NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 152 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons

Original Article

Eccles’s Psychons Could be Zero-Energy Tachyons

Syamala Hari Abstract This paper suggests that mental units called psychons by Eccles could be tachyons defined theoretically by sometime ago. Although experiments to detect faster-than-light particles have not been successful so far, recently, there has been renewed interest in tachyon theories in various branches of . We suggest that tachyon theories may be applicable to brain physics. Eccles proposed an association between psychons and what he called dendrons which are dendrite bundles and basic anatomical units of the neocortex for reception. We show that a zero-energy tachyon could act as a trigger for (modeled by Friedrich Beck as a quantum tunneling process), not merely at a single presynaptic terminal but at all selected terminals in the interacting dendron by momentarily transferring momentum to vesicles, thereby decreasing the effective barrier potential and increasing the probability of exocytosis at all boutons at the same time. This is consistent with the view of tachyons, which treats them as strictly non-local phenomenon produced and absorbed instantaneously and non-locally by detectors acting in a coherent and cooperative way.

Key Words: exocytosis, quantum tunneling, tachyon, quantum potential, Bohmian Mechanics NeuroQuantology 2008; 2:152-160

1. Introduction1 some fundamental neural units of the Unlike many other prominent dendrons, and proposes that neuroscientists, Sir John Eccles (1903-1997) each of the 40 million dendrons is linked with rejected the notion of mind brain identity and a mental unit, or psychon, representing a developed a theory of the mind, known as unitary conscious experience. According to dualist-interactionism. In his book, How the Eccles, in willed actions and thought, Self Controls Its Brain (1994), shows that psychons act on dendrons and momentarily mind-brain action can be explained without increase the probability of the firing of violating the conservation of energy if selected neurons. Based on account is taken of quantum physics and the Friedrich Beck’s (Beck, 2008; Beck and Eccles, available knowledge concerning the 1992; Beck, 1996) quantum mechanical microstructure of the neocortex. Eccles calls analysis of bouton exocytosis, he proposes the hypothesis that mental intention (the volition) becomes neurally effective by Corresponding author: Syamala Hari momentarily increasing the probability of Address: 709 Margaret Court, South Plainfield, New Jersey, 07080, USA. exocytosis in selected cortical areas. Phone # 9087563311 e-mail: [email protected]

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NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 153 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons

A nerve impulse propagating into a potential (external potential plus the presynaptic terminal triggers a process called quantum potential also called the Bohmian exocytosis that causes opening of a channel potential) of a multitude of quasiparticles and and releasing transmitter molecules into the thereby enhancing the tunneling process synaptic cleft. Exocytosis is the basic activity across the whole dendron. that initiates information flow between In this paper, we consider a tachyon neurons in chemical synapses. It is triggered as a non-local object (but not a material with some small probability by an arriving particle), which can be associated with an nerve impulse. The detailed model proposed imaginary mass value and with waves which by Beck and Eccles (1992) is based on the are non-local in space but localized in time. quantum concept of quasiparticles, reflecting The author has held the view since a long the particle aspect of a collective mode. Their time (Hari, 2002; Vishnubhatla, 1985; 1986) proposed model refers to tunneling that thought processes in a brain involve processes of two-state quasiparticles, tachyons (faster than light objects) defined by resulting in state collapses. It yields a physicists sometime ago. Some intuitive probability of exocytosis in agreement with rationale for this hypothesis may be found in empirical observations. The quantum the stated references. Here, we adopt the treatment of exocytosis links the neocortical point of view that treats tachyons as strictly activity with the existence of a large number non-local phenomena produced and of quantum probability amplitudes (Stapp, absorbed by detectors in a coherent and 2007), since there are more than 100,000 cooperative way. A tachyon cannot be boutons in a bundle of dendrites called a created in one position to be later absorbed dendron. Eccles’s rationale for the or measured at another position; the tachyon hypothesis of mental interaction includes the must be created or absorbed over a region of argument that mental intention must be space, and therefore one cannot talk in terms neurally effective by momentarily increasing of time of flight from one position to another the probabilities for exocytosis in a whole (Shay and Miller, 1977). dendron and coupling the large number of probability amplitudes to produce coherent 2. Beck-Eccles Quantum Mechanical Model action because in the absence of mental of Exocytosis activity these probability amplitudes would In the Beck-Eccles (1992; Beck, 2008) act independently, causing fluctuating EPSPs quantum mechanical model of exocytosis, in the pyramidal cell. they adopt the following concept: In this paper, we suggest that the so preparation for exocytosis means bringing called psychons could be tachyons defined by the presynaptic vesicular grid into a physicists sometime ago (Bilaniuk et al., 1962; metastable state from which exocytosis can Feinberg, 1967; Recami, 1974). Theoretically, occur. The process of exocytosis is then the existence of tachyons is not contrary to modeled by the motion of a quasiparticle the principle of Relativity. Although with one degree of freedom along a collective experiments to detect faster-than-light coordinate q, and over an activation barrier. particles have not been successful so far, The motion is characterized by a potential recently, there has been renewed and keen energy V(q), which may take on a positive interest in tachyon theories (Recami, 1998; value before exocytosis according to the 2001; 2004; 2008; Recami et al., 1986; metastable situation, then rises toward a Giannetto et al., 1986) across a spectrum of maximum and acts as the barrier, which the research areas as diverse as quasiparticle has to tunnel through, and to astrophysics and string theory. In this finally drops to zero. This quantum paper, we suggest that tachyon theories may mechanical tunneling process consists of two be applicable to brain physics as well. We states: one in which the particle has not show how a zero-energy tachyon could act as crossed the barrier and exocytosis does not a trigger for exocytosis in a whole dendron by take place, and the other state in which the momentarily decreasing the effective particle crosses the barrier and exocytosis

