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Archeologia E Storia Di Un Paesaggio Urbano.Pdf SCUOLA DOTTORALE IN Culture e Trasformazioni della Città e del Territorio Storia e Conservazione dell’oggetto d’arte e d’architettura XXIII CICLO Archeologia e Storia di un paesaggio urbano: l’area a nord di via delle Botteghe oscure Tutor: prof. Riccardo Santangeli Valenzani Giulia Facchin A.A. 2010/2011 1 Introduzione 0.1 La metodologia della ricerca 0.2 La storia degli scavi Cap. I Periodo I : la geomorfologia del Campo Marzio e le evidenze precendenti al Tempio di via delle Botteghe oscure. 1.1 Gli studi geologici sulla conformazione dell’antico Campo Marzio. 1.2 Le modificazioni prodotte dalla costruzione degli argini del Tevere. 1.3 Notizie riguardanti eventuali pre-esistenze. Cap. II Periodo IIA : il Tempio di via delle Botteghe oscure 2.1 Contesto dell’area in età repubblicana: i Saepta la Villa Publica l’edilizia residenziale e artigianale a Sud l’area sacra di Largo Argentina (prima fase) 2.2 Le evidenze archeologiche 2.3 Architettura del tempio: la ricomposizione del contesto 2.4 Le interpretazioni del Tempio Periodo IIB : la vita del Tempio di via delle Botteghe oscure (fase augustea fino all’incendio di Tito dell’80 d.C.) 2.4 Le modificazioni del tessuto in seguito ai progetti urbanistici augustei 2.5 Le ristrutturazioni del Tempio 2.6 L’incendio di Tito nelle fonti storico-letterarie e nelle evidenze archeologiche Cap. III Periodo IIIA : la costruzione della Porticus Minucia (80-90 d.C.) 3.1 Le ristrutturazioni del contesto post-incendio 3.2 Le evidenze archeologiche 2 3.3 Architettura della Porticus 3.4 Le interpretazioni della Porticus a partire dal dato archeologico Periodo IIIB : la vita della Porticus (90-330 d.C.) 3.5 I rifacimenti dell’edificio 3.6 Le frumentationes Periodo IIIC : l’abbandono della Porticus (330-425 d.C.) 3.7 Contesto dell’area - l’edilizia religiosa: l’edificazione della chiesa di S. Marco (336) - l’edilizia privata le aule absidate (la domus del Diribitorium ) le famiglie senatorie (i Turcii-Astalli nell’area di S. Marco) gli insediamenti umili (i tuguria e le domus modeste). 3.8 Le evidenze archeologiche e le attestazioni storico-letterarie e epigrafiche dei riusi della Porticus - i Ludi in Minicia - i restauri: la Porticus (Anicio Fausto, post terremoto 408 d.C.) il complesso di Pompeo (gli Aureli Simmaci) Cap. IV Periodo IVA : dalla caduta dell’Impero Romano d’Occidente all’età gota 4.1 Gli eventi naturali: inondazioni e terremoti 4.2 Gli eventi storici: sacchi e spolî 4.3 Le evidenze archeologiche: - la nascita di una strada (la futura via delle Botteghe oscure) sul fronte meridionale della Porticus - i primi insediamenti religiosi: lo Xenodochium Aniciorum (V sec.); il Monasterium Boetianum (inizi VI sec.). Periodo IVB : l’età bizantina (553-725 d.C.) 4.4 Le evidenze archeologiche: 3 - la cultura materiale a Roma - la vita della strada - i complessi monastici Cap. V Periodo V : la Roma dei Papi tra VIII e XI sec. 5.1 Inquadramento topografico della viabilità dell’area e storico della sua destinazione d’uso - le Contrade il Calcarario la Pellicceria - i percorsi e le processioni 5.2 Inquadramento storico-amministrativo: - la nascita dei Rioni - le Parrocchie e le Chiese: S. Lucia in xenodochio Aniciorum S. Lorenzo in Pallacina 5.2 Gli insediamenti presenti nell’area: il Castrum Aureum la