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THE Official Magazine of the OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY OceanTEFFH O iciaL MAGAZINEog OF the OCEANOGRAPHYraphy SOCIETY CITATION Wadhams, P. 2010. Review of Ocean: Reflections on a Century of Exploration, by W.H. Berger. Oceanography 23(1):222–224, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.103. COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 23, Number 1, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2010 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. down LOADED FROM www.tos.org/oceanography BOOK REVIEWS Ocean: Reflections on a Century of Exploration By Wolf H. Berger, with contributions by haven’t been able to get a job there. So E.N. Shor, University of California Press, Berger’s bias can be excused. 2009, 519 pages, ISBN 978-0-520-24778-9, His survey is set at a fairly elementary Hardcover, $59.95 US. level, rather like those introductory textbooks of the 1960s that sit on the RevieweD BY PETer WADHAMS bookshelves of older oceanographers, but it says much for the rate of prog- I will always remember my first visit to ress of oceanography that it takes him Scripps Institution of Oceanography to 519 pages to give even a basic account see Walter Munk. It was a November (although I learned much from it). A lot lunchtime when I arrived at a sun- of the growth since those heady 1960s drenched Institute of Geophysics and days comes from marine geophysics and “Unravelling the Gulf Stream Puzzles” Planetary Physics (IGPP), perched on marine biology. The revolution in Earth starts with the origin and structure of its cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean. sciences from plate tectonics, the role of the Gulf Stream, but goes on to consider Walter was sitting in his bathing shorts geothermal vents, and the discovery of the dynamics of ocean current systems at the picnic table outside the IGPP cyanobacteria show how ocean science in general, paying generous tribute to the entrance. In the background, groups has massively expanded at both ends of work of Henry Stommel of the Woods of younger oceanographers passed by the size scale. Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), carrying surfboards. I had just arrived Berger begins with a brief history of Scripps’ deadly rival, as well as to that from a cold, rainy, miserable Cambridge, oceanography, then he gives “A Portrait of Walter Munk. This warm current England, and I gazed at the scene of the Ocean Planet,” a survey of the flowing north is then contrasted with a with amazement possibly tinged with ocean and its properties, in 28 pages. cold current running south, in “Sardines censoriousness. Seeing my expression, Fourteen more chapters then follow on and the California Current.” This chapter Walter smiled and said, “You don’t more specialized topics that are treated begins with the famous collapse of the have to suffer to do good science!” I in the same clear, simple, and enter- sardine fishery but goes on to deal with would like to suggest this as the official taining manner. “Life at the Edge of a upwelling processes and El Niño. motto of Scripps. Fertile Sea” deals with the coastal and “Meadows and Deserts of the Sea” To write a survey of oceanography intertidal zone, especially of California, deals with ocean productivity and the based mainly on work done by Scripps giving some recent insights to update the food web in the sea. “Of Whales and could be taken as presumptuous, for immortal work of Ricketts and Calvin, Sharks and Giant Squid,” coauthored this is what Wolf Berger has done in his Between Pacific Tides, first published in with E.N. Shor, is a fascinating account book Ocean. But of course it is not, for 1939. “Of Coral Reefs and Atolls” covers of the largest creatures in the sea. The much of the history of oceanography the tragic story of damaged and ruined authors are commendably coura- since 1903 is the history of Scripps. It reefs, showing how difficult it now is to geous in giving space to the evidence has always attracted the best oceanogra- find a pristine reef anywhere. for sea serpents and other possible phers because it combines a formidable “The Zen of the Beach” ranges giant creatures, referring to the work research ethic with a setting in one of widely, from the origin and fate of of Ed Bousfield and Paul LeBlond in the most beautiful places in the world. In beaches, drawing on the work of Scripps analyzing sightings of a creature they fact, one sometimes feels that there are scientist D.L. Inman, to the sources of named Cadborosaurus off Vancouver only two types of oceanographers: those swell, drawing on the work of Walter Island. “The Deep, the Cold, the Dark” who work at Scripps and those