit- zerland, United Kingdom

for unopened packs with special bonding and desiccants: 6 months for opened or non-packaged packs: 2 months 6. In all other receiving countries not listed here in the European Union, the following applies:

for unopened packs with special bonding and desiccants: 4 months for opened or non-packaged packs: 2 months

No information given for outside the European Union and overseas, only by individual consultation between customer and EUROGLAS.

Application and Handling I 175 6.4.1.2. Handling

General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry special gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass.

Suitable clean suction cup covers must be used to avoid suction cup prints on the coating when when working with coating against suction cup. We also recommend that suction cup covers be used when processing packs that are supplied coating against rack. Suction cups usually contain softening agents that can leave prints/marks on the coating and on the uncoated side. These can be avoided or significantly reduced by using suitable covers. When working with glass, always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations.

Manually removing glass panes from a pack The suction cross-member used must be positioned such that it approaches the centre of the pack. The height of the suction cross-member to be positioned must be chosen such that the angle of the glass changes so as to reach 90° during transport. The suction cross-member should first receive a slight pull away from the pack. Take care not to pull the entire pack with it. Then the sheet can be moved slightly at the edges so that air permeates between the panes and the sheet to be removed works free. The sheet can then be lifted.

Avoid first pulling the glass up by the pack and then releasing the glass from the pack. This would cause scratches on the coating and on the uncoated side.

A glass clamp may also be used. The area in which the clamp has been engaged must not affect the subsequent optimisation and must therefore be removed.

Automatic destacking The timing of automatic destacking must be checked, particularly on initial delivery. Even when the panes are generally separated with a powder, the way in which individual panes are detached may 6. differ from supplier to supplier.

In the automatic destacking process, first detach the sheet from the next sheet and then remove. Avoid pulling the glass over the coating or vice versa. This would cause scratches on the coating and on the uncoated side.

6.4.1.3. Cutting the glass to size

General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry special gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. When working with glass, always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations. Always cut SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass with the coating side facing upwards! The cutting table must be free of glass shards.

176 I Application and Handling Cutting to size SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass can be cut and broken like EUROFLOAT. We recommend a highly volatile cutting oil for cutting (suitable for low-e coating). The choice of cutting oil depends on the respective sequence. If the edge coating has already been removed before the glass is cut, evap- oration can be significantly quickened on account of the temperature influence. In this case, a cutting oil must be used that in spite of edge coating removal flows 5 – 10 mm round the cut and is present until the cross-members are applied. If the edge coating is removed in the course of subsequent processes, the cutting oil can be more highly volatile. The cutting oil can also be used on EUROFLOAT.

When cutting, removing the edge coating and breaking the glass, ensure that, apart from the cutting wheel or the grinding wheel, no contact is made with the coating. Glass shards that get onto the glass when the cross-members applied must be removed. Do not remove shards with a broom or a brush as this would scratch the coating.

Cutting of models / manual optimisation Markings or identifications should wherever possible be made on the uncoated side or if necessary in the area of the cut on the coating side. Templates and cutting angles can be placed on top, but then should not be moved around on the coating. When using tape measures, make sure the metal part is not slid over the coating; this also applies when retracting the tape. Otherwise the same points as set out in Cutting to size apply.

6.4.1.4. Removal of edge coating

Directly when cutting to size Make sure that the grinding dust is sufficiently removed by suc- tion extraction. Grinding dust can cause scratches during in-house transport. At a later stage, the washing bristles may also pick up this dust and cause scratches. We recommend that the suction power on the cutting table be checked at regular intervals.

Manual edge coating removal 6. The general sequence is the same as that of the automatic process when cutting to size. The grinding dust must be removed before washing. We recommend dust extraction here.

Edge coating removal at the insulating glass line Here too the general edge coating removal sequence is the same as that of the automatic process when cutting to size. Grinding dust that is accrued must be removed directly. Carry-over into the wash- ing machine area must be avoided.

Application and Handling I 177 General The quality of edge coating removal must be assured in all cases, during cutting to size and subse- quently. The grinding process must remove all traces of conductive coating components. Only then can suitable butyl adhesion be ensured. This is important to ensuring gas-tightness and to prevent subsequent corrosion of the coating in the insulating glass. The test can be carried out with a stand- ard ohmmeter (continuity tester).

6.4.1.5. Storage

Fragment container EUROGLAS operates a fragment recycling scheme. Fragment containers are provided; these are filled and returned to the EUROGLAS plant. The glass held in each container must be unmixed (i.e. of a single type) and there must be no dirt or pollutants in the containers.

Setting down the cutting glass If the glass is not automatically transported for further processing to the insulating glass facility. Never pile small panes from an optimisation together, and then transport them stacked. Always set down panes individually.

