References 's Refhgees Within North Akiner, Shirin. 1983. Islamic People ofthe Soviet Union. London: Kegan Paul International. : Reality and Problems Avtorkhanov, Abdurahman. 1992. "The and the Ingush during the So- Eugene V. Kritski viet Period and its Antecedents." In The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Ad- vance townrds the Muslim World, edited by Marie Broxup Bennigsen, 146-94. New In the last few years, the North Cauca- , their expectations, orienta- York: St. Martin's Press. sus has become an area in which sig- tions, and the extant psychological Bennigsen Broxup, Marie. 1992a. "Introduc- nificant migratory activity has taken climate. Since the author has not had tion: Russia and the North Caucasus." In place. Its numerous regions, which an opportunity to pursue a micro-level The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Ad- field research among Chechen mi- vance towards the Muslim World, edited by vary with respect to demographic, eco- Marie Bennigsen Broxup, 1-17. New nomic and political characteristics, grants, this article will be based on the York: St. Martin's Press. have been either sources or destina- first approach. Bennigsen Broxup, Marie. 1992b. "Mer the tions of migratory flows, or in some Certain difficulties were encoun- Putsch, 1991." In The North Caucasus Bar- cases, both. Since 1990, migration has tered in gathering and interpreting the rier: The Russian Advance towards the Mus- played an important role in the region, collected data. To begin with, there is lim World, edited by Marie Bennigsen sometimes merely reflecting certain much confusion over the terms used in Broxup, 219-40. New York: St. Martin's different sources of information to re- Press. ethnopolitical conflicts within the re- fer to people who were forced to leave Furnival, J. S. 1967. Netherlands India: A Study gion and sometimes contributing to of Plural Economy. Amsterdam: B.M. Is- them. In fact, migration provides a link their homes. Most call these persons rael. between those regions where ethnic "refugees" although from the point of Gallagher, James P. 1995. "Crazy with fear, conflicts have fully developed and view of international law, they should Russian army lashes out at civilians." those where such conflicts are still dor- be called "forced migrants." The Fed- America Online, Inc., transmitted by elec- mant but have a potential for flaring. eral Migratory Service (FMS)uses the tronic mail by [email protected] Steady outmigration has occurred in designation of "forced migrants," al- .aol.com on February 12. those regions which have experienced though in its public statements and Gary, John. 1993. "Yeltsin Closes Papers, TV tense interethnic relations and ethnic interviews its employees use the term Show. Moscow Police Crack Down on Suspected Criminals." The GlobeandMail, violence, such as Abkhasia, Ingush- "" as a synonym of "forced October 15. etia, North Ossetia and Chechnya. The migrant." Yet the two are not the same. Caplin, Fred. 1993. "Moscow Cracks Downon migratory flow caused by the recent If refugees agrees to settle in areas des- Outsiders,Police Take Advantage of State war in the Chechen Republic is now ignated for them, such as mid-Russia, of Emergency to Drive Many Ethnics from considered to be of most influence Siberia and the Urals, they receive the City." The Boston Globe, October 14. upon social and political stability legal status automatically. But to ob- McGarry, John, and Brendan O'Leary, eds.. within the region and its parts. tain a status of a "forced migrant" in 1993. The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regula- Two approaches can be used to areas not designated for refugee settle- tion. London: Routledge. describe the current phenomenon of ment one needs to obtain domicile reg- Ryan, Stephen. 1990. Ethnic Conflict and Inter- mass-scale refugee flow from istration ("propiska"). Yet, the only national Regulation. Dartmouth: Alder- shot. Chechnya. The first is a macro- legal grounds for getting "propiska" are having close relatives or owning a Simon, Gerhard. 1991. Nationalism and Policy approach, based on a statistical de- Toward the Nationalities in the Swiet Union: scription of the number of migrants, house or a flat. Since most refugees do From Tofalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Sta- directions of their flows, and on an not meet these requirements, they linist Society, translated by Karen Forster analysis of humanitarian activity by were not able to obtain a legal status. and Oswald Forster. Boulder: Westview governmental and nongovernmental Consequently, official figures of Press. organizations. The second involves a "forced migrants" are considerably Smith, M. G. 1971. "Some Developments in micro-level reconstruction of social- lower than those with which non-offi- the Analytic Study of Pluralism." In Plu- cial institutionsoperate. Thus there is a ralism in Africa, edited by Leo Kuper and psychological aspects of migration, M .G. Smith. Berkeley: University of Cali- including subjective factors (exterior gap between the numbers of refugees fornia Press. and interior) of social adaptation of who exist de facto and de jure. We York, Geoffrey. 1995a. "Yeltsin pledges re- should also note that a data base on form of military." The Globeand Mail, Feb- forced migration from the Chechen ruary 17, Al, A12. Dr. Eugene V. Kritski is the director of North Republic is still incomplete. This cre- York, Geoffrey. 1995b. "Cities of Russia cruel Caucasian Centreofthelnstitutefor Social and ates special obstacles, such as difficul- to southerners." The Globe and Mail, Janu- Political Research of the Russian Academy of ties in getting and verifying ary 30, Al, A10. o. Sciences, Moscow. information. In this case, a researcher