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NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 154 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons takes place. Eccles hypothesizes that mental conformational change is described by Beck intention is responsible for the action of by means of a quasiparticle with a single selecting the state, where exocytosis occurs, degree of freedom, which represents the by momentarily increasing the probability of collective degrees of freedom along this exocytosis. The time-dependent process of motion. exocytosis is described by Beck and Eccles (1992: p3) by a one-dimensional Schrödinger 3. Zero-Energy Tachyon’s Electromagnetic equation for the wave function Y(q,t) , Field The Klein-Gordon equation for a free tachyon 2 æöћ2 having negative squared-mass − µ (where µ YYç ÷ 2 iћ¶tq(q,t)=-¶ç÷ (q,t) is a positive real number) is written as ç2M÷ (2.1) èø +V(q)Y(q,t) 2 ¶t D 2 (2 --=m)y x,t0 (3.1) c ( ) where ∂ denotes differentiation with respect to its suffix, M is the mass of the particle and where x is the vector (x, y, z), ћ is the Plank’s constant. In the following D 222and again, ∂ denotes sections, we show that a zero-energy tachyon =¶x+¶yz+¶ can trigger the crossing of the potential differentiation with respect to its suffix, c is barrier (in other words, collapse of the the speed of light in free space, quasiparticle wave-function to the state, andm= µc/ћ . Separating the time where exocytosis occurs) by momentarily dependence of y by writing transferring momentum to the quasiparticle y(xx,t)=¢yy( ) (t,) we get solutions (somewhat like giving it a push!) without any iwt e y(x) of equation (3.1), where y (x) exchange of energy. Thereby, the particle’s satisfies effective potential, that is, the external potential plus the quantum potential is Dy22222 decreased to a value below the particle’s [--k](x) ==0 and w /ck–m. (3.2) total energy and allows the particle to tunnel through the barrier. Being a field, the The frequency ω is real only for i(t–kx.) tachyon pushes all the boutons in the k ³ m; plane wave solutions e w where dendron at the same time! k=|k| and ω is real, are not a complete set in space because of this condition and a superposition of them cannot be localized in space (Feinberg, 1967). The phase velocity of such a wave ei(wt–kx.) is < c and group velocity of the associated wave packet is > c. On the other hand, a superposition of solutions i(t–kx.) e w of (3.1) with real ω can be localized in Figure 1. The stages of exocytosis (from Beck, 2008). Nt time. It happens that superposition of = molecules, vs = vescicle, pm = solutions of (3.1) corresponding to presynnaptic membrane. Influx of Ca2+ after depolarization by a nerve impulse opens the calcium nonphysical energies (imaginary ω) and gated channel. moments may be localized and propagate subluminally but we do not refer to such The decisive process for the release waves as tachyons in this paper. A tachyon’s of transmitter molecules is the opening of an interaction with matter is non-local ion channel in the presynaptic membrane. (Feinberg, 1967; Dhar et al., 1968; Sudarshan, The biophysical mechanism for this is 1970; Shay and Miller, 1978). A tachyon presumably a conformation change in the wave is a strictly non-local phenomenon in a electronic structure of the membrane. The dispersive medium produced and absorbed dynamics of this electronic process of instantaneously and non-locally by detectors

