DOCSLIB.ORG

Brief Report Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (3): 591–596, 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brief Report Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (3): 591–596, 2016 Brief report Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (3): 591–596, 2016 Teeth of embryonic or hatchling sauropods from the Berriasian (Early Cretaceous) of Cherves-de-Cognac, France PAUL M. BARRETT, JOANE POUECH, JEAN-MICHEL MAZIN, and FIONA M. JONES The Cherves-de-Cognac site (Charente, France) has yielded Carballido et al. 2012); and other undescribed diplodocid ma- a diverse continental microvertebrate fauna of Berriasian terial (Myers and Storrs 2007). In addition, an assortment of (earliest Cretaceous) age. Dinosaur remains are rare, but more fragmentary specimens has also been reported from include three teeth that are referrable to an indeterminate this unit, comprising an isolated premaxilla (Britt and Naylor sauropod, which might represent either a titanosauriform, 1994) and vertebral and limb material (Carpenter and McIntosh a non-titanosauriform macronarian or a non-neosauropod. 1994; Foster 2005) referred to Camarasaurus, postcranial The small size of these teeth (with a maximum length of material assigned to Apatosaurus (Carpenter and McIntosh 3 mm, as preserved) and the almost complete absence of 1994; Foster 2005), and taxonomically indeterminate material emanel wrinkling suggests that they pertained to embry- (Carpenter and McIntosh 1994). Juvenile sauropod specimens onic or hatchling individuals. The Cherves-de-Cognac sau- from other localities include those referred to Patagosaurus ropod represents a rare occurrence of sauropod embryos/ (Cañadon Asfalto Formation, Toarcian–Aalenian or Bajocian, hatchlings, a new sauropod record from the poorly-known Argentina; Bonaparte 1986), Bellusaurus (Shishugou For ma- terrestrial Berriasian and another possible instance of the tion, Oxfordian, China; Dong 1990), Giraffatitan and Tor- persistence of non-diplodocoid, non-titanosauriform sau- nieria (Tendaguru Beds, Kimmeridgian, Tanzania; Sander ropods into the Cretaceous. 2000), Astrodon (Arundel Formation, Aptian, USA; Carpenter and Tidwell 2005), and teeth referred to the titanosaurid Introduction Lirainosaurus (unnamed formation, late Campanian–early Maastrichtian, Spain; Díez Díaz et al. 2012). Consequently, the Sauropod dinosaurs have an extensive fossil record and some discovery of any additional embryonic, hatchling or baby sau- taxa, such as Camarasaurus and Diplodocus, are represented ropod material has the potential to improve our understanding by many individual specimens (Upchurch et al. 2004). However, of their early growth and development. although the majority of sauropod specimens are subadults ju- The lowermost Cretaceous (Berriasian; Colin et al. 2004; El veniles are rare. For example, it has been estimated that juve- Albani et al. 2004) locality of Cherves-de-Cognac (Charente, niles account for approximately one-sixth of the total number of southwestern France; Fig. 1) has yielded a diverse macro- and sauropod specimens recovered from the famous Upper Jurassic microvertebrate fauna consisiting primarily of terrestrial and (Tithonian) exposures of the Morrison Formation in the western freshwater taxa (Mazin et al. 2006, 2008; Pouech et al. 2006). USA (Foster 2005). Although recent work on sauropod histol- The section consists of a lower unit (U1) composed of alter- ogy has revealed critical information on their growth rates and nating gypsum and marly horizons, representing hypersaline life history strategies (e.g., Curry 1999; Sander 2000; Curry lagoonal environments, and an upper unit (U2) consisting of Rogers and Erickson 2005; Woodward and Lehman 2009; alternating clay and marl overlain by limestones at the top of the Sander et al. 2011), the dearth of embryonic, hatchling and ju- series, which represents environmental change from brackish venile material has hampered a broader understanding of sau- lagoonal to freshwater lacustrine conditions (El Albani et al. ropod ontogeny, although some work has revealed substantial 2004; Mazin et al. 2006, 2008; Pouech and Mazin 2008a; Pouech age-related differences in morphology and ecology (e.g., Ikejiri et al. 2014). The fauna includes actinopterygians (Pouech et al. et al. 2005; Schwarz et al. 2007; Whitlock et al. 2010). 