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Cambridge University Press 0521811724 - The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs, Second Edition David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information Subject index Bold type indicates figures. Absolute age 23–5 Arctic dinosaurs 372–373, 373 Actinopterygii 67 Asteroid impact 425, 426–32 Aguja Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) 401 see also Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary; Alxa Desert (China) 297 Iridium; Chicxulub Amarga Canyon (Argentina) 262 Affects of 432–4 American Museum of Natural History (USA) Indicators of 426, 427–9, 428, 429, 430, 431 18n, 19, 253, 259, 292 Atlas Mountains (Morocco) 263 Amnion 77 Auca Mahuevo (Upper Cretaceous, Argentina) Amniota 245, 246 Diagnostic characters 77, 78 Aves, see Theropoda Major groups 78 Azendoh (Morocco) 261 Amphibia 77, 77n, 393 Amur River (Sino-Russian border) 217 Baharije Oasis (Egypt) 291, 292 Anapsida 78, 79–80 Barun Goyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Anhui Province (China) 162 Mongolia) 401 Ankylosauria Bernissart (Belgium) 212, 213 Age 133, 396, 397 Biological classification 68 Armament 133, 137, 138, 139 Biostratigraphy 22, 27–8 Behavior 134–7, 138–9 Birds, see Theropoda Clades of 133, 139–42 Body plans 65 Cladogram of, see Cladograms Bone histology 362–7, 363 Derived characters of 140, 139–41, 142 British Museum (Natural History) 234, 258, 336 Distribution 134, 135 Bug Creek (USA) 441 Evolution of 139 Burgess Shale (Middle Cambrian, Canada) 64 Fermentation in 136, 137 Burial 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 History of discovery 142–5 Inferred intelligence 361 Canadian Dinosaur Rush 182, 183, 213, 215, 292 Jaws, teeth, and feeding 135–7 Carman Funes Museum (Argentina) 245 Stance and gait 133, 137 Carnegie Museum of Natural History (USA) 253, Antorbital opening 81 259 Aral Mountains (Kazakhstan) 215 Carpathian Mountains (Transylvania) 212 Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds, see Carpometacarpus 302, 303 Theropoda Cedar Mountain Formation (mid-Cretaceous, Archosauromorpha 80, 81 USA) 145 Diagnostic characters 80, 81 Cenozoic 28, 29 Archosauria 70, 80, 81, 82, 313, 392 Central Asiatic Expeditions 143, 144, 145, 183, Crocodylia 392 214, 293 Primitive forms 81–2, 390–1, 392 Cephalochordates 66, 67 Phytosauria 391, 392 Pterosauria 80–1, 93, 393, 396 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521811724 - The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs, Second Edition David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information Subject index | 467 Cerapoda Cerapoda, emphasizing Ceratopsia 177 Constituent taxa 104, 105, 206 Cerapoda, emphasizing Pachycephalosauria Diagnosis 104, 105 158 Ceratopsia Ceratopsidae 180 Age 165, 397 Chordata 66 Beak 165, 177 Construction of 48–51 Behavior 170–7 Definition of 48 Brain and inferred intelligence 174, 361 Dinosauria, empahsizing Archeopteryx 314 Chewing 167–9, 168, 169 Dinosauria, emphasizing Ornithischia 104 Cladogram of, see Cladograms Dinosauria, emphasizing Saurischia 222 Derived characters Dinosauria, emphasizing Sauropodomorpha Centrosaurinae 180, 180, 181 249 Chasmosaurinae 180, 180, 181 Dinosauria, emphasizing Theropoda 285 Ceratopsia 177, 178, 179 Eumaniraptora 289 Ceratopsidae 178, 179, 180, 182 Euornithopoda 207 Neoceratopsia 178, 179, 179, 180 Exemplified by motor vehicles 49, 50 Psittacosauridae 178 Genasauria, emphasizing Ornithopoda 205 Development 172, 173–4, 365 Hadrosauridae 210 Display in 173, 174, 175, 176 Homocephaloidea (Pachycephalosauria) 159 Distribution 167, 167 Iguanodontia 208 Evolution of 179–81 Mammalia 59, 60 Frill 165, 170–7, 175, 177 Neoceratopsia 179 History of discovery 181–4 Nodosauridae (Ankylosauria) 142 Horns 171, 174–6, 176 Ornithodira (emphasizing Dinosauria) 91 Jaws, teeth, and feeding 165, 167–9, 168 Prosauropoda 250 Locomotion, stance and gait 169–70 Saurischia 222, 225, 226 Nests 172, 173 Sauropoda 251 Sexual dimorphism in 172 Stegosauria 123 Sexual selection (intraspecific competition) in Tetanurae (showing feather development) 170–7 322 Characters (defined) 46–8 Tetrapoda 70, 84 General vs. specific characters 47–8 Theropoda 285 Primitive vs. advanced 56 Thyreophora 122, 140 Chialing (China) 109 Wrist watches (cladograms exemplified) Chicxulub 430–2, 432 57–8, 57, 58 Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic, USA) 390 Cleveland–Lloyd Quarry (USA) 270, 292, 294, Chondrichthyes 67 295 Chordata Climate 35–41 Diagnostic characters 64 Effect of plate motions on 35–6 Chronostratigraphy 22–5 Greenhouse 39, 39n, 40, 395, 396 Chubut Province (Argentina) 261 