Curtis di Largo Argentina 5.3 Le attività artigianali: le calcare del Calcarario Cap. VI Periodo VI : il Basso Medioevo 6.1 Inquadramento storico-sociale della ripresa dopo il Mille 6.2 Una nuova fonte a disposizione: i documenti d’archivio 6.3 Il consolidamento degli assetti amministrativi laici ed ecclesiastici: - i Rioni e le Contrade Sant’Eustachio, Pigna e Sant’Angelo Pellicceria, de Apothecis , Calcarario, Preta delli Pisci tracciato antico, toponimo recente: la via Celsa - le Parrocchie e le Chiese S. Lucia de Pinea S. Lorenzo de Calcarario ( de pretadelipisci ) 4 Ss. Quadraginta de Calcarario S. Maria della Strada S. Andrea in Pallacina S. Nicola dello Monte S. Salvatore in pensilis S. Maria domine Rose S. Salvatore de Gallia S. Nicola de Calcarario 6.4 L’uso delle strade - le processioni e gli eventi - la manutenzione 6.5 Le case e gli abitanti - Gioacchino da Narni - Leonardo di Rocca della Botte - i di Paolo, marmisti - i Leni, mercanti - i Martelluzzo, sartori - i Mentabona, mercanti 6.6 Le attività produttive Cap. VII Periodo VIIA : la definizione del paesaggio moderno tra Rinascimento e Controriforma 7.1 Urbanistica e edilizia nel XVI secolo 7.2 Abitare a Roma - Le grande famiglie rimpiante da M.A. Altieri (1506-1509) - Il Censimento di Leone X (1517-1518) - La Descriptio Urbis di Clemente VII (1527) - Le Taxae Viarum , 445, cc. 189-191 (1540) e c. 376 (1558) 7.4 Gli eventi salienti: l’ingresso di Carlo V a Roma (1536) 7.5 I grandi interventi edilizi e le connesse distruzioni: - La Nova via Capitolina (1537-1592) - Il Monastero di Santa Caterina dei Funari (1549) - La Chiesa del Gesù e l’ampliamento del Forum Alteriorum (1550-1575) 5 - Accorpamenti di parrocchie, abbandono o ristrutturazione di vecchie chiese 7.5 Una nuova fonte: la nascita della cartografia - La cartografia ante chiesa del Gesù - La cartografia post chiesa del Gesù Periodo VIIB : la costruzione e la vita dei grandi palazzi 7.6 Inquadramento storico 7.7 La costruzione dei palazzi e i successivi passaggi di proprietà: - Palazzo Ruggeri (inizi ‘500) - Palazzo Celsi (1534) - Palazzo Fabi – Celsi (ante 1551) - Palazzo Petroni-Borgnana (ante 1551) - Casa delle Terrecotte – cd. casa di Sebastiano del Piombo (ante 1551) - Palazzo Cenci-Bolognetti (1554) - Palazzo Ginnasi (1560) e il complesso di edifici annessi (chiesa di S. Lucia, Collegio Ginnasi, Monastero delle teresiane) - Palazzo Nobili Vitelleschi 7.8 Dall’organizzazione rionale di Benedetto XIV alla denominazione di strade e case, al primo catasto di Pio VII Cap. VIII Periodo VIII : prime emergenze archeologiche, ultime distruzioni (XIX-XX secc.) 8.1 1883: gli sventramenti di Corso Vittorio Emanuele 8.2 1926-1928: la riscoperta dell’area sacra di Largo Argentina e l’abbattimento delle isole occidentali. 8.3 1938: gli sventramenti di via delle Botteghe oscure e del fronte nord della via: la riscoperta del tempio di via delle Botteghe oscure 8.4 la storia recente 6 PARTE I: IL PAESAGGIO ANTICO: UN PAESAGGIO SCOMPARSO. CAPITOLO I: LA GEOMORFOLOGIA DEL CAMPO MARZIO E IL PAESAGGIO PRECEDENTE ALLA COSTRUZIONE DEL TEMPIO DI VIA DELLE BOTTEGHE OSCURE . Periodo I: la geomorfologia e l’epoca miti-storica La conformazione geologica e idrografica della piana del Tevere Il Campo Marzio è un’ampia pianura alluvionale posta in riva sinistra del fiume Tevere. L’area oggetto della presente costituisce una frazione