2015), selachians (Rees et al. 2013), stegosaurian (Billon-Bruyat To date, the only definitive sauropod embryos are those of et al. 2010) and sauropod (Le Loeuff et al. 1996) dinosaurs, an unnamed titanosaurid from the Rio Colorado Formation as well as amphibians, testudines, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, (Coniacian–Campanian) of Neuquén Province, Argentina pterosaurs, other dinosaurs and mammals that have yet to be (Chiappe et al. 1998, 2001) and an unidentified sauropod from described in full (for additional information see Billon-Bruyat the Lameta Formation (Maastrichtian) of Gujurat, India (Wilson 2003; Pouech et al. 2006; Mazin and Pouech 2008; Mazin et et al. 2010), although none of these specimens have yet been de- al. 2008; Pouech 2008; Pouech and Mazin 2008b). Here, we scribed in full. Notable material of baby and juvenile sauropods describe three sauropod dinosaur teeth from this locality, which recovered from the Morrison Formation includes: a complete have been mentioned in the most recent of these faunal lists (as skeleton of Camarasaurus (Gilmore 1925); a Diplodocus skull “Titanosauriformes non-Titanosauria”; see Mazin et al. 2008; (Whitlock et al. 2010); the holotype specimen of Brontosaurus Pouech 2008), but not described. These teeth represent a rare (= Elosaurus) parvus (Carpenter and McIntosh 1994); a partial occurrence of a lowermost Cretaceous sauropod and pertain to skeleton of an unnamed brachiosaurid (Schwarz et al. 2007; individuals that were either embryos or hatchlings. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 61 (3): 591–596, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.00257.2016 592 ACTA PALAEONTOLOGICA POLONICA 61 (3), 2016 Fig. 1. Location of the Cherves-de-Cognac site near the town of Cognac, Charente, southwestern France (A), area of the Champblanc Quarry (B, modified from OpenStreetMap.org). Institutional abbreviations.―CHV, Museum of Angoulême, are complete and well-preserved, but the teeth are all broken Département de la Charente, France. basally (Figs. 2, 3). CHVm03.588 and CHVm03.589 each pos- sess a small amount of the root and the root-crown junction in Other abbreviations.―SI, slenderness index. these teeth is marked by a slight mesial constriction (present in CHVm03.561 and CHVm03.589, but absent in CHVm03.588), Material and methods and changes in enamel surface texture and colour (Figs. 2A –C, 3). CHVm03.588 has an slenderness index (SI: sensu Upchurch The teeth were extracted by screen-washing the marly sed- iment from level C36 of unit U2, after dissociation by add- 1998) of approximately 2.16, and this ratio is 2.02 and 1.6 in ing oxygen peroxide. Over 300 kg of sediment was screened CHVm03.561 and CHVm03.589, respectively. As preserved, in total, yielding 10 812 isolated teeth of numerous taxa, of none of the tooth crowns exceed 3.0 mm in total apicobasal which only three can be referred to Sauropoda. Imaging was length (inclusive of both the crown and partial root) or 1 mm in carried out using X-Ray microtomography at the European mesiodistal width. Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF, Grenoble, France), on All three crowns have a “D”-shaped cross-section with a beamline ID19. Tomographic specifications used were: pixel convex labial surface and shallowly concave lingual surface size, 1.4 μm; propagation distance, 50 mm; energy, 20 KeV. (Fig. 2D), with the labial convexity more marked distally than Data processing and 3D reconstructions were conducted using mesially, so that the labiolingually thickest part of the crown is Octave, Matlab and VGStudioMax 2, under ESRF and MNHN offset slightly distal to the tooth long axis. The root has a sub- licences. circular cross-section (Fig. 2E). In labial or lingual view, the crowns are mesiodistally narrow and either unexpanded rela- tive to the root (CHVm03.588), or only very slightly expanded Systematic palaeontology mesially (CHVm03.561 and CHVm03.589). The distal margin Sauropoda Marsh, 1878 of the tooth is almost straight, whereas the mesial margin is Gen. et sp. indet. gently convex in CHVm03.561 and CHVm03.589 and results in the abovementioned mesial constriction at the root-crown Figs. 2, 3. junction (Figs. 2, 3). In all three teeth, the crown margins con- Material.