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The Hippies Identity in the 1960S and Its Aftermath

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The Hippies Identity in the 1960S and Its Aftermath RUBIKON Volume 2 / Number 1 February 2015 THE HIPPIES IDENTITY IN THE 1960S AND ITS AFTERMATH Nafisatul Lutfi [email protected] Abstract The study on the hippies is abundant in numbers but not many of them study the disposition and identification of the hippies during the 1960s and its aftermath. Pierre Bourdieu’s theory on cultural practice, theory of hybridity, and globalization are used in this research to investigate the disposition and trans-nationality of the hippies in order to search for their universal identity. A Transnational American Studies approach is implemented to cover the following issue: (1) the socio-cultural disposition of the hippies in the 1960s, (2) the influence of European movement to the American Hippies, (3) the cultural hybridity of the hippies in relation with India, and (4) the similarities of the hippies and the reasons behind it. This research used library research and document analysis method in gathering the data whereas descriptive analysis approach is also used to analyze the data. The United States of America, India and Germany are the three countries being studied in relation to the hippies in the 1960s. The finding shows similar dispositions or background among the hippies in some countries being studied as well as some similarities and differences in the cultural practices of the hippies in the countries being studied. This shows the transnationality of the hippie’s identity and the influence of hybridity and globalization which causes the shifting of ideology and cultural practices of the hippies in its developments. Keywords: hippies, identity, Pierre Bourdieu, habitus, hybridity, globalization, Transnational American Studies INTRODUCTION Values thus differentiate between what is right and what is wrong in the three dimensions Identity is an important thing for human life. mentioned before. It is also closely related to It defines disposition and it indirectly directs the term ideology which according to action regarding the reality of their world. The Loewenstein (1953) puts more emphasize on term identity relates to “cultural descriptions the “consistent integrated pattern of thoughts of persons with which we emotionally identify and beliefs” which “explains man’s attitude and which concern sameness and difference, towards life and his existence in society” the personal and the social” (Wise, 2007, p. 4). (Gerring, 1997, p. 958). The values that are It relates with the term distinction with which practiced by a group of people for a long time we are able to identify ourselves and and have been embedded in their very action identified by others. Identity also is closely can give birth to an ideology. When taken in related with values and ideology. An item of cultural context, it is closely related to the value is something to which we ascribe worth Marxist idea that ideology basically tells and significance relative to other phenomena. about class relations although for Gramsci Cultural studies has been concerned with ideology is grasped as ideas, meanings and questions of value in relation to (a) aesthetics, practices which, while they purport to be (b) political and cultural objectives and (c) the universal truths, are maps of meaning that justification of action (Baker, 2004, p. 206). support the power of particular social classes 42 RUBIKON Volume 2 / Number 1 February 2015 (Baker, 2004). Ideology then turns into power became a landmark of history. Their lifestyle which can be used by anyone given the also became an inspiration for the youth necessary elements which make it constantly around the world even until now. Through the change through time and space. Hippie Trail journey to the East looking for the real freedom, they spread their new values The 1960s has been a landmark in American to the world which ended in Goa India. Hippie history regarding the study of identity subculture with its controversies of good and formation, battle of values and ideology. It evil and its strong influence on the society at highlights the birth of civil empowerment in that time are thus an interesting object to be the form of rapidly changing socio cultural studied. The unorthodox ways of life which values. Not only that it gave birth to the are considered as revolutionary during the era bigger major movements such as feminism, makes us question the process of how the anti-racial discrimination, freedom of speech subculture emerged into the society and and expressions, it also brought a massive became one of the most influential groups in changing of the lifestyle of youth at that time the Counterculture Movement of the 1960s which defined their identity. The 1960s was a both inside and outside America. decade of protests and movements to change society which challenged the nature of This research thus aims to search the possible ideology and its power mechanism between alternative ways