Spill Response Plans Are Developed As a Tool for Training and Respondingto Such Events in an Organized and Timely Manner

E-202______VOL. 16 CHAD EXPORT Public Disclosure Authorized PROJ ECT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME 4

Oil Spill Response: Preliminary Approach Public Disclosure Authorized

SUPPORTING VOLUME______DOCUMENTSj ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT EXECUTIVESUMMARY AND UPDATE

Environmental Supporting Environmental Management Plan - Documents Management Plan - Chad Portion Cameroon Portion VOLUME 1 VOLUME 1 VOLUME 1 * Base Document * Project Description * Base Document * Management Plan for Cultural Properties * Decommissioning * Induced Access Management Plan * Handbook for Site-Specific * List of Studies/Reports * Management Plan for Cultural Properties Environmental Mitigation Actions * List of Consultants/Experts * Handbook for Site-Specific Environmental * Environmental Monitoring Plan VOLUME 2 Mitigation Actions

VOLUME 2 * Alternatives Analysis * Environmental Monitoring Plan * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health VOLUME 3 VOLUME 2 Technical Requirements and * Consultation and Public Review Program * Biophysical/SocioeconomictHealth Specifications . Technical Requirements and Specifications VOLUME3* VOLUME4 VOUM1 VOLUME3 ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~Oil Spill~*Response: Preliminary IVOLUME3 * Compensation & Resettlement Plan OApproach * Compensation Plan VOLUME 4 VOLUME 5 VOLUME 4 * Regional Development Plan: Near Term * Chad Biological Studies * Environmental Foundation Plan Measures * Cameroon Biological Studies * Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program * Revenue Management Plan * Indigenous Peoples Plan * Institutional Capacity Building VOLUME 6 * ChadPublic Health VOLUME5 VOLUME 5 * Cameroon Public Health * Waste Management Plan * Waste Management Plan VOLUME 6 VOLUME 6 * Environmental Line List * Environmental Line List * Environmental Alignment Sheets * Environmental Alignment Sheets

REFERENCEDOCUMENTS

4/29/99 THIS DOCUMENTIS AVAILABLE IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH SUPPORTINGDOCUMENT VOLUME 4

OIL SPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARYAPPROACH

MAY 1999

06-99 THIS DOCUMENTIS A REPRESENTATIONOF INFORMATION WHICH WILL BE ADDRESSEDAND DETAILED IN THE GENERAL OIL SPILL RESPONSEPLAN. OILSPIU RESPONSE:PRELIMINARYAPPROACH CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME4

TABLEOF CONTENTS

Pages

1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1-1

2.0 OIL SPILL PLANNINGAND RESPONSE ...... 2-1 2.1 OIL SPILLPLANNING ...... 2-2 2.2 OIL SPILL RESPONSE(OSR) ...... 2-4 2.2.1 Oil Spill ResponseObjectives ...... 2-5 2.2.2 ResponseOrganization ...... 2-5

3.0 CONTAMINATIONINCIDENTS ...... 3-1 3.1 MINORCONTAMINATION INCIDENTS ...... 3-1 3.2 MAJORCONTAMINATION INCIDENTS ...... 3-1

4.0 INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS PER OPERATIONALPOLICY 7.50 ...... 4-1 4.1 LAKE CHAD...... 4-1 4.2 MBERERIVER ...... 4-1

FIGURES

Figure 1 InternationalWaterways Locations of ReferencePoints Figure2 InternationalWaterways Locations of ReferencePoints Figure 3 InternationalWaterways Locations of ReferencePoints

TABLE

Table 2-1 Upper CretaceousCrude Properties

APPENDIX

AppendixA GeneralOil Spill ResponsePlan Content AppendixB CoastalEnvironment AppendixC InternationalWaterways Notifications

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This planningdocument has been developedfrom existing materialpresented in the Chad and Cameroon Environmental Assessments (October, 1997) and Intemational Waterways information developed for neighboringcountries in compliancewith World Bank Operational Policy 7.50. In addition,information has been added from existing responsedocuments and on the capabilitiesof potentialresponders. This documentsummarzes and presentsguidelines for the developmentof a General Oil Spill ResponsePlan (GOSRP),spill trajectory analyses and mappingalong the coast of Cameroon,and analyses performedto determinethe potential for neighboringcountries to be affectedfrom an oil spill associatedwith the Chad Export Project.

Please note that this document is not the project's GOSRP. The GOSRP is currently under developmentand will be publiclyavailable for review upon completion. The present document will serve as an interim report providing information for input into the GOSRP plan being prepared for the project. The GOSRP will follow the outline provided in Appendix A to this document. The GOSRP will detail the overall coordinationof a response to an oil spill associatedwith constructionand operationof the project. The GOSRPwill cover operationsin the drilling and production area near Doba in southem Chad, the 1070 km pipeline; pump stations, pressure reduction station, and marine terminal near Kribi in Cameroon. The procedures contained in the GOSRP will provide a guideline for assessing the response operations.

The GOSRPwill serve as a frameworkfor Area-SpecificOil Spill ResponsePlans (ASOSRPs) required for the project. In particular, the GOSRP will provide information,guideiines, and recommendedpractices for the developmentof ASOSRPsfor each defined project area and response sub-organizationto be located in Chad and Cameroon. The ASOSRPs to be developed (approximately6 monthsbefore startup) will be designedaround designatedAreas of Operationsas describedbelow.

* Oil Field DevelopmentArea (OFDA)- The drilling and productionarea in Chad. * MaintenanceArea #1 (MA-1) - Pump Station #1 (PS-1) and the segment of the Pipeline TransportationSystem (PTS) up to the border betweenChad and Cameroon * MaintenanceArea #2 (MA-2)- Pump Station #2 (PS-2) and the adjoining segmentsof the PTS. * MaintenanceArea #3 (MA-3) - Pump Station #3 (PS-3) and the adjoining segmentsof the PTS. * Maintenance Area #4 (MA-4) - Pressure Reducing Station (PRS) and the adjoining segmentsof the PTS. * Marine Terminal(MT) - FloatingStorage and Offloading(FSO) facility and subseapipeline.

OSRP English 04-28.doc 1-1 May 1999 OIL SPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARYAPPROACH SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 4 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

The relationshipof this documentto the GOSRPand the individualASOSRPs is shown below.

imin Current Approach \

/ GOSRP \ 1999

6 Months / | MAMA | MA | MA | \ Before 1st /OFDA 4 m oil produced

CHAD CAMEROON

May1999 1-2 OSRPEnglish 04-28.doc OIL SPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARY APPROACl- CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 4

2.0 OIL SPILL PLANNINGAND RESPONSE

The primefocus of oil spillcountermeasures activity is prevention. This will be achieved throughwell-designed equipment, good maintenance and operatingprocedures, sound training techniques,as well as a highdegree of awarenessand concernat all levelsby employeesand managemnent.The project's GOSRP will adoptprinciples from otherexisting oil spill documents and resources,such as the:

* Exxon Oil Spill ResponseField Manual- This manualprovides a condensedversion of significant informationon various techniquesto be consideredfor oil spill response. The manual is organizedby the sequenceof events to be consideredfor oil spill responseand provides flow diagrams, charts, and analyses designed to indicate potential solutions or approachesto commonlyobserved problems in oil spill responseoperations.

* Tier 213 Response Team - Additional layers of oil spill response are provided from mobilization of resources from regional to national organizations, if needed. Oil spill responsecooperatives are also used as appropriate. Nationaland RegionalCooperatives can be mobilized,two such candidateresources being considered are the Clean Nigeria Corporationand Oil Spill ResponseLimited. Duringthe oil spill responseplan development process, Tier 2/3 equipment needs will be assessed and an appropriate strategy that includesthe use of nationaland regionalcooperatives will be developed.If a spill occurs that cannot be adequatelycontrolled by local resources,a designatedOn-Scene CDommanderhas the authorityto call upon and mobilizethe describedTier 2/3 resources.