―CHVm03.561, CHVm03.588, and CHVm03.589, verge apically to form a bluntly rounded, triangular apex. The three isolated tooth crowns (Figs. 2, 3), from Level C36, tooth apices lack recurvature. Champblanc Quarry, Cherves-de-Cognac, Charente, France; CHVm03.588 and CHVm03.589 lack labial grooves, but Berriasian (Lower Cretaceous). very shallow grooves are present adjacent to both the mesial Description.―All of the teeth are generally similar in over- and distal crown margins in CHVm03.561. The lingual con- all morphology, although there are minor differences between cavity houses a low, broad lingual ridge in all three teeth that them that may represent positional or taxonomic variation extends for the full length of the crown (Figs. 2, 3). None of (Figs. 2, 3). Nevertheless, as the teeth are not associated and, the teeth possess wear facets on their apical, mesial, or distal as the sample size is so small, it is not possible to distinguish margins and denticles are absent from all teeth. In general, the between these alternative hypotheses at present. The crowns enamel is either smooth or exhibits a fine, granular texture that BRIEF REPORT 593 AB C D 1mm E Fig. 2. Isolated tooth (CHVm03.588) of an indeterminate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Titanosauriform Teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan
    “main” — 2011/2/10 — 15:59 — page 247 — #1 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2011) 83(1): 247-265 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc Titanosauriform teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan HARUO SAEGUSA1 and YUKIMITSU TOMIDA2 1Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Yayoigaoka 6, Sanda, 669-1546, Japan 2National Museum of Nature and Science, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan Manuscript received on October 25, 2010; accepted for publication on January 7, 2011 ABSTRACT Sauropod teeth from six localities in Japan were reexamined. Basal titanosauriforms were present in Japan during the Early Cretaceous before Aptian, and there is the possibility that the Brachiosauridae may have been included. Basal titanosauriforms with peg-like teeth were present during the “mid” Cretaceous, while the Titanosauria with peg-like teeth was present during the middle of Late Cretaceous. Recent excavations of Cretaceous sauropods in Asia showed that multiple lineages of sauropods lived throughout the Cretaceous in Asia. Japanese fossil records of sauropods are conformable with this hypothesis. Key words: Sauropod, Titanosauriforms, tooth, Cretaceous, Japan. INTRODUCTION humerus from the Upper Cretaceous Miyako Group at Moshi, Iwaizumi Town, Iwate Pref. (Hasegawa et al. Although more than twenty four dinosaur fossil local- 1991), all other localities provided fossil teeth (Tomida ities have been known in Japan (Azuma and Tomida et al. 2001, Tomida and Tsumura 2006, Saegusa et al. 1998, Kobayashi et al. 2006, Saegusa et al. 2008, Ohara 2008, Azuma and Shibata 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaurs British Isles
    DINOSAURS of the BRITISH ISLES Dean R. Lomax & Nobumichi Tamura Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett (Natural History Museum, London) Skeletal reconstructions by Scott Hartman, Jaime A. Headden & Gregory S. Paul Life and scene reconstructions by Nobumichi Tamura & James McKay CONTENTS Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett.............................................................................10 Foreword by the authors........................................................................................11 Acknowledgements................................................................................................12 Museum and institutional abbreviations...............................................................13 Introduction: An age-old interest..........................................................................16 What is a dinosaur?................................................................................................18 The question of birds and the ‘extinction’ of the dinosaurs..................................25 The age of dinosaurs..............................................................................................30 Taxonomy: The naming of species.......................................................................34 Dinosaur classification...........................................................................................37 Saurischian dinosaurs............................................................................................39 Theropoda............................................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • Re-Description of the Sauropod Dinosaur Amanzia (“Ornithopsis
