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Karlheinz Stockhausen: Works for Ensemble English
composed 137 works for ensemble (2 players or more) from 1950 to 2007. SCORES , compact discs, books , posters, videos, music boxes may be ordered directly from the Stockhausen-Verlag . A complete list of Stockhausen ’s works and CDs is available free of charge from the Stockhausen-Verlag , Kettenberg 15, 51515 Kürten, Germany (Fax: +49 [0 ] 2268-1813; e-mail [email protected]) www.stockhausen.org Karlheinz Stockhausen Works for ensemble (2 players or more) (Among these works for more than 18 players which are usu al ly not per formed by orches tras, but rath er by cham ber ensem bles such as the Lon don Sin fo niet ta , the Ensem ble Inter con tem po rain , the Asko Ensem ble , or Ensem ble Mod ern .) All works which were composed until 1969 (work numbers ¿ to 29) are pub lished by Uni ver sal Edi tion in Vien na, with the excep tion of ETUDE, Elec tron ic STUD IES I and II, GESANG DER JÜNGLINGE , KON TAKTE, MOMENTE, and HYM NEN , which are pub lished since 1993 by the Stock hau sen -Ver lag , and the renewed compositions 3x REFRAIN 2000, MIXTURE 2003, STOP and START. Start ing with work num ber 30, all com po si tions are pub lished by the Stock hau sen -Ver lag , Ket ten berg 15, 51515 Kürten, Ger ma ny, and may be ordered di rect ly. [9 ’21”] = dura tion of 9 min utes and 21 sec onds (dura tions with min utes and sec onds: CD dura tions of the Com plete Edi tion ). -
TEXTE Zur MUSIK Band 4 Werk-Einführungen Elektronische Musik Weltmusik Vorschläge Und Standpunkte Zum Werk Anderer
Inhalt TEXTE zur MUSIK Band 4 Werk-Einführungen Elektronische Musik Weltmusik Vorschläge und Standpunkte Zum Werk Anderer „Glauben Sie, daβ eine Gesellschaft ohne Wertvorstellungen leben kann?” „Was steht in TEXTE Band 4?” I Werk-Einführungen CHÖRE FÜR DORIS und CHORAl DREI LIEDER SONATINE KREUZSPIEL FORMEL SPIEL SCHLAGTRIO MOMENTE MIXTUR STOP HYMNEN mit Orchester Zur Uraufführung der Orchesterfassung Eine ‚amerikanische’ Aufführung im Freien PROZESSION AUS DEN SIEBEN TAGEN RICHTIGE DAUERN UNBEGRENZT VERBINDUNG TREFFPUNKT NACHTMUSIK ABWÄRTS OBEN UND UNTEN INTENSITÄT SETZ DIE SEGEL ZUR SONNE KOMMUNION ES Fragen und Antworten zur Intuitiven Musik GOLDSTAUB POLE und EXPO MANTRA FÜR KOMMENDE ZEITEN STERNKLANG 1 TRANS ALPHABET Am Himmel wandre ich... YLEM INORI Neues in INORI Vortrag über Hu Atmen gibt das Leben HERBSTMUSIK MUSIK IM BAUCH TIERKREIS Version für Kammerorchester HARLEKIN DER KLEINE HARLEKIN SIRIUS AMOUR JUBILÄUM IN FREUNDSCHAFT DER JAHRESLAUF II Elektronische Musik Vier Kriterien der Elektronischen Musik Fragen und Antworten zu den Vier Kriterien… Die Zukunft der elektroakustischen Apparaturen in der Musik III Weltmusik Erinnerungen an Japan Moderne Japanische Musik und Tradition Weltmusik IV Vorschläge und Standpunkte Interview I: Gespräch mit holländischem Kunstkreis Interview II: Zur Situation (Darmstädter Ferienkurse ΄74) Interview III: Denn alles ist Musik... Interview IV Die Musik und das Kind Du bist, was Du singst – Du wirst, was Du hörst – Vorschläge für die Zukunft des Orchesters Ein Briefwechsel ‚im Geiste der Zeit’ 2 Brief an den Deutschen Musikrat Briefwechsel über das Urheberrecht Silvester-Umfrage Fragen, die keine sind Finden Sie die Programmierung gut ? (Beethoven – Webern – Stockhausen) V Zum Werk Anderer Mahlers Biographie Niemand kann über seinen Schatten springen? Eine Buchbesprechung Über John Cage Zu Schönbergs 100. -
Karlheinz Stockhausen List of Works