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NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 155 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons acting in a coherent and cooperative way current density and charge density are both (Shay and Miller, 1977). zero. In the frame of reference in which the DD2222 (-¶tt/c)Ā(xx,t)=0, (-¶=/c)U( ,t0) energy of a tachyon vanishes (and where the Moreover, Ā and U satisfy the Lorentz gauge quasiparticle’s motion is described by the condition: Ñ.Ā +1/c¶=tU0. Hence Ā and Schrödinger equation (2.1)), the tachyon’s ( ) momentum is equal to mc and instead of U= imj can be the vector and scalar being at rest, the tachyon moves with infinite potentials of an electromagnetic field. Note speed.2 The interaction of such a tachyon that the potentials Ā and U give rise to zero with ordinary matter would be to transfer no fields E and B because energy but all its momentum instantaneously Ñ in a manner analogous to a rigid body’s E =-U -(1/c)¶t Ā =0 and B ==curlĀ 0. transferring impulses instantaneously in a collision without exchanging energy Nonetheless, we will use U and Ā to describe (Sudarshan, 1970). In the following sections, the interaction of a solution of equation (3.3) we will show that a zero-energy tachyon’s with a particle of matter since these interaction with a dendron would result in potentials may produce observable effects transferring momentum to various boutons in other than and independent of the electric a dendron and thereby decrease the effective and magnetic fields also produced by them barrier potential and increase the probability (Aharonov, Bohm, 1959), in the present case of exocytosis in all its boutons. the electric and magnetic fields are in fact, A zero-energy solution of (3.1) zero. Like Beck & Eccles (1992), we assume 2 2 corresponds to frequency w = 0 and K=m , that the interaction of the tachyon (psychon) and satisfies the Helmholtz equation: with the dendron is momentary and take t=0 as the time of interaction. We find that at 2 DFF(xx)=-m.( ) (3.3) t= 0 the scalar potential imF(x) is purely imaginary whereas the vector potential Equation (3.3) has multiple linearly -ÑF(x) is real and therefore, a zero-energy independent solutions F(x) corresponding tachyon would only transfer momentum to a to a given value of m. Each solution charged particle but no energy. This is represents a field with zero energy and consistent with the well known roles of scalar capable of exchanging momentum with a and vector potentials: the scalar potential is a particle of matter. We take F x to be real. store of field energy, and the vector potential ( ) is a momentum potential (a store of field To describe the interaction of a field momentum available to charge motion) satisfying equation (3.3) with a particle (Konopinski, 1978). whose motion is governed by a Schrödinger equation, we associate an electromagnetic 4. Tachyon-Dendron Interaction field with a solution of (3.3) as follows. imct In the Beck-Eccles (1992; Beck, 2008) model, Consider the field j(xx,t)= e,F( ) and the the various boutons in a dendron, have four-vector probabilities of exocytosis that are à Ñxx,t,,t independent of one another. Hence, the =(-¶jj( ) t ( )) wave- function of all boutons together, is the where τ = ct. Writing Ā =-Ñj and product of their individual wave-functions, Uim, we find that equation (3.3) =¶=tjj and the Hamiltonian of the total system is the implies that Ā and U satisfy the following sum of the individual Hamiltonians; in other Poisson equations of the vector and scalar words, each bouton has its motion described potentials of an electromagnetic field whose by an equation of the form (2.1) with no term of interaction with any other bouton. 2 Even in special relativity extended to superluminal motions, Therefore, to describe the effect of the only the speed c of light in the vacuum is invariant, while the infinite speed is not invariant and it changes when changing electromagnetic potentials described above observer.