    Schwarz et al. Swiss J Geosci (2020) 113:2 https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-020-00355-5 Swiss Journal of Geosciences ORIGINAL PAPER Open Access Re-description of the sauropod dinosaur Amanzia (“Ornithopsis/Cetiosauriscus”) greppini n. gen. and other vertebrate remains from the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) Reuchenette Formation of Moutier, Switzerland Daniela Schwarz1* , Philip D. Mannion2 , Oliver Wings3 and Christian A. Meyer4 Abstract Dinosaur remains were discovered in the 1860’s in the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) Reuchenette Formation of Moutier, northwestern Switzerland. In the 1920’s, these were identifed as a new species of sauropod, Ornithopsis greppini, before being reclassifed as a species of Cetiosauriscus (C. greppini), otherwise known from the type species (C. stewarti) from the late Middle Jurassic (Callovian) of the UK. The syntype of “C. greppini” consists of skeletal elements from all body regions, and at least four individuals of diferent sizes can be distinguished. Here we fully re-describe this material, and re-evaluate its taxonomy and systematic placement. The Moutier locality also yielded a theropod tooth, and fragmen- tary cranial and vertebral remains of a crocodylomorph, also re-described here. “C.” greppini is a small-sized (not more than 10 m long) non-neosauropod eusauropod. Cetiosauriscus stewarti and “C.” greppini difer from each other in: (1) size; (2) the neural spine morphology and diapophyseal laminae of the anterior caudal vertebrae; (3) the length-to-height proportion in the middle caudal vertebrae; (4) the presence or absence of ridges and crests on the middle caudal cen- tra; and (5) the shape and proportions of the coracoid, humerus, and femur.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Camarasaurid Sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia Skarzynskii Gen
    MAGDALENA BORSUK-BIALYNICKA A NEW CAMARASAURID SAUROPOD OPISTHOCOELICAUDIA SKARZYNSKII GEN. N., SP. N. FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF MONGOLIA (plates 1-14) Abstract. - An almost complete postcranial skeleton lacking cervicals of Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. (Sauropoda, Camarasauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous Nemegt Formation, Gobi Desert , is described and figured. The reconstruction of the muscle system and sternum as well as the restoration of the whole animal is made. It is shown that Opisthocoelicaudia was a straight backed sauropod with the tail carried in a horizontal position. The neck is supposed to have been of medium length (about 5 m) and was carried low. The possibility of habitual assuming a tirpodal position is suggested by the opisthocoelous structure of the ant erior caudals. The importance of some osteologic features of sauropods for the understanding of their attitudes as well as for the systematics is discussed. It is argued that the length of neural spines depends on both the curvature of the back-bone and the length of the neck and tail in sauropods. Forked neural spines are indicative ot the habitual lowering of the neck, or even of the low carrying of the neck, if the anterior dorsals lack traces of the nuchal ligament insertion. Some titanosaurid characters of Opisthocoelicaudia are regarded as progressive ones in sauropods, whereas its camarasaurid features seem to indicate a true relationship in spite of their highly behavioural character. CONTENTS Page Introduction. 6 Description ... 8 Vertebral column 9 Thoracic ribs . 18 Sternum . 19 Pectoral girdle 22 Fore limbs . 24 Pelvic girdle . 32 Hind limbs .