Refuge, Vol. 14, No. 10 (March 1995) 13 risks basing an analysis upon false fig- istered by the local branch of FMS. etia, we should take into account the ures and pretentious opinions. Since the beginning of the war until specificity of the Ingushtians' ethnic Chronological coincidence of the phe- February 1,1995,3,000 more persons and political history. nomenon in question and its analysis have been registered. According to is the most recently es- produces the so-called "aberration of FMS officials, only one-fourth of the tablished republic in North Caucasus. closeness." Moreover, the data under refugees applied for official status. Its territory covers about 2,000 square consideration are often inconsistent Many chose not to register because km., with the population of about and rely on different categories, de- there is no advantage in doing so. The 215,000 people. Ethnic Ingushtians pending on the source. one-time emergency aid they receive is constitute the majority of the popula- This article is based on the informa- extremely low, equal to a minimum tion in this republic. tion taken from documents published monthly earning (25,000 roubles or $6). Since the eruption of a violent con- by governmental and non-govern- Almost all applicants were granted the flict between Ingushtians and Osse- mental organizations and by mass status. tians over the Prigorodny district of media. We also interviewed FMS offi- In 1994, the Krasnodar district (hi) Vladikavkaz, Ingushetia received cials. These interviews were con- branch of FMS registered 929 people 60,000 migrants, 50,000 of whom are ducted by telephone. from Chechnya as "forced migrants," still living in the republic. Both Ingush- Since the beginning of the crisis, ap- constituting 98% of all those who ap- tians and Chechens belong to the proximately 140,000 of Chechnya's in- plied for the status. There was a signifi- "vainach" ethnolinguistic community habitants were forced to leave their cant upsurge of migratory activity in and their languages are mutually com- homes for North Caucasian d$stricts January 1995 (see Table 1). prehensible. Both Chechens and and republics, and about 70,000 for Inguishes identify themselves as other regions of Russia. These refugees Table 1: "vainach-speakers." They are also could be placed in one of three catego- Number of Forced Migrants linked by ties of kinship. In both ries. Those in the first and smalldst cat- Registered in the Chechnya and Ingushetia the clan egory, consisting of some 40,000 Krasnodar District (taip) system is still alive. And it is im- people, have been displaced inteirnally Period # of Registrants portant to point out that some clans within the territory of Chechnyh. The 1994 January 149 consist of both Ingush and Chechen majority of refugees can be fowd in February 181 families. Furthermore, the border be- tween Chechnya and Ingushetia is still the second category of thosd who March 108 found shelter in Daghestan and not fully drawn. In 1934, the Chechen April - Ingushetia. The third category, i$ com- and the Ingush autonomous districts posed of those who have moved to the May 73 were amalgamated, and in 1936, the Krasnodar and Stavropol districts. June 50 new district's status was changed to Migration from the Chechnva re- July 85 the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Re- gion had preceded the current crisis. August 98 public. In February 1944, thousands of According to an estimate by FMS's September 47 Chechens and Ingushes were deported Director, at least 400,000 peopld have October 24 to Central Asia and Siberia, but after migrated from Chechnya since 1991, November 50 the official rehabilitation in 1957, the with only half of them having received December 64 Republic of Checheno-Ingushetia was the official status of a 'forced migrant.' 1994 January 2,280 re-established. It was only in 1992 that FMS, placed in charged of forced mi- Chechnya separated from the Repub- grants, has created a system of regional According to FMS officials, the real lic and declared its independence. Fol- operative groups which are to be coor- number of refugees who arrived in lowing the declaration, the Ingush dinated centrally. These groups are re- January of 1995 is five times higher. Republic was established. sponsible for the registration and Percentage ethnic composition of the Since the eruption of the war, the voluntary repatriation of refugees to refugees are as follows: 94; migratory flow has been increasing those areas in which the political situ- Armenian 2; Chechens 1; Ingushtians from 500 to 2,000 per day. By January ation has normalized. FMS allocated 2; Other 1. The ethnic composition of 24, 1995, 55,509 Chechens had been 17billion roubles to regional branches the region is therefore not affected and registered as forced migrants. Most of to cover food, clothing and transporta- does not pose a threat to interethnic them are in Nazran. Fifteen train cars tion costs of refugees. Additionally, relations there. have been used as shelter for refugees about 3.5 trillion roubles were dis- As mentioned above, most forced but these have proven insufficient. patched for house-building. migrants escaped to neighbouring re- Many refugees have found shelter In 1994, the Stavropol district (krai) publics of Ingushetia and Daghestan. among their relatives. Some families received 7,703 persons from Chechnya To understand the situation in which host up to fifty migrants. In an inter- -5+ercent of all forced migrants reg- migrants find themselves in Ingush- view, given to Severny Kavkaz on