The philosophy regarding oil spill responseis to handle the spill incident on an emergency basis. The response, containmentand initial clean up of the spill take priority over other operationalactivities. Althoughthe primaryobjective is oil spill prevention,it is recognizedthat prior planningwill help in reducingthe risk of pollution. Therefore,oil spill response plans are developed as a tool for training and respondingto such events in an organized and timely manner.

As will be indicatedin the project'sGOSRP, the primary objectivesin respondingto an oil spill will be protection of life, property, and the environment; reduction of economic loss, and provisionof accurateand timely information. The policy will be to exercisediligence in preventingoil spills. If a spill occurs,action should be takento promptlycontain and cleanup the oil.

The followingsections provide information on oil spill planningand responseactivities which have been initiatedand will be updatedand testedbefore operations. Current information is providedon contaminationincidents, analysis of spilltrajectories for theGulf of Guinea,and the potentialfor oil spills to affect internationalwaterways.

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2.1 OIL SPILL PLANNING

Prevention is the best response to an incident, followed by contingency planning. Oil spill responseand contingencyplanning for the projectwill providethe background informationand response planning guidelines necessary to implement an effective spill response. Oil spill preventionand minimizationmeasures have been incorporatedthroughout the design. Proven technology,design, materials,and constructiontechniques will be used. To facilitate training and operations,standardized equipment and simple designswill be used. Additional prevention and mitigationmeasures planned for the project include:intemal and external corrosioncontrol measures,berms around oil storage tanks, burying flowlines, burying the pipeline, strategic placementof block valvesor checkvalves to reducespill potential,oily water collectionsystems at major facilities, 24-hour manned automationSystem Control and Data Acquisition(SCADA) monitoring, leak detection systems, visual monitoring, and emergency shut down systems (ESDs). Please refer to the Project Description(Volume 1 of the "SupportingDocumentation") for further details regardingthese preventionand mitigationmeasures. Table 2-1 presentsan analysisof the crude oil propertiesat reservoirconditions associated with this project. However, becausethe cumulativecharacteristics of the crude oil propertiesshown in Table 2-1 behave similarlyto that of BunkerC crude, BunkerC data was used to calculatethe oil spill trajectories presentedin AppendixB.

The GOSRPwill adhereto internationalconventions and agreementssuch as the Intemational Conventionfor the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)and the Intemational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). The project will also comply with a rigorous set of internal environmentalmanagement systems and standardsfor environmental, health and safety activities. This group of standardsand their associatedprocedures is called the Operations Integrity Management System (OIMS). Although OIMS was developed independently by Exxon, it is similar to a widely accepted independent standard for environmentalperformance -- the ISO 14001standard.

An audit by a recognizedindependent, third party companyhas concludedthat OIMS meets the ISO 14001 standard. ISO, the InternationalOrganization for Standardization,adopted the ISO 14001 protocols for environmentalmanagement in 1996. As a point of reference, ISO is the same body that developedthe ISO 9000 standardsthat have been almost universallyadopted aroundthe world as the benchmarkfor measuringquality control performancein manufacturing processes. ISO has certified several companiesas independentauditors for the iSO 14001 standard. The auditor for OIMS compliance with ISO 14001 was Lloyd's Register Quality Assurance Ltd., a subsidiary of Lloyd's Register, which for 200 years has been a leading independentclassification and inspectionauthority for marine,offshore and industrialactivities. Upon completionof its review, Lloyd's attestedthat OIMS meets ISO 14001 requirementsand

May 1999 2-2 OSRP English 04-28.doc OIL SPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARY APPROACH CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 4 that the standard has been implementedthroughout Exxon 1, includingthe Exxon affiliates that are participating in this project. It is this standard for environmental, health and safety managementthat would be in force throughoutthe life of the projectand it has been codified in the EnvironmentalManagement Plans (of which the GOSRP is a part of) for the two host countries.

The ASOSRPswill be developed by studying detailed project designs to determine the most likely and crediblespill scenariosfor different operatingenvironments and geographicalareas. Appendix A provides a table of contents for the GOSRP. Informationdescribing ecological habitats and wildlife areas, as well as local towns and communitieshave been gathered from various sources, includinggovemment, academia, private agencies,and field studies. Aerial photographsof parts of the Camerooncoastline have been taken and EnvironmentalSensitivity Index (ESI) maps of the shoreline,between the southernCameroon border and the entrance to the Wouri estuary, have been preparedand are presentedin Appendix B. These ESI maps presentshoreline types and characteristics,environmentally sensitive habitats, breeding areas, various land use areas (industrial, recreation, residential, parks and reserves, etc.), and shorelineaccess points. This informationwill be taken into accountto design effectiveresponse strategies,staffing requirements,and equipmentstockpiling requirements for the project.

Evidence of financial responsibilitywill be demonstratedby Esso Explorationand Production Chad, Inc. (EEPCI's)insurance coverage for the productionoperations in Chad and by Tchad Oil TransportationCompany, S.A. (TOTCO's)and CameroonOil TransportationCompany, S.A. (COTCO's)insurance coverage for the operationof their respectivetransportation systems. As part of the overall insurance coveragecurrently envisaged,there will be liability coverage in force for the onshoreand offshorefacilities and operations. The conditionsof the coverage will meet regulatory,Consortium, and lenderrequirements.

The GOSRP developedfor the Chad Export Projectwill includeoil spill responsescenarios at the followinglocations:

* A land spill 10 km from Pump StationNo. 1 in the OFDAto illustrateEEPCI's land based oil spill responseplan; * A spill into the Nya River drainage located in the OFDA to illustrate EEPCI's oil spill responseplan in a riverdrainage system; * A spill into the Lim River, part of the Lake Chad drainage basin,to illustrate TOTCO's plan for oil spill response at a major river crossing that may have intemational waterway implications;

Thisopinion of Lloyd'sRegister Quality Assurance was published on January 31, 1998.

OSRP English 04-28.doc 2-3 May 1999 OILSPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARYAPPROACH SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME4 CHADEXPORT PROJECT

* A spill at the Mbere River crossing along the border between Chad and Cameroon to illustrate both COTCO's and TOTCO's oil spill response plan at a major river crossing that would have intemational waterway implications;

* A spill on the north flank of the Mbere Rift Valley where oil would flow into the Mbere River. This will illustrate COTCO's oil spill response plan along a portion of the Mbere River that forms the boundary between the Central African Republic (CAR) and Cameroon which would have international waterway implications;

* A spill at the Lom River crossing just upstream of the confluence of the Lom River with the Sanaga River in the Deng Deng region. This will illustrate COTCO's oil spill response plan at a major river crossing, which would be similar to other major river crossing in Cameroon;

* An offshore 500 barrel spill at the FSO location which may result from a gasket leak or from the rupture of a loading hose during offloading operations. This will illustrate COTCO's oil spill response plan for an offshore spill of this magnitude; and,

- An offshore 50,000 barrel spill at the FSO location as a result of a ship collision with the FSO. This volume represents the release of approximately half of a full wing tank on the FSO. This will illustrate COTCO's oil spill response plan for a major offshore oil spill.

The ASOSRPs will provide information regarding the notification process that will be implemented in the event that an oil spill occurred. This notification process will ensure that adjacent countries and other affected users who are dependent upon the affected waters are appropriately notified in a timely manner.

2.2 OIL SPILL RESPONSE (OSR)

If an incident occurs, the GOSRP will be implemented. Proper notifications will be made and the appropriate response actions will be implemented to reduce impacts of the incident. Dependent upon the nature and location of the spill, deployment and response strategies to be provided in the GOSRP will include:

* Recovery and protective booming;

* Mechanical recovery;

* Dispersant application;

* In-situ buming;

* Sorbents; * Bioremediation; * Chemical treatment/washing; and,

May 1999 2-4 OSRP English 04-28.doc OILSPILL RESPONSE:PRELIMINARYAPPROACH CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME4

* Tilling and soil aeration.

