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Proxémica Y Comunicación Intercultural: La Comunicación No Verbal En La Enseñanza De E/Le

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Proxémica Y Comunicación Intercultural: La Comunicación No Verbal En La Enseñanza De E/Le PROXÉMICA Y COMUNICACIÓN INTERCULTURAL: LA COMUNICACIÓN NO VERBAL EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE E/LE Tesis doctoral para obtener el grado académico de Doctora en Filología Española por la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Doctoranda: Sarah Schmidt Directora de tesis: Dra. Amparo Tusón Valls Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Departament de Filologia Espanyola Bellaterra, maig de 2013 Agradecimientos A Amparo, por haber dirigido –a pesar de no encontrarse bien los últimos meses– esta tesis doctoral. Gracias por la paciencia de haber leído y corregido una multitud de borradores. Gracias también por las celebraciones de nuestros cumpleaños, los muchos bolígrafos y carpetas y la “minibeca” para poder comprarme los primeros 50 capítulos de Unter Uns en DVD. A María Machuca, por haberme más que ayudado en el análisis prosódico: con el programa Praat, con SPSS y en cómo interpretar los resultados obtenidos. A Dolors Poch, por haberme inspirado en el análisis prosódico y haberme ayudado en pequeñas consultas “didácticas”. A Elvira Nadal Traver, por la asertiva corrección lingüística de la tesis doctoral que quería hacer gratuitamente y por los consejos para cualquier dificultad y problema personal por los que he pasado durante la elaboración de la tesis. Gracias por tu amistad, por los muchos ánimos y las últimas vacaciones tan necesitadas. A Cristina Lucerón Guillamón y Alexis Moreno por la corrección “last minute” de algunas fichas que constituyen el corpus de la tesis doctoral. A Maria Antonia Juan Ballester, del CRAI Biblioteca de Letras, por su ayuda en cuestiones bibliográficas. A toda mi familia, por el soporte y los consejos durante mis estudios universitarios. Además, a mi hermana por la ayuda con el programa Praat y la corrección del resumen en inglés. A mis amigos por su apoyo durante el largo proceso del doctorado con todos sus altibajos que he vivido. Gracias por las palabras motivadoras, los ánimos y la fe en todo mi trabajo. Finalmente, a todas las personas que he conocido escribiendo la tesis doctoral. No solo forman parte del doctorado sino también de mi vida en Barcelona. 2 Índice Introducción.................................................................................................... 7 1. La relevancia del tema y experiencias personales ............................... 7 2. Objetivos generales............................................................................ 14 3. Delimitación del tema ......................................................................... 17 4. Organización de la tesis doctoral ....................................................... 19 PARTE I: MARCO TEÓRICO ...................................................................... 23 CAPÍTULO 1: HACIA UNA LINGÜÍSTICA INTERACCIONAL ..................... 23 1.1. Antecedentes .................................................................................. 23 1.2. La etnometodología ........................................................................ 25 1.3. El análisis de la conversación ......................................................... 30 1.4. La multimodalidad en el análisis de la conversación y la lingüística interaccional .............................................................................................. 38 1.5. Resumen ......................................................................................... 42 CAPÍTULO 2: LA COMUNICACIÓN NO VERBAL ....................................... 42 2.1. Hacia una definición ........................................................................ 42 2.2. Comunicación (no) verbal y cultural – la pluriculturalidad ............... 48 2.3. Sobre el contexto – su importancia en la comunicación (no) verbal 64 2.4. Categorías no verbales ................................................................... 71 2.5. La comunicación no verbal y la prosodia ........................................ 80 2.6. Resumen ......................................................................................... 87 CAPÍTULO 3: LA PROXÉMICA ................................................................... 88 3.1. Hacia una definición ........................................................................ 88 3.2. El concepto de territorio .................................................................. 93 3.3. Las ocho dimensiones de la proxémica ........................................ 108 3.4. Resumen ....................................................................................... 122 3 CAPÍTULO 4: EL CONTACTO FÍSICO ...................................................... 123 4.1. La mente de la piel ........................................................................ 132 4.2. El aprendizaje del código no verbal .............................................. 134 4.3. Características del contacto físico................................................. 137 4.4. Tipos de contacto físico ................................................................ 139 4.5. Partes del cuerpo: accesibilidad al contacto físico ........................ 150 4.6. Necesidad, importancia y efectos del tacto ................................... 158 4.7. Resumen ....................................................................................... 163 PARTE II: LA CONFIGURACIÓN DEL CORPUS Y LA METODOLOGÍA 165 CAPÍTULO 1: TIPOS DE DATOS Y CONFIGURACIÓN DEL CORPUS ... 165 1.1. Proceso de selección del corpus fundamental .............................. 165 1.2. Sobre la serie televisiva Aquí no hay quien viva (ANHQV) ........... 168 1.2.1.Características ................................................................................... 168 1.2.2.Personajes ......................................................................................... 169 1.3. La búsqueda del corpus de contraste ........................................... 178 1.4. Sobre la serie televisiva Unter Uns (UU) ....................................... 181 1.4.1.Características ................................................................................... 181 1.4.2.Personajes ......................................................................................... 182 1.5. Resumen ....................................................................................... 187 CAPÍTULO 2: TRATAMIENTO DE LOS DATOS ....................................... 187 2.1. Proceso de selección de la muestra ............................................. 187 2.2. Criterios de análisis y elaboración de las fichas ............................ 191 2.3. Procedencia de las fichas ............................................................. 199 2.4. Resumen ....................................................................................... 204 PARTE III: ANÁLISIS DE LOS DATOS .................................................... 204 CAPÍTULO 1: DESCRIPCIÓN DEL MATERIAL Y PRESENTACIÓN DE LAS FICHAS ...................................................................................................... 204 1.1. La situación de saludo .................................................................. 204 1.1.1.ANHQV .............................................................................................. 204 4 1.1.2.UU ...................................................................................................... 220 1.2. La situación de despedida ............................................................ 254 1.2.1.ANHQV .............................................................................................. 254 1.2.2.UU ...................................................................................................... 269 1.3. La situación de enfado .................................................................. 279 1.3.1.ANHQV .............................................................................................. 279 1.3.2.UU ...................................................................................................... 290 1.4. La muestra de cariño .................................................................... 299 1.4.1.ANHQV .............................................................................................. 299 1.4.2.UU ...................................................................................................... 329 1.5. Resumen ....................................................................................... 353 CAPÍTULO 2: RESULTADOS DEL ANÁLISIS ........................................... 354 2.1. La situación de saludo .................................................................. 354 2.1.1.Regularidades .................................................................................... 354 2.1.1.1.ANHQV ....................................................................................... 354 2.1.1.2.UU .............................................................................................. 356 2.1.2.Similitudes y diferencias entre ANHQV y UU ...................................... 360 2.2. La situación de despedida ............................................................ 362 2.2.1.Regularidades .................................................................................... 362 2.2.1.1.ANHQV ....................................................................................... 362 2.2.1.2.UU .............................................................................................. 364 2.2.2.Similitudes y diferencias entre ANHQV y UU ...................................... 365 2.3. La situación de enfado .................................................................
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