Heat retention in continents and oceans 36 Chunking (China) 109 Mesozoic record of 36–41, 396, 397 Cladograms Cretaceous 39–41 Alvarezesauridae 340 Late Triassic–Early Jurassic 36–7 Ankylosauridae 140 Middle and Late Jurassic 37, 39 Archosauria (including Archaeopteryx) 313 Cloverly Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) Archosauromorpha 81 145 Avetheropoda 287 “Cold-bloodedness”, 349 Avialae 312, 335 see also Ectothermy © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521811724 - The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs, Second Edition David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information 468 | Subject index Collection 13–15, 14 Diphyly of 88–91 Como Bluff (Wyoming, USA) 124, 258 Distribution of 373, 384, 384, 388–389, Continental drift 31–5, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 387–401, 390 Early Cretaceous (144–99 Ma) 33, 34 In space 373, 384 Early Jurassic (205–190 Ma) 31 In time 384, 387–401 Effect on evolution 394, 397, 398 Early Cretaceous (144–99 Ma) 396 Late Cretaceous (99 Ma–65 Ma) 34, 35 Early Jurassic (205–190 Ma) 394–5 Late Jurassic (190–159 Ma) 33, 33 Late Cretaceous (99 Ma–65 Ma) 397–8 Late Triassic (231–205 Ma) 31 Late Jurassic (190–159 Ma) 395–6 Middle Jurassic (190–159 Ma) 30, 31 Late Triassic (227–205 Ma) 387–94 Coprolites 407 Middle Jurassic (190–159 Ma) 395 Cretaceous–Tertiary (K/T) extinction 423–52, History of classification of 87–92 423n Mass estimates 370 Asteroid impact 425–34 Monophyly of 90–2 Biological record 434–4 Origins 92–4, 347–8 Ammonites 435, 436 Rise of 94–5, 95–7, 96, 387, 393–4, 395 Bivalves 435–6 Djadochta Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Dinosaurs 441–4 Mongolia) 143, 401 Rarity of dinosaurs 442 Foraminifera 436–7 Ectothermy Ichythosaurs 435, 436 Defined 349, 350 Mosasaurs 435, 436 Energetics of 350, 351, 352, 352, 353 Plants 438–40 Evidence for in dinosaurs 353–75 Plesiosaurs 435, 436 Encephalization Quotient (EQ) 192n, 361, 361 Vertebrates 440–4 Endemism 394, 396, 397–8 Geological record 424–32 Endothermy Hypotheses proposed 444–9 Defined 349, 350 Post-Cretaceous recovery 449 Energetics of 350 351, 352, 352, 353 Survivorship patterns (vertebrates) 440, 441, Evidence for in dinosaurs 353–75 443 Epioccipital 181 Crocodylia, see Archosauria Eurypoda Cuvier, Georges 28 Constituent taxa 104, 105 Diagnosis 104, 105 Da Vinci, Leonardo 28 Evolution 52–4 Dating 23–30 Exemplified in wrist watches 57–8, 57, 58 Dental battery 167, 168, 168, 181, 194, 197, 209 Extinctions Denver Museum of Natural History 120 Background 413 Dermal armor 132, 133, 137, 138, 139 Defined 413, 414 Diapsida 78, 80 Mass, see Mass extinctions Dinosaur Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Canada) 400 Feathers 284, 301, 302, 303, 309, 309n, 311, 315, Dinosaur National Monument (USA) 253 316 Dinosaurs Embryology 316–17 Birds as 312–15, 322–6, 378 Origin of 316–17, 317, 319–22, 319, 321, 322 Brains and inferred intelligence 359–60, 360, Types defined 317, 317, 319, 322 361, 361 Field Museum 259 Extinction of 398, 399, 401 “Fighting dinosaurs” 280, 280, 446 see also Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction Flight, origin of 326–9 Diagnostic characters 82, 92, 313, 314–15, 314 Arboreal hypothesis 326, 327, 327, 328 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521811724 - The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs, Second Edition David E. Fastovsky and David B. Weishampel Index More information Subject index | 469 Cursorial hypothesis 326, 327, 327, 328 Ichthyosaurs 80n, 436 Food-processing adaptations 357–8 Iridium 426, 426n, 427, 428, 429 Footprints, see Tracks Global anomalies 427–8, 428 Foraminifera 40, 41n, 436–7 Gubbio anomaly 425, 426 Fossil (definition) 7 Montana clay (impact) layer 428 Fossilization 6–8, 9, 10, 11 Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic, Frenchman Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Argentina) 390 Canada) 400 Isotopes 24, 25, 38, 44 Fruitland Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) 401 Defined 44 Indicators of body temperatures 374, 375, Garden Park (USA) 258 375 Gastroliths 242 Isotopes and oceanic productivity 437 Genasauria Isotopes and temperatures 38, 374, 375, 375 Constituent taxa 103, 104 Stable isotopes 38, 374, 375 Diagnosis 103, 104, 205–6 Unstable isotopes 24–5, 25 Geological timescale 22, 23, 29, 30 Itemir (Uzebekistan) 294 Ghost Ranch (Upper Triassic, USA) 279, 291 Glen Rose trackway (Lower Cretaceous, USA) Jacket 15, 16, 17 232 Javelina Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) Gnathostomata 67 401 Gobi Desert (Mongolia) 144, 145, 182, 183, 280, Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) 283, 292, 293, 294, 298, 339 160, 162, 400, 400 Green River (USA) 181 Greenhouse, see Climate Kaiparowits (Upper Cretaceous, USA) 401 Growth rates 364, 365, 366, 366, 367 Kirtland Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) Gubbio (Italy) 425, 426 162, 401 Iridium anomaly 425 Kizylkum Dersert (Uzbekistan) 337 Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic, India) 262 Half-life 24, 25 K/T extinction, see Cretaceous–Tertiary Haversian canals 362, 362, 363, 363, 364 Extinction Hearts 359 Heirarchy of life 45–6, 47 Labyrinthodonts 391, 393 Hell Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous, USA) LAG, see Lines of arrested growth