2.2.1 Oil Spill Response Objectives

Prevention of spills will be the focus of the project. Prevention can be achieved through:

* Management commitment;

* Well designed equipment systems and facilities;

* Preventative maintenance;

* Systematic training; and, * Employee awareness.

It is recognized that despite best management practices, a spill may occur. In this event, the objective of the oil spill response is to assure that actions are compatible with the balanced environmental, social, and economic needs of the community. The response strategy will include viable techniques to reduce damage from a spill. Notification will be given to appropriate govemment agency(s) and local residents in an affected area.

2.2.2 Response Organization

A three-tiered organizational response structure will be used to respond to an incident. The tiered response system is designed to expand as the situation, magnitude of the incident, and environmental conditions require. The initial response, Tier 1, is a local response to a spill of limited volume occurring at or near a facility and typically resulting from routine operations. Examples of Tier 1 response include a valve leak, pipeline leak, tank overflow, or a small on- water spill. Sufficient equipment and manpower is available locally to protect local resources, mitigate damage, and clean up the spill.

A Tier 2 response will be initiated when the incident escalates to a level which requires the participation of resources not involved in local operations, including other area affiliatefindustry operators. The entire regional Tier 2 response team may be requested to respond. In addition, local industry cooperative organizations may be activated. In many cases, these incidents may be further complicated by bad weather or other circumstances. An example of a Tier 2 response would involve a major land spill utilizing mutual aid or cooperative support.

A Tier 3 response is for the most serious type of spill incident, such as rupture of a large storage tank or a pipeline incident resulting in a sizable environmental impact. In many cases, these incidents may be further complicated by bad weather or other circumstances. A Tier 3 response would include support from regional and/or worldwide cooperatives.

OSRPEnglish 04-28.doc 2-5 May 1999 OIL SPILLRESPONSE:PRELIMINARYAPPROACH SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME4 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT

Readinessto respond to an incident will be tested through exercises and drills on a routine basis to ensure personnel demonstrate knowledgeof oil spill response procedures for the facilities. Equipmentmay be deployed,communications tested, and responseneeds evaluated during drills and exercises. As a result of an exerciseor drill, the GOSRPmay be revised.

May 1999 2-6 OSRP English 04-28.doc OILSPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARYAPPROACH CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME4

TABLE 2-1 UPPER CRETACEOUS CRUDE PROPERTIES'

Kom6 Miandoum Bolobo API Gravity 18-20 24 17-22 Pour Point (IF) 15-40 20 13-37 Gas/Oil Ratio (scf/STB) 15 47 15-32 Sulfur (weight %) 0.1-0.14 0.06 0.10-0.12 Vanadium (weight ppm) 0.21-0.39 <1 0.19-0.31 Nickel (weight ppm) 12.2-13.6 5.4 9.01-12.6 Iron (weight ppm) 30.5-32.8 20 7.21-16.3 Sodium (weight ppm) 8.46-19.3 N/A 9.29-10.6

H2S (ppm) 0 0 0 Nitrogen (mol %) 0.25-0.46 0.21 0.19-0.99

CO2 (mol %) 0.14 0.07 0.06-0.51 Total Acid Number (mg KOH/g crude) 5.4-7.4 1.0 4.4-7.3

Table 2-1 presents an analysis of the crude oil properties associatedwith this project. However, becausethe cumulativecharacteristics of the crude propertiesshown in Table 2-1 behavesimilarly to that of Bunker C crude, Bunker C data was used to calculatethe oil spill trajectories presented in AppendixB.

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3.0 CONTAMINATIONINCIDENTS

3.1 MINORCONTAMINATION INCIDENTS

Spills of diesel, gasoline,hydraulic, brake, transmission,and other equipmentfluids, as well as other chemicals,could have an impacton terrestrialand aquatic resources. Spills of this nature may be isolatedand generallyoccur on access roads,at maintenancefacilities, and other areas where vehiculartraffic is common during constructionand operations. These impactswill be reduced by control measures and oil spill response plans implementedas part of project constructionand operation. Any incidentsthat occurwill be small, localized,and intermittent.

3.2 MAJOR CONTAMINATIONINCIDENTS

Crude oil spills could occur in the OFDA and along the transportationsystem during the operational life of the project. If spills enter surface waters, the decrease in water quality following such an event could impact aquatic resources. Crude oil is generally lighter than water and floats on the surface. It may coat animals and plants that come into contact with it. The likelihood of this occurrence will be reduced by the implementationof safety and environmentalprotection measures which have been incorporatedinto project design, and the implementationof countermeasuresoutlined in the GOSRPand the ASOSRPs.

OSRPEnglish 04-28.doc 3-1 4 May, 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK OILSPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARYAPPROACH CHADEXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME4

4.0 INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS PER OPERATIONALPOLICY 7.50

Internationalwaterways or tributariesthereof as definedin The World Bank OperationalManual, OperationalPolicies (OP 7.50)which could be affectedare presentedbelow with a discussionof the risks inherent to each waterway. This informationwas submitted to potentiallyaffected countriesas requiredin OP 7.50. Copiesof these submittalsare providedin AppendixC.

4.1 LAKECHAD

Lake Chad is a major water body borderingChad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. The lake has a water surfacearea of approximately16,300 sq. km. An oil spill in the OFDA (Figure 1, Point 12) couldpotentially affect the Loule, Nya, and Pende Rivers.The Loule is a tributaryof the Nya River,and the Nya is a tributaryof the Pende.The Pendeis a tributary of the Logonethat joins the Chari River,which enters LakeChad (Figure2, Points 5 and 6) The pipeline also crosses several tributaries of the Logonein Chad (e.g., Mbere, Lim, and several unnamedtributaries (Figure 1, Points 7, 8, 9, and 10) and several tributaries of the Pende (e.g., Nya and Loule, Figure 1, Points 11 and 12). The Logone,Pende, and Chari rivers are major perennialstreams, however,many of the tributariesare ephemeral(see 1997 EnvironmentalAssessment - Chad Portion).

A projectrelated accidental spill or releaseof pollutantsthat could enter LakeChad would have to travel at least 500 km to reach Lake Chad. The likelihood of occurrence of a spill or accidentalrelease to the drainagesdiscussed above will be reduced by the implementationof oil spill preventionmeasures which will be outlined in the GOSRP and associatedsafety and environmentalprotection measures discussedin Chad's EnvironmentalManagement Plan for the project. Due to the distanceand preventiveresponse measures that would be implemented, impactsto Lake Chad are highlyunlikely to occur.

4.2 MBERERIVER

The section of the Mb6re River that forms an intemationalwaterway between the CAR and Cameroonis about 75 km long and is shown as Point 1 on Figure3. The pipelinecrosses the Mbere River and its tributaries in Cameroon(Figure 3, Points 2 and 3). The Mbere River also forms an intemational border between Chad and Cameroon (Figure 3, Point 4). The Mbere River flows northeastand is a tributaryof the Logone.The Logonejoins the Chari River,which emptiesinto Lake Chad (Figure2, Points5 and 6).

