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WEA SOUTH WEST A HERITAGE OF LEARNING www.weaheritageoflearning.org A Heritage of Learning – the history of the WEA in the South West Albert Mansbridge founder of the WEA (Workers’ Education of Working Men’ was founded. Educational Association) was born in Gloucester in Albert and Mrs Mansbridge were the first members, 1876 the son of a carpenter. Dedicating his life to and it started life with an operating capital of 2s 6d. the betterment of his fellows Mansbridge died in a A provisional committee was formed of George Alcock Torquay care-home in 1952, having previously retired to (railwayman), F Rockell, Leonard Idle, W. R. Salter Paignton, South Devon. (engineer), A. H. Thomas (brushmaker), W. H. Berry ‘a wisdom of a learned man cometh by opportunity of and J W Cole and on August 22nd 1903 a Conference leisure’ Ecclesiasticus was called to Oxford to place the association before the The WEA working-class movement creating the bond between labour and education. ‘Like every other great movement, the WEA had its roots Out of this conference a new Executive Committee was Heritage in the needs of time.’ T. W Price 1924 born comprising: George Alcock, Ald. George Dew (Amal. The 19th century saw the stirrings of an organised Society of Carpenters and Joiners), Robert Halstead, A. working-class movement. This was not primarily as a Mansbridge, Prof S. J. Chapman, Dr T. J. Lawrence, Dr Health Literature result of worsening conditions, in fact material prosperity Holland Rose and Rev. W. Hudson Shaw. had increased since 1880, but was due to an increased At the end of its first year the Association had 135 Association awareness of social inequalities. members and 11 affiliated Co-operative Societies. Language Mind Philosophy This was the late Victorian / early Edwardian era. When This was not a movement of old men in 1903 of the Queen Victoria died in 1901 heralding in the Edwardian Art leading activists Albert Mansbridge and T W Price were age, ‘The War’ in common speech referred to ‘The Boer 27, R H Tawney was 23, William Temple was 22, A.E. War’. Zimmern was 24 and Marion Phillips was 22. Only 3 years in to the new century, while the Labour On August 6th 1904 a south-western district Representation Committee was building the foundations Psychology committee was formed at a conference held in the Workers of what by 1906 was to be known as the Labour Barnfield Hall, Exeter. Drawing Party, the Balfour Education Act of 1903 empowered new Local Education Authorities to provide rate- At second annual meeting in October 1905 the aided secondary schools. However, most children still association changed its name to ‘Workers’ Educational left school at 13 to wage-earning occupations. The Association’. From this point forward the association opportunity for ordinary poorer families to gain wider began to move beyond annual conferences to deliver education was severely limited. extension lectures designed by students to meet their interests, following the mantra of Albert Mansbridge to This compulsory elementary education began to Worldcreating Crafts ‘Discover your own needs, organise in your own way, provide a working class reading public ripe for the flood study as you wish to study’. of pamphlets, cheap books, newspapers and periodicals History that had swept in during the closing years of the Early lectures included the likes of ‘The Care of the nineteenth century. Horse’ arranged at the suggestion of the Carters Union, Life as well as English history, talks on Botany, Geology, Working people only had bank-holiday weekends and Skills Pictures, The Home and Children Citizenship and community day trips as holiday. Free time for the majority was Economics. therefore severely limited. Yet there was the silent growth of educational forces. January 1908 saw the birth of WEA’s signature approach to learning ‘tutorial classes’. These were Poetry Adult Learning and the route to freedom through developed and advanced by the Oxford academic R. H. knowledge was a growing cause. Some adult learning Tawney. Tutorial classes were envisaged as small classes was provided through the likes of the Consumers’ Co- Languages New of members who would commit themselves to sustained Painting operative Movement in the form of extension lectures, study at a high academic level over a period of three Gardening alongside the Working Men’s College, the University years. Experience Extension Movement and Ruskin Hall (later Ruskin Educational College) founded in 1899. Classes were discussions in an ‘hour’ – by name only – Learning as they usually went on until the caretaker ushered the The coming together of the University Extension class into the street where they would then go to the Horticulture Movement, Cooperative education, and the rising Trade home of student