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Towards a Collaboratively Developed Conceptual Model of the Waimakariri Groundwater System

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Towards a Collaboratively Developed Conceptual Model of the Waimakariri Groundwater System Towards a collaboratively developed conceptual model of the Waimakariri groundwater system Report No. R15/139 ISBN 978-1-927299-12-8 (print) 978-1-927299-13-5 (web) M Dodson October 2015 Report No. R15/139 ISBN 978-1-927299-12-8 (print) 978-1-927299-13-5 (web) PO Box 345 Christchurch 8140 Phone (03) 365 3828 Fax (03) 365 3194 75 Church Street PO Box 550 Timaru 7940 Phone (03) 687 7800 Fax (03) 687 7808 Website: www.ecan.govt.nz Customer Services Phone 0800 324 636 Towards a collaboratively developed conceptual model of the Waimakariri groundwater system Summary Background: In mid-2016, the limit-setting process for the Waimakariri Canterbury Water Management Strategy (CWMS) zone is scheduled to commence. Before this process begins, Environment Canterbury needs to develop groundwater conceptual models for the Waimakariri CWMS zone. A conceptual model is a picture and/or a narrative that summarises our understanding of a system. My groundwater conceptual model will be used to provide information to communities and decision makers, and as the basis for numerical models. My expectation is that these conceptual models will evolve as further work is undertaken in this CWMS zone. What I did: I identified and then contacted stakeholders and partners to ask if they had preferred groundwater technical experts to participate in this project. I interviewed ten groundwater technical experts about their understanding of the groundwater system in the Waimakariri CWMS zone. We then held a workshop to work through the points of agreement and disagreement with the intention of identifying potential projects to resolve disagreements. I then used the information gathered from this project and other available information to develop my groundwater conceptual model. Here I describe conceptual models for the Lees Valley, Loburn Fan and Ashley-Waimakariri plains. What I found: The participating groundwater technical experts agreed on many issues. There were also areas of disagreement, and this disagreement can be used to indicate the degree of uncertainty. This uncertainty will be reduced by undertaking specific work to address areas of disagreement, but it may be that we have to accept a high degree of uncertainty. The Lees Valley is a closed basin where the outflow occurs via the two main rivers. The Loburn Fan has significant interaction between surface and groundwater, and water infiltrating through soil into groundwater is limited because of the soil properties and topography, particularly around the outer margin of the fan. The Ashley-Waimakariri plains groundwater system is over 400 m thick in places but thins towards the margins. Groundwater generally flows towards the coast where some groundwater discharges offshore and some discharges to the surface, which provides water to the spring-fed steams. In my description of the groundwater conceptual model, I have discussed the major assumptions I made and indicated issues that may be important to the management of water resources in the Waimakariri CWMS zone Environment Canterbury Technical Report i Towards a collaboratively developed conceptual model of the Waimakariri groundwater system ii Environment Canterbury Technical Report Towards a collaboratively developed conceptual model of the Waimakariri groundwater system Table of contents Summary ............................................................................................................ i 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project aims .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose of this report ..................................................................................................... 1 2 Methodology .................................................................................................... 4 3 Groundwater conceptual model .................................................................... 7 3.1 Lees Valley ..................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 Physical setting and conceptual model .............................................................. 7 3.1.2 Implications for management ............................................................................. 8 3.2 Loburn Fan ....................................................................................................................12 3.2.1 Physical setting ................................................................................................12 3.2.2 Conceptual model ............................................................................................19 3.2.3 Implications for management ...........................................................................19 3.3 Ashley-Waimakariri plains ............................................................................................21 3.3.1 Physical setting ................................................................................................21 3.3.2 Conceptual model ............................................................................................36 3.3.3 Implications for management ...........................................................................37 4 Uncertainty and recommendations ............................................................. 41 4.1 Lees Valley ...................................................................................................................41 4.2 Loburn Fan ....................................................................................................................41 4.3 Hydraulic connection between shallow/deep productive water-bearing zones in the Eyre River GAZ .............................................................................................................41 4.4 Offshore discharge........................................................................................................42 4.5 Groundwater flow beneath or into the Waimakariri River in the lower reaches ...........42 4.6 Waimakariri River and groundwater in the upper plains ...............................................42 4.7 Conversion of Eyrewell forest and surrounding area ....................................................43 4.8 Public water supplies vulnerability to contamination ....................................................43 4.9 Lag times and denitrification .........................................................................................43 5 Next steps ...................................................................................................... 43 6 Synopsis ........................................................................................................ 44 7 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... 44 8 References ..................................................................................................... 45 Appendix A: Developing a groundwater conceptual model for the Waimakariri CWMS zone .................................................................... 49 Environment Canterbury Technical Report iii Towards a collaboratively developed conceptual model of the Waimakariri groundwater system Appendix B: Memo 6 November 2014 ................................................................ 51 Appendix C: Waimakariri groundwater conceptual model project .................. 55 Appendix D: Summary of statements from the interviews ............................... 56 Appendix E: Memo 17 February 2015 ................................................................. 60 Appendix F: Workshop PowerPoint presentation ............................................. 66 Appendix G: Areas of agreement and disagreement ....................................... 78 List of Figures Figure 1-1: Waimakariri CWMS zone .................................................................................................. 2 Figure 1-2: Conceptual model of the Ashley-Waimakariri plains groundwater system ....................... 3 Figure 2-1: Process used in the workshop to discuss points of disagreement .................................... 6 Figure 3-1: Oblique 3D image of the Waimakariri CWMS zone ......................................................... 7 Figure 3-2: Map of the Lees Valley and irrigated area ....................................................................... 9 Figure 3-3: Geological map of the Lees Valley ..................................................................................10 Figure 3-4: Mapped regional wetlands in the Lees Valley .................................................................11 Figure 3-5: Waimakariri CWMS zone boundary and GAZ boundaries ..............................................13 Figure 3-6: Rivers, streams and mapped springs on the Loburn Fan. ..............................................14 Figure 3-7: Geological map of the Loburn Fan ..................................................................................15 Figure 3-8: Estimated depth of Quaternary deposits ........................................................................16 Figure 3-9: Average soil profile available water .................................................................................17 Figure 3-10: Loess soil coverage and irrigated areas on the Loburn Fan ...........................................18 Figure 3-11: Piezometric contours based on average
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