An accidental spill or release of crude from the pipeline or other pollutants that are the responsibility of the operator (diesel, gasoline) occurring at Figure 3, Points 2 and 3 in Cameroonmay enter the Mbere River upstreamof the border locationswhere it coincideswith the border betweenCameroon and the CAR, and Cameroonand Chad. A release at the third crossing (Figure3, Point 4) will be at the border betweenChad and Cameroon,downstream of

OSRPEnglish 04-28.doc 4-1 4 May, 1999 OILSPILL RESPONSE: PRELIMINARYAPPROACH SUPPORTINGDOCUMENTS - VOLUME4 CHADEXPORTPROJECT the CAR border. A review of relevant maps and the mean annual flow data indicates that the Mbere River is perennial (see 1997 EnvironmentalAssessment - Cameroon Portion). The likelihood of an oil spill occurrence at this locationwill be reduced by the fact that main line valves will be placed on either side of major river crossings and placed strategically near tributariesto limit the volume of oil that would be releasedinto the river. Implementationof oil spill prevention measures and associated safety and environmental protection measures discussedin the Chad's and Cameroon'sEnvironmental Management Plans will also minimize the potentialfor oil to enter the MbereRiver. This, coupledwith the fact that the Mbere River crossing is more than 700 km from Lake Chad makesit highly unlikelyfor oil spills in the Mbere River to impactLake Chad.

May 1999 42 OSRP English 04-28.doc FIGURES LEGEND~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~g Waterways~~~~~~~If " ExportElevation Plpeline (meters) " International

Chad Export Project~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a / Roads _0-50 21120-1400 . f'%~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A_7020 hdxotpoetLctosfRfrnePit5iesSras20930 .e a .!~~~~~~~~~~~~S', wIntOrnatlOnaI zS80BOUndaries 720 O SS00

[28S0-120 '~ nM &MDOEm l~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L

5. 4.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~&is, -

R2 SO- 72 00-

LEGENDWaewy

/~ExportPipeiihe Elevationi(mneters) InternationalWaew y

1gRoads 0 - 150 ~1 140 1400 Ch dExohPrjc Streams~ = 15 3 40170C ad Export ProjectIChdEprPoec Rt i ivoa i rs/ 5400- 20 27000- 2000 Locationsof ReferencePoints IV InteinationalBoundaries = 120 - 850 Ej 2750 3500 ~~0O0-V120~~~3so o - - - D A U ES& M Q .O .L- 4-":~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1~~~~~~~~

t'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rs Sw / -t a 4:

LEGEND

ublic

~?Intraioa Waterways ers

LEGEND

/v Export Pipeline Ele ms) InternationalChadExport waterways Project Roads 15030= [:l4oOM15.04031400Oh 1700 act Export ProjectLoainofRercePnt / Risers/ Streams El 430 -s80 1700 - 2000 =.80 -1720 - 2000- 27S0 International soundaries = 720 sso 2750- 3500 & DAMES& MOORE Firo R THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK APPENDIXA GENERALOIL SPILL RESPONSE PLAN CONTENT

The detailsof the oil spill responseplan will be similarto Esso's approachto projectsthroughout the world. SUGGESTEDTABLE OF CONTENTS GENERALOIL SPILL RESPONSEPLAN

Section1. Introduction

1.1 PlanPurpose and Scope 1.2 ProjectDescription 1.3 EssoApproach to OilSpill Management 1.3.1 OverallResponse Strategy 1.3.2 TieredResponse Approach 1.4 CompanyEnvironmental Policy Section2. ImmediateResponse Actions and Notification Procedures 2.1 EmergencyChecklists 2.2 Stepsfor ImmediateResponse Actions 2.3 Notificationand RegulatoryReporting Section3. ResponseOrganization Structure and RoleDescriptions 3.1 ResponseOrganization Structure 3.2 TieredResponse System 3.3 RoleDescriptions 3.4 IncidentAction Forms 3.5 TechnicalResponse Support Section4. Fateand Effectsof SpilledOil 4.1 Fateof SpilledOil 4.1.1 On-landSpills 4.1.2 RiverSpills 4.1.3 OffshoreSpills 4.2 PotentialEffects of SpilledOil 4.2.1 On-landSpills 4.2.2 RiverSpills 4.2.3 OffshoreSpills 4.2.4 CriticalHabitats Section5. Trackingand Surveillance 5.1 VisualSurveillance 5.2 RemoteSensing 5.3 ComputerModeling 5.4 SampleCollection

OSRP App_a English 04-28.doc 1 4 May, 1999 Section6. Offshore Response

6.1 Introduction 6.2 Assessmentand Monitoring 6.3 Containment 6.4 MechanicalRecovery 6.5 ChemicalDispersion 6.6 In-Situ Burning

Section 7. River Response

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Assessmentand Monitoring 7.3 Containment 7.4 MechanicalRecovery 7.5 Pumps 7.6 TemporaryStorage 7.7 In-SituBurning

Section8. Land Response

8.1 Introduction 8.2 Assessmentand Monitoring 8.3 Containment 8.4 Recoveryand Removal 8.5 Treatment

Section9. ShorelineProtection

9.1 Sensitivityof Shorelines 9.2 ProtectionStrategies 9.3 Guidelinesfor Protectionof Each Shore Type

Section10. ShorelineCleanup

10.1 CleanupStrategies 10.2 Guidelinesfor Cleanupof Each ShoreType 10.3 ShorelineCleanup Methods

Section11. ResponseEquipment for Tier 1 Spills

11.1 Introduction 11.2 ResponseEquipment for Tier 1 Spills 11.3 ResponseEquipment for Tier 2 Spills 11.4 ResponseEquipment for Tier 3 Spills

OSRPApp_a English04-28.doc 2 4 May, 1999 Section 12. Waste ManagementGuidelines

12.1 Introduction 12.2 Inventoryand Tracking 12.3 Waste Characterization 12.4 Segregationand Minimizationof Waste Streams 12.5 Waste Collectionand Storage 12.6 Transportation 12.7 DisposalOptions for LiquidWaste 12.8 DisposalOptions for SolidWaste 12.9 Disposal Optionsfor SpecialWaste

Section 13. CommunicationGuidelines

13.1 Introduction 13.2 CommandCenter 13.3 ExternalCommunication 13.4 Establishinga CommunicationsNetwork

Section 14. LogisticsSupport Guidelines

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Field OperationsSupport 14.3 Procurement 14.4 LogisticsSupport 14.5 EquipmentAssembly and Maintenance 14.6 Transportation 14.7 Facilities

Section 15. Wildlife RescueGuidelines

15.1 Introduction 15.2 Key Considerations 15.3 Safety Guidelines 15.4 Reductionof SurfaceOil 15.5 Hazing 15.6 WildlifeTreatment 16.7 Wildlife ResponseProcedures

Section 16. Safetyand HealthGuidelines

16.1 Purposeand Scope 16.2 Implementation 16.3 Healthand Safety Considerations 16.4 Training Program

OSRPApp_a English04-28.doc 3 4 May, 1999 16.5 IndustrialHygiene Compilation and MonitoringProgram 16.6 EmergencyMedical ResponsePlan 16.7 Site Control Program 16.8 PersonalProtective Equipment 16.9 Hazard Communication 16.10 PersonalHygiene/Sanitation/Housekeeping 16.11 Decontamination 16.12 Waste Handling,Transportation and Disposal 16.13 Site-specificSafety Plans 16.14 Esso EnvironmentalHealth Fact Sheets

Section 17. Training and Drill Guidelines

17.1 Training Objectives 17.2 Plan Familiarization 17.3 Health and Safety Training 17.4 ResponseEquipment Use and Maintenance 17.5 Exercises 17.6 Training

APPENDICES

AppendixA. EnvironmentalSensitivity Information

AppendixB. ExampleCleanup Scenarios (Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3)

AppendixC. IncidentChecklists

AppendixD. Forms

AppendixE. Oil WeatheringCurves

AppendixF. References

AppendixG. Conversions

OSRP App_a English 04-28.doc 4 4 May, 1999 APPENDIX B COASTAL ENVIRONMENT TABLEOF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 DESCRIPTIONOF COASTALCHARACTERISTICS ...... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.2 DESCRIPTIONOF COASTALZONE ...... 1 1.3 BASE MAP DEVELOPMENT...... 2

2.0 CAMEROONCOASTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM .. 5 2.1 INTRODUCTION .5 2.2 DESCRIPTIONOF ESI CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEM ...... 6