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NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 156 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons on each bouton, we will introduce the We note that on the right side of (4.1), necessary electromagnetic interaction terms Î j (ћ /i)¶qj corresponds to the particle’s into the equation (2.1) and the discussion canonical momentum and that follows will be applicable to any bouton imct Mjjv-ejj/ce Ar is its kinetic momentum. in the dendron. ( ) ( ) In terms of scalar and vector Hereafter, to simplify notation, we will drop potentials V and a, the following is the the suffix j while describing the motion of a Schrodinger equation in three dimensions of single bouton and write (4.1) as a particle with charge e and mass M Y¢ q interacting with the EM field defined by V and iћћ¶t (q,t)=¶(1/2M)[Î( /i) imct2 a: -eeAr()/c]Y¢(q,t) (4.2) 2 iћћY1/2Méù/iÑYe/cax,t [iemeimctFr+V(q)]Y¢ q,t ¶t =-( )ëû( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ++{eVV}Y To describe the tunneling process in In the present case of a bouton, the the language of Bohmian mechanics (Bohm, quasiparticle’s motion depends on a single 1959; Holland, 1996), we will write the wave- degree of freedom q given in equation (2.1). function Y(q,t) in equation (2.1) as The coordinate q is a collective coordinate iSq,t/ћ and may not necessarily be identical with one Y(q,t)=R(q,te) ( ) of its Cartesian coordinates x, y, z. Still, its position vector r==rr(q,tq) ( ) is a function of where R and S are real valued functions. q; we assume that r does not depend Equating the real and imaginary parts on both explicitly on time because the external sides of (2.1), we obtain the following two potential V of the bouton in equation (2.1) equations: depends on q alone. Hence, the terms 2 ¶tqS+¶S/2M+Q+=V()q0 (4.3) aeimctÑFFrr and V eimctim ( ) =-=( ) ( ) 22 RRS/M0, (4.4) ¶t+¶qq( ¶=) that enter into (2.1) have their explicit time imct where Qћ22R/2MR is called the dependence only in the factor e because =-¶( q) F(r) and ÑF(r) do not depend explicitly on quantum potential. Equation (4.3) is similar time. Thus, after the electromagnetic to the Hamilton-Jacobi equation of classical interaction with the tachyon field, the mechanics; therefore, -¶=tSE, the total equation (2.1) of the jth bouton in the energy of the particle, and ¶=qS the dendron changes to the equation (4.1) below, particle’s momentum. (4.4) is the equation of where qj is its degree of freedom: continuity relating the probability density R2 that the particle is at the position q at time t, iћ Y q,t 2 ¶=tjj to the probability current RS/M. Once ( ) (¶q ) 2 qj Y 1/2Mj[Îj(ћ /i)¶-ejArj/c]jjq,t (2.1) is solved for the wave-function Y q,t , ( ) () ( ) (4.1) ( ) + [iemeimctFr jj()+ the particle’s trajectories can be computed classically from V(qj)]Yjjq,t,j=¼1, 2, ., N. ( ) Mdq/dtS (4.5) =¶q or In the above equation, ej is the quasiparticle’s Md22q/dtQV(4.6) charge, Mj its mass, Îj is the unit vector along =-¶+q( ) its velocity vj, V(qj) is the value of an external by prescribing initial conditions. In (4.6) we potential of the dendron for q = qj, wrote V(q) as V for brevity and will do so ArÑFrat rr and N is the number of hereafter. At the first classical turning point ( jj)=-=( ) where the tunneling process begins, E=V and boutons that are candidates for exocytosis.

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NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 157 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons

Q=0; hence from equation (4.3), the particle’s 2 ¶tqS¢+¶S¢-eVA /c/2M+Q0¢+= (4.7) 2 ( ) kinetic energy ¶=qS/2M0 at this point. 22 ( ) ¶tqR¢+¶[R¢¶q(S-eeAÎ./c)]/M=¢mRF (4.8) When the potential V increases and becomes where Qћ22R/2MR. At t=0, >E, motion is classically forbidden. As long as ¢=-(¶q¢¢) the particle remains in the state of no equations (4.5) and (4.6) change respectively exocytosis, in other words, it has not crossed to the barrier V>E, the particle’s momentum ∂qS remains zero and the quantum potential Q Mdq/dtS=¶q ¢ (4.9) adjusts itself so that Q+V = E. Note that Q+V and cannot be >E because (∂S)2 cannot be 22 q Mdq/dt=-¶q(QV¢+ ) (4.10) negative. On the other hand, Q+V can be E; if so, equation (4.6) gives In (4.7), the first term ∂tS' = −E is total trajectories penetrating the barrier and energy of the particle and same as in (4.3) equation (4.3) gives a nonzero kinetic energy because the interaction does not involve 2 S/2M. Therefore, V>E and Q+V