Karlheinz Stockhausen List of Works All works which were composed until 1969 (work numbers ¿ to 29) are published by Universal Edition in Vienna, with the exception of ETUDE, Electronic STUDIES I and II, GESANG DER JÜNGLINGE, KONTAKTE, MOMENTE, and HYMNEN, which are published since 1993 by the Stockhausen-Verlag, and the renewed compositions 3x REFRAIN 2000, MIXTURE 2003, STOP and START. Starting with work number 30, all compositions are published by the Stockhausen-Verlag, Kettenberg 15, 51515 Kürten, Germany, and may be ordered directly. 1 = numeration of the individually performable works. r1 = orchestra works with at least 19 players (or fewer when the instrumentation is unconventional), and works for orchestra with choir. o1 = chamber music works. Among these are several which have more than 18 players, but are usually not performed by orchestras, but rather by chamber ensembles such as the London Sinfonietta, the Ensemble Intercontemporain, the Asko Ensemble, or Ensemble Modern. J35 = Works, which may also be performed as “chamber music” (for example INORI with 2 dancer- mimes and tape [instead of orchestra] or works for choir in which the choir may be played back on tape. 1. ex 47 = 1st derivative of Work No. 47. [9’21”] = duration of 9 minutes and 21 seconds (durations with minutes and seconds: CD durations of the Complete Edition). U. E. = Universal Edition. St. = Stockhausen-Verlag. For most of the works, an electro-acoustic installation is indicated. Detailed information about the required equipment may be found in the scores. In very small halls (for less than 100 people), it is possible to omit amplification for some solo works and works for small ensembles. -
C:\Documents and Settings\Hubert Howe\My Documents\Courses
Musical works of Karlheinz Stockhausen (b. 1928) [Information taken from www.stockhausen.org.] Nr. Chöre für Doris for choir a capella, 1950 Drei Lieder for chorus and chamber orchestra, 1950 Chorale for four-part choir a capella, 1950 Sonatine for violin and piano, 1951 Kreuzspiel (“Cross-play”) for oboe, bass clarinet, piano, percussion, 1951 Formel (“Formula”) for orchestra, 1951 Etüde, musique concrète, 1952 Spiel (“Play”) for orchestra, 1952 Schlagtrio (percussion trio), for piano and 3x2 timpani, 1952 Punkte (“Points”) for orchestra, 1952 (revised, 1962) 1 Kontra-Punkte (“Counter-points”) for 10 instruments, 1952-3 2 Klavierstücke I-IV (Piano pieces I-IV), 1952-3 (Klavierstück IV revised 1961) 3/I Studie I, electronic music, 1954 3/II Studie II, electronic music, 1954 4 Klavierstücke V-X, (Piano pieces V-X), 1954-5 (Klavierstück X revised 1961) 5 Zeitmasze (“Tempi”) for woodwind quintet, 1955-6 6 Gruppen (“Groups”) for three orchestras, 1955-57 7 Klavierstück XI (Piano piece XI), 1956 8 Gesang der Jünglinge (“Song of the Youths”), electronic music, 1955-6 9 Zyklus (“Cycle”) for one percussionist, 1959 10 Carré for four orchestras and choruses, 1959-60 11 Refrain for three players, 1959 12 Kontakte (“Contacts”) for electronic sounds, 1959-60 Kontakte for electronic sounds, piano and percussion, 1959-60 Originale (“Originals”), musical theater with Kontakte, 1961 13 Momente (“Moments”) for soprano, four choral groups and 13 instruments, 1962-4 (Revised 1965, 1998) 14 Plus/Minus 2 x 7 pages for elaboration, 1963 15 Mikrophonie I (“Microphony -
Factbook201112.Pdf