who Munk, and the history of sea-level rise. deals with life in the unlit depths of the 222 Oceanography Vol.23, No.1 ocean, from midwater fish with photo- dealt with in detail. “Abyssal Memories” a stream of consciousness artfully phores down to the benthos. “Seeing in takes us further back into climate history designed to look random. This construc- the Dark” introduces acoustic ocean- through the results of the Deep-Sea tion makes the book a pleasure to ography, starting with sounds created Drilling Project, which was originally read, as each chapter looks like a self- by fish themselves, and moving on to managed at Scripps in the 1960s before contained essay. Ocean also contains a the deep scattering layer and to seismic becoming a Texas A&M responsibility in useful set of appendices. refraction and reflection methods for 1985. The final chapter is highly specula- One of the delights of the book is investigating the seabed. Acoustic ther- tive: “Global Warming and the Ocean” the lengthy set of gossipy footnotes mometry of the ocean is described, but traces out the current controversies to each chapter, which expand on the the more general technique of ocean relating to the mechanisms of present personalities involved in the work and acoustic tomography, invented by Walter climate change, and the role of the ocean their interactions, and also direct us to a Munk and Carl Wunsch of MIT, is not. in the greenhouse effect. As has often mass of further books and reading. We This omits a development important to happened, a pioneering effort from learn, for instance, in Chapter 7, that Scripps (and WHOI), and also a unifying Scripps can be identified in the 1957 Carl Hubbs, a Scripps icthyologist, used trend in oceanography. Munk has drawn paper of Roger Revelle and Hans Suess to take his graduate students on field attention to the way in which acoustic on carbon dioxide exchange between trips in the 1940s, and forced them to oceanography and “normal” physical the atmosphere and the ocean, showing spend the evenings and nights sorting oceanography developed independently, that the ocean was not in fact capable of fish while allowing them to cook some for different purposes, and with different absorbing all the additional CO2 pumped of the specimens for dinner. Luckily, he ways of defining and looking at the phys- out by human action, but must result in prevented them from eating cabezon, ical nature of the ocean. Each has much a rise in atmospheric levels. This conclu- which he suspected of being poisonous, to learn from the other, and it is time to sion led to the Mauna Loa observations, and he and chemist Arne Wick then unify the two views. and the rest is modern history. experimented on cabezon specimens, “Mountains, Trenches, Sunken The epilogue deals with the future, finding that the roe killed rats and Islands” moves into Berger’s own terri- and what we can do to halt the warming guinea pigs while the flesh was harm- tory of marine geophysics. This chapter and pollution of the ocean and the less. One of Hubbs’ voyages was funded deals with the exciting history of how destruction of its ecosystems. It ends by the actor Errol Flynn, who quickly seafloor spreading was established as with a plea for public education in jumped ship to party in Acapulco a fact and the scramble to discover the Earth sciences, but equally a plea for while the scientists collected speci- arrangement and mode of operation of public education toward environmental mens, resulting in a movie called “The the tectonic plates that make up Earth’s stewardship, that is, toward a sense of Cruise of the Zaca.” Dipping in again, crust and that are most accessible and responsibility for the future of the ocean in Chapter 11 we learn that a fiendishly dynamic under the ocean. and the planet. “Without participation of dangerous electrical sound source for The later chapters bring us into newly a committed public, scientific knowledge seismic reflection, called the Rayflex developed areas of research where much will not translate into political action.” Arcer, was operated safely by the Scripps remains undiscovered and much else is This is a call for public action from marine technician Harold Sammuli only controversial. “The Ocean’s Memory of marine scientists. because his body was found to have an the Ice Ages” deals with the impact of the As shown above, although the book unusually high resistance to electricity. ice ages on ocean structure, and also the ends up covering most major topics in These historical snippets are absolutely role of the ocean in the descent into, and oceanography, it is not structured in fascinating and humanize the process of recovery from, the ice ages.
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