A(rr)=-ÑF( ) we find that at t=0, the kinetic 2 energy is ((e /c)ÑF(r))/2Mand momentum is |eÑF(r) /c| which is acquired by the particle as a result of the interaction. Therefore, if ÑF(r)¹ 0 at the position r, then from (4.7), we have 2 Q¢+V=E-<((e /c)ÑF(r))/2ME. Equation (4.10) may be used now to determine the particle’s trajectory classically and permits trajectories to penetrate through the barrier. Thus, except at those points Figure 2. Quantum tunneling of the quasiparticle. where ÑF vanishes, the quantum potential acts to lower the barrier momentarily to Figure 2 above is the same as Figure 4 permit trajectories to pass through the from (Beck and Eccles, 1992) except that the barrier. Indeed, it turns out that for time of interaction is taken as t=0 in our sufficiently small m, the whole dendron will discussion. The dashed curve sketches be within a region where ÑF does not tunneling state through the barrier. At the vanish. This can be seen as follows. Assuming beginning (t <0), the wave packet is in the left that ÑF does not vanish at the origin (if not area. After time t the amplitude has a part we can change the origin to a point where left of the barrier and a part right of the grad F does not vanish by a translation of the barrier. ∂qS = 0 within the barrier. If the origin of co-ordinates), consider the tachyon interaction takes place when the coordinates x′=mx. Equation (3.3) when particle is at or within the barrier V > E, its expressed in terms of x′ becomes effect on equations (4.3) , (4.4), (4.5) and D¢FF¢(xx¢)=-¢¢( ). (4.6) can be obtained by substituting Since ÑFx=m Ñ¢F¢xx¢, ÑF¢¢¢does not Y q,tRq,teiS/¢ ћ ( ) ( ) ( ) ¢( )=¢( ) vanish at x′=0. Hence there is an r such that in (4.2), and equating real and imaginary ÑF x 0 in the region |x′|

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−13 −12 The solution F(x) may be assumed range 10 to 10 eV, from which an to have been normalized to satisfy the estimate of m can be obtained for the condition that the total momentum acquired quasiparticle at position r. Estimation of m is by all the boutons in the interacting dendron not important at this time but existence of a equals mc, the momentum of the tachyon single value of m which satisfies equation because the solution F x is given by (5.2) at multiple positions r (positions of N ( ) multiple boutons) is what validates the

proposed hypothesis of tachyon interaction FxmFxr/(N |ÑF |) N( )=å( ) j = 1j( ) with the brain. Note that both sides of (5.2) does satisfy the condition: are functions of r(q) while A(r) depends also N |ÑF r | m. on the tachyon mass m because it is the å=j=1Nj( ) gradient of a solution of the Helmholtz 5. How Is This Theory Verified equation (3.3) corresponding to m. Hence Experimentally? given a function V−E, existence of a value of So far, in the above sections, we have been m and an associated solution of (3.3) that describing only the theoretical possibility of a also satisfies (5.2) implies that exocytosis is tachyon’s interaction with a dendron triggered by the same tachyon field resulting in exocytosis at its multiple boutons simultaneously in all boutons of the dendron. to produce a strong enough EPSP (excitatory It turns out that the theory of partial postsynaptic potential) by a pyramidal cell. differential equations (Dautray and Lions, Clearly, unless there is a way to verify the 1990; Hazewinkel, 1989; Sumbatyan and theory by making measurements on the Scalia, 2004) assures existence of values for brain, the theory will be no more than a m and a unique solution of (3.3) that also speculation or hypothesis. Leaving a detailed satisfies (5.2) corresponding to each such analysis of such verification to a future paper, value of m. By considering a closed region here, we suggest a possible approach to such enclosing the whole dendron with all boutons verification. of the dendron lying on its boundary such After the momentary tachyon that the quasiparticles’ motions are along the interaction is turned off, the particle’s motion normals to the boundary at the reverts back to that described by equations corresponding points, that is, where the ion and (4.3) and (4.4) but with a different initial channels open, it is seen that equation (5.2) condition: at time t+δt the particle’s can be looked upon as a von Neumann boundary condition for the Helmholtz momentum is |∂qS|=|eA/c| where A=A(r), r being the particle position at time t+δt. equation (3.3). Hence a solution satisfying Therefore, after time t+δt, the equation (4.6) both (3.3) and (5.2) does exist. becomes 6. Why Tachyons and Further Work Md2q/dt22(QV(S))0. (5.1) =-¶qq+-¶£ The proposal that memory and thought in the Assuming that the interaction provides brain involve tachyons is based mainly on kinetic energy which is very small relative to 2 observed fundamental differences in the E, and therefore neglecting (∂qS) on the right behaviors of living beings and lifeless systems hand side of (5.1), we obtain a constant (Hari, 2002). These behavioral differences momentum |eA/c| for the particle for its include the following: journey through the barrier. Equating this to 1. The first observation is now well-known the momentum obtained by the WKB and discussed by Searle (1980) and may be solution of Schrodinger equation in the briefly stated as “Information in a living brain barrier region, we have is different from any of its representations eA/c=Ö-(2M(VE)). (5.2) used for its storage or communication”. Taking the effective barrier height V−E in the Whenever we refer to “information” in range 0.05 to 0.1 eV and the effective mass M physical sciences, it consist some form of of the quasiparticle between 2 and 10 matter or material energy and is merely a masses, |eA/c| is found to be in the representation of some “real” information