3.0 REFERENCES...... 8

LISTOF FIGURES

FigureB-1(a)-(e) CoastalCharacteristics and ShorelineTypes FigureB-2(a)-(e) CoastalLand Use,Vegetation and Wildlife Areas Figure B-3(a)-(d) Oil Spill ResponsePlanning PriorityAreas for Shoreline Protectionfor Winter/SummerSeason with North CurrentFlow (CoastalCharacteristics and ShorelineTypes) FigureB-4(a)-(d) Oil Spill ResponsePlanning Priority Areas for Shoreline Protectionfor Winter/SummerSeason with North Current Flow (Coastal Land Use, Vegetationand Wildlife Areas)

OSRP App_b English 04-28.doc i 14 June, 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLYLEFT BLANK 1.0 DESCRIPTIONOF COASTALCHARACTERISTICS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A seriesof base mapsof the coastalarea betweenCampo on the Cameroon/EquatorialGuinea border and the CameroonEstuary have been preparedto depict coastal land uses, vegetation types,wildlife/reserve areas, and variousshoreline features and characteristics(Figures B-1 (a) - (e) and B-2(a) - (e)). These maps are based on recent aerial photography,augmented with other maps and limiteddata sourcesand documents. The aerial photography,consisting of five 1:50,000scale photomosaics,was taken along the coastlinein January 1995 and servedas the primary source of mappinginformation. The principal supplementarydata sources were the VegetationStudy of Cameroonby Letouzey(1985), topographic maps (Cameroon at 1:200,000, Mouanko and Kribi sheets, 1977), and the Dames & Moore Terrain Analysis and Land Use Mapping Report (Dames & Moore, 1994). It should be noted that with the exception of the coastline between Londji and Grand Batanga,(GIE, 1994) the informationon Figures B-i (a) - (e) and B-2(a)- (e) has not been verifiedon the ground.

Ideally, both coastal characteristicsand shoreline features (Figures B-1(a) - (e)) and coastal land use and vegetationtypes (FiguresB-2(a) - (e)) would be compiledonto one base map. However, due to the large amount of data, it was determinedthat presentingthis information into map data sets would allow for an easier interpretationof the data. It should be noted that map sets for a given shoreline area should be reviewed together in order to gain a full understandingof the complexityof a particularcoastal area.

1.2 DESCRIPTIONOF COASTALZONE

Approximately 200 km of the Cameroon coastline were mapped, extending from the Cameroon/EquatorialGuinea border at the mouth of the Ntem River to Point Souelaba at the mouthof the Wouri Estuary.

The northemsection of coast betweenthe CameroonEstuary and the town of Londji consistsof relatively low-lying terrain. The backbeachzone just landwardof the shorelineis comprisedof low coastalsand ridgeswhich closely parallelthe shore. Wide sand beacheslie seawardof the sand ridges which, exceptfor the mouthsof the Sanaga, Nyong,and Lokoundjerivers, stretch continuouslybetween Point Souelaba and Londji. Expansivedeltaic/estuarine wetlands occur aroundthe mouths and in the deltas of these three rivers. Mangrovesgrow extensivelyin the brackish deltaic wetlands,but the sand ridges and alluvial plains further inland are colonized mostly by relativelyundisturbed Atlantic LittoralForest. Althoughthe entire remotecoastal zone north of the Nyong River is within the Douala-EdeaWildlife Reserve,a few isolatedvillages are found along the coastline. Road accessto this section of coastlineis limited to one roadwhich leads from the town of Mouankoto coastalvillages just northof the SanagaRiver delta.

OSRP App_b English 04-28.doc 1 4 May, 1999 The middle section of coast from Londji south, past Kribi, to the village of Eboundja is characterizedby a gently undulatingcoastal plain with many low rocky headlandsjutting out along the shoreline. These rocky headlandshave crescent shaped sand beaches and sandy coves betweenthem. However,a long stretchof sand beachdoes occurjust north of Eboundja. This part of the coast is relatively well developed with frequent villages and larger towns connected by a primary paved road in close proximity to the shoreline,including the town of Krbi and its port facility at the mouth of the Kienke River. Agriculture and plantations are widespread and the Atlantic Littoral Forest extending inland from the backbeach zone is generallydisturbed, particularlynear roadsand populatedareas. Roadsor trails providebeach accessfrom the several villagesand towns located nearthe shorealong the coast road.

Along the southern section of coast, from the village of Eboundjasouth to the town of Campo near the mouth of the Ntem River, the coastaltopography is rougher, comprisedmostly of low hills. The shoreline is characterizedby numerousrocky headlandswith small coves separated by sandy beaches. Generally,the headlandsappear higher, with more exposedrock than in the middle section of the coast. In some places, relativelysteep slopes lead down to the beaches, and offshore rocky outcrops are common. This section of the coast is entirely within the mappedextent of the Campo Reserve,although a few villagesand associatedareas of forest agricultureare located alongthe coastalroad. The Atlantic Littoral Forestwhich dominatesthis sectionof coast is disturbedalong the road and near villages, but for the most part, the forest, extending inland from the shoreline, is dense. In isolated areas along the coast, the forest forms a substantialbarrier to beach access,and only a few trails lead throughthe forest down to the shore from the coastal roadand villages. Just south of Campo,near the mouthof the Ntem River, the terrain is flatter and the area more developed. There is both an airfield and a port facility locatedat Ipano, a short distanceupriver on the edge of the Ntem River delta. The delta is comprisedof extensive deltaic/estuarinewetlands and mangroves.

1.3 BASE MAP DEVELOPMENT

The scale and resolution of the aerial photography and the scale and reliability of the supplementary maps and other information permitted the identification, interpretation, classification,and descriptionof coastaldata. Hydrographicand place nameswere taken from Cameroon1:200,000 topographic maps. Three types of base map informationwere interpreted from the aerial photography.These include:

* Towns and Villages-aerialextent of buildupand commonuse areasfor all photo identifiable villages and towns alongthe coastalzone.

* Coastal Hydrography-allprincipal drainage mappable from the photography.

* Roads and Trails-primary roads and all photo identifiable secondary roads and tracks providingbeach access.

OSRPApp_b English 04-28.doc 2 4 May, 1999 Coastal Characteristics and Shoreline Features-The following classifications were developed to map shorelinetypes and coastal landform characteristics. These features are presented on Figures B-1(a) - (e) and are discussed below. Observationsdiscussed below about wildlife and their breeding habitatsare based on a survey conducted by WWF entitled "PreliminarySurvey of the Marineand CoastalEcosystem of Cameroon."

* Sand Beaches-the unvegetatedsand deposits, depicted to scale, comprising the strip betweenthe waterlineand backbeachline as recordedon the photoimages. Sand beaches support tourism/recreationaluse near populated areas, particularly between Londji and Grande Batanga. They also supportnesting habitat for severalspecies of marine turtles, all of which have protectivestatus (WWF,1997).

* Headlands-the points of land jutting out along the coastline. Some headlandsappear to have narrow sand or gravel beaches at the point, particularlyalong the middle section of coast. Rock at the point is more apparent,and the headlandsare noticeablyhigher along the southernsection of coast.

- Offshore Rocks-exposed and underwaterrock visible in the aerial photography. These rocky areas provide localized habitat for several species of fish that have a subsistence value (WWF, 1997).

* Coastal Sand Ridges-a significant background landform comprising low coastal sand dunes/accumulationsstabilized by vegetation. Thesefeatures occur in the backbeachzone along the low-lying northem section of coast and at the seaward margin of the deltaic mangroveswamps.

* CoastalPlains-a principalbackground land form comprisinga belt of flat to gently undulated lowland plains which lie along the Atlantic coast. These features occur along the middle section of coastlineand around the mouth of the Ntem River along the EquatorialGuinea border.

* Sand Bars-exposedand unexposeddeposits which form in and around the mouths of the principal riversand streams.

