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Finally Setting the Record Straight—Christian Views on the Historicity of Adam Through the Ages

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Finally Setting the Record Straight—Christian Views on the Historicity of Adam Through the Ages JOURNAL OF CREATION 29(2) 2015 || BOOK REVIEWS Finally setting the record straight—Christian views on the historicity of Adam through the ages did counter with “R.C. Sproul”, for The Quest for the Historical during a short window of time Sproul Adam: Genesis, Hermeneutics, seemed to be on our side. My mistake and Human Origins was that I did not reach to a time before William VanDoodewaard Hodge and Warfield, for then I could Reformation Heritage Books have called on almost every scholar in Grand Rapids, MI, 2015 their tradition. VanDoodewaard has helped me to understand this much 1 more clearly. For modern scholars, hand, most of the early ones, but not we have David Hall and Joseph Pipa, most of the latter ones, also believed Robert Carter for example, but these able men are, in a young Earth. There is certainly a to date, less well known than some of ‘slippery slope’ involved in allowing r William VanDoodewaard is the larger figures in history, and I was secular philosophy to influence bib­ Pro fessor of Church History at unable at that time to vocalize their D lical interpretation, and that is amply Pu ritan Reformed Theological Sem- names when put on the spot. documented in this book, but this inary. Even though his book is focused To be fair, the book is about the does not mean that all scholarship has on theological arguments within Re- debate in theological circles. Thus, always had unanimous agreement on formed circles, there is plenty of good there is scant mention of mainstream the big questions. material here for Christians in general. crea tionists. Likewise, and even though He begins with a survey of the Not only does it deal fairly with both theology and science have overlapped relevant passages of the Old and New sides on this complex topic, but it does considerably over the centuries, sci- Tes taments, then divides his discus sion so comprehensively. The creation- entists who have supported the Cre- into time periods: Patristic, Medieval, evolution argument is not new. It has ation account of Genesis are barely been part of church history, under present. Yet, by filling in a giant his­ Reformation, Post-Reformation, En- th th shifting definitions, from the very torical gap, we can lay to rest any no- lightenment, 19 Century, Early 20 beginning, but only a few are aware of tion that ‘creationism’ is a modern Century, and 1950s to present (this is this. I am keenly interested in church theological innovation, and certainly my division and it does not necessarily history, but not being a specialist there does not begin with the Seventh Day correspond to chapter headings). are many aspects that I have not had Adventist, George McCready Price time to delve deeply into. This is also (1870–1963), as Ronald Numbers, a The Patristic and Medieval eras interesting to me for the fact that I was professor of the history of science, once publicly stumped during a radio impotently tried to argue.2 Throughout this historical survey, interview on a show with a Reformed And yet, we must be careful to de- VanDoodewaard attempts to make the Presbyterian host. A caller made the fine terms and to carefully parse the case that the similar arguments have comment that he understood what various arguments. The age of the been made for two millennia, with I was trying to say (concerning the earth, the time required for God to the same counter arguments. Starting reality of Adam and Eve) but wondered create, and the historical reality of with Philo of Alexandria (20 BC–AD why no Reformed scholar of any repute Adam and Eve are separate questions. 50), a Hellenized Jew who interpreted agreed with me. Then, starting with Various people have held different Genesis allegorically, he notes that Charles Hodge and B.B. Warfield, views on these three ideas over the Christian scholarship in that same he rattled a list of about 15 scholars, centuries. Nearly all major scholars in city, notably Clement of Alexandria all of whom I was familiar with, to the Reformed tradition have believed (c. 150–210) and his successor, Origen make his point. I had little to say, but in a real Adam and Eve. On the other (c. 184–254), followed similar paths. 