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Heritage Impact Assessment Annexure 1: the History Report

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MODDERFONTEIN VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANNEXURE 1: THE HISTORY REPORT Rocco Bosman Architects and Heritage Specialist Practitioners Cell 082 450 1249 Phone 011 646 9614 Fax 086 670 6481 Email [email protected] Practice SACAP Registration Number 3215 Practice SAIA Registration Number 4323 11 Tyrone Avenue Parkview Johannesburg South Africa PO Box 84698 Greenside 2034 HISTORY REPORT The following history report is condensed and not detailed. The history report was compiled by the author of the HIA, R Bosman, intentionally to highlight salient historic events which define the cultural significance of the Modderfontein explosives factory and its community, at regional, national and global level. In the report, history time-lines are presented chronologically. The history report is primarily informed by Kohler, K: Unpublished raw material, various essays. Kotze, S: The Dynamite Company Museum archives, various documents. Darling, G: Unpublished illustrated dissertation, AECI Explosives and Chemicals Limited. Cartwright, A P: The Dynamite Company. HISTORY ANALYSIS The History Analysis excludes the Inventory of Heritage Resources which are located beyond the boundary of the Primary Impact Area (which is contained in Annexure 2 of the report) and further excludes the Assessment of the Cultural Significance of those structures located within the Primary Impact Area (which is contained in Annexure 2 of the report). The analysis is dissected in terms of three thematic categories viz. Page number • 1 INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY subdivided into 40 1.1 CORPORATE, 40 1.2 RECREATIONAL and 48 1.3 SOCIAL features 53 • 2 STRATEGIC HISTORY and 56 • 3 SCIENTIFIC and TECHNOLOGICAL HISTORY 64 Refer to Page 38 for the List of References. RB Architects and Heritage Specialist Practitioners Heritage Impact Assessment: Modderfontein Village Development (February 2010) Page 39 Perimeter of the Present AECI Landholding Original Modderfontein Explosives Factory Boundary Botha Cemetery DAM 5 Frankenwatdt (Conservation Park) DAM 4 Fergerson Cemetery Explosives Scattered Beit and Graves Dobbs Magazines Cluster Modderfontein Factory4 Cemetery Klondyke Wells Factory5 DAM 3 DAM 2 Factory3 Factory2 Factory1 Zuurfontein NZASM Rail Link Schoon Plaas Soccer Compound &Golf Berea Old Granite Quarry Village ModModderfontein School The Fort Franz Central Factory Area Brickfields Detonator Factory Italy Hoenig Village Haus Holland Village Skittle Alley The Casino Founders View Cemetery DAM 1 Taxeira Hospital and Gomes Otto Hamburg Cemetery Sprinkell Village Market Sanatorium Gardensdens Sophie Geel’s Founders Johannesburg ad Grave East Cemetery Gate Modderfontein Ro Old Shooting Range (Farm) NORTH Scale 1: 50 000 Factory Precincts 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 Villages Bar-scale in metres This map indicates the present extent of the AECI Modderfontein landholding on which is superimposed, a Site Plan Layout drawing produced in c1896 by the Zuid-Afrikaansche Fabrieken voor Ontplofbare Stoffen Beperkt. Salient features, mainly connected to the early Explosives Factory history (1895-1905) are highlighted on the map. The map should be consulted when reading those sections of the HIA which deal with the History Analysis (for ease of cross referencing, a red dot [•] appears in the text of the history analysis, when indicated) on this map. RB Architects and Heritage Specialist Practitioners Heritage Impact Assessment: Modderfontein Village Development (February 2010) Page 40 1 INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY 1.1 CORPORATE INSTITUTIONAL HISTORY “there were more wheels-within-wheels in the offices of the Dynamite Company than in its factory” A. P. Cartwright. Nitroglycerin was discovered by Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero in 1847 , working under TJ Pelouze at the University of Torino. Alfred Bernhard Nobel¹ invented the detonator in 1863 and by stabilizing nitroglycerine for commercial use, dynamite in 1867. In 1886 the Nobel empire was divided between the Société Centrale de Dynamite and the Nobel Dynamite Trust Company who entered into an agreement defining their spheres of influence worldwide². Both companies were controlled by trusts exercising financial control over 90% of the high explosives trade globally (Cartwright, 1964:41). 