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Akulturasi Budaya Dalam Arsitektur Masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede

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Akulturasi Budaya Dalam Arsitektur Masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede AKULTURASI BUDAYA DALAM ARSITEKTUR MASJID GEDHE MATARAM KOTAGEDE SKRIPSI Diajukan kepada Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga untuk Memenuhi Syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum) Oleh: Apriyanto NIM: 09120008 JURUSAN SEJARAH DAN KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM FAKULTAS ADAB DAN ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SUNAN KALIJAGA YOGYAKARTA 2015 i Scanned by CamScanner Scanned by CamScanner Motto: “Hanyalah yang memakmurkan masjid-masjid Allah ialah orang-orang yang beriman kepada Allah dan hari kemudian, serta tetap mendirikan salat, menunaikan zakat dan idak takut (kepada siapa pun) selain kepada Allah, maka merekalah orang-orang yang diharapkan termasuk golongan orang- orang yang mendapat petunjuk” (Q.S AT-Taubah ayat 18) v Halaman Persembahan Dengan mengucap syukur kepada Allah SWT, Skripsi ini saya persembahkan kepada: Almamaterku Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya Uin Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta Bapak Nurhabib, ibu Suyati dan seluruh keluarga besarku Nurwiyanto, Sony S Saputra, Dwi umaroh, Kastini, Hartini, Dewi, Sahila dan Nevan Terima kasih atas dukungan dan doanya yang tak pernah putus selalu mendoakan ananda Hanya dengan rahmat dan hidayah allah, sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan. vi Abstraksi Akulturasi Budaya Dalam Arsitektur Masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede Masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede, merupakan salah satu masjid tradisional di Jawa. Hingga saat ini keberadaanya masih terjaga dengan baik. Arsitektur masjid Gedhe Mataram merupakan percampuran dari berbagai unsur budaya, mulai dari bangunan utama yang memiliki kesamaan bentuk dengan rumah tradisional Jawa yaitu joglo, sampai konsep masjid dan makam para pendiri kerajaan mataram yang masih bisa kita saksikan saat ini. Sejarah berdirinya masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede yaitu pada masa panembahan Senopati pada tahun 1585-1601. Bangunan masjid tersebut berawal dari bentuk langgar. Seiring perkembangannya masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede mengalami beberapa perbaikan dan penambahan yang disebabkan oleh faktor teknis maupun non teknis. Adapun bagian-bagian masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede saat ini,mulai dari ruangan utama yaitu: pawestren, mimbar, mihrab, saka guru, atap tumpang, mustaka, sedangkan unsur luar masjid terdapat serambi, bedhug dan kenthongan, jagang atau blumbang, tempat wudhu, prasasti tugu, bangsal dan satu kompleks dengan makam para pendiri masjid.memiliki pintu gerbang paduraksa, tempat wudhu, jagang atau blumbang, serambi, pawestren, saka guru, mihrab, mimbar, atap tumpang, mustaka. Masjid tersebut satu kompleks dengan makam. Penelitian menggunakan metode sejarah yang mencakup beberapa aspek yaitu pengumpulan data, kritik sumber, analisis data, penulisan hasil pemelitian. Selain itu juga penulis menggunakan pendekatan historis-arkeologis. Pendekatan historis digunakan untuk mengetahui sejarah masjid gedhe mataram. sedangkan pendekatan arkeologis ditujukan untuk mengetahui pembangunan atau renofasi masjid gedhe mataram kotagede. Teori yang digunkan adalah teori akulturasi yang diutarakan oleh Koentjaraningrat, bahwa akulturasi terjadi ketika suatu kebudayaan dipengaruhi oleh unsur-unsur kebudayaan asing, sedangkan unsur kebudayaan asing diintegrasikan dalam kebudayaan yang ada tanpa menghilangkan kebudayaan asli. Hasil dari penelitian ini terdapat tiga unsur pengaruh budaya yaitu pengaruh unsur budaya Islam, Jawa dan Hindu. Unsur Islam terdapat bentuk mimbar, mihrab, tempat wudhu. Unsur jawa terdapat pada saka guru tiang penyangga atap, bentuk atap masjid yang berbentuk tajug lamabang gantung yaitu atap yang berbentuk kemah atau piramid. Sedangkan unsur Hindu terdapat pada gapura paduraksa, motif hias yang ada pada pagar keliling masjid motif teratai, kala makara. vii KATA PENGANTAR بِسْنِ اللّٰهِ الّرَحْوٰنِ الّرَحِيْنِ اَلْحَوْدُ لِلّٰهِ رَّبِ الْعَالَوِيْنَ وَبِهِ نَسْتَعِيْنُ عَلَى اُهُوْرِ الدُنْيَا وَالدِيْنِ وَالّصَﻻَةُ وَالسَﻻَمُ عَلَى اَشّْرَفِ الْاَنْبِيَاءِ وَالْوُّرْسَلِيْنَ سَيِدِناَ هُحَوَدٍوَعَلَى آلِهِ وَأَصْحَا بِه أَجْوَعِيْنَ. Segala puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah Swt, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat, karunia, hidayah dan pertolongan-Nya, sehingga penulisan Skripsi ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Selanjutnya penulis juga menghaturkan shalawat dan salam semoga senantiasa tercurah kepada Sang Revolusioner sejati, Nabi Muhammad Saw, beserta keluarga, sahabatnya dan para pengikut setianya, yang telah menyiarkan agama Islam dengan penuh pengorbanan tanpa mengenal lelah serta