New York Philharmonic Contents 2 2011–12 Season: The Big Picture Stats Alan Gilbert Conducts Artistic Partners Onstage Guests Principals, Center Stage 24 Learning Around the Globe For Kids and Teens Stand-Outs Lectures and Discussions Media Leonard Bernstein Scholar-in-Residence Online 20 The Players For Schools 22 Leadership 26 Premieres and Commissions Music Director 2011–12 Season Chairman Notable 21st Century President and Executive Director Notable 20th Century Notable 19th Century 28 The Legacy The Story Memorable Moments Former Music Directors and Advisors 32 Behind the Scenes Archives Volunteer Council nyphil.org The Philharmonic-Symphony Ticket Information Society of New York, Inc. Online: nyphil.org By phone: (212) 875 - 5656 Alan Gilbert, Music Director, In person: Avery Fisher Hall Box Office The partnership between the New York Philharmonic and The Yoko Nagae Ceschina Chair For group sales: (212) 875 - 5672 Credit Suisse — the Orchestra’s exclusive Global Sponsor Gary W. Parr, Chairman Accessibility Information: since 2007 — has led to inspiring performances both at Zarin Mehta, President (212) 875 - 5380 home and abroad through acclaimed tours across the and Executive Director United States, Europe, and Asia. In the 2011–12 season, Avery Fisher Hall Box Office Hours Credit Suisse’s dynamic support of the Orchestra’s Avery Fisher Hall Opens 10:00 a.m., Monday through programs helps to forge the Philharmonic’s central role in 10 Lincoln Center Plaza Saturday, noon on Sunday. the cultural life of New York, and to share Music Director New York, NY 10023 -6970 On performance evenings Alan Gilbert’s vision with the world. -
Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Programs, Summer, 1990
FESTIVAL OF CONTE AUGUST 4th - 9th 1990 j:*sT?\€^ S& EDITION PETERS -&B) t*v^v- iT^^ RECENT ADDITIONS TO OUR CONTEMPORARY MUSIC CATALOGUE P66438a John Becker Concerto for Violin and Orchestra. $20.00 Violin and Piano (Edited by Gregory Fulkerson) P67233 Martin Boykan String Quartet no. 3 $40.00 (Score and Parts) (1988 Walter Hinrichsen Award) P66832 George Crumb Apparition $20.00 Elegiac Songs and Vocalises for Soprano and Amplified Piano P67261 Roger Reynolds Whispers Out of Time $35.00 String Orchestra (Score)* (1989 Pulitzer Prize) P67283 Bruce J. Taub Of the Wing of Madness $30.00 Chamber Orchestra (Score)* P67273 Chinary Ung Spiral $15.00 Vc, Pf and Perc (Score) (1989 Grawemeyer and Friedheim Award) P66532 Charles Wuorinen The Blue Bamboula $15.00 Piano Solo * Performance materials availablefrom our rental department C.F. PETERS CORPORATION ^373 Park Avenue So./New York, NY 10016/Phone (212) 686-4l47/Fax (212) 689-9412 1990 FESTIVAL OF CONTEMPORARY MUSIC Oliver Knussen, Festival Coordinator by the sponsored TanglewGDd TANGLEWOOD MUSIC CENTER Music Leon Fleisher, Artistic Director Center Gilbert Kalish, Chairman of the Faculty Lukas Foss, Composer-in-Residence Oliver Knussen, Coordinator of Contemporary Music Activities Bradley Lubman, Assistant to Oliver Knussen Richard Ortner, Administrator Barbara Logue, Assistant to Richard Ortner James E. Whitaker, Chief Coordinator Carol Wood worth, Secretary to the Faculty Harry Shapiro, Orchestra Manager Works presented at this year's Festival were prepared under the guidance of the following Tanglewood Music Center Faculty: Frank Epstein Donald MacCourt Norman Fischer John Oliver Gilbert Kalish Peter Serkin Oliver Knussen Joel Smirnoff loel Krosnick Yehudi Wyner 1990 Visiting Composer/Teachers Elliott Carter John Harbison Tod Machover Donald Martino George Perle Steven Stucky The 1990 Festival of Contemporary Music is supported by a gift from Dr. -
Deutsch Stockhausen Werverz