* Low Hills-a principal backgroundlandform comprsing the relatively hilly terrain along the southernsection of coast.

* Deltaic/EstuarineWetlands-an extensive environmentcomprised of low sand bars and alluvial mud flats interrupted by a dense network of meanderingbrackish creeks and channels. Thesewetlands are found in estuarineand deltaicsettings seaward of the alluvial plains on the landwardmargin of coastalsand ridges. They occur extensivelyon deltasand near river mouthsalong the low-lyingnorthem section of coast and in the south on the Ntem

OSRP App_b English 04.28.doc 3 4 May, 1999 River Delta. A few small wetlands also occur within low-lying areas along the southern sectionof coast. These areas provideimportant habitat for several speciesof shorebirdsas well as breedingareas for shrimp and fish (WVWF,1997).

* Waterfalls-onlyfound upstreamof the mouth of the Lobe River, a few kilometers south of Kribi. This area supportslocal tourism.

* Harbor/PortFacilities-located at Kribi in the mouthof the Kienke River and south of Campo at Iponoon the Ntem River. Anchoragefor smaller vesselssuch as fishing boats may also be possibleat villages along the mouth of the Sanaga River and about 10 km upriver at the town of Mouanko.

* Estuary/RiverMouths-water passagesat or near the mouth of the rivers subject to tidal influence. These areas provide suitable coastal habitat for the Westem African manatee, especiallyin the larger estuary/riversystems (WWF, 1997).

* Inlets-narrow water passagesfrom the sea through sandy beaches and backbeachareas, into small inland water courses. Some are closed during low tide. These features occur sporadicallyalong the entire coastline.

* Alluvial Plain-a principal background landformcomprising low-lying alluvial flats and bars with intermittent creeks and swampy depressions. Occurs along the low-lying northem sectionof coast,landward of the coastalsand ridgesand deltaic/estuarinewetlands.

Coastal Land Use and Vegetation-Thefollowing classificationswere established to map coastal land use and vegetation. These featuresare presentedon FiguresB-2(a) - (e) and are discussedbelow.

* Agriculture Areas-the aerial extent of zones of traditional agriculture including recent fallows. Scatteredforest agricultureis most commonaround the remote villages along the northern and southem sectionsof coast. Agriculture is more intensivearound the villages and towns along the middle section of coast. Where villages are close to the shore, agriculturalplots commonly extend into the backbeachzone or areasnear the shore.

* Plantations-areas of commercial/mechanizedfarming. These occur only in the middle sectionof coast around Kribi.

* Forests-comprises littoral evergreen of the Atlantic Littoral Forest. The coastal plain, coastal sand ridges, and low hills are all colonized by this forest which is found along the entire coastline. The forest rangesfrom disturbedaround populated places and along roads to very dense in the remoteareas alongthe northemand southernsections of coast.

OSRP App_b English 04-28.doc 4 4 May, 1999 * Mangroves-comprisesthe red mangroveon clayey muds usually near the seawardmargin of the swamps, the white mangrove on sandier soils and the other smaller mangrove species which colonizethe brackishwetlands. Mangrovesoccur in the river deltas and in smaller low-lying settings along the northem and southem sections of coast. Coastal mangrove swamps provide importanthabitat for coastal birds and brackishwater fish and shellfishspecies (WWF,1997).

* Shrubby Vegetation-compriseslittoral shrubs and grasses which colonize the exposed seaward edge of the backbeachzone. This usually very narrow vegetationstrip running along the entire coastline is broken along the shore in front of Kribi. Only the few wider strips have been mappeddue to scalelimitations.

* Degraded/ErodedAreas-highly disturbedareas or areasof scant natural vegetation.

* UnvegetatedAreas-the sand beachesand rocky areasgenerally between the high and low waterlinesas visible in the photography.These areas occuralong the entire coastline.

* Wildlife Reserves-designatedwildlife reservesas determinedfrom the supplementarydata sources. Large wildlife reservesextend inland from the shorelineand includelarge areas of the coastal zone along the northemand southemsections of coast. These areas include the Douala-EdeaWildlife Reserveand the Campo Reserve.

* Wildlife ConcentrationAreas-primary wildlife feeding/breedinghabitats centered around the estuarine and mangroveecosystems along the northem and southem sections of coast. The importanceof these areas to supportwildlife and their breedinghabitats are discussed in a document entitled "Preliminary Survey of the Marine and Coastal Ecosystem of Cameroon"(WWF, 1997).

2.0 CAMEROONCOASTLINE ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEM

2.1 INTRODUCTION

An approximate200 km segment of the Camerooncoastline, from its southem border with Equatorial Guinea north to the CameroonEstuary, was mapped to identify coastal shoreline features and characteristics,land use and vegetationtypes (see Section 1.0). Based upon the informationpresented on these maps, an environmentalsensitivity index (ESI) classificationfor this portion of the coastlinewas established.The ESI classificationsystem for this portion of the Camerooncoastline was developedbased upon previousESI classificationsystems developed for other coastlinesin Africa and elsewherein the world (Paviaet. al., 1995;Baker et. al., 1995; Gundlach et. al., 1985; and, Webb, CarolineL., 1985). The objectivesand purposeof the ESI

OSRP App_b English 04-28.doc 5 4 May, 1999 classificationsystem are to assign prioritiesfor shorelineprotection and cleanupin the event an oil spill reachesshore.

2.2 DESCRIPTIONOF ESI CLASSIFICATIONSYSTEM

A 10-point ESI classification system was developed that best represents the general characteristics of the 200 km segment of Cameroon coastline based upon the information presented in Section 1.0. The ESI classificationsystem is numericallyarranged in a 10-point scale accordingto a particularshoreline type's sensitivityto potentialoiling, with No. 1 being the least sensitiveand No. 10 being the mostsensitive. The numericalorder was establishedfor individual shoreline segments based upon their relative biological resource value, potential economicaland/or recreationaluse value,and relative ease of cleanupin the event it becomes oiled. The ESI classificationsystem developedfor this portion of the Cameroon coastline is presentedbelow.

1. Rocky headlands

2. Manmadestructures (includes sea wall or pier)

3. Sand beach

4. Mixedsand and gravel beach

5. Gravelbeach (includesporous structuressuch as riprap)

6. Stabilizedsand dunes

7. Vegetation,shrubs and trees

8. Tourist/recreationalbeach

9. Shelteredtidal flats and mud flats

10. Estuary,wetlands, inland water courses,mangroves and wildlife concentrationareas.

This 10-pointscale is based on the original index of Gundlachand Hayes (1978), and follows the basic principlesthat a particularshoreline's sensitivity to oil increaseswith increasingshelter from wave action, penetrationof oil into the substrate,natural oil retention times on the shore, and the biologicalproductivity of shore organisms. However,the numberson the scale do not representactual quantifiedsensitivity. For example,a shorelinethat is assignedan ESI 5 is not five times as sensitiveas a shorelinethat is assignedan ESI 1.

OSRP Appb English 04-28.doc 6 4 May, 1999 The ESI classificationsfor this portion of Cameroonshoreline are shown on FiguresB-3(a) - (d) and Figures B-4(a) - (d). It should be noted that every ESI classificationlisted above is not necessarilyrepresented on the figures.

As part of the oil spill responseplanning efforts, a series of oil spill simulationswas developed by Applied Science Associates (ASA, 1996) using the OIL MAP modeling system. This trajectory modeling used selected wind and current data for this portion of the Cameroon coastline. Two seasonal sets of simulationswere run (summer and winter). The modeling scenariosincluded hypothetical 500 barrel and 50,000 barrel spills, both originatingat the FSO location. The 500 barrel spill would be representativeof the resultsof a hose ruptureduring the transfer of oil from the FSO to a receivingtanker, and the 50,000 barrel spill scenario results from a hypotheticaltanker collisionwith the FSO (assumesloss of half the cargofrom a full wing tank). Each of the two release scenarioswas modeled using a southerly current flow and a northerly current flow during both the winter and summer seasons. An oil type (Bunker C) similar in characteristicsto that producedfrom the oil fields in Chadwas usedin the simulations.