mengeluarkan manusia dari "alam kegelapan menuju alam penuh cahaya". Skripsi yang berjudul “Akulturasi Budaya dalam Arsitektur Masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede“ hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses akulturasi serta bentuk akulturasi yang ada pada masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede. Pada realitanya proses penulisan skripsi ini tidaklah semudah yang dibayangkan. Berbagai kendala seperti pengumpulan dan penulisan sumber informasi dari lapangan, adalah salah satu kesulitan penulis karena harus merubah sumber informasi dari bahasa lisan ke dalam tulisan. Terselesaikannya skripsi ini bukanlah semata-mata karena usaha penulis, melainkan atas bantuan dari berbagai pihak. Tak lupa penulis sampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada Riswinarno S.S, M.M, selaku dosen pembimbing, yang telah mengajarkan banyak hal terhadap penulis, mulai dari penulisan sampai ilmu pengetahuan lain. Semoga Allah membalas segala pengorbanan beliau. Ucapan terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada Dr Siti Maryam, Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Ilmu Budaya UIN Sunan Kalijaga, Himayatul Ittihadiyah Ketua Jurusan Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam, Muhammad Wildan, M. A. Dosen Pembimbing Akademik dan seluruh Dosen Jurusan Islam. Serta tidak lupa seluruh karyawan, tata usaha UIN Sunan Kalijaga yang sudah melayani penulis dengan ramah. Ucapan terima kasih juga penulis sampaikan kepada: 1. Pengurus Ta’mir masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede, yang tidak bisa saya sebut satu-satu, terima kasih sudah membantu penulis dalam memberikan informasi tentang sejarah masjid Mataram. 2. Juru kunci Makam raja-raja Kotagede, petugas perpustakaan Balai Arkeologi Yogyakarta. viii DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................. i PERYATAAN KEASLIAN ................................................................................. ii NOTA DINAS ...................................................................................................... iii PENGESAHAN ................................................................................................... iv MOTTO ................................................................................................................. v PERSEMBAHAN ................................................................................................ vi ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... vii KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... viii DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... x DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................... xiv BAB I: PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah .......................................................................... 1 B. Batasan dan Rumusan Masalah ............................................................... 5 C. Tujuan dan Kegunaan Penelitian ............................................................. 6 D. Tinjauan Pustaka ..................................................................................... 7 E. Landasan Teori ........................................................................................ 8 F. Metode Penelitian .................................................................................. 11 G. Sistematika Pembahasan ....................................................................... 13 BAB II: GAMBARAN UMUM MASJID GEDHE MATARAM KOTAGEDE A. Kondisi Lingkungan .............................................................................. 16 B. Sejarah Masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede ........................................... 20 C. Perkembangan Masjid Gedhe Mataram Kotagede ............................... 23 x BAB III: DESKRIPSI ARSITEKTUR DAN ORNAMENTAL MASJID GEDHE MATARAM KOTAGEDE A. Pola Arsitektur Masjid .......................................................................... 27 B. Unsur Arsitektur bagian dalam masjid ................................................ 36 1. Ruang utama ..................................................................................... 36 2. Mihrab .............................................................................................. 36 3. Mimbar ............................................................................................. 36 4. Atap Tumpang .................................................................................. 37 5. Mustaka ........................................................................................... 38 6. Pawestren .......................................................................................... 38 C. Unsur Arsitektur bagian luar masjid .................................................... 39 1. Serambi ............................................................................................. 39 2. Bedhug dan Kenthongan .................................................................
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