1880 In SA, the Executive of the ZAR’s racially inspired determination, aimed at preventing the arming of blacks³ occasioned the introduction of the ‘dynamite concession’ by President Paul Kruger. This meant that the manufacture and sale of gunpowder was to be controlled by the State. The consequent __________________________________________________________________________________________ ¹Concise Biography On October 21, 1833 Alfred Bernhard Nobel (son of architect Immanuel Nobel) was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His family moved to St. Petersburg in Russia when he was nine years old. In 1865, he built the Alfred Nobel & Co. factory in Krümmel near Hamburg, Germany. In 1866, he established the United States Blasting Oil Company in the U.S. In 1870, he established the Société Général pour la Fabrication de la Dynamite in Paris, France. When he died in 1896, Alfred Nobel left behind a nine million dollar endowment fund. The Nobel prize is awarded annually to those who have contributed to the advancement of science, literature, medicine and the promotion of world peace. In total, Alfred Nobel held three hundred and fifty-five patents in the fields of electrochemistry, optics, biology, and physiology (electronic document inventors.about.com accessed 2009) ²The Société Centrale de Dynamite acquired a controlling interest in the French, Spanish, Swiss and Italian companies and the Nobel Dynamite Trust Company, in the British and Germain companies including the Alliance Explosives Company, the South Wales Explosives Company, the Mexican Nobel Company, the Pacific Nobel Company, the Australian company and as we will later learn, the Transvaal company (Cartwright, 1964:41). ³“This concession (or monopoly) had it's origin in the determination of the Boers to keep the native tribes on the borders of the two republics deprived of firearms. When they fought the Matabele at Mosega in 1837, and drove Moselekatse and his warriors across the Limpopo, they suffered not a single casualty. Assegais were no match for their rifles. Later, in their skirmishes with Malaboch and the recalcitrant chiefs in Sekukuniland they had to face firearms which, however wildly they were aimed and primitively charged, made these campaigns more hazardous. The gun runners had been busy. It was known that the chiefs in Sekukuniland were prepared to pay high prices for rifles, bullets and gunpowder and even higher prices for cannon and naturally there were men who were prepared to supply what was needed. The wrath of the Boers was directed against these men. As far back as 1854 Josias Hoffman, the first president of the Orange Free State Republic, had been obliged to resign because he had aroused the anger of his people by presenting a barrel of gunpowder to the Basuto chief, Moshesh. In both republics the law, in due course, forbade the sale of firearms or gunpowder to blacks. It was quite natural, therefore, that the Executive of the South African Republic, and particularly Paul Kruger with whom the question of arming the blacks was a phobia, should decide that the manufacture and sale of gunpowder must be controlled by the State. And when high explosives appeared upon the scene it is understandable that they should have decided that the sale of dynamite should also be controlled.” (Cartwright, 1964:43) RB Architects and Heritage Specialist Practitioners Heritage Impact Assessment: Modderfontein Village Development (February 2010) Page 441 emergence of monopolies arising from the granting of concessions to selected agents¹ for the sole right to trade in explosives, attracted heavy criticism. Eduard Lippert, a German, was the successfull candidate who was granted this concession for the establishment of a company called the Zuid Afrikaansche Maatskappy van Ontplofbare Stoffen on 31 December 1887. The ZAR were entitled to royalties per case of dynamite sold by Lippert. Notwithstanding his commitment to erect a factory for the local manufacture of dynamite, explosives were simply imported from France in blocks and locally extruded (into cartridges) for wrapping and packaging at Baviaanspoort, Pretoria (the property let to Lippert by the State for a rental fee of £3,750). 1890 Disregarding objections voiced by the Chamber of Mines and indeed the British Government (in 1892 on the grounds that, according to Cartwright, the ZAR’s “undue trade preferences which were detrimental to the rights and interests of British subjects” constituted a breach of the 1884 London Convention), the ZAR government allowed this practice to continue for 6 years. Following which, on 5 September 1893, the Volksraad of the ZAR proceeded to officially endorse a resolution making the import, manufacture and sales (of explosives) a Government monopoly (Cartwright 1964:7), in terms of which a new company was to be installed. Hence, in June 1894, the Zuid-Afrikaansche Fabrieken voor Ontplofbare Stoffen Beperkt superceded its predecessor ² (the Zuid Afrikaansche Maatskappy van Ontplofbare Stoffen), conditionally contracted for the manufacture of dynamite to be locally produced within a period of two-and-a-half years at a production volume of 80 000 cases of explosives annually. Shares in this new Transvaal company were divided equally between companies controlled by the Société Centrale de Dynamite and the Nobel Dynamite
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