Invasive Shot Hole Borers Threatening Trees in Southern California He Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer T(PSHB) (Fig

Information for pest management professionals and pesticide applicators Green Bulletin Vol. 6 l No. 3 l December 2016

Invasive Shot Hole Borers Threatening Trees in Southern California he Polyphagous shot hole borer T(PSHB) (Fig. 1) and Kuroshio shot hole borer (KSHB) are invasive wood- boring beetles that attack dozens of

tree species in Southern California, UCR ESKALEN, A. UCR ESKALEN, A. including commercial avocado groves, common landscape trees, and native species in urban and wildland environments. Both beetles spread a disease called Fusarium Dieback (FD), which is caused by pathogenic fungi. Trees that are FD-susceptible may ex- perience branch dieback, canopy loss, and tree mortality (Fig. 2).

Insect Vector

PSHB carries three fungi: Fusarium Fig. 1. Adult female Polyphagous shot hole Fig. 2. Dead sycamore tree. euwallaceae, Graphium euwallaceae borer (Euwallaceae sp.) and Paracremonium pembeum. KSHB carries two new species of fungi: Fu- FD disease. Beetle larvae within the Internal: The fungi interrupt the sarium sp. and Graphium sp. Mature gallery in infected trees feed on the transport of water and nutrients females of both species are black and fungus, forming a symbiotic relation- in branches of affected trees, lead- 0.07 to 0.1 inches (1.8–2.5 mm) long, ship between the fungus and beetle. ing to wood discoloration which whereas males are brown and smaller Fusarium Dieback stops the flow of can vary in color from brown to than females at 0.06 inches (1.5 mm) water and nutrients in over 48 suscep- black. Shaving outer layer bark with long. The female attacks a wide variety tible tree species, which can lead to a clean knife around beetle entry of host trees forming galleries (Fig. the death of individual branches or, in holes reveals obvious wood discolor- 3), where she lays her eggs. Mature severe cases, an entire tree (Fig. 2). ation. Cross-sections of cut branches siblings inbreed inside galleries and around affected areas show the the pregnant females leave to estab- Symptoms extent of infection (Fig. 8). lish new galleries in the same host or nearby hosts; most wingless males, External: A host tree’s visible re- Wide range of hosts however, remain in maternal galleries. sponse to disease varies among host species. Sugary exudate (also called a These two beetles and their sym- The tiny beetles tunnel into host sugar volcano) (Fig. 4), staining (Fig. biotic fungi have a wide variety of trees and spread the fungi that cause 5), gumming (Fig. 6), and frass (Fig. suitable hosts. (See list on page 2). This wide host range makes land- 7) are among symptoms that may be noticeable before the tiny beetles are scape, native riparian, oak woodland, WHAT’S INSIDE… found. The beetle’s entry holes, which and mixed evergreen communities are approximately 0.03 inches (0.85 highly susceptible to invasion and New Invasive Disease | Page 4 mm) in diameter, can be located mortality by PSHB/KSHB-FD. beneath or near the symptoms. Ad- Annual training for | Page 6 vanced fungal infections will eventu- Healthy Schools Act ally lead to branch dieback. …continued on page 2

SIGN UP…for a free subscription to the Green Bulletin at http://ucanr.edu/subscribegreenbulletin Invasive ShotHoleBorers Page 2 | December 2016 Fig. formation 3.Beetle gallery on box elder. Fig. 5.Staining symptoms on coast live oak. Management onLandscapeTrees Chemical andChemical biocontrol management strategies are currently investigated being Preliminary results from ongoing experiments on pesticide sycamore trees sug If infestation the level on ahost is moderate to heavy, found we also some level If you PSHB think or KSHB is affectingtrees landscape ina or area you manage, infested branches help will reduce vector populations and spread the of pest- this gests that acombination of benzoate emamectin (4%)and tebuconazole (16%) attacks beetle new over on time low-level infested trees. An earlier study sug also gest that acombination of benzoate emamectin (4%)and propiconazole (14.3%) for this pest-disease complex.for pest-disease this Early detection of infestation and removal of the disease complex.disease does notdoes constitute arecommendation.] chance of saving amoderate to heavily infested low. tree is very of imidacloprid systemic the insecticide (75%). of control sprays with trunk of bifenthrin (23.4%),and drench a soil application over on time infested trees. ticides areticides only registered trees. on landscape contactplease your Agricultural Commissioner’s local or UCCooperative Exten sion before making any treatments or removing trees. applied injections were wood asinthe trunk able to attacks reduce beetle new applied to lead areduction injections xylem), (2-3”inthe wood in as inthe trunk