General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry spe- cial gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. When working with glass always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations. Personnel should avoid coming into contact with the coating in the form of, for example, buttons, metallic parts (ballpoint pens), zip fasteners, etc. From a specific glass weight upwards, two persons should handle the panes.

Harp rack When placing glass in harp racks, make sure the separators (usually coated steel cables) between the individual compartments do not have any sharp-edged parts. The coatings on the cables must be regularly checked for damage and if necessary replaced. Make sure the coating on the glass does not 6. wherever possible come into contact with the coatings on the cables during loading and offloading.

A- or L-trestle When placing glass on an A- or L-trestle, bear in mind that the coating normally faces the worker. First set the glass down and then push it up to the other panes of glass. The panes must not be moved after this. If the panes do have to be moved, first tilt them accordingly and then move them individu- ally. The panes must stand firmly on the rack and must not be “wobbly”. The arrangement must be safeguarded accordingly to prevent the glass from falling over. The pressure here should be kept as low as is absolutely necessary.

At this point it should not be necessary to separate the individual panes with paper or cork as there is still acrylic powder on the panes.

178 I Application and Handling Intermediate storage It is essential that in the storage area – which in the opinion of EUROGLAS must always be a closed building – the cut and coated glass is not exposed to direct sunlight. Glass exposed to direct sunlight is prone to thermal fracture. The storage area must be dry and the humidity must not exceed 60 %. The ambient temperatures in the area of the cut panes must not fluctuate so far as to drop below the dew point.

Ensure that no chemicals are used in the same building. Cut-to-size SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass must be processed into insulating glass within 8 hours of being cut to size.

6.4.1.6. Insulating glass manufacture

General The coating must not be touched with bare hands. Personnel must always wear clean and dry special gloves to handle SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass. When working with glass, always adhere to the relevant health and safety measures which conform to the generally applicable regulations.

SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass is a glass that is categorised into Class C in accordance with EN1096-3. In the case of SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass, the coated side of the glass must always be facing the cavity. In the standard insulating glass design, the coating is applied in position 3. If the glass is triple insulating glass, the position of the coating in the structure is usually at posi- tions 2 and 5.

Placement of panes on the insulating glass line

General The worker must check the position of the coating. When assembling into standard insulating glass, introduce the pane with the uncoated side into the facility. If the edge coating has already been re- moved from the SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass in the cutting-to-size stage, the coating side is easily recognisable from the ground edge. If edge coating removal is performed in the next stage on the insulating glass line, the coating side can be easily recognised from the cut edge. Because the coating always faces upwards during cutting to size, the notches on the cutting wheel will also be on 6. the coating side. However, if it still is not clear which is the coated side, this can be ascertained using a coating tester or an ohmmeter.

Harp rack During automatic placement of glass onto the insulating glass line, make sure that the coated side does not come into contact with the separator. The same applies when the worker removes a pane from the harp rack. Touching contact on the coating side must be kept to a minimum.

A- or L-trestle When removing from an A- or L-trestle, first tilt the pane away from the stack and then remove it from the rack. Avoid pulling a pane upwards along the next pane. Ensure also that no panes are sim- ply pulled out of the stack. This will result in damage to the coating.

Application and Handling I 179 Placement of glass for triple insulating glass manufacture The customer must check whether the facility used is suitable for manufacturing triple insulating glass, since the coating in this case is aligned against the installation. Recommendation: check all the rollers that come into contact with the coating for ease of movement. The rollers should not be too hard, free of shards/splinters and not have any sharp-edged defects.

Washing The washing machine and in particular all the brushes must be in a clean state. Softened water must be used for washing. The water in the final and if possible also in the penultimate washing zone must satisfy the following requirements:

Conductance < 30 microsiemens Recommended water temperature 30-35 °C No detergent additives pH value 6.0 – 7.5

Soft brushes which are approved by the washing machine manufac- turer for use on soft-coated glass must be used in the preliminary and main washing zones. If this is not the case, the brushes must be lifted off (e.g. with magnet sensors). In this case the washing result may be poorer. To avoid scratches during the manufacture of triple insulating glass, all the brushes in the washing machine must be approved by the washing machine manufacturer for use on soft-coated glass.

Warning! Glass transport must not stop during the washing pro- cess, otherwise the coating will be damaged by the brushes.

Automatic glass thickness adjustment for the washing machine is essential. A fixed maintenance schedule is recommended. In addition, the 6. washing machine should be cleaned at regular intervals. It is also important to check the length of the bristles. If large glass panes are rarely manufactured, the bristle length may vary significantly over the entire brush from bottom to top. The bristle length should in this case be reduced to a uniform value accordingly.

