Mapping the Maddaddam Trilogy and the Heart Goes Last: a Cartography of Margaret Atwood’S Posthumanisms
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Mapping the MaddAddam Trilogy and The Heart Goes Last: A Cartography of Margaret Atwood’s Posthumanisms Lidia María Cuadrado Payeras © Lidia María Cuadrado Payeras, 2019 Introduction: Intersections the central figure of the cosmos, has by turns neglected and abused his relationship with The present work is an attempt at map- nonhuman others, with disastrous conse- ping the intersection of current posthumanist quences for animals and the environment. He theory and four of Margaret Atwood’s works is also allowing himself to be led by the cor- of speculative fiction, namely, her MaddAd- rupting influence of neoliberal capitalism, dam trilogy (Oryx and Crake, 2003; The Year which has become not only an economic mod- of the Flood, 2009; MaddAddam, 2013) and el but a value system that negates affectivity The Heart Goes Last (2015). At the same in favour of the pursuit of wealth. Further- time, this paper tries to make sense of At- more, Man has historically been conceptual- wood’s use of the neoliberal capitalist techno- ised as European, white, male, able and in logical economy through the lens of the his prime, and so he has marginalised other posthuman. subjectivities that, precisely because of their Atwood’s speculative fiction has been spe- otherness with respect to this standard, have cifically selected as the object of this study become oppressed minorities under the reign because of two reasons. First, because the of Western logos. genre of speculative fiction not only takes is- Second, Atwood’s central place at the heart sue with the present but also simultaneously of Canadian Literature, both as one of its projects its preoccupations into the future. prominent authors and theoreticians and crit- This allows for the establishment of an os- ics, makes her speculative fiction an ideal motic relationship between past, present and subject of study to explore the convergence be- future: in light of the bearing that past tween Canada’s canonical literature and the events have on the current state of affairs, posthuman. I contend that a chief reason why the past is imaginatively combined with the an exploration of the previous categories is present to predict possible outcomes to mod- particularly worthwhile is because some of ern anxieties. The results of this creative ex- the central tropes and preoccupations in Ca- periment might then serve, as it is the case in nadian Literature, particularly in current Atwood’s fiction, as cautionary tales of hu- speculative fiction, resonate with those of mankind’s flawed relationality. Man, we are posthumanist thought. For instance, in the warned, in his Enlightenment conception as current climate, in which survival has become REVISTA HÉLICE: Volumen V, n.º 1 26 PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2019 REFLEXIONES Mapping the MaddAddam Trilogy and The Heart Goes Last: A Cartography of Margaret Atwood’s Posthumanisms an industry in and of itself (see Stec), posthu- countries exist that may bring into question manist thought can shed new light into At- the particular applicability of the cyborg myth wood’s 1972 assertion that “the central symbol to Canada–the so-called ‘salad bowl’ of the for Canada (…) is survival” (2012: 27). Atwood’s United States is a good example–but the self- statement is reminiscent of Donna Haraway’s– imagining of the U.S. as a nation-state has one of the leading posthumanist thinkers– historically led to the invisibility of minorities description of the cyborg figure, which, accord- in favour of a projected heterogeneity under ing to her, posits questions the answers to the ‘American’ label. As such, Canada re- which “are a matter of survival” (2000: 73). mains to my mind the most adequate example of a self-styled posthumanist country: in the multiplicity of voices that it encourages, its Man has historically been language embraces the “powerful infidel het- eroglossia” of Haraway (2000: 84); through its conceptualised as European, policies of multiculturalism it also speaks of the “transgressed boundaries, potent fusions, white, male, able and in his and dangerous possibilities which progressive people might explore as one part of needed po- prime, and so he has litical work” (Haraway: 74). In keeping with this rationale, posthuman- marginalised other ist literary criticism asserts itself as a power- ful tool for the analysis of Canada’s literary subjectivities that, precisely products, since posthuman literary criticism understands literature as “an agent of con- because of their otherness ceiving new conceptual personae defined by their rationality and outward-bound inter- with respect to this connections” (Lau, 2018: 347). Canadian Lit- erature, in its