A. ESKALEN, UCR A. ESKALEN, UCR Fig. 6.Gumming symptoms on aurea. Fig. 4.Sugar volcano symptoms on avocado. It is important to note that the [The mentionpesticides these of

...continued from p.1 …continued on page 3

Note:pes These Calpurnia Calpurnia - - - -

A. ESKALEN, UCR A. ESKALEN, UCR 19. Titoki( ( White Alder 18. 17. Blackcottonwood( 16. Cottonwood( 15. Londonplane( 14. Coastliveoak( 13. EnglishOak( 12. Mimosa( 11. Avocado( 10. Arroyo willow( 1. Boxelder( 4. Trident maple( 48. KingPalm( 47. KentiaPalm( 46. CanyonLiveoak( 45. Californiabuckeye( 44. Carrotwood( 43. BlackPoplar( 42. MuleFat( 41. Denselogwood( 40. Japanesebeech(

7. CaliforniaSycamore( Current reproductive host list of host list reproductive Current 5. Japanesemaple( 3. Evergreen Maple( 39. Blackmissionfig( 38. Kurrajong( 37. Tree ofheaven( 36. Goodding’s blackwillow( 35. Japanesewisteria( 34. RedFloweringGum( 33. Liquidambar( ( 32. Acacia 31. Camelia( 30. Chineseholly( 6. Castorbean( 20. EngelmannOak( 9. Red Willow ( 2. Bigleafmaple( 29. Weeping willow( 28. Mesquite( 27. Brea( 26. MoretonBayChestnut( 25. Paloverde( 24. Bluepaloverde( 23. Coraltree( 22. Valley oak( 21. CorkOak( Shot Hole Borers Hole Shot 8. Mexicansycamore( *Native speciestoCalifornia emosa epis carpa des dingii ficifolia nii nica mum australe )* ) )* )* ) )* )* Cercidium sonorae Alectryon excelsus ) Acacia Albizia julibrissin Camellia semiserrata Acer negundo Persea americana Baccharis salicifolia Prosopis articulata Quercus suber Erythrina corallodendon Ricinus communis Brachychiton populneus Quercus lobata Parkinsonia aculeata Ptychosperma elegans Salix laevigata Cupaniopsis anacardioi Alnus rhombifolia ) Populus fremontii Quercus robur Howea forsteriana Acer buergerianum Liquidambar styraciflua Populus nigra Acer macrophyllum Platanus xacerifolia Ilex cornuta Quercus agrifolia Acer palmatum spp.) Salix lasolepis Ailanthus altissima Fagus crenata Xylosma congestum Cercidium floridum Acer paxii Quercus engelman Salix babylonica Quercus chrysol Wisteria floribunda Ficus carica Platanus mexicana Populus tricho Aesculus califor Platanus rac Eucalyptus )* Castanosper ) ) ) Salix good )* ) ) )* ) ) ) )* ) )* )* ) ) )* ) ) )* )* ) )* ) )* - - ) )* ) - ) ) ) ) - - - )* ) - - ) ) )

Page 3 | December 2016 A. ESKALEN, UCR ESKALEN, A. UCR ESKALEN, A. - - - Phy releases releases tentacu

P. tentaculata P. …continued on page 4 page on …continued Phytophthora genus, genus, cannot be seen the eye naked cannot with and stem disease can also result from from disease also stem can result and swimming spores that move through through move that spores swimming plants. plants. plant roots. If susceptible stems are are stems susceptible If roots. plant exudates. Once infected, the patho infected, Once exudates. contacted, infection can occur can infection there contacted, from the roots. the roots. from following water movement or splash, splash, or movement water following lata Similar to other members of the of members other to Similar unless grown in a laboratory. However, However, in a laboratory. grown unless gen can cause disease in susceptible disease cause in susceptible can gen the pathogen growing into the stem the stem into growing the pathogen it usually produces visible symptoms symptoms visible produces usually it tree trunk. tree tophthora water and are attracted to plant root root plant to attracted are and water Fig. 7. Frass symptoms on avocado. on symptoms 7. Frass Fig. Fig. 8. Fungal colonization on a box elder elder a box on colonization 8. Fungal Fig. – stem cankers and root rots – on host host – on rots root and cankers – stem : A New - - - - - , 1 , Frank , Frank 1 http:// eskalenlab.