180 I Application and Handling 6.4.1.7. Quality inspection and testing

Recommendation Customers who are working with low-e coatings for the first time are advised to inspect the glass after each work step. This enables flaws to be detected early and avoided. Workers must have their awareness raised and also receive appropriate training.

Acceptance criteria for flaws on coated glass EN 1096-1 EUROGLAS supplies the product SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass throughout Europe and all over the world. For this reason, the glass is produced in strict compliance with EN 1096 for coated glass. The testing described in this standard envisages the following:

Excerpt from EN 1096-1 The coated glass may be tested in store sizes or in sizes customised for installation. The pane of the coated glass to be examined is viewed from a distance of at least 3 m. The actual distance will depend on the viewed flaw and on the light source. Testing of the coated glass for reflection is conducted in such a way that the observer looks at the side corresponding to the outer side of the glazing. Testing of the coated glass for transmission is conducted in such a way that the observer looks at the side corresponding to the outer side of the glazing. For the test, the angle between the surface normal of the coated glass and the light beam that, based on reflection or transmission on the coated glass, faces the observer's eye must not be greater than 30°.

Acceptance criteria for flaws on coated glass

Flaw type Acceptance criteria

Pane/Pane Individual pane Homogeneity flaws/ Permitted as Permitted as long as visually non-disruptive blemishes long as visually non-disruptive Main field Edge zone Punctiform blemishes Not applicable 6. Dirt spots/pin-hole- shaped flaws > 3 mm Not permitted Not permitted

> 2 mm and ≤ 3 mm Permitted if not more Permitted if not than 1/m2 more than 1/m2 Clustering Not permitted Permitted as long as not in the range of vision Scratches > 75 mm Not permitted Permitted if they are more than 50 mm apart

≤ 75 mm Permitted as long as Permitted as long as the the local density is vi- local density is visually non- sually non-disruptive disruptive

Application and Handling I 181 Test arrangement, see EN 1096-1:2012-04 The assessment criteria can differ from country to country. It is the processing user's responsibil- ity to satisfy the quality requirements within the framework of statutory provisions, directives and guidelines.

Example For glass that is intended for the German market, the “Guideline for assessment of the visual quality of glass for the construction industry”, published by Bundesverband Flachglas, must be observed. The current status of this guideline at the time of insulating glass manufacture is always applicable here.

Legal information The information in this guideline makes no claim to be exhaustive. EUROGLAS has compile, to the best of its knowledge and belief at the time of writing, the most important stipulations and recom- mendations. EUROGLAS is not liable for information omitted from this guideline regarding the prod- ucts from the SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass product family.

The handling and processing guideline for thermal insulation glass, revision number 20130925-01.2, provided here supersedes, at the date of publication for the following products: SILVERSTAR Enplus SILVERSTAR EN2plus SILVERSTAR TRIII SILVERSTAR TRIII E SILVERSTAR ZERO the handling and processing guidelines listed in EUROGLAS Products and Data, 3rd Edition. EURO² GLAS reserves the right at any time and without prior notice to alter or supplement the content of the revision status.

This handling and processing guideline for thermal insulation glass does not cover ordering and handling coated fixed sizes. To obtain the relevant guideline for fixed sizes, please contact our field service. 6. 6.4.1.8. Recommendations

Use of cork pads as spacers Never place cork pads as spacers with the suction side on the coating; the softeners that they contain will leave an indelible mark on the coating. If necessary, cork pads should be placed at most in the edge coating removal area. In the case of finished insulating glass, we recommend that cork pads be placed on the pane facing the inside; in this way, these marks are only visible when the windows are cleaned. If cork pads are placed on the outside, they will be visible each time the temperature drops below the dew point.

182 I Application and Handling Stickers and labels The use of labels with acrylic adhesive is recommended. These can usually be repeatedly peeled off and leave only the slightest marks on the glass.

Float glass In the standard insulating glass structure, the uncoated side is usually installed on the outside. Rec- ommendation: always install the tin side of float glass in position 1.

Washing process Glass may, depending on the ambient conditions, be exposed to biological contamination. This is manifested in the discoloration of rollers. It may also be indicated by a slimy coating on the walls. A suitable biocide can be used here to counteract this contamination. An improvement to the surround- ing area can also be achieved by flushing the washing machine with a suitable chemical. Before using such a chemical, consult the machine supplier (washing machine and water preparation) to ascertain whether this is possible. EUROGLAS is not liable for any damage incurred in this connection.

Storage of coated insulating glass Insulating glass should, particularly in the summer months, never be exposed to direct sunlight or partial shading. This makes it highly prone to thermal fracture.

Identification of in-stock products To avoid mixing up SILVERSTAR thermal insulation glass types, we recommend that the supplied label be left on the last pane. The different SILVERSTAR thermal insulation products are not col- our-compatible with each other.