KURZBIOGRAPHIE Karlheinz Stockhausen 1928 Geboren am Mittwoch, den 22. August in Mödrath bei Köln. 1947 – 51 Studium in Köln an der Staatlichen Hochschule für Musik (Klavier, Schulmusik) und Universität (Germanistik, Philosophie, Musikwissenschaft). Seit 1950 Erste Kompositionen und Aufführungen eigener Werke. (In folgender Aufzählung werden nur einige der 376 Werke und Uraufführungen genannt.) 1951 Serielle Musik: KREUZSPIEL, FORMEL usw. Vermählung mit Doris Andreae; aus der Ehe gingen 4 Kinder hervor: Suja (1953), Christel (1956), Markus (1957), Majella (1961). 1952 Punktuelle Musik: SPIEL, KLAVIERSTÜCKE, SCHLAGTRIO, PUNKTE, KONTRA-PUNKTE usw. Kurse für Rhythmik und Ästhetik bei Olivier Messiaen in Paris; Experimente in der Gruppe ‘musique concrète’ des französischen Rundfunks, Paris, und Realisation einer ETUDE (Konkrete Musik). Erste Synthese von Klangspektren mit elektronischen Sinus-Tönen. Seit 1953 ständiger Mitarbeiter im Studio für Elektronische Musik des WDR Köln (1963 – 1977 künstlerischer Leiter, bis 1990 künstlerischer Berater); Dozent der jährlichen Internationalen Ferienkurse für Neue Musik in Darmstadt von 1953 bis 1974 und 1996. Erste Kompositionen Elektronischer Musik: Elektronische STUDIEN I und II, GESANG DER JÜNG- LINGE (Beginn der Raum-Musik und der Aleatorischen Musik). 1954 – 56 Parallel zur Forschung und Komposition im WDR Studio für Elektronische Musik Studium der Phonetik und Kommunikationsforschung bei Werner Meyer-Eppler an der Universität Bonn. 1954 – 59 Mitherausgeber der Schriften über serielle Musik » die Reihe«, Universal Edition (Wien). 1956 Uraufführungen von ZEITMASZE in Paris und GESANG DER JÜNGLINGE in Köln. 1957 Uraufführung KLAVIERSTÜCK XI (Variable Musik) in New York. 1958 Experimente neuer elektronischer Klangsynthesen und Raumprojektionen für KONTAKTE. 32 ‘concert-lectures’ an amerikanischen Universitäten; seitdem re gelmäßig längere Tourneen als Dirigent und Interpret eigener Werke (seit 1959 mit kleineren Solisten-Gruppen). -
English Music”: Contributors’ Notes
LMJ 11 CD COMPANION Not Necessarily “English Music”: Contributors’ Notes WIND FLUTES URBAN (1975) Cambridge. The group approach centered around live elec- Sound sculptures constructed by Max Eastley tronic treatment of instruments, with tape and amplification Note by Max Eastley, c/o David Toop, 7 Topsfield Road, Lon- also playing important roles. Their work covered the com- don N8 8SN, U.K. plete range of notated and improvised music. Inter- modulation performed regularly throughout Britain, in- In July 1975 I made a set of three Aeolian flutes. I had not cluding three performances at the BBC Proms (1970, 1971 heard them sounding, as there was little or no wind on the and 1974) and an Arts Council Contemporary Music Net- day they were finished. work Tour in 1975. However, I remembered that the Aeolian harp can be fitted They also worked with Stockhausen, for example as part of into a sashcord window by closing the window to just above Sternklang, which they recorded under the composer’s direc- the strings and allowing a draught to be created by opening tion. The group’s final concert was in February 1976. other windows in the house. My studio had such a window, so Further information and discussion of Intermodulation’s I arranged the flutes in a similar way and waited. Night came work may be found in Tim Souster, “Intermodulation: A and everything was hot and still. Short History,” Contact 17 (Summer 1977) pp. 3–6; and At that time my studio was in the house where I lived. The Simon Emmerson, “Live Electronic Music in Britain: Three bedroom was across the landing. -
Course Brochure 2022 English