exercise of self-definition and standard, have become of contributing to the Canadian metanarra- tive, is precisely involved in such a process. oppressed minorities under Thus, Atwood’s novels become prime raw ma- terial for an in-depth look at the inner work- the reign of Western logos. ings of such procedures. Officially self-declared a multicultural nation- state, Canada might well turn out to be, albeit Approaches to Posthumanism perhaps inadvertently, the first self-imagined cyborg country in its attempt to erase the bar- I pay here particular attention to three riers that spring from cultural clash in the so- different approaches to the posthuman which ciopolitical sphere. Indeed, as Haraway points are simultaneously present in the studied out, the figure of the cyborg is a figure of op- novels: transhumanism, speculative posthu- posites and contradictions (2000: 74). If an es- manism and critical posthumanism. This is cape from bare survival can be achieved not to say that there are no other points of through creativity (Atwood, 2012: 35), then view informed by the posthuman, or belong- Canada could be collectively imagined as the ing to its critical sphere, which may poten- cyborg figure re-creating itself through its tially apply to Atwood’s fiction –there can be writing. Certainly, many other multicultural little doubt, for instance, of the application of REVISTA HÉLICE: Volumen V, n.º 1 27 PRIMAVERA-VERANO 2019 REFLEXIONES Mapping the MaddAddam Trilogy and The Heart Goes Last: A Cartography of Margaret Atwood’s Posthumanisms ecomaterialism to Atwood’s environmental istential risk”: “one where an adverse out- dystopias. Rather, this selection is a way of come would either annihilate Earth- narrowing down the focus to ensure a mini- originating intelligent life or permanently mum representation of diverging iterations of and drastically curtail its potential” (2002: 2). the posthuman in order to show their indi- This is acknowledged in Article 3 of the vidual applications as well as shortcomings Transhumanist Declaration, which recognises within the context of The Heart Goes Last that “humanity faces serious risks, especially and the MaddAddam trilogy. Both the novel from the misuse of new technologies. There and the trilogy feature prominently among are possible realistic scenarios that lead to Atwood’s works of speculative fiction, and the loss of most, or even all, of what we hold deal specifically with the consequences of the valuable (…). Although all progress is misapplication of current (or theoretically change, not all change is progress” (Baily et possible) technologies. These novels also al., 1998: online). The reference to progress is highlight the process of construction of new key in the understanding of the transhuman, subjectivities, which becomes necessary in particularly since technoscientific progress is conditions of drastic social and/or environ- at the core of current technological/advanced mental change. In these scenarios, Man must capitalism. rethink his claims of centrality in the Earth’s ecosystem. Only in acknowledging his inter- dependency with, and the validity of, human Atwood’s novels become and nonhuman entities whose subjectivity had previously been thought either worthless prime raw material for an in- or nonexistent, as well as in acknowledging their combined dependency on the natural depth look at the inner environment, lies the possibility for the con- tinued existence of all. workings of such The first of the posthuman theorisations considered in the present pages, transhuman- procedures. ism (or H+, for “Humanity Plus”), is starkly different from speculative and critical Speculative posthumanism (abbreviated posthumanism in that it emphasises its roots SP) does not take Enlightenment humanistic in Enlightenment humanism and progress values as the point of departure, nor does it (More, 2013: 4), and “focuses specifically on understand their persistence in time as a ne- human enhancement” (Ferrando, 2018: 439). cessity. Summarising Roden’s extensive book The pathways for the modification of the hu- on speculative posthumanism (2015), Dana- man opened by the development of high tech- her identifies SP as the middle ground be- nology, transhumanists argue, may lead to tween the approaches to the posthuman re- the existence of superior beings stemming, flected here. Speculative posthumanism but different from, humans: the posthumans “shares certain elements of transhumanism (Wolfe, 2010: XIII). Transhumanism also and critical posthumanism.” While it par- takes into account the possibility that artifi- takes of “the transhumanist fascination with cial intelligences created by humans develop the ways in which technology can be used to independent (non-programmed) thought, modify and enhance human attributes,” it al- something known as ‘the singularity.’