Identification of the coating (layer) side A standard continuity tester can be used here. A low-e coating detector manufactured by Bohle can also be used.

Identification of the tin side A UV lamp can be used to identify the tin side. TinCheck made by Bohle is also recommended. 6. Cutting pressure The cutting pressure should be checked at regular intervals directly at the cutting wheel. A suitable pressure pickup must be used for this purpose. For example, a suitable pressure measur- ing device is available from the company Silberschnitt.

Determination of insulating glass structures Glass thicknesses in the installed state can be subsequently determined for example using the Bohle Merlin laser.

Application and Handling I 183 6.4.1.9. Standards for glass in civil engineering and building construction

EN 356: Glass in building Security glazing – Testing and classification of resistance against manual attack

EN 410: Glass in building Determination of luminous and solar characteristics of glazing

EN 572: Glass in building Parts 1/2/8/9 Basic soda lime silicate glass products

EN 673: Glass in building Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) – Calculation method

EN 674: Glass in building Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) – Guarded hot plate method

EN 1096: Glass in building Parts 1-4 Coated glass

EN 1279: Glass in building Parts 1-6 Insulating glass units

EN 1863: Glass in building Part 1/2 Heat strengthened soda lime silicate glass

EN 12150: Glass in building Part 1/2 Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass

EN 12543: Glass in building 6. Parts 1-6: Laminated glass and laminated safety glass

EN 12600: Glass in building Pendulum tests - Impact test method and classification for flat glass

EN 13363: Solar protection devices combined with glazing Part 1/2 Calculation method

EN 20140-3: Acoustics Measurement of sound insulation in buildings and of building elements Part 3: Laboratory measurement of airborne sound insulation of building elements

184 I Application and Handling DIN 1055-5: Design loads for buildings, live loads, snow load and ice load

DIN 1249-10: Flat glass in building – Chemical and physical properties

DIN 4102: Fire behaviour of building materials and building components

DIN V 4108-4: Thermal protection and energy economy in buildings

DIN 4109: Supplement 1 / A1: Sound insulation in buildings

DIN 18032-3: Testing of safety against ball throwing - Sport halls; halls for gymnastics, games and multi-purpose use

DIN 18516 Part 4: Non-loadbearing, external enclosures of buildings, made from tempered safety glass panels; requirements and testing

DIN 18545: Sealing of glazing with sealants Parts 1–3

DIN 52210: Airborne and impact sound insulation

DIN 52294: Determination of the load of desiccants in multi-pane insulating glass

DIN 52460: Sealing and glazing – Terms

DIN 52611: Determination of thermal resistance of building elements

DIN 52612: Testing of thermal insulating materials; determination of thermal conductivity by means of the guarded hot plate apparatus

DIN 52619: Determination of the thermal resistance and the thermal transmission coefficient of windows 6. DIN 53122: Determination of water vapour transmission

DIN 58125: Construction of schools Constructional requirements for accident prevention TRLV: Technical rules for the use of linear supported glazing

Full text extracts and further standards pertaining to glass in building can be found for example at www.beuth.de

Application and Handling I 185 6.4.2. SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T solar control glass

6.4.2.1. General

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T is a temperable solar control glass. There are four different colour-nu- anced coating designs: SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP Neutral 50 T , Blue 50 T, Blue 30 T und Silver 20 T. For each colour type, the optical and radiation physics values between tempered and non-tem- pered SUNSTOP T glass are very similar.

Note: SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T Blue 50 T and SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T Neutral 50 T can, depending on the lighting situation, be very hard to distinguish by eye. It is recommended that neat and clear-cut identification or labelling be assured before and during work, as otherwise there is a risk of mix-ups.

Technical data The optical and radiation physics values of the SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T coatings are altered during the tempering process. The technical data depend not only on the coating, but also on the entire pro- cess sequence, including storage, cutting, edge finishing, washing and in particular tempering. When this process sequence is under control, the optometric data are within the tolerance limits.

Quality inspection and testing During the production process, EUROGLAS continuously checks the optical and electrical values of the non-tempered SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T coatings. From each production campaign, random samples are taken, tempered and then tested in the laboratory for their optometric and mechanical properties: I Colour values (L, a*, b*) for reflection and transmission I Electrical surface resistance of the function coating I Haze I Mechanical load capacity I Chemical load capacity

EUROGLAS thus creates the ideal conditions for reproducibility of the tempered solar control glass.

6. 6.4.2.2. Tempering process requirements

Basic principles With heavily reflecting solar control glass, even small scratches might already be visible. The glass must therefore be handled with appropriate care: in particular, the coated side should not be touched unless this can be avoided. Compared with normal solar control glass, a complicating factor with temperable solar control glass is that even minor damage or impurities on the coated side which are barely visible to the naked eye can be much more conspicuous after tempering.