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NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 159 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons stored in a living brain. The meaning exists in the case of the brain, the trigger is only in the brain and not in any somehow created from within the brain. representation of it outside the brain. It is Again, if desires, motives, etc consist of possible that the meaning which is known to tachyons, then it would be possible for an be carried non-locally by systems of neurons action in the present to have a future state as may consist of tachyons which have a cause. Among the several papers written imaginary masses and non-local and thus on causality of or its violation by tachyons different from the ordinary matter and (for example, Sudarshan, 1970; Feinberg, energy obtained from matter. 1967; Recami, 1986; 1987), “Causality and 2. It seems that self-awareness in a brain may Tachyons in Relativity” written by Caldirola involve an infinite loop of writing information and Recami (1980) is particularly interesting into memory (Vishnubhatla, 1985), which in the present context. In the section with involves faster-than-light signal propagation title ‘Can a Tachyonic Observer Inform Us and which even quantum computers cannot about Our Future?’ of this paper, the authors do. Although at present, it is not established conclude that a tachyonic observer can in brain science that faster-than-light signal convey to an ordinary observer the effects on transmission takes place, in this author’s a future event E of the anti-signals (negative view, presence of tachyons in the brain and energy signals) sent by himself to E so as to their interaction with neurons would allow physically influence E. To me, this seems to the brain to complete such an infinite loop of be how we think when we try to achieve a writing information into its memory. goal whatever it may be; we first think about Actually, since Jibu and Yasue (1997) the effects on the future event of present published their theory of the dynamically actions and then act. ordered region of water realizing a boson Clearly, the scope of further work is condensation of evanescent photons inside vast. A theory of tachyon interaction with and outside biological cells, there is ongoing matter needs to be developed and more so in discussion (Georgiev, 2006) of tunneling the context of the neuron environment of the (evanescent) photons propagation within the brain. tunneling region with infinite speed. One possible method of experimental However, it has to be noted that these detection of tachyon waves in a brain would tunneling photons are associated with non- be to verify the existence of the dispersion vanishing real mass and different from the relation of the form in equation (3.2) for tachyons discussed above. electromagnetic fields of the brain. Since at 3. Our actions almost always have a desire, present, EEG is the primary means by which urge, purpose, motive, etc. as their basis. We electric and electromagnetic activities in the act in the present not only because what we brain are measured and their features are at present but because we want to be inferred, the well known alpha, beta, theta something or somewhere in the future and delta rhythms offer suitable area of (Georgiev, 2002). So, our reasoning is investigation. inductive as well as deductive. The causality associated with inductive reasoning is called circular causality (Freeman, 2000) but it is not Acknowledgement the same as the circular causality that is I am deeply grateful to Professor Erasmo Recami for usually associated with feedback circuits and sending me his valuable papers and useful comments. I self-organization. The difference is that a wish to thank Danko Georgiev for many discussions via motive that triggers a feedback loop is electronic mail. outside the loop in lifeless systems whereas

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NeuroQuantology |June 2008 |Vol 6 |Issue 2|Page 152-160 160 Hari S. Psychons could be zero-energy tachyons

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