with other members crowding into the UNION movement was driven by Albert Mansbridge, ‘the house until the early hours of the morning – such was clerk from the Cooperative Wholesale Society’ and on the zeal of the working-class learner at that time. May 16th 1903 the ‘Association to promote the Higher In 1913 A Mansbridge published a booklet ‘University formed in 1911 with Mr W.R.Straker (one of the Tutorial Classes’ explaining the aim and work of the secretaries of the Bristol Branch) as Secretary. This tutorial classes. reflected the activity in the region illustrated by the Bristol Branch which during 1912-13 organised study Mansbridge described the ‘original faith’ of the circles led by WEA volunteers for over 90 different Association ‘that man is destined, if he would live aright, societies. to develop his mind and body in the power of the spirit, not because it will serve some specific purpose, but One of the leading lights of WEA’s women, Ida Hony, because it is the law of his being.’ born in Wiltshire, created a WEA Branch in the county at Woodborough, despite local opposition, supported The early lectures were attended by hundreds of people by Reuben George. The Branch flourished and in June at a time, the later tutorial classes were limited to 24 1912 Ida was appointed the WEA women’s officer aged students, who met weekly for 3 years, based on an 27. Oxford style undergraduate curriculum. Tutorial classes spread rapidly by 1909 taking place from Chesterfield to 1914-1918 Swindon. In Swindon WEA was led by the arch-socialist The First World War saw period of innovation in Reuben George famous for the phase ‘down with all that classroom practice with the extension of WEA territory is up’. and engagement with trade unionism. Classes attracted a broad range of individuals as one Economics and economic history were central to the contemporary account describes: ‘There are in the curriculum of the early WEA because workers ‘wanted class 12 iron workers, 8 skilled and 4 unskilled, and to know something of the forces which had made them 3 joiners. All the chief branches of the cotton industry what they were’. are represented, spinning, weaving, bleaching and finishing. There are also 2 carpet weavers, a wool-sorter, From the outset WEA has been about democracy and a spindlemaker, an accountant’s clerk, a cashier, a equality the relationship between teacher and students teacher, 2 journalists, and an insurance agent. Of the being one of partnership. In the early days this was the lady students one is a clerk, one a dress-maker, one a meeting of minds of university lecturers and working schoolmistress, and a fourth is a working-man’s wife.’ class learner – gradually the social and educational pool from which WEA tutors and learners has been drawn has 1908 saw another leap forward when in October widened and deepened. the first issue of The Highway – ‘The official organ of the Association’ was published. The name chosen as As extension lectures gave rise to tutorial classes symbolic of the aim of the WEA not to construct an so the needs of tutorial classes gave rise to Summer educational ladder, (by which the gift few may climb) Schools. Summer Schools grew around groups of but to bring into existence an educational highway along interest and were held from anything up to seven weeks. which the average man and woman can travel towards a WEA was severely affected at the outbreak of WW1 larger life. as branch officials, workers, and tutors volunteered for The WEA Constitution of 1907 declared the object of service. Many branches disappeared and classes were the Association to be ‘to promote the Higher Education reduced in number. But the war was also a time of of Working Men and Women’. Early classes tended to demand for information and a clamour for knowledge of have a male focus. To counter this in 1909 the WEA European history and the warring parties. During 1914- Women’s Advisory Committee was established to 15 no fewer than 1699 lectures, 45 tutorial classes and investigate the provision of adult education classes for 154 study circles were arranged in all parts of England women. The following year Alice Wall was appointed as to study subjects relative to the war. the WEA’s first Women’s Officer. Ill-health forced A. Mansbridge to retire from the WEA The Women’s Advisory Committee decided upon the in the winter of 1915. Mansbridge’s WEA 1903-1915 need for special classes at special hours suited to the was Liberal in orientation, Christian in its leadership, pattern of working life of women. These were to be early and moralistic in tone. From 1914 the WEA galvanized afternoon when the older children were at school and by the war effort widened its field of educational interest husbands still at work. through campaigning.
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