UCCE Orange UCCE Orange 2 is large, with over over with large, is only healthy plant plant healthy only , Joseph D. Carrillo D. , Joseph 1 ...continued from p.2 from ...continued

, Richard Stouthamer , Richard Phytophthora 1 are soilborne, attack plant roots and and roots plant attack soilborne, are stems, and spread by the movement the movement by spread and stems, other and oak pathogen sudden death ornamental, and forest plants. plants. forest and ornamental, of infested soil, including soil stuck soil stuck including soil, infested of destructive pathogens of agricultural, agricultural, of destructive pathogens material should be used for planting. planting. be used should for material gus-like organisms called water molds molds called water organisms gus-like genus that produce spores and hyphae. Many Many hyphae. and spores produce that shoes. The or containers, tools, to to remember that that remember to Phytophthoras are microscopic, fun microscopic, are Phytophthoras 100 described the species, including What is Phytophthora? . , Tim Paine , Tim - 2 - - , , Joey S. Mayorquin , Joey plants plants cover chips/logs with sturdy plastic for at least 6 least at for plastic sturdy with chips/logs cover Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology and and & Microbiology Pathology Plant of Department 1 potentially potentially . 1 cover chips/logs with sturdy plastic for at least 6 weeks. 6 weeks. least at for plastic sturdy with chips/logs cover s during these months should preferably be above 95°F be above preferably should these months s during it is important important is it . , John Kabashima , John 1 . Because both na . [email protected]

(pronounced Fie-TOF- (pronounced 1 pshb.org Phytophthora tentaculata September - June: September months July - August: July (35°C). Temperature or

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and Joseph Morse Joseph and

1 less the material is covered or contained during transport. during contained or covered is the material less large to chip, solarize them under a clear tarp: a clear solarize them under chip, to large pruning tools. tools. pruning burn green waste and convert it into energy). into it convert and waste green burn earned the U.S. Composting Council’s Seal of Testing Assurance at: at: Assurance Seal Testing of Council’s Composting earned the U.S. compostingcouncil.org/participants/ Sterilize pruning tools with either 5% household bleach, Lysol cleaning solu Lysol cleaning bleach, 5% household either with tools pruning Sterilize tive Daily Cover. Daily tive tion, or 70% ethyl alcohol to prevent the spread of the pathogens through through the pathogens of the spread prevent to alcohol 70% ethyl or tion, Have wood chips composted at a professional composting facility that has has that facility composting a professional at composted wood chips Have Chip infested wood onsite to a size of one inch or smaller. If branches are too are branches If smaller. or inch one a size of to wood onsite infested Chip

Transport wood or chips to a biogeneration facility (biogeneration facilities facilities (biogeneration facility a biogeneration to chips wood or Transport it will usedbe a landfill to as where Alterna wood wood chips or Transport Avoid moving infested wood and chipping material out of infested areas un areas infested of out material chipping wood and infested moving Avoid

• • • • • • susceptible California native and and California native susceptible several California native plant nurser plant several California native pathogen, pathogen, poses disease of a risk in wildlands, economic impacts economic disease for years to come, come, to years disease for causing lasting environmental and and environmental lasting causing from nurseries can carry can newfrom nurseries patho lations and the spread of thispest-disease of complex. the spread and lations gens and other pests, other pests, and gens non-native plants. Once introduced in introduced Once plants. non-native gardens and landscapes that use that landscapes and gardens these areas, the pathogen can generate generate can the pathogen these areas, ther-uh) has recently been found in been found recently has ther-uh) tive and non-native California non-native and tive ies and habitat restoration sites. The The sites. restoration habitat ies and ucr.edu Shannon C.Shannon Lynch For more information, visit the UC Riverside Eskalen Lab website at Eskalen Lab website the UC Riverside visit information, more For Phytophthora Byrne Riverside. California, of University Entomology, of Department County. Cultural/Sanitation Practices Cultural/Sanitation