Nine Concerts: July 9 th to 17 th 2022 Wednesday, July 13 th , 8 p.m., Sülztalhalle Courses Stock hau sen Concerts Faculty and works which will be taught in master Sound projection (Instructors: Kathinka Pasveer, sound th Saturday, July 9 , 5 p.m. KLANG 4th Hour: HEAVEN’S DOOR classes projectionist; Reinhard Klose, sound engineer) for a percussionist and a child In the context of the daily rehearsals and concerts with and Courses Kürten 202 2 opening Suzanne Stephens (clarinet, basset-horn, bass clarinet) Festive of the courses at the and Stockhausen’s closest technical collaborators, anyone who and Kathinka Pasveer (flute, alto flute, piccolo) Karlheinz-Stockhausen-Platz . MICHAEL’S CALL st is interested in learning more about the sound projection from July 9 th to 17 th 1 participants’ concert will be teach ing all Stock hau sen works com posed for their in performances of Stockhausens electronic, vocal and for 4 trumpets will open and close the ceremony respec tive instru ments. Thursday, July 14 th , 8 p.m., Sülztalhalle instrumental works can experience, first-hand, which “Sometimes music vibrates beyond the clouds, and we can Marco Blaauw (trumpet, piccolo trumpet, flugelhorn): aspects must be addressed and how they are can be solved no longer hear its echo. Very rarely is it truly infinite; then ARIES, TIERKREIS, IN FREUNDSCHAFT, DONNERSTAGS- from the sound engineering point of view. it makes us forget the Earth. The great masters sense that Saturday, July 9 th , 8 p.m. , Sülztalhalle HALT (of THURSDAY from LIGHT) GRUSS, MICHAELS-RUF, MICHAELs REISE UM DIE ERDE, HALT, In addition to the daily concerts, open rehearsals, master they have one last thing to say, and that life is coming to an for trumpet and double bass MISSION und HIMMELFAHRT, VISION, OBERLIPPENTANZ, SIRIUS (Summer Version ) PIETÀ, TRUMPETENT, MICHAELION, BASSETSU-TRIO, QUITT, classes, and concert introductions, there will be seminars, end –. -
Stockhausen Choir Works
composed 47 works for choir and vocal ensemble from 1950 to 2007. SCORES , compact discs, books , posters, videos, music boxes may be ordered directly from the Stockhausen-Verlag . A complete list of Stockhausen ’s works and CDs is available free of charge from the Stockhausen-Verlag , Kettenberg 15, 51515 Kürten, Germany (Fax: +49 [0 ] 2268-1813; e-mail [email protected]) www.stockhausen.org Duration Publisher CD of the Stockhausen Complete Edition 1950 CHÖRE FÜR DORIS (CHORUSE S FOR DORIS) [9 ’30”] U.E. e1 for a cappella choir (cond. = conductor) (Universal Edition ) 1950 CHORAL (CHORALE) [4’] U.E. e1 for choir a cappella (cond. ) 195 9 CARRÉ [ca. 36’] U. E. e5 to 60 for 4 orchestras and 4 choirs (4 cond. ) 196 2 MOMENTE (MOMENTS) [113’] St. e7 E80‰ to 64 for solo soprano, 4 choir groups (Stockhausen-Verlag ) (finished in ’69) and 13 instrumentalists ( cond. ) 1965 MIKROPHONIE II (MICROPHONY II) ca. 1 5’ e9 [ ] U. E. for 12 singers , Hammond organ or synthesizer, 4 ring modulators, tape ( cond., timer ) 1968 STIMMUNG (TUNING) [ca. 70’] E12‰ U. E. for 6 vocalists 1968 AUS DEN SIEBEN TAGEN (FROM THE SEVEN DAYS) U. E. 15 text compositions for intuitive music (individually performable) th 12 text: LITANEI (LITANY) for speaker or choir E61‰ th 15 text: ANKUNFT (ARRIVAL) for speaker or speech-choir ≤A∞l∞l∞ ∞o∞f ∞th∞e∞ ∞f∞o∞l∞l∞o∞w∞i∞n∞g∞ ∞w∞o∞r∞k∞s∞ ∞a∞r∞e∞ ∞p∞u∞b∞l∞i∞s∞h∞e∞d∞ ∞b∞y∞ ∞t∞h∞e ∞St∞oc∞kh∞au∞se∞n-∞Ve∞rl∞ag∞.≥ 1971 STERNKLANG (STA R SOUND) [ca. -
Boston Symphony Orchestra Concert Programs, Summer, 1993