186 I Application and Handling Time spans and storage For temperable solar control glass, we recommend the following time spans: Storage until processing: < 12 months Storage as cut and fixed size: < 24 hours

Handling and transport SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T is a really robust and durable product. If there are nevertheless marks such as fingerprints or suction cup marks on the tempered glass, the following rules should apply:

I Avoid touching the coating side. I If it is essential to pick up the temperable solar control glass by its coating side, the suction cups used must be either very well cleaned and degreased or have suitable protective covers. I Use clean and soft gloves for manual handling.

After cutting, the glass can be transported sheet against sheet, as there are still separating agents on the glass surface; however, at the latest after washing the glass sheets must be stacked with cardboard or paper interleaves or cork or plastic spacers!

Cutting unit Cutting oil residues adhere to the coating, and in some cases may be impossible to remove complete- ly in the washing machine, therefore becoming visible again as spots after tempering. In any event, the time between cutting and edge finishing should be kept as short as possible.

Edge finishing and washing after tempering After edge finishing, the glass must be washed without delay. It must be ensured that residues from edge finishing cannot dry onto the glass surface before washing. Furthermore, the glass should be rinsed off with sufficient water so that any glass dust is completely removed before the brushes start polishing. A high water quality is of crucial importance, and regular cleaning of the washing unit is an essential feature of this. The glass must be absolutely clean, meaning it emerges from the washing machine cleaned of all residues from packaging (acrylic powder), cutting (oil), edge finishing (glass dust) and absolutely dry.

6.4.2.3. Tempering furnace 6.

General In any event, the glass is transported through the facility, heated and tempered with the coating side (= fire side) upwards. As a general principle, a normal float glass program can be used for the tempering process in a first step.

Application and Handling I 187 The solar control coating can be destroyed by excessively high temperature stress or by over-long heating-up times. It is important to heat the glass to the lowest possible tempering temperature, to initiate an optimum tempering process. The furnace temperature should not exceed 700 °C here.

SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T can be tempered up to a thickness of 19 mm.

Convection assistance SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T can be tempered in furnaces with or without convection assistance.

Cleaning the tempering system A clean furnace is a further important factor in the successful tempering of SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T. It is recommended to operate the furnace system without or with only with a minimum supply of

SO2 (sulphur dioxide gas). Before tempering the solar control glass, the ceramic furnace rollers can be cleaned, for example with a few batches of structural glass, hence picking up dust particles inside the furnace system. It must also be ensured that there are no more glass particles in the tempering station that could get blown onto the glass during the blowing-off process.

Heat-soak test In the heat-soak test, it must be ensured that the spacers are not pressed too hard by the weight of the glass onto the coating side, as this can leave marks which can no longer be removed. For further details, see EN 14179-1.

Quality inspection and testing The tempered solar control glass can be visually assessed for flaws prior to further processing, in accordance with EN 1096-1.

Packaging If SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T is not immediately processed further on the spot after tempering, it must be carefully packaged for further transportation. There must always be an interleaf between the glass sheets, but not cork spacers if possible. SILVERSTAR SUNSTOP T can be bent with radii of up to 2000 mm, either convex or concave, and as float, toughened safety or heat-strengthened glass. Suc- 6. cess and possible tighter radii depend however to a great extent on the bending process. Bendability should be confirmed with tests in each individual case.

6.4.3. Technical directions for using thermal insulation and solar control glass

Assessment criteria for solar control insulating glass and solar control balustrade panels The coated glass is assessed in accordance with EN 1096-1.

188 I Application and Handling Colour consistency in the outward appearance For production reasons, absolute identical matching of coated glass panes in colour and/or reflec- tance, both in their outward appearance and when looking through them, is not always possible: this applies in particular to subsequent orders. If glass is ordered for a building over a lengthy period, this must be made known to the manufacturer at the very start of the order so that divergences in the colour impression can be minimised. An essential factor for maximum colour consistency is of course always installing the glass in the direction we suggested.

Flatness Slight discrepancies in flatness may arise both during processing and due to the double-pane effect. Deformations of the glass surface which lead to a slightly altered mirror image do not constitute grounds for complaint. To reduce the double-pane effect, we recommend that you choose a slightly thicker outer reflecting pane. Slight deformations due to technical factors are possible in the case of heat-strengthened glass. These do not consitute grounds for complaint.

Technical values All the technical values have been determined within the framework of testing by independent test institutes in accordance with the relevant standards. If other institutes arrive at a different result, this result carries no weight with us; only the result of the test by an institute commissioned by us carries weight.