Phytophthora tentaculata Phytophthora Exotic and Invasive Disease and Invasive Exotic The removal of heavily infested reproductive hosts will help reduce vector vector popu reduce willhosts help reproductive infested heavily of removal The A new plant pathogen in the genus in the genus pathogen A new plant –Akif Eskalen –Akif Invasive Shot Hole Borers Hole Shot Invasive Page 4 | December 2016 A. californica A. 1993 from inGermany. anursery In These includeThese pathogenThe in was first described Hosts, symptomsand (syn. (syn. coffeeberry), (California (mugwort), 2012 in a nursery inMonterey2012 inanursery County, was discoloredwas and advanced up the stem from the roots. (c) Figure and 1.(a)Dying dead

California. Currently,California. seventeen plant villosa flower)wherecausing it was observed arbutifolia atus In California, Salvia worldwide are thought suscep to be root system aresult root of severe rot. thora The infected disease. plants has chlorotic (yellowing and browning) foliage. (b) The inner stem and root diseased ofacrown isolated from commoninfected, all native inthe tible to Unitedthe States, it was first found in nia, eightnia, native plant and species one expand as we more. learn In Califor bush monkeyflower, sticky monkey plant and trade inwildlands. nursery species andspecies two additional genera aboveground symptoms 1a)that (Fig. additional genus have found been and to date is present only incentral detection (A) P. tentaculata (buck brush), Mimulus aurantiacus Mimulus species (sage), species (coyote-mint), and P. tentaculata (toyon). A. dracunculus (California sagebrush), (California Diplacus aurantiacus P. tentaculata Artemisia douglasiana Artemisia Frangula californica Frangula , but list the may Ceanothus cune Ceanothus Monardella Monardella Diplacus aurantiacus Heteromeles ; orange (tarragon), was first

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Apium graveolens (hybrids, marguerite, and oxeye daisy), (chicory), 1b)and(Fig. plant death. system Root Gerbera jamesonii Origanum vulgare Consolida ajacis Germany, Italy, Spain, and have China Placer, and Santa counties. Cruz tolina chamaecyparissus tolina costus reported disease fromreported disease restoration plantings. It has now been included stunted growth, sparse and gen was recovered incentral Cali U. inthe trade nursery patho S.,the found Butte, inAlameda, Monterey, fornia wildlands, presumably having chlorotic foliage, stem collar lesions considered at risk of disease. cotton), and contaminated plants nursery in used on several planton several including species been released intobeen landscape the via hybrids). Many of above the species lesions, and few roots 1c).Soon (Fig. symptoms included necrotic, sunken are grown and inCalifornia should be after, (B) (orangewith advanced bush monkeyflower) groundabove symptoms,typical of Phytoph P. tentaculata (costus root), Artemisia douglasiana Chrysanthemum Verben (rocket larkspur), (celery), (celery), (Barberton daisy), (Barberton (oregano), was detected in the inthe was detected a species (vervain (vervain a species Cichorium intybus Cichorium P. tentaculata (lavender Saussurea Saussurea species species (mugwort) plant (mugwort) infected with P. tentaculata had asparse San - - -

Avoidance: Management (for example:

Purchase plant material that has been If buying container stock of any of Prevention: time, these cantime, become contami these abovethe plant find species, outthe if nated with use/buy plants or material that has grown and soil inpasteurized under is followingnursery management best general is rarely transmitted way. this nated. At more advanced stages of may healthy look still eventhough disease, plantsdisease, may exhibit symptoms or otherwise potentiallyor contami otherwise been in the nursery for nursery inthe anbeen extended possible forbest method with dealing host-plant container stock and donot pathogens. proper sanitation procedure. not Do practices for preventing planting as from seed purchase plants that appear unhealthy any any as outlined above, but nearby plants Prevention and (C) Phytophthora Phytophthora Avoid buying known By far, prevention is the tinyurl.com/zvmjyt3 …continued on page 5 pathogen. Consider Phytophthora Phytophthora and other D. aurantiacus - - ). - in