to study about the emergence the minority and the majority. of this subculture using Pierre Bourdieu’s Hippies are one of the few groups which theory of Social Practice based on his book played a significant role in the counterculture Distinction: A Social Critique on the movement of the 1960s. The hippie subculture Judgment of Taste (1984). Bourdieu’s theory was originally a youth movement that began on the distinction of taste views a subculture in the United states (San Francisco) in the not just as a resistance (from the dominated) middle of the 1960s which then spread around to the mainstream (dominating) but more of a the world (Viota, 2013). The word hippie process of individual negotiations in the term derives from hipster (Sheidlower, 2007). of cultural capital (Williams, 2007). It Hippies were young people, about 25 years involves a heavy process of searching for the old, mostly from rich families, who rejected identity of the subculture members. A their way of life and materialistic system of Transnational American Studies approach is values. They left comfort, elegance, shallow thus implemented to cover the following adult ways of life and they chose a simple, issues: (1) the socio-cultural disposition of the rustic and natural life. They wanted to batter hippies in the 1960s, (2) the influence of the down boundaries: national, race, religious, sex European movement on the American and other diferences. Hippies are closely Hippies, (3) the cultural hybridity of the related to the terms: vegetarians, nudists, hippies in relation to India, and (4) the intercede for natural medicine, clothing similarities of the hippies and the reasons reform, sexual reform, economic, social, behind it. cultural and religious reforms and freedom for children, women and animals. LITERARY REVIEW Hippies were powerful to the point that they Several writings taking Hippies as the object could gather thousands of people to join their of study have been gathered. According to the ‘camaraderie’ in the Summer of Love festivals research, the hippies are mostly seen as a and Woodstock festival in the 1960s which historical phenomenon and sometimes seen as 43 Nafisatul Lutfi — The Hippies Identity in the 1960s and Its Aftermath a resistant action done by the youth to oppose use of hipster accessories by Paris Hilton and the established government of that era. Some other popular artists. However, the research studies which include hippies as their object which specifically uses Bourdieu’s habitus of study are merely related to the study of theory to describe the hippies has not yet been symbol in Volkswagen Bus, hippies related to found. Thus, this research is considerably new rock music (Covach, 1966 - 1976), the hippies and fresh. and their legacy (Tsimpouki, 2014), the roles of the hippies, etc. It is hard to find an THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT analysis which studies hippies as a subculture which also implements Pierre Bourdieu’s The identity of the hippies is reflected by its cultural practice theory and habitus. That is distinct cultural practice. In an attempt to why, the researcher believes that this study is define its identity the study of practice the first to use Bourdieu to explain the hippie becomes an essential part of this research. phenomenon. Within the theory of habitus by Pierre Bourdieu, practice itself is considered to be In the term of the implementation of the result of a social agent’s disposition Bourdieu’s analysis to a subculture (habitus) and that social agent’s acquired phenomenon, the researcher found some power (volume and form of capital), all analyses which use the same theory. Some of within the social space (field). Agents’ actions them are the study of youth Punk Culture are determined by both the range of options (Fox, 1987), study on Goth subculture in available to them (field and capital) and their Finland (Tolonen, 2007), the study of youth disposition (habitus). A field is a social space subculture by Cohen (Cohen, 1972) and The where agents (individuals or groups) interact, Investigation of the Hipsters by Anne W. participating in exchanges and events. Rasmussen et. al (2012). The most similar Capitals, on the other hand, are the resources study with this research is the study of the that agents compete to acquire and, through hipster since its subject (hipster) is sometimes their acquisition, gain power and/or social considered as part of the revolution of the standing. Whereas the forms of capital ranges hippie generation of the 1960s. The study of from economic (having monetary resources), the hipster mentioned that the hipster social (having the “right” social network), and phenomenon exists as an attempt by middle cultural (having knowledge), Habitus is the class youth to gain cultural capital in terms of generative scheme (or set of dispositions) that symbolic power of hipster fashion. The hipster agents acquire primarily in their childhood, youth cannot gain enough economic capital to but also in other social contexts.
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