    [Show full text]
  • Virginia Tidwell, Kenneth Carpenter & Williams Brooks, New
    ORYCTOS, V ol . 2 : 21 - 37, Décembre 1999 NEW SAUROPOD FROM THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF UTAH, USA Virginia TIDWELL, Kenneth CARPENTER and William BROOKS Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Denver Museum of Natural History, 2001 Colorado Blvd., Denver, CO 80205, USA. Abstract : The sauropod record for the Lower Cretaceous is poor in North America and consists mostly of iso - lated bones. Recently, however, a partial semiarticulated skeleton of a brachiosaurid, Cedarosaurus weiskopfae n.g., n.sp, was recovered from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA. The humeral leng - th is almost the same as the femur, while the dorsal and caudal vertebrae, and the metacarpal all display characters that identify the specimen as brachiosaurid. The forelimb and caudal vertebrae distinctly set it apart from all cur - rently described genera in that family. A brief review of Early to Middle Cretaceous brachiosaurs sorts through the confusing jumble of taxa that has developed over the years. In North America, most brachiosaurids found in Lower or Middle Cretaceous strata have historically been referred to the genus Pleurocoelus. The review illustrates the need for a reexamination of Pleurocoelus type material, as well as several specimens referred to that genus. Other material previously assigned to Pleurocoelus may yet prove to be the same as Cedarosaurus weiskopfae . Key words: Lower Cretaceous, brachiosaurid, new taxon, South-central United States. INTRODUCTION and several manus and pes elements. Only the proxi - mal end of the femur was recovered from the left side Until recently remains of Cretaceous sauropods and it is likely that all other elements were eroded in North America have been limited to the advanced away.
    [Show full text]
  • Postcranial Skeletal Pneumaticity in Sauropods and Its
    Postcranial Pneumaticity in Dinosaurs and the Origin of the Avian Lung by Mathew John Wedel B.S. (University of Oklahoma) 1997 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Kevin Padian, Co-chair Professor William Clemens, Co-chair Professor Marvalee Wake Professor David Wake Professor John Gerhart Spring 2007 1 The dissertation of Mathew John Wedel is approved: Co-chair Date Co-chair Date Date Date Date University of California, Berkeley Spring 2007 2 Postcranial Pneumaticity in Dinosaurs and the Origin of the Avian Lung © 2007 by Mathew John Wedel 3 Abstract Postcranial Pneumaticity in Dinosaurs and the Origin of the Avian Lung by Mathew John Wedel Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley Professor Kevin Padian, Co-chair Professor William Clemens, Co-chair Among extant vertebrates, postcranial skeletal pneumaticity is present only in birds. In birds, diverticula of the lungs and air sacs pneumatize specific regions of the postcranial skeleton. The relationships among pulmonary components and the regions of the skeleton that they pneumatize form the basis for inferences about the pulmonary anatomy of non-avian dinosaurs. Fossae, foramina and chambers in the postcranial skeletons of pterosaurs and saurischian dinosaurs are diagnostic for pneumaticity. In basal saurischians only the cervical skeleton is pneumatized. Pneumatization by cervical air sacs is the most consilient explanation for this pattern. In more derived sauropods and theropods pneumatization of the posterior dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae indicates that abdominal air sacs were also present.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Angolatitan Adamastor, a New Sauropod Dinosaur and the First Record from Angola
    Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ISSN: 0001-3765 [email protected] Academia Brasileira de Ciências Brasil MATEUS, OCTÁVIO; JACOBS, LOUIS L.; SCHULP, ANNE S.; POLCYN, MICHAEL J.; TAVARES, TATIANA S.; BUTA NETO, ANDRÉ; MORAIS, MARIA LUÍSA; ANTUNES, MIGUEL T. Angolatitan adamastor, a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from Angola Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, vol. 83, núm. 1, marzo, 2011, pp. 221-233 Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=32717681011 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative “main” — 2011/2/10 — 15:47 — page 221 — #1 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2011) 83(1): 221-233 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc Angolatitan adamastor, a new sauropod dinosaur and the first record from Angola , OCTÁVIO MATEUS1 2, LOUIS L. JACOBS3, ANNE S. SCHULP4, MICHAEL J. POLCYN3, TATIANA S. TAVARES5, ANDRÉ BUTA NETO5, MARIA LUÍSA MORAIS5 and MIGUEL T. ANTUNES6 1CICEGe, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal 2Museu da Lourinhã, Rua João Luis de Moura, 2530-157 Lourinhã, Portugal 3Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, USA 4Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, de Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211 KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands 5Geology Department, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Av.