[IMAGES: (A) L. SIMS; (B-C) S. ROONEY-LATHAM, CD] Page 5 | December 2016 - ; and ; and - mat - . www. simslaura@ ; Steven Swain, UCCE UCCE ; Steven Swain, [email protected] ; Igor Lacan, UCCE San UCCE Lacan, ; Igor Laura Sims, UC Berkeley, Sims, UC Berkeley, Laura and related articles, see the pages related and suddenoakdeath.org/diagnosis-and- phytophthora-tentaculata/ berkeley.edu covering this pathogen at at this pathogen covering management/nursery-information/ updates or further or advice. updates [email protected] ing references to original research originalresearch to references ing [email protected] wish to contact your local Agricultural your contact to wish For more information, includ information, more For Extension office to see if they can offer to see iftheycan office Extension Commissioner or UC Cooperative UC Cooperative or Commissioner Francisco and San Mateo counties, counties, San Mateo and Francisco Marin County, County, Marin UC Berkeley, Garbelotto, Matteo – - growth, growth, . Clean Phytophthora If plants are already in already are plants If ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/ : at another area of your garden. You may may You garden. your of area another as outlined in the UC IPM Pest Note: Note: in the UC IPM Pest outlined as appear to be infected, do not move move be do not to infected, appear such as stunted growth and/or chlo and/or growth stunted as such and/ lesions sunken necrotic for stem numbers large abnormally for systems bed nearby and the garden soil from or stem rots. If possible, check root root check possible, If rots. stem or healthy few roots, dying dead and of new roots, and necrotic spotting on on spotting necrotic and new roots, garden. the potential for for the potential the ground and exhibiting symptoms symptoms exhibiting and the ground infected plants to other parts of the parts of other to infected plants rotic foliage, check the root collar and and collar the root check foliage, rotic the roots still If living. are that roots the Garden the Remediation PESTNOTES/pn74133.html your tools and boots before working working boots before and tools your Change irrigation practices to reduce reduce practices to irrigation Change Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot in in Rot Crown and Root Phytophthora - - - - - , st ...continued from p.4 from ...continued

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs focus on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a com Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs focus on long-term prevention of pests or

…continued on page 6 page on …continued If you purchase host host purchase you If :

and theneeded. Products are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, environment. WHAT IS IPM? WHAT n of gardeningbination of techniques including resistant plant varieties, biological control, physical or mechanical control, and modificatio part of IPM programs but are used only whenand home maintenance practices to reduce conditions favorable for pests. Pesticides are P. tentaculata P. and antimicrobials) at a school site a school site at antimicrobials) and agement professionals applying any any applying professionals agement ans, administrators, other staff or staff or other administrators, ans, pesticide (this includes disinfectants disinfectants pesticide (this includes enjoying summer break, an amend an break, summer enjoying covering school integrated pest pest integrated school covering the by be approved must course management (IPM). The training training (IPM). The management ment to the Healthy Schools Act Schools Act the Healthy to ment to take an annual training course course training annual take an to Regulation (DPR). Regulation volunteers, and licensed pest man and volunteers, California Department of Pesticide Pesticide of California Department and excess water from these plants these plants from water excess and sider setting them aside before plant before them aside sider setting soil or water movement. If a number a number If movement. water soil or buy not do infection, of symptoms plant, soil, and container according to to according container and soil, plant, plants (or closely related species), con related closely (or plants host species list is a work in progress; in progress; a work species is list host be aware that other, unlisted species unlisted other, that be aware of plants in the nursery block show in the nursery show block plants of disposal guidelines for your area. Do area. your disposal for guidelines does not flow into your garden soil. soil. garden your into flow does not 2016. It requires teachers, custodi teachers, requires 2016. It may not be killed. not may may also be susceptible. may not home-compost this pathogen, as it it as this pathogen, home-compost not them in your yard, and be sure soil be sure and yard, them in your to develop symptoms before planting planting before symptoms develop to those plants or their neighbors. The The their neighbors. or those plants they have been contaminated through through been contaminated they have ing. Give the plants time (4 - 6 weeks) time (4 - 6 weeks) the plants Give ing. (HSA) went into effect on July 1 effect July on into (HSA) went If symptoms develop, dispose of the dispose of develop, symptoms If While students and teachers were were teachers and students While