Thermal fracture risk Thermal fracture is an overstressing of the glass by different temperatures acting on the same glass surface. Solar control glass is at greater risk from such overstressing than clear glass due to the fact that it absorbs and is therefore heated by a certain amount of solar energy. The risk of fracture is virtually eliminated by thermal tempering into toughened safety glass (TSG).

For glass combinations that exhibit a radiation absorptance of more than around 50 %, the solar control glass should always be tempered.

Partial shading Glass that is partially shaded and partially exposed to the sun is subject to a certain thermal fracture 6. risk. The extent of the risk crucially depends on the type of shading. A significant risk exists if for example less than 25 % of the surface of a piece of glass is shaded, but the shaded zone covers more than 25 % of the glass perimeter.

Apparent defects during processing into insulating glass The following are excluded from the assessment and do not constitute grounds for complaint: I Interference phenomena I Double-pane effect I Anisotropies I Multiple reflections I Condensation on the outer surfaces of insulating glass

Application and Handling I 189 6.4.4. Milky coatings on insulating glass

Milky outer coatings on insulating glass occur above all in the transition periods in spring and au- tumn. They are caused by the different degrees of evaporation of building materials.

Description and analysis Insulating glass exhibits a recurrent coating that is easily removed by cleaning, but becomes visible again after a short time. This contamination is, according to analyses by EMPA (test report no. 415681 of 22 December 2000), a type of precipitation that is increased by the normal environmental pollution contained in the air. The evaporation of different building materials causes the formation of a kind of undercoat that promotes this contamination. If the glass has a label, the contamination is much lower because an “undercoat” is unable to form. Such precipitation is visible above all in appropriate weather conditions, i.e. high relative humidity and/or high dust content in the air. The glass therefore does not exhibit any defect because envi- ronmental influences are the cause of the problem. Regular cleaning reduces the dust propensity to such an extent as to virtually eliminate the precipitation of environmental pollution on the pane.

6.4.5. Plant growth behind thermal insulation glazing

Analyses have clearly shown that particularly the visible component of solar radiation (between 380 and 780 nm), i.e. light, is very important for the growth of plants. This radiation range is used by plants for photosynthesis.

6.

190 I Application and Handling In thermal insulation glass, the coating does change the spectral transmittance of solar radiation, but this affects primarily the infrared range, which is less important to the growth of plants. Light transmission is only marginally reduced in comparison with normal insulating glass.

However, a further radiation component, UV radiation, is important for monitoring plant growth, and it too is only slightly altered by thermal insulation coatings.

Plants generally flourish behind thermal insulation glazing, but it must be borne in mind here that it is not just the light transmission of the glazing that affects growth, but also other factors like room temperature, ventilation (CO2 content), humidity, insolation duration (orientation), intensity and type (direct or indirect) of sunlight, supply of water and nutrients, etc.

Good growth can be achieved in particular when all the influencing factors are optimised in accord- ance with the relevant plant type. Glazing with LSG is a special case. Conventional laminated safety glass blocks the transmission of UV radiation, depriving the plants of an important control mecha- nism and subjecting them to uncontrolled growth. This unwelcome development can be prevented by using special UV-transmitting LSG film.

6.4.6. FIRESWISS FOAM fire protection glass

Transportation, storage and packaging Transport, storage and packaging must be in accordance with the specifications of the manufac- turer. Glass surfaces that have come into contact with cement slurry or with liquid that has been in contact with cement slurry and then with glass surfaces must be rinsed off, but not rubbed clean, using clean water.

Failure to comply with the recommendations for transport, storage and cleaning can result in damage or – in the worst case – destruction of the glass product. EUROGLAS/Glas Trösch shall not accept any responsibility for resultant direct and consequential damage. The guidelines for assess- ment and handling of FIRESWISS FOAM are available at all times from EUROGLAS or Glas Trösch. 6.

Application and Handling I 191 6.4.7. One-way glass

We recommend clean and soft cotton cloth or chamois leather to clean one-way glass. Aque- ous, neutral and weakly alkaline glass cleaners without abrasive additives (permitted amounts of ammonia <5 % by vol. and organic solvents mix- able with water <5 % by vol.) such as "Flux" or "Ajax". However, the glass surface must under no circumstances be scraped with razor blades or cleaned with strong polishing compounds (please observe processing guidelines at www. luxar.ch).

1 % 12 % 20 % WC – View from outside WC – View from inside

6.4.8. Laminated safety glass

6.4.8.1. Edge zone on LSG The LSG films normally used are slightly hygroscopic, i.e. they absorb a certain degree of air mois- ture when the edges in the edge zone are freely exposed to weather conditions.