36 BOOK REVIEWS || JOURNAL OF CREATION 29(2) 2015 He adds to that list Augustine of (c. 1033–1109), and Peter Lombard contrary to Newton’s views on the age Hippo (354–430) and Thomas Aquinas (c. 1100–1161) ably arguing for the of the earth, would follow a similar line (1225–1274). There is some difficulty traditional sense and standing against of thought, using his great collection with this, however, and it may be that the minority position of the likes of and general knowledge of fossils to VanDoodewaard is jettisoning some Irish monk Johannes Scotus Eriugena support global Flood theory. scholarship too quickly. Specifically, (c. 815–877), and others. Anselm noted Westminster scholar John Lightfoot 3 4 Zuiddam and Sibley both make that the Augustinian allegorical view, (1602–1675) and his slightly more the case that, although some early that God would have created all things famous contemporary James Usher people allegorized Genesis, this does in an instant, was common in his day, (1581–1656) both wrote extensively not necessarily mean they thought it but this is not borne out by comparison on these issues, supporting the literal was not historical at the same time. to the writings of the majority of his sense of the Creation account. John Of course, allegorization laid the contemporaries. There is also a paral- Owen (1616–1683) and Thomas Manton groundwork for further departures in lel in Medieval Jewish scholarship, (1620–1677) represented the next the future, but not every scholar who with a literalist majority arguing generation of scholars following this leaned that way was on the edge of against the allegorical minority, e.g. trend. According to VanDoodewaard, apostasy, and Aquinas apparently ac- Maimonides (1135–1204) who was in- the post-Reformation scholars re- cepted the fact of a 6-day Creation Week. fluenced by Aristotle (367–347 BC). presented by the English Puritans and Yet, the debatable positions of these Dutch Reformed movements held a scholars represent minor positions, and The Reformation strong commitment to the literal tra- this is critically important. For exam- dition. Figurative interpretations were ple, contemporaneous with these were The Reformation saw a strong and more common among the Roman the author of 1 Clement (c. 90–100), nearly unanimous appeal to the plain Catholics and smaller splinter groups. Justin Martyr (100–c.165), Theophilus sense of the Scriptures. William Tyn- Should it surprise anyone that the of Antioch (died c. 183–185), Basil of dale (c. 1492–1536) strongly rejected Catholic Church, in general, seems to Caesarea (329–379), and Nicholas of the late Medieval tendency toward al- have little problem with evolutionary Lyra (c. 1270–1349), who clearly took legorization, while at the same time theory? Genesis in the ‘literal’ sense.5 Many anticipating the modern concept of From the historical records, it is scholars are mentioned in each time assessing individual passages in their clear that most influences pulling scho­ period, some lesser known and some proper historical-grammatical context lars away from the straightforward well known to us today. However, by and the idea that Scripture should be hermeneutic were coming from out- citing many contemporaries of the used to interpret Scripture. Martin side the church, and these influences more famous writers, he ably makes Luther (1483–1546) came out strongly were both philosophical and scientific. the case that, at least until very late in favour of the traditional, literal view. Yet, these are really just two ends of a in the Christian era, a strong majority Indeed, Luther seems to be the har- continuous spectrum and both always of writers accepted, and defended, a binger of a nearly unanimous view straightforward reading of the Gen- among Reformation and Post-Refor- at least minor in the other, but earlier esis text. Also, it appears that each mation scholars, including Philip arguments were more philosophical time the allegorical hermeneutic was Melanchthon (1497–1560), Huldrych and modern arguments are more sci- attempted, it was an attempt to har- Zwingli (1484–1531), and John Calvin entific. monize Scripture with Greek natural (1509–1564). Heinrich Bullinger (1504– It was a little surprising to me to philosophy. And, it should be noted 1575) wrote clearly about the creation of realize that modern attempts at re- that the early allegorists were not try- Adam and Eve in his Decades, a work writing Genesis have strong parallels ing to lengthen the duration of cre- popular among later English scholars. in earlier eras. For example, building on ation. The opposite, in fact, was true— One less well known but interesting Augustine, Medieval astronomer and they proposed that God created in an scholar was Lambert Daneau (c. 1530– pioneer of optics, Robert Grosseteste instant. Yet, by allegorizing the Cre- 1595), a student of Calvin. Daneau (c. 1168–1253), Bishop of Lincoln, ation passages, they paved the way for attempted to create a Christian natural essentially anticipates Meredith Kline’s later dismissals of the historical reality philosophy, using what would later be (1922–2007) Framework Hypothesis, of those passages. called “Mosaic physics” and appealing which removed any meaningful cor- The Medieval period saw similar to the Bible for scientific insight. respondence to chronology. There arguments to those found in the Patris- He seems to presage the modern are also many examples of teacher- tic and early-church era, with notable creationist movement.
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