Quarantine anyone sites at school applying pesticides

New law requires annual training forNew law requires HSA annual training ...continued from p.5

An online course, Providing Inte- Prior to July 1st, 2016, schools were • Antimicrobials, including sanitizers grated Pest Management Services already required to do the following: and disinfectants in Schools and Child Care Settings, • Designate an IPM coordinator at • Pesticides exempt from registra- developed by the UC Statewide IPM the school or district level to make tion, such as food grade oils Program and the Center for Envi- sure the requirements of the HSA However, these products are NOT ronmental Research and Children’s are met exempt from the Healthy Schools Act Health (CERCH), has recently been • Create an IPM plan annual training requirement that went st approved by DPR to satisfy the into effect July 1 . Anyone who uses • Provide annual written notification these products—a licensed profession- annual training requirement of the to all parents and staff of pesticide al, school staff or child care staff—is HSA. Although this course was products intended for use at the still required to take the HSA annual school site during the year and al- designed for licensed pest manage- training course. ment professionals, anyone applying low the opportunity for them to be notified before certain applications any type of pesticide in schools or To satisfy this annual training re- • Post warning signs where certain quirement, take the free UC IPM child care centers will benefit from UC IPM pesticides are applied online course by visiting the the course. online training webpage. For more • Keep records of pesticide IPM is a strategy that focuses on on school and child care IPM and applications long-term prevention of pests other courses that satisfy the Healthy • Send pesticide use reports to DPR Schools Act training requirement, through a combination of tech- annually visit the DPR website. niques such as monitoring for pest presence, cleaning up food sources, Some pesticide products are exempt *Licensed pest management professionals hired to apply pesticides at schools or sealing up cracks, and excluding from the IPM plan, notification, post- licensed child care centers must continue to pests with screens. Effective pes- ing, recordkeeping, and reporting* submit their regular pesticide reports of ALL requirements of the HSA at school registered pesticides to DPR annually and to ticides that pose the least possible sites. These are reduced-risk pesticide the county monthly. hazard and that minimize harm products, and their use is encouraged to people, property, and the envi- at schools if pesticides are deemed –Cheryl Reynolds, UC Statewide IPM ronment are used only after care- necessary. These include: Program, [email protected] ful monitoring indicates they are needed. • Self-contained baits or traps • Gels or pastes used indoors in The HSA encourages the use of IPM cracks and crevices in schools and child care centers and gives parents and the public the abil- ity to know when and where certain University of California Produced by the University of California Statewide IPM Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Program with partial funding from the USDA NIFA pesticides are used in these facili- Statewide IPM Program EIPM Coordination Program. To simplify information, 2801 Second Street trade names of products have been used. No endorse- ties. The Act was originally signed Davis, CA 95618-7774 ment of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. into California law in September E-mail: [email protected] Online: www.ipm.ucanr.edu/greenbulletin For more information about managing pests, contact 2000 and is located in four different your University of California Cooperative Extension office Editor: K. Windbiel-Rojas listed under the county government pages of your phone California codes: education, food Production: F. Rosa book, or visit the UC IPM Web site at www.ipm.ucanr.edu. and agricultural, business and pro- fessions, and health and safety. The law has been amended several times. ANR NONDISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICY STATEMENT It is the policy of the University of California (UC) and the UC Division of Agriculture & Natural Resources not to engage The most recent revision to the HSA in discrimination against or harassment of any person in any of its programs or activities (Complete nondiscrimination was signed into law in September policy statement can be found at ucanr.edu/sites/anrstaff/files/215244.pdf). 2014 by Governor Jerry Brown. Inquiries regarding ANR’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to John Sims, Affirmative Action Contact, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2801 Second Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) 750-1397. December 2016 | Pests in the Urban Landscape www.ucanr.edu/blogs/ucipmurbanpests Page 6