Depending on the weather situation (e.g. forest zone, frequent mist, etc.), there may be a slight detach- ment of film from the glass in the outermost edge zone (a few millimetres) – with the glass then taking on a matt appearance. These detachments in the outermost edge zone neither compromise the product's safety properties nor give rise to colour changes.

6. These detachments are inherent in the system and cannot be prevented. They do not constitute de- fects.

192 I Application and Handling 6.4.8.2. Laminated safety glass with UV protection The following points must be taken into consid- eration when laminated safety glass ( LSG) with UV protection is used: The special PVB fi lms used absorb 99.5 % UV light in the radiation range of 300 to 380 nano- metres. The values specifi ed by the supplier refer to a radiation intensity based on measurements of 150 to 450 metres above sea level. Higher UV transmissions must be expected if laminated safety glass is used at higher altitudes. This is the case because greater radiation intensities UV fi lm prevail at higher altitudes. From 380 nanometres upwards, highly photo- chemical rays become effective which can slightly impair the colours of displays (fading). Displays are faded fi rst and foremost by the visible radiation – the light, i.e. both by artifi cial light- ing and by the prevailing daylight. Neon lamps, spotlamps, etc. for lighting interiors also generate UV rays. In the boundary area of 300 or 380 nanometres, UV rays can affect the colour fastness and the tinge of the relevant displays and cause possible colour changes.

6.4.9. Assessment of view-restricting facades (SECO, work conditions)

Source of information for assisting in the assessment of various new forms of facade design as part of the construction permit process New facade elements and materials are increasingly being used in industry and offi ce architecture. These elements can also appear in the form of screen printing on glass, fi lms, wire grilles, perforated sheets, expanded metal or woven glass fabric for advertising surfaces. Typical of these new elements are transparent grid structures which are appreciated as aesthetic elements, as energy-saving el- 6. ements and as anti-glare protection. However, facade elements with grid structures which must ensure a clear and unrestricted view do not in practice meet the anti-glare protection requirements.

Likewise, the new forms of facade design obstruct a clear, unrestricted view. It is important to en- sure, particularly in rooms with permanent workplaces, that a clear and unobstructed view is en- sured as laid down in health and safety legislation.

It is advisable to already incorporate health requirements and aspects into the planning of building facades, in order to avoid expensive modifi cations and adaptations at a later stage.

Application and Handling I 193 7.

Lokremise Cultural Centre, St. Gallen, Switzerland 194 I Standards 7. Standards, Technical Regulations

Standard Standards help producers, suppliers and final consumers use goods on a daily basis and make it easier to handle such goods safely. Standards ensure that one thing matches the other.

Products are made comparable on the basis of standards since they are guided by the same frame- work conditions. This creates a general basis on which producers, suppliers and final consumers can rely.

The standards drawn up by agreement between the normative parties are checked before they come into force by a higher-level institution for their suitability, and so are above the interests of individuals.

Validity The standards are checked every five years to ascertain whether they are “state of the art”; if neces- sary they are amended and brought into force again along similar lines to new standards.

A standard is a recommendation and its application is voluntary. However, because legislators and authorities can declare standards to be binding in decrees (laws and ordinances), a standard achieves legal status in these cases (e.g. safety, health, environmental protection).

7.1. ISO international standards

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was founded in 1946 and is a voluntary or- ganisation based in Geneva whose decisions do not have the character of internationally binding contracts.

The purpose of the ISO is to promote standardisation around the world in order to promote the ex- change of goods and services and to develop mutual cooperation in different technical fields. DIN represents the standardisation interests of Germany in the International Organization for Standard- ization (ISO) (www.iso.org).

Examples of ISO members SNV Schweizerische Normenvereinigung: www.snv.ch DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung: www.din.de BSI British Standards Institution: www.bsi.org.uk AFNOR Association Fran“aise de Normalisation: www.afnor.fr 7. ANSI American National Standards Institute: www.ansi.org

Standards I 195 Examples of ISO standards ISO 31 Quantities and units ISO 216 Writing paper and certain classes of printed matter – Trimmed sizes ISO 868 Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness) ISO 2108 Information and documentation – International standard book number (ISBN) ISO 9000 Quality management systems – Fundamentals and vocabulary ISO 9001 Quality management systems – Requirements ISO 9004 Quality management systems – Managing for the sustained success of an organization ISO 9022 Optics and photonics – Environmental test methods ISO 14001 Environmental management systems

7.2. European standards

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the EU and EFTA have been commissioning the drafting of stand- ards which are intended to simplify the free flow of goods in Europe. These standards apply above all to tradable goods which can be installed in buildings. A European product standard outlines all the properties of the product which can substantially influence a building.

Standardisation organisations at the European level CEN - Comité Européen de Normalisation/European Committee for Standardization is responsible for European standards in all fields except electrical engineering and telecommunications (www.cen. eu).