The simulationswere run for a 15 day periodand assumedthat no offshoreoil spill containment and cleanupactions were implementedduring the spill event. This assumptionwould represent a worst-caseevent, in that if an oil spill did occur at the FSO, oil spill containmentand clean up actionsconsistent with a General Oil Spill ResponsePlan preparedspecifically for this project would be implemented(see AppendixA for an outline of this document). Furthermore,using this assumption facilitates planning efforts by the identificationof sections of shoreline that would be prioritizedfor protectionin the unexpectedevent of a large oil spill.

The results of this modeling, with additional analysis, will be used to develop the project's GeneralOil Spill ResponsePlan. The modelingindicated the following:

* During both the winter and summer seasons,northerly current flow producedvery similar results. * During both the winter and summer seasons,southerly current flow producedvery similar results. * Prevailingwinds which blow toward the shore would need to be presentduring and after a spill for the surfaceoil to be pushedashore. * Prevailingcurrents and tides could tend to move the surface oil parallel to the shore rather than towardthe shore. * Oil could possiblycontact the shoreline2 to 4 days after a spill releaseoccurs. * During both the winter and summer scenarios, over a 15 day period, approximately 4 percent would evaporate and the remainderwould need to be addressed using oil spill responsecontainment and removal,protection and/or clean-up techniques.

OSRP App_b English 04-28.doc 7 4 May, 1999 Based on these results, should a large oil spill occur with a northerly current flow, sensitive areas of the shoreline approximately20 km either side of the Nyong River Delta would be consideredpriority areas for protection(Figures B-3(a) - (d)). Should a large oil spill occur with a southerly current flow, the results of this analysis indicate that the sensitive areas of the shoreline between Bousabelka and the southem border of Cameroonwould be considered priority areas for protection(Figures B-4(a) - (d)).

3.0 REFERENCES

Applied ScienceAssociates, Inc, 1996. Chad FSO Spill Simulations,ASA # 96-088.

Baker, J.M., M. Spauldingand J. Moore, 1995. SensitivityMapping Worldwide: Harmonization and the Needsof DifferentUser Groups, IntemationalOil Spill ConferenceProceedings, pp. 77-81.

Dames & Moore, 1994. Terrain Analysis and Land Use Mapping Report, Chad Doba DevelopmentProject, Exxon Company,Intemational (Dames & MooreJob No. 08837-549- 087).

GIE (Gulf InterstateEngineering), 1994. Marine TerminalSite ScreeningStudy, July 1994.

Gundlach, E.R., G. Moss, F. de Vincenti and J. Janssen, 1985. Resource Mapping and ContingencyPlanning, PTP Pipeline Facilities,Panama, Intemational Oil Spill Conference Proceedings,pp. 229-234.

Gundlach, E.R. and M.O. Hayes, 1978. Vulnerabilityof Coastal Environmentsto Oil Spill Impacts, Marine TechnologySociety Joumal, v.12, pp.18-27.

Pavia, R., J. Michel, J. Petersenand Lt. S. Birk-Risheim,1995. An IntegratedProgram For Sensitive EnvironmentalMapping, IntemationalOil Spill Conference Proceedings,pp. 73- 76.

Webb, Caroline L.F., 1985. OffshoreOil Productionin the Baltic Sea: A Coastal Sensitivity Study, IntemationalOil Spill ConferenceProceedings, pp. 99-104.

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), 1997. Preliminary Survey of the Marine and Coastal Ecosystemof Cameroon(WWF ProjectNo. CM0035.01)

OSRP App_b English 04-28.doc 8 4 May, 1999 M(505atG5v zlll~~ N! ~27- - ILA - 9* n

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2 i'3st-~ t ss 0

- z0 z S 0 ,0BXN g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~W 8, f Sf>ncf,!g;>f_

Priority Areas for Shoreline Protection Po, probabilitiessosi on this d evig re der.tlped by >c ( ( ba.ed on a Sl,000 ba-rel * bstaataneoas release fraa F)'i aada.s.sumes no cantausmentandreovery from spill, within a 15 day time period hee data, ith addhional analysis.is input to the prayect lspill esponseplan,. All daanterp reted frrepresentaio on liasemaps p Damtes Moore. ,R Guituf 'OIBI nt(ronnental Setitii Index ,ES], -- : . e,umernnn Coastal Sen-itvist Classifications _ GO I Rnctct'iieudland 7 Vegetation, Shbsss saud Trees T1-ijec-ary -- 2 Manmade Structu-rs linclude. sea walD orpie) 8 To.rist IRecrearionalBeach _ 3 Sand Beach 9 Sheltered TilalFlats aad. Mad lat.nt 4 Wised Sand acd Gr avel Beach 10 Estuany T1'etl,n do, Inland Watercot arc.- 5 Grarel Beach includes porousstrustures s-ri as risrap- Muagerose and Wildlife Concentratoin Areas

6 stbailised Sand Done-s I It-erpreed Boundaries Benteen Classificatonso All .. . Nmemos asail near shscr.olJshsr rocn cps Coastal sen.s itits classifications 0-err dereoped byv Dames & .Uoore to indicate the relative ocurring bo...en lonodi sooch so Camps Scale sensitivity csshoreline, vpes to oil spills. See Section 2.0 of ppen-l C, ChadEpq- pt P l -ts/e-1 0 0 /-lis-ia,isnapecldedCmany a]these om bring ssapped lE-svironentl A,4ss,nent - Came-oon Portions : 5 >pp,d

Mappr.epared h, D-nss &Afoa-e Srpsesberl996 Jcum lobsarial jsbov upOn and oupple men tup map s eqsusu,a;)-uacii and coses snappng baed on 1:50, 000 cril photogr aph issserpeuatioas. 1: 200 b000op Icie snap availcb.lp 0 1 2 3 4 dKil-mos,es 'egelation and lond,lonn do,umensa,and limi edJnn -hand sbsercationsand lassowledgeof thr evansl. fiap tsJleld veonsled. LocationMap

LEGEND: Coastal Charatcristics and Shoreline Types OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING Stdld Bcath C raetcristieadarelinTs Priority Areas for Shoreiine Protection aOL -ci. sic, sic ossuossnamessanus sOurer for~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fo |i'~dl.d M H.b,,,-,'sltgiscrd a Cointer / Summer Season with North Current Flow | Offsih-nRt k In]el- A.ctss Rad, sd cs-k Chad Export Project (Coastal Charaterisis and Shoreline Tjpes) -- - C-astal Ststd Ridg,,s 1-L s-y5 Rivcr dosh C-ausalHtydnography I - CoastalPlaits tt Alluvi-l Plain Pcmeusssl Pn-bsbilir fIo DAMtS & MOORE BandB- ShsO1cnlagsu FIGURE B-3(b) - --,.i,.-, ;g -: J ,- 9 CAMEROON

>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ j 1 4nf 3 t/) 43 ~ LOI~ABA LeABENCtrE

Gulf of CrUinea 20 -0 40 600 _ _ Qesal

Note:

o.ccarr,,,eetwseeo Lendj, soWl,tolICamp,, So(ro' lontoat,tnsvpt'eclude.t mna,,, of these6 tJn.m loemogmappred

PArgi'Aihreleasfor Shorelinl e Protedtion l i o$G%n t /to pmtbahtl,ttics*hot,, tnnnh,, deao'ioog tree dete/oped heAli.4 t/t bh) h,sedso, i ttbt/)barrel ,otv'c*- tsObottratioOts re/eesci toutl rso attd ass attiess too csntaztoooeott anld retosenecIron, oj,o/ uwith,,a1S {\ ~ . 15,dev time pceiod P/o /aa whIt ,Idtt,a uthesdial,tnalyoo to itpa lemther. psijeot ti/1spill re.sojanse pl1anlA - il1 dtar mnJerpretedfar ecpreoc ltotaooon so,lbase noaps br Danics BY Mlosler. _. nu\:-