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  • Titanosauriform Teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan

    Titanosauriform Teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan

    “main” — 2011/2/10 — 15:59 — page 247 — #1 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2011) 83(1): 247-265 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc Titanosauriform teeth from the Cretaceous of Japan HARUO SAEGUSA1 and YUKIMITSU TOMIDA2 1Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Hyogo, Yayoigaoka 6, Sanda, 669-1546, Japan 2National Museum of Nature and Science, 3-23-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan Manuscript received on October 25, 2010; accepted for publication on January 7, 2011 ABSTRACT Sauropod teeth from six localities in Japan were reexamined. Basal titanosauriforms were present in Japan during the Early Cretaceous before Aptian, and there is the possibility that the Brachiosauridae may have been included. Basal titanosauriforms with peg-like teeth were present during the “mid” Cretaceous, while the Titanosauria with peg-like teeth was present during the middle of Late Cretaceous. Recent excavations of Cretaceous sauropods in Asia showed that multiple lineages of sauropods lived throughout the Cretaceous in Asia. Japanese fossil records of sauropods are conformable with this hypothesis. Key words: Sauropod, Titanosauriforms, tooth, Cretaceous, Japan. INTRODUCTION humerus from the Upper Cretaceous Miyako Group at Moshi, Iwaizumi Town, Iwate Pref. (Hasegawa et al. Although more than twenty four dinosaur fossil local- 1991), all other localities provided fossil teeth (Tomida ities have been known in Japan (Azuma and Tomida et al. 2001, Tomida and Tsumura 2006, Saegusa et al. 1998, Kobayashi et al. 2006, Saegusa et al. 2008, Ohara 2008, Azuma and Shibata 2010).
  • New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of Southwestern Mongolia

    New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of Southwestern Mongolia

    Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, Ser. C, 30, pp. 95–130, December 22, 2004 New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Nemegt Formation of Southwestern Mongolia Junchang Lü1, Yukimitsu Tomida2, Yoichi Azuma3, Zhiming Dong4 and Yuong-Nam Lee5 1 Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China 2 National Science Museum, 3–23–1 Hyakunincho, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 169–0073, Japan 3 Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum, 51–11 Terao, Muroko, Katsuyama 911–8601, Japan 4 Institute of Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China 5 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Geology & Geoinformation Division, 30 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305–350, South Korea Abstract Nemegtia barsboldi gen. et sp. nov. here described is a new oviraptorid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (mid-Maastrichtian) Nemegt Formation of southwestern Mongolia. It differs from other oviraptorids in the skull having a well-developed crest, the anterior margin of which is nearly vertical, and the dorsal margin of the skull and the anterior margin of the crest form nearly 90°; the nasal process of the premaxilla being less exposed on the dorsal surface of the skull than those in other known oviraptorids; the length of the frontal being approximately one fourth that of the parietal along the midline of the skull. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Nemegtia barsboldi is more closely related to Citipati osmolskae than to any other oviraptorosaurs. Key words : Nemegt Basin, Mongolia, Nemegt Formation, Late Cretaceous, Oviraptorosauria, Nemegtia. dae, and Caudipterygidae (Barsbold, 1976; Stern- Introduction berg, 1940; Currie, 2000; Clark et al., 2001; Ji et Oviraptorosaurs are generally regarded as non- al., 1998; Zhou and Wang, 2000; Zhou et al., avian theropod dinosaurs (Osborn, 1924; Bars- 2000).