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142 142 4.º trimestre (octubre-diciembre) 2020 ISSN: 2014-0983 EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y DEPORTES Published 01 October 2020 EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y DEPORTES https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2020/4).142.01 ISSUE 142 1 DEPORTES DEPORTES Y Y Relationship between Strength and FÍSICA FÍSICA CIÓN CIÓN EDUCA EDUCA Self-Perception of Independence in 142 2020 Activities of Daily Living of Paraplegic 4.º trimestre (octubre-diciembre) ISSN: 2014-0983 Adults Carlos Val-Serrano1* CV & Saleky García-Gómez2 SG 1 Faculty of Teacher Training and Education. Autonomous University of Madrid. 2 Sanitas Foundation Chair for Inclusive Sports Studies. Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, OPEN ACCESS Polytechnic University of Madrid. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH Cite this article: Val-Serrano, C., & García-Gómez, S. (2020). Relationship between Strength and Self-Perception of Independence in Activities of Daily Living of Paraplegic Adults. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, 142, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2020/4).142.01 Editor: Abstract © Generalitat de Catalunya Departament de la Presidència The objective of this study was to examine whether there was a relationship between Institut Nacional d’Educació relative strength development and self-perception of independence in adults with Física de Catalunya (INEFC) paraplegia six weeks after a physical activity intervention. For this purpose, a sample ISSN: 2014-0983 of eight people with paraplegia was evaluated, five men and three women, with a mean age of 29.5 ± 5.17 years, with spinal cord injury below D5, and who had not performed *Corresponding author: physical activity previously. The relative strength index was used to measure body Carlos Val-Serrano [email protected] capacity together with the Barthel index questionnaire to evaluate independence in activities of daily living. The results showed a very high significant Pearson’s correla- Section: tion coefficient between changes in relative strength and the questionnaire (.93), as Physical Activity and Health well as an 87.1 % coefficient of determination. The mean percentage increase in the Original language: participants’ relative strength was 25.52 %, accompanied by a 16.54 % increase in the Spanish questionnaire score. In conclusion, there was a direct relationship between relative Received: strength and the self-perception of adults with paraplegia of their independence in 14 February 2020 daily life, which shows that an intervention programme leads to significant changes in Accepted: relative strength and self-perception of independence. 25 May 2020 Published: 1 October 2020 Keywords: spinal cord injury, physical disability, independence, evaluation, exercise. Cover: New Olimpic Sports for Tokyo 2020. Climbing. Photo: Climbing. Asian Games 2018. Women's combined final. Competes Kim Ja-in from South Korea. Climbing leader. JSC Sport Climbing. Palembang, Indonesia. REUTERS / Edgar Su. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2020, n.º 142. 4th Quarter (October-December), pp. 1-7 1 C. Val-Serrano & S. García Gómez Relationship between Strength and Self-Perception of Independence in Activities of Daily Living of Paraplegic Adults Introduction since the programme to be used in this study would not In general terms there are various benefits of engaging in see changes in either maximal or relative strength. Thus, physical activity for people with disabilities (Gallego et al., the relationship between psychological and social fac- 2016), such as improved self-concept and independence. tors is significant when the impact of this basic physical These benefits are also observed in paraplegia (Kawani- capacity on aspects of wellbeing and functionality (Serra, shi & Greguol, 2013) and these factors are essential for 2011) is considered. However, hitherto, relative strength devising social inclusion strategies for people with physical has not been shown to be related to self-perception of disabilities (Macías García & González López, 2012). independence. Accordingly, this study contends that adapted physical Moreover, since previous studies did not clarify wheth- activity has been conceived as a means of rehabilitation, er exercises focused on developing basic physical abilities PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH and there are several studies which examine features such as strength, endurance, speed and flexibility might related to performance (Castelli Correia de Campos et have positive effects on wheelchair users, other training al., 2019) and quality of life. methods or systems need to be brought into play. According Some papers report that upper body strength is crucial to on this premise, there is a controversy in which it is in the activities of daily living of people with paraplegia suggested that “the progress of maximal strength does not (Gottlob, 2008), although there are almost no studies about correspond to an equal increase in strength endurance or the impact of relative strength on the self-perception of speed strength, since a successive reduction in these spe- independence in activities of daily living of people with cific abilities immediately becomes apparent if the training paraplegia. is not modified” (Mirella, 2001, p. 54), which indicates There is little scientific evidence relating relative whether training focused on developing strength endurance strength and the perception of independence. In this respect, may influence relative strength. Similarly, the relationship relative strength means the ability to lift and accelerate between the results of tests in which one muscle group is body movement (National Strength and Conditioning primarily involved and those obtained by evaluating the Association, NSCA). Similarly, Barrero, García-Arrioja muscle activity of the opposite muscle group is unknown. and Ojeda (2005) define self-perception of independence Furthermore, in the general population, the relationship as a person’s own assessment of their functional capacity between the development of strength and the subjective in their activities of daily living. perception of factors other than physical self-concept A previous study (Jiménez, Martín, Abadía, & Her- is unknown, bearing in mind that other feelings which rero, 2007) presents similarities with the purpose of this influence the individual and collective development of paper by establishing the influence of strength endurance each person must also be taken into account. Moreover, on physical condition in individuals with spinal cord inju- neither are the perceptions of people with paraplegia of ries in wheelchairs between the ages of 22 and 39, where their independence and its possible relationship with basic strength is a basic physical ability which, in addition to the physical abilities known. biological domain, may also affect other areas of people’s The objective of this study was to examine whether lives (Kawanishi & Greguol, 2013). In all these cases, there was a relationship between relative strength devel- strength is said to be related to physical self-concept. opment and self-perception of independence in adults In terms of independence, Penninx et al. (2001) describe with paraplegia by measuring relative strength using a study comparing the development of strength with inde- the shoulder muscle group, exploring whether this was pendence and the prevention of acquired disability. How- related to self-perception of independence in the activities ever, in their conclusions they argue that endurance, rather of daily living of adults with paraplegia. Furthermore, than strength, is the basic physical capacity which can the degree of such an influence was examined and the grant independence and prevent disability. There are also mean percentage of variation in both relative strength studies (Martins, Alberto, & Massoli, 2019) that show the and self-perception of independence after a six-week impact of ergonomics on the performance of an activity intervention programme was obtained. There are also in people with physical disabilities. the particularities of focusing on the development of a As for the potential impact of strength endurance on type of strength opposite to relative strength, namely relative strength, Jiménez et al. (2007) hold that strength strength endurance (Bompa, 2003; Jimenez et al., 2007). endurance cannot alter maximal strength and therefore Therefore, the study was also designed to observe the cannot alter relative strength either. A distinction is drawn development of relative strength in the shoulder mus- between maximal strength and relative strength, whereby cle group, which is antagonistic to the dorsal muscle the latter is determined by dividing the kilos lifted at group (Willmore & Costill, 2004), the main group in maximal strength by the kilos of the individual’s body the activities of daily living of people with paraplegia weight (Bompa, 2003). It is germane to underline this, (Gottlob, 2008). Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes | www.revista-apunts.com 2020, n.º 142. 4th Quarter (October-December), pp. 1-7 2 C. Val-Serrano & S. García Gómez Relationship between Strength and Self-Perception of Independence in Activities of Daily Living of Paraplegic Adults Figure 1 Study design. Physical activity intervention programme: six weeks 1st 3rd Data gathering Data gathering PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH 2nd Data gathering 9 sessions 9 sessions Methodology the informed consent form to indicate their voluntary A quasi-experimental longitudinal follow-up study was participation and commitment.

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