    [Show full text]
  • High European Sauropod Dinosaur Diversity During Jurassic–Cretaceous Transition in Riodeva (Teruel, Spain)
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by RERO DOC Digital Library [Palaeontology, Vol. 52, Part 5, 2009, pp. 1009–1027] HIGH EUROPEAN SAUROPOD DINOSAUR DIVERSITY DURING JURASSIC–CRETACEOUS TRANSITION IN RIODEVA (TERUEL, SPAIN) by RAFAEL ROYO-TORRES*, ALBERTO COBOS*, LUIS LUQUE*, AINARA ABERASTURI*, , EDUARDO ESPI´LEZ*, IGNACIO FIERRO*, ANA GONZA´ LEZ*, LUIS MAMPEL* and LUIS ALCALA´ * *Fundacio´n Conjunto Paleontolo´gico de Teruel-Dino´polis. Avda. Sagunto s ⁄ n. E-44002 Teruel, Spain; e-mail: [email protected] Escuela Taller de Restauracio´n Paleontolo´gica II del Gobierno de Arago´n. Avda. Sagunto s ⁄ n. E-44002 Teruel, Spain Typescript received 13 December 2007; accepted in revised form 3 November 2008 Abstract: Up to now, more than 40 dinosaur sites have (CPT-1074) referring to the Diplodocidae clade. New been found in the latest Jurassic – earliest Cretaceous remains from the RD-28, RD-41 and RD-43 sites, of the sedimentary outcrops (Villar del Arzobispo Formation) of same age, among which there are caudal vertebrae, are Riodeva (Iberian Range, Spain). Those already excavated, assigned to Macronaria. New sauropod footprints from the as well as other findings, provide a large and diverse Villar del Arzobispo Formation complete the extraordinary number of sauropod remains, suggesting a great diversity sauropod record coming to light in the area. The inclusion for this group in the Iberian Peninsula during this time. of other sauropods from different contemporaneous expo- Vertebrae and ischial remains from Riodevan site RD-13 sures in Teruel within the Turiasauria clade adds new evi- are assigned to Turiasaurus riodevensis (a species described dence of a great diversity of sauropods in Iberia during in RD-10, Barrihonda site), which is part of the the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dinosaurs of North America
    FEOM THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE DINOSAURS OF NORTH AMERICA OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH TALE UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON 1896 ^33/^, I/BRAKt 4 ,\ . THE DINOSAURS OF NORTH AMERICA. BY OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH. 133 CONTENTS. Pajje. Introduction 143 Part I. —Triassic dinosaurs 146 Theropoda 146 Anchisaurida? 147 Anchisaurus 147 The skull 148 The fore limbs 149 The hind limbs 149 Anchisaurus solus 149 Amniosaurus rTT 150 Eestoration of Anchisaurus 150 Dinosaurian footprints 151 Distribution of Triassic dinosaurs 152 Part II. —Jurassic dinosaurs 152 Theropoda : 153 Hallopus 153 Fore and hind limbs 154 Coelurus _ 155 The vertebra:- 155 The hind limbs 156 Ceratosaurus 156 The skull 157 The brain 159 The lower iaws 159 The vertebra: 159 The scapular arch 160 The pelvic arch 160 The metatarsals 162 Eestoration of Ceratosaurus 163 Allosaurus 163 European Theropoda 163 Sauropoda 164 Atlantosaurus beds 164 Families of Sauropoda 165 Atlantosauridie 166 Atlantosaurus 166 Apatosaurus 166 The sacral cavity 166 The vertebra- 167 Brontosaurus 168 The scapular arch 168 The cervical vertebra.