Tanglew®d Music Center I f ^ m n *-# ^-^ -a-e- S S e /. ^^%f 1993 Festival of Contemporary Music July 31 -August 2 August 22-26 NEW MUSIC ON COMPACT DISC from BRIDGE Elliott Carter, Jacob Druckman, George Crumb, Charles Ives, Tod Machover, Arnold Schoenberg, Jonathan Harvey, Charles Wuorinen, William Bland, Neil Rolnick, Gyorgy Kurtag, Sandor Jemnitz, Milton Babbitt, Paul Hindemith, Hans Werner Henze, Tom Takemitsu, Barbara Kolb, John Anthony Lennon, Stephen Sondheim, Robert Saxton, Poul Ruders, Humphrey Searle, Stephen Jaffe, Ronald Roxbury, Joaquin Rodrigo, Richard Wemick, Seymour Shifrin, Benedict Mason, Mario Davidovsky, Roger Reynolds, Mel Powell, Paul Lansky, Michael Starobin, Michael Calvert, Kecak from Bali, Gyorgy Ligeti, Peter Lieberson, John Harbison BRIDGE RECORDS, INC., GPO BOX 1864, NEW YORK, NY 10116 CARROLL MUSICAL INSTRUMENT RENTALS SERVING NEW YORK'S THEATERS, RESTAURANTS, CONCERT HALLS, NIGHTCLUBS, PHOTOGRAPHERS, & MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY STEIN WAY WE ALSO RENT: BALDWIN SOUND SYSTEMS YAMAHA STAGING KAWAI DRUMS HAMMOND B-3 PERCUSSION SYNTHESIZERS AMPS &. GUITARS WE ALSO REBUILD, REFINISH, &TUNE PLAJnJOS 212'868'4120 OPEN 7 DAYS FAMILY OWNED & OPERATED SINCE 194 5 351 WEST 41ST STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10036 1993 FESTIVAL OF CONTEMPORARY MUSIC Oliver Knussen, Festival Director sponsored by the TANGLEWOOD MUSIC CENTER Leon Fleisher, Artistic Director Gilbert Kalish, Ciiairman of the Faculty Alexander Goehr, Composer-in-Residence Oliver Knussen, hiead of Contemporary Music Activities Bradley Lubman, Assistant to Oliver Knussen Richard Ortner, Administrator Barbara Logue, Assistant to Richard Ortner James E. Whitaker, Chief Coordinator Carol Wood worth, Secretary to the Faculty Virginia Hecker, Vocal Music Coordinator Harry Shapiro, Orchestra Manager Works presented at this year's Festival were prepared under the guidance of the following Tanglewood Music Center Faculty r. -
Percussion Ensemble and Electronic Sounds
This Concert is Dedicated to Elliott Carter Program Synchronisms No. 5 (1969) Mario Davidovsky For Percussion Ensemble and Electronic Sounds Nicolas Doktor, Antony Fabrizio, Jasmine Henry, Patrick Lapinsky, Kiana Salameh John Ferrari – Conductor Jessica (2013)* Payton MacDonald Payton Macdonald For Marimba Solo New Music Series Payton Macdonald Blue Sky (2006) Linda Catlin Smith Peter Jarvis, director For Five Percussionists presents David Endean, Steve Nowakowski, John Henry Bishop, Tim Malone, Kenneth Cubillas Payton MacDonald - Conductor The William Paterson University Burial (2013) * Theo Metz New Music Ensemble For Vibraphone, sampler, looping station, and various effects and Theo Metz Fuller Brush Music (2010) Christian Carey Percussion Ensemble For Drum Set Peter Jarvis Ritmica No. 5 (1930) Amadeo Roldán Ritmica No. 6 (1930) Amadeo Roldán For Percussion Ensemble Percussion Kenneth Cubillas, Samir Egusquiza, David Endean, Monday, March 4, 2013, 7:00 PM Patrick Lapinsky, Timothy Malone, Steve Nowakowski, Ricky Rosa, Kiana Salameh, Travis Salim, Dakota Singerline Shea Center for the Performing Arts Double Bass – Max Stehr Conductor – Peter Jarvis Night Music (1973) Jeffrey Kresky A serenade for Three Percussionists John Ferrari, Peter Jarvis, Payton MacDonald Program Notes Biographical Information Synchronisms No. 5: Mario Davidovsky Christian Carey: Synchronisms No. 5 (1969) is a brilliant combination of idiomatic and against- Composer Christian Carey is an Assistant Professor at Westminster Choir the-grain percussion writing. In hindsight, one can hear how Synchronisms No. 5 points College of Rider University, where he teaches courses in music composition, history, choral the way to No. 6. The two share many similar sounds, gestures, and formal techniques. In literature, and theory.