14 Refige, Vol. 14, No. 10 (March 1995) I

I January 28,1995, the Head of the Mi- Since the predominant majority of I 4 gratory Service of the Republic of Table 2: the refugees are non-Russians, they are Ingushetia complained that the repub- Number and Dynamics of the more likely to chose to stay in the area, lic can no longer stretch its hospitality Forced Migratory Flow with only very few opting to resettle in and that the agency is considering in Daghestan the regions of Russia mentioned stopping the registration of refugees. above. By January 17, only 500 refu- Ethnic Yet, resettlement of these refugees gees have chosen to resettle there. Most (who are predominantly Ingushes and FMS Registry of the reception centres are located in Chechens) to mid- Russia, Siberia and January 17, '95 38,225 34,200 the regions contiguous with the Ural are not viable options either, since January 23, '95 44,194 43,194 Chechen Republic. In order to prevent in the minds of the refugees they Growth per week 5,964 8,994 the spread of the conflict, the Dagh- would be associated with the forced Growth per day 853 1,285 estan authorities have prohibited the deportations they suffered under Sta- organization of such centres inside lin. Only 2,838 refugees have accepted Daghestan. Most refugees have settled resettlement to these regions. Figures given by the offices of eth- in the district of Khasavjurt. The dis- The migratory situation is also com- nopolitical communities seem to re- trict has been inhabited by Kumyks, plicated by the presence of the so- flect the migratory situation more Chechens (approximately 60,000 called "shuttle" refugees in Ingushetia. adequately, because they count all per- Chechen live there under the name of These are Dudaev's combat men. Some sons who have arrived in Daghestan, Akki), and Avars. For the last four of them have been detained by the fed- whether officially registered or not. years this area of Daghestan has wit- eral forces and have been charged by The Territorial Medical Association of nessed increasing inter- ethnic compe- the Ingush Republic's Prosecutor's of- the district of Khasavjurt reported an tition. Ethnic organizations have fice. Approximately 5,000 forced mi- even higher number of refugees. At emerged to promote and defend the grants were registered in North least 51,200 had arrived by January 20. rights of their respective communities. Ossetia by February 1. Since the Re- The numbers offered by the Ministry The objective of the Kumyk move- public has already accepted a great of Labour are lower for a number of ment, "Tenglik," is to create a demo- number of refugees from Central Asia reasons. First, some refugees chose not cratic Autonomous Kumyk Republic. and , it has imposed restric- to register as forced migrants since the Chechens-Akki in their turn have put tions on Chechen refugees, allowing assistance they expected to receive forward a demand to transfer this ter- only those with close relatives in North from FMS was so insigruficant. Second, ritory (which in fact was part of Ossetia to stay there. The rest are al- it is possible that others did not regis- Chechnya prior to the deportation of lowed to sleep in train cars at the ter because they would not meet the Chechens in 1944) to the Chechen Re- Vladikavkaz railway station. They eligibility requirements. public. The growth of the Chechen have been offered permanent settle- Finally, it is possible that some of population in this district as a conse- ment in such cities as Smolensk, these refugees were the so-called 'shut- quence of forced migration may pro- Saratov, Tambov, and Novgorod. tle' migrants, or Dudaev's combat men voke the escalation of ethnic violence. Refugees receive assistance for three who came to Daghestan to procure And some have already called for the months and then they have to make a medical assistance and temporary extension of military action into Dagh- decision either to resettle or to stay in shelter. The Medical Association re- estan at political rallies held in the area unassisted. ported about 373 refugees being Khasavjurt. Daghestan has received approxi- wounded (January 29), and 80% of mately the same number of forced them were men. As military activities migrants as Ingushetia. Strict quanti- intensify in the Western part of the tative characteristics of the migratory Chechen republic, the number of this flows from Chechnya are difficult to type of migrants may increase. Refu- The Genesis of'^ calculate. Figures partly depend on gees residing in Daghestan have the methods of registration of refugees by potential for contributing to the re- Domestic Regime: different institutions. There are three gions' own ethnopolitical and demo- The Case of Hungary sources of data in Daghestan: the graphic problems. It is important to Edited by Howard Adelman, Daghestanian branch of FMS, offices consider the ethnic composition of the of ethnopolitical communities that refugee flow and that of the districts in Endre Sik and Geza Tessenyi register migrants of their ethnic back- which these refugees settle. Ethnic ISBN 1-55014-237-2 ground, and the Territorial Medical composition of forced migrants in Report, 108 pp, indexed. $14.95 Association of the district of Daghestan are Chechens 64%; Peoples Published by Khasavjurt (See Table 2 below for the of Daghestan 22%; Russians 13%; York Lanes Press first two sources). Other 1%.

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