- 169 The dorsal vertebree 169 The sacrum 170 The caudal vertebra- 171 The pelric arch 172 The fore limbs 173 The hind limbs 173 135 136 CONTENTS. Part II. —Jurassic dinosaurs—Continued. Page. Sauropoda—Continued. Atlantosaurida? —Continued. Restoration of Brontosaurus 173 Barnsaurus 174 Diplodoeida? 175 Diplodocus 175 The skull 175 The brain 178 The lower jaws 178 The teeth 179 The vertebra; 180 The sternal bones 180 The pelvic girdle 180 Size and habits 180 Morosaurida? 181 Morosaurus 181 The skull 181 The vertebra? 181 The fore limbs 182 The pelvis 182 The hind limbs 183 Pleuroccelida? : 183 Pleurocoelus 183 The skull 183 The vertebras 183 Distribution of the Sauropoda 185 Comparison with European forms 185 Predentata ».
    [Show full text]
  • Back Matter (PDF)
    Index Note: Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. Abel, Othenio (1875–1946) Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Robert Plot 7 arboreal theory 244 Astrodon 363, 365 Geschichte und Methode der Rekonstruktion... Atlantosaurus 365, 366 (1925) 328–329, 330 Augusta, Josef (1903–1968) 222–223, 331 Action comic 343 Aulocetus sammarinensis 80 Actualism, work of Capellini 82, 87 Azara, Don Felix de (1746–1821) 34, 40–41 Aepisaurus 363 Azhdarchidae 318, 319 Agassiz, Louis (1807–1873) 80, 81 Azhdarcho 319 Agustinia 380 Alexander, Annie Montague (1867–1950) 142–143, 143, Bakker, Robert. T. 145, 146 ‘dinosaur renaissance’ 375–376, 377 Alf, Karen (1954–2000), illustrator 139–140 Dinosaurian monophyly 93, 246 Algoasaurus 365 influence on graphic art 335, 343, 350 Allosaurus, digits 267, 271, 273 Bara Simla, dinosaur discoveries 164, 166–169 Allosaurus fragilis 85 Baryonyx walkeri Altispinax, pneumaticity 230–231 relation to Spinosaurus 175, 177–178, 178, 181, 183 Alum Shale Member, Parapsicephalus purdoni 195 work of Charig 94, 95, 102, 103 Amargasaurus 380 Beasley, Henry Charles (1836–1919) Amphicoelias 365, 366, 368, 370 Chirotherium 214–215, 219 amphisbaenians, work of Charig 95 environment 219–220 anatomy, comparative 23 Beaux, E. Cecilia (1855–1942), illustrator 138, 139, 146 Andrews, Roy Chapman (1884–1960) 69, 122 Becklespinax altispinax, pneumaticity 230–231, Andrews, Yvette 122 232, 363 Anning, Joseph (1796–1849) 14 belemnites, Oxford Clay Formation, Peterborough Anning, Mary (1799–1847) 24, 25, 113–116, 114, brick pits 53 145, 146, 147, 288 Benett, Etheldred (1776–1845) 117, 146 Dimorphodon macronyx 14, 115, 294 Bhattacharji, Durgansankar 166 Hawker’s ‘Crocodile’ 14 Birch, Lt.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Subjects