minima di questa pianura, collocata nella sua parte meridionale a ridosso delle pendici nord-occidentali del colle capitolino. La pianura del Campo Marzio si è formata in seguito al passaggio da un ambiente marino ad un ambiente continentale, con intensa attività vulcanica recente verificatasi tra il Pliocene superiore e l’ultima fase del Quaternario (FUNICIELLO 1995). L’unità geologica su cui si depositarono i riporti antropici oggetto del presente studio risale all’ultima fase del Quaternario (18.000 anni fa), quando si sedimentarono una serie di depositi alluvionali legati ad una fase di abbassamento del livello del mare, comportante, in parallelo, ingenti fenomeni erosivi dei substrati precedentemente deposti. Nel periodo post-glaciale successivo, la risalita del livello del mare causò la contemporanea sedimentazione di ghiaie poligeniche, originate dall’erosione delle serie vulcaniche sedimentarie locali o affioranti nel vicino Appennino. Su queste si depositarono, infine, i sedimenti limo-argillosi e limo-sabbiosi ad elevata percentuale di minerali vulcanici (biotite e pirosseno), e, nella frazione granulometrica più grossolana, di pomici e ciottoli di origine vulcanica («tufo lionato») e sedimentaria (calcare, selce e travertino), che costituiscono la superficie del suolo esposta nei primi secoli di vita storica di questa parte della città (FUNICIELLO 1995, p. ??? ; AMMERMANN in MANACORDA inedito, dida n. 15A). Il piano di campagna originario si trovava tra i 9 e i 9.5 m s.l.m., ad una quota che rimarrà invariata fino alla prima metà del I sec. a.C.: fino ad allora, infatti, i monumenti si trovano in una posizione notevolmente più bassa rispetto a quella dei successivi (AMMERMANN in MANACORDA inedito, dida n. 15A). È questo il primo di una serie di riporti antropici che porteranno l’area del Campo Marzio ad incrementare il suo spessore fino ad un massimo di una decina di metri (LUGLI 1951, p. ??? ; FUNICIELLO 1995, p. 111). Confrontati con questi processi antropici, quelli naturali di sedimentazioni negli ultimi 3000 anni saranno ben più modesti e tendenzialmente dovuti alle 7 periodiche inondazioni del Tevere (AMMERMANN in MANACORDA inedito, dida n. 15A), riconoscibili sul terreno per la caratteristica composizione argillo-limosa dei sedimenti. La quota del piano di campagna originario della nostra area si aggira intorno ai 9.20 m s.l.m., in piena consonanza con quelle note presso l’attigua cd. area sacra di Largo Argentina, variabili tra gli 8.90 e i 9.10 m s.l.m. (ZANINI , GIORGI inedito, par. 3.1). Il suolo si caratterizza per i depositi costituiti da argille a struttura lamellari, tipici indicatori della presenza di alluvioni e straripamenti. Tutto il Campo Marzio, in quanto fortemente depresso, è sempre stato soggetto ai frequenti fenomeni di straripamento del Tevere, che sono stati risolti solo con la costruzione umbertina dei muraglioni del Tevere (GEREMIA 2006, p. 71). I muraglioni hanno, tuttavia, contemporaneamente causato un innalzamento della falda freatica, attualmente attestata intorno ai 10.70 m s.l.m. (AMMERMANN in MANACORDA inedito, dida n. 15A). Lo scarico, soprattutto in epoca antica, di macerie e terreni di riporto che ha causato un innalzamento del terreno di quasi una decina di metri è stato, perciò, funzionale anche a drenare il terreno (LUGLI 1951).
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