Cooperation at the international level To elaborate international standards, the national standard organisations send experts to working groups (WGs) and subcommittees (SCs) of technical commissions (TCs), CEN and ISO. This guaran- tees a continuous flow of information with input by the national standard organisations.

Technical commissions for glass: CEN/TC 129 – Glass in building ISO/TC 160 – Glass in building

7.3. German / European standards (DIN EN) German Institute for Standardization (DIN)

Objective of construction standardisation 7. The objectives of European and DIN standardisation were completely different in the initial phase, even if today these objectives have in some cases been brought closer together. It is set out in the DIN statutes that standards are intended to be tools and means of communication in the exercise of professions. DIN therefore draws up standards “by experts - for experts” which collate in a self-con- tained way, briefly and succinctly all the relevant information on a field of topics – from communica- tion and project planning to choice of building materials and execution – and in so doing set forth the rules of architecture.

196 I Standards In contrast, the main objective of European standardisation is to avoid trade barriers caused by dif- ferent trade goods requirements. However, European standardisation continues to evolve and, be- ginning with the “Eurocodes” (the European building structure standards), is increasingly turning to services and the good of society. Today there exist, or there are in preparation, European standards on subjects such as the layout of business letters, services at hotel receptions and environmental influences caused by buildings. Some of these subjects could therefore technically fall entirely within DIN's remit.

Obligation to adopt European standards As a full member of the CEN, the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) is obligated to adopt all new standards. DIN supplements the European standard with a national title page and a national preface. The scope and integration of the standard are explained in this preface and reference is made to possible particularities in the application of the standard in Germany. Particular regulations or methods can be explained in a national annex (attachment). The ever-widening influence of Euro- pean standardisation is putting the national body of standards under intense pressure to adapt. The properties defined for the standardised products must be taken into account, but often whole terms must be redefined.

DIN has taken up this challenge and is allowing the new standards to filter down gradually into its body of standards. Sometimes European standards are also summarised or only partial aspects are standardised.

The German Institute for Standardization (DIN) is responsible for implementation in Germany. Stand- ards must be supplemented with a national preface when they are adopted. It must also be ensured that the purely national standards are in accord with the European standards.

Designation of standards in Germany The alphanumeric standard designation is used to determine the origin and level of the recognising institution. A distinction is made between international, European and national (German) standards. I DIN ISO Standard elaborated at the international level which has been incorporated into the German body of standards. I EN Standard elaborated at the European level which has been incorporated into the German body of standards. I EN ISO European standard adopted on the basis of an international standard which has been incorporated into the German body of standards. 7. I DIN German standard

Standards I 197 7.4. German standards

Deutsches Institut für Normung / German Institute for Standardization (DIN) In many areas of standardisation, there are country-specific characteristics which do not allow inter- national standards to be adopted. These special regulations are rapidly losing in importance due to globalisation and international trade.

DIN no. Year Title

DIN 18299 2012 German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: German general technical specifications for construction con- tracts (ATV) – General rules applying to all types of construction work DIN 18360 2012 German construction contract procedures (VOB) – Part C: German general technical specifications for construction con- tracts (ATV) – Metalwork DIN 4108 2006 Thermal insulation and energy economy in buildings - Thermal bridges – Examples for planning and performance DIN 4109 1989 Sound insulation in buildings; requirements and testing EN 12978 2009 Industrial, commercial and garage doors and gates – Safety devices for power operated doors and gates – Requirements and test methods EN 1627 2011 Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resistance – Requirements and classification EN 1628 2012 Pedestrian doorsets, windows, curtain walling, grilles and shutters – Burglar resistance – Requirements and classification EN 1990 2010 Basis of structural design EN 1991-1-1 2010 Actions on structures – Part 1–1: General actions – Densities, self- weight, imposed loads for buildings DIN V 18599 2013 Energy efficiency of buildings

The current and complete status of the collection of German standards can be downloaded from the German Institute for Standardization (DIN) at the link: www.din.de

7.

198 I Standards 7.

Standards I 199 Euroglas GmbH Dammühlenweg 60, D-39340 Haldensleben Tel. +49 3904 63 80, Fax +49 3904 63 81 100 [email protected]

Euroglas AG Euroglas Strasse 101, D-39171 Osterweddingen Tel. +49 3904 63 80, Fax +49 3904 638 41 50 [email protected]

Euroglas S.A Z.I. de Hombourg, F-68490 Hombourg Tel. +33 389 83 35 00, Fax +33 389 26 08 08 [email protected]

Euroglas Polska Sp. z o.o Osiedle Niewiadow 65, PL-97-225 Ujazd Tel. +48 44719 40 00, Fax +48 44719 49 99 [email protected] www.euroglas.com

204 I Table of Contents