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47594-5 — Dinosaurs 4th Edition Index More Information INDEX OF SUBJECTS – – – A Zuul, 275 276 Barrett, Paul, 98, 335 336, 406, 446 447 Ankylosauridae Barrick, R, 383–384 acetabulum, 71, 487 characteristics of, 271–273 basal dinosauromorph, 101 acromial process, 271, 273, 487 cladogram of, 281 basal Iguanodontia, 337 actual diversity, 398 defined, 488 basal Ornithopoda, 336 adenosine diphosphate, see ADP evolution of, 279 Bates, K. T., 236, 360 adenosine triphosphate, see ATP ankylosaurids, 275–276 beak, 489 ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 390, 487 anpsids, 76 belief systems, 474, 489 advanced characters, 55, 487 antediluvian period, 422, 488 Bell, P. R., 162 aerobic metabolism, 391, 487 anterior position, 488 bennettitaleans, 403, 489 – age determination (dinosaur), 354 357 antorbital fenestra, 80, 488 benthic organisms, 464, 489 Age of Dinosaurs, 204, 404–405 Arbour, Victoria, 277 Benton, M. J., 2, 104, 144, 395, 402–403, akinetic movement, see kinetic movement Archibald, J. D., 467, 469 444–445, 477–478 Alexander, R. M., 361 Archosauria, 80, 88–90, 203, 488 Berman, D. S, 236–237 allometry, 351, 487 Archosauromorpha, 79–81, 488 Beurien, Karl, 435 altricial offspring, 230, 487 archosauromorphs, 401 bidirectional respiration, 350 Alvarez, Luis, 455 archosaurs, 203, 401 Big Al, 142 – Alvarez, Walter, 442, 454 455, 481 artifacts, 395 biogeography, 313, 489 Alvarezsauridae, 487 Asaro, Frank, 455 biomass, 415, 489 – alvarezsaurs, 168 169 ascending process of the astragalus, 488 biosphere, 2 alveolus/alveoli,
    [Show full text]
  • Dinosaurs: Giants of the Past Inventory List Please Use This List to Check Off Items Before Returning the Kit to Milner Library
    Dinosaurs: Giants of the Past Inventory List Please use this list to check off items before returning the kit to Milner Library. Box – Part 1 Audiocassettes and CDs (in pkg w/videos) Dinosaur Rock Most Amazing Dinosaur Songs (CD) Thunderfeet: Alaska’s Dinosaurs (has matching book) Books The Age of Dinosaurs Archaeopteryx The Children’s Picture Prehistory: Dinosaurs Colossal Fossils: Dinosaur Riddles The Day of the Dinosaurs: The Detective Story of Earth’s Prehistoric Giants Dinosaur Discovery Dinosaur Mysteries Dinosaurs (A New True Book) Dinosaurs Activity Book Dinosaurs: Pictures, Facts, Activities The Dinosaurs: A New Discovery Discover Dinosaurs (Activity Books) Eyewitness Books: Dinosaur The Fossil Hunters The Glow-In-the-Dark Book of Dinosaur Skeletons Graveyards of the Dinosaurs How Big is a Brachiosaurus? Fascinating Facts About Dinosaurs If the Dinosaurs Came Back The Last Dinosaur Maia: A Dinosaur Grows Up My Dinosaur Naturescope: Digging Into Dinosaurs Ranger Rick’s Dinosaur Book Teacher’s Manual (red 3-ring binder) Thunderfeet: Alaska’s Dinosaurs (has matching video) Tyrannosaurus Magazines National Geographic (3 individual binders, 4 articles total) Newsweek (1 article) Ranger Rick (2 individual binders, 3 articles total) Mounted Pictures (in pkg w/small pictures) Bricket & Taranter 1 | Dinosaurs Giants of the Past Inventory List Mounted Pictures cont’d Crackbeak Cribrum, Plunger, Soar & Sift Cutlasstooth, Crackbeak, Sprintosaur & Balaclav Gwanna, Tree Hopper, Non-Crested Sprintosaur, Gestalt & Pouch Northclaw, Kloon & Wyrm
    [Show full text]