CoastedSensiri t Cla.ssifications/ I I/cc/a' J-Iead/ani /'egctattooo. Sheith, and Trees b > _- P aonrnaa'tAei otoires ( Ptolttdisse tiaI al r pier, Tortot/Recreatiaoal Beach

4t ,W.ecd .Sand/ toil (G,c,el I/cad, I0 Esulo,,rr TSet/i,do, I1,o,nd t Ti,teii,si<*-e re.e C/t C;. 5 (/raoe/ Beac h (tote/tidecopo.rtia ostesotre,c tacIh asor lrapt Mrangrove and /9/id/t ClJe(oncentration locus Teojlecter 5 6h,p,i,hasIed Sn hoi dnterpo i4,g rtrd BotStdartes Bet0e6eot C'lassitiataioo,s R, Coastal sessiti t cla.rticotos orcee deve/oped by Datooss di .5t-ld c 0- xodt air theeclatterI .tro,oio,e,rrof shoreline tpes totlil opt/to See Sect,,,, Shof t/,,eotuo C Chad "IIrIoPro -er Coasitaltonensitit.yeCssent-eCamet ooi Portions

IRackp,o iet,dlt hnDame, S .St,.o,,a ilenobr 1°96. tess /995 ael 7p/otoco apI-, and sapplenedottart start . -a,stts*_._. atid dot,soents Sa-pio-g lt-u teo 1 5tl t,t,t all -at p/to,,) apio tster/eattioo, Ro.ltt ... tipogr aphc sops atat/ahic

Sand B-ach SasndTBit 9WatsrIFt - | O

Heodlnd - Delto,. .tso.ltapne bo,laoida I V//lopMet aod Towns - tr S- B-ot-dte, w0t.ooi I tydr- -oopI O.lrOffshoreRSock , IneH0/i _ Acceat Roodsh Iroo .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-Chad Ex or Wrjct iter Summhr Season.1I ShtMHe.wito-h SouhCurrCentd1-low F7.GFl. C ,,,,,] Chrc .- .rvtic,amShoreimTvpsOILSPILLRESP o P o(astseadSoe NTSEPLEx ne ea

C . la.t1-. a-tk il. P,bibaShltv flot DAMES & MOORE Shlt-e]l,e fllg 0 0n 0 FCGURE B-3(c) E J

| 0 k s ,Jo X = ;1 S S . .i,Gli~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~u~ojQ;nea XJg w 0 3ta) 3 3 Fi - ' -' 20 4 30

PrioritvAreas for ShorelineProtection , = 0 Theprsrhrilities shown on ihi, drwiing were develope. by AS (1996 asd aon a 51,1000 barrel, tntaneous releasefro,,rESO and assu-mes- o enaillmenrandrecoveryfromsprilluw within a 15 day tine period hese data, with additional anasis,'isiiput toth project ospill responseplan., All ata inierprc'ted jor representation on base maps by Dat,-es & Moore. - i nsT1

Enlironmental Sensihivit Index (ESII RO . ca,seanoi Coa.stalSent itivtl Classifications I Roeley Headland 7 1,egeotion, Shrubs and Tree b- 2 Matonude St-tcores (itteludes seal ca l orpiet, 8 Tou-irt/Reereai onal Ben-h 3 Sand Beach 9 Shelered Tidal Flats a,dMudVdl7art= -- rsos 4 Mi-ed Sand a,nd Gra-l Beach 10 Estuary Whelands,Inland eah-ereourors; Release 5 Beach (includes porous structures such as riprapi Mangroo-Mrarel and Mildlite Concentra-tion irs Trajectr-T 6 Stabilied Sand Dunes In/erpreted- Bondo,rries Betw,een Classifications Vo te. A O|I Coastal seroitiiry elussijicotos were developed by Dames oh Moore t Indicate the relative snon.s sa n shror fh r snoitici ol'shoreline yes to oil pills. See Sec-ta 2.00Appedix C Chad Spopet Pj) t.ec.... uighterosm, Loea ,,hob oC-rqb ,So-Con,t.cale Ervironm.eontl A-susment - Cameroo-, Portion

MVp perepared by, Dun-r & -More,September 1996t imo 1995 a1ueialphtoog,aph,e and sop ementur.. maps e rrr and doer-menrr,o,appmg busedon 1 50 011aer0ial photogra-ph iseeptalio-s, 1:200l,h0 topographic .nap,, nloalble, tegerron andtu/sent aornew enosrysotrmtedfrot-hundahocrmstrnrusdbsostedges/tirecoast Mapnorreid-ot/fed. 0 1 2 3 4 5Kilometers LOart dap

LEGEND: Coastal Characteristics and Shoreline Types husrd5Veall ilcuobHotrr r 15w I OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING S-d 3-h ORirildS-d])e]taicil ,, sn ilicwetlaw1elL 3 \'illages LDd l OT Prilority Areas for Shoreline Protection -N H-sdl-rd DlltraI m os,wi-rtrcttfrl-d vs Vriito9 -d F--nr for Chadft,g,()ffahre ExportItock X HLrl7or Project _ AccessRoadsand f Winter / Summer Season vitb South Current Flow I%f)fSh-r Ito~h Host- -or wo... Roadsand'rA, Chduxprcksj c (Coustad Chrarcteriseics and Shorelne Type') I- Hills irtloE rsirol Hyd-rrgqrbhy 0 UC-ostl Plur .,,.kst yry Rice M-orLh -' t'orrriol Peobubitiyr fos DAMES & MOORE Shor-lireOrlini 'I rororrresrssi FIGURE B-3(d) 3~~~~~~

3 Gulf of Guinteuc

,~ F. 3N E

it I 2 4 5 Kine-t-.

Priorits A,5eas ior Sloreine Protection 1 I/he prshabtiliti shownoan this dr maog -,re deresIped b, ASA (1996) based on 51,909(o;l b e stI..o,an ousrelease!° rom aS acnsatstmestt nd rcovoeryfront .Dll noth/-assomis7so 15 do; ti-epe-tod 7ies; dat. uith addito-nal analysis. is input to the project o.spill rcp.pons.plan All data interpretd to,r rpresentation o, snaps-tirse by Dames & Afor-'. 5OO Cap,)

Environmewnal Sensitivity Index (ESIJ Coatsnta! ntts' / Relasea IRo-k/ leodland 7 legetarii. Shrolb and - - J/tse.s -i- W--asintdeStracturesmtine/ode .eoa orpiri-) 8 Thiirl I Ret yratinnolBeach h -, '- 3 Sand Beah 9 ShelteredTidal Flan,tnd lud Flats sit 4 Mli.stdSand-aidG-i-a B-lleach Ut Ettaarr tetlands. Itland 7atercorses.- 5 Gr arel Bear/i,i t ade, p-oous strachoitesalh as si/trap) Mangrore atid t ddhe Ctoieni.t-a,at,( Areas N 6 Stabilized Svnd Dties 1 Intespreted B Batidayte.Betneen Cila tiront .t,en Coastal secsit"ino-laao/ticanons oe- derevoped hDames &i-on; to iidcate there/, te d- / settstiity 01 reline htpes to oilspills See SeS-etin2.t)t 4ppendit rC Chad IsaportProjert +I

Afom'pa-ed. y DaneD, sl t,oor SrpitmIre 1906 Iron /99/aerial-ph,l,igiaphi annds-pementa- na/, | ) O9 CsteS and do. on .sonIa-ring hated t,n / 50. (001ar llphgo-7ap6. mltepytas ton.. 10/ 000r opograp/l,I nap,. araal Mbia _cgeia.o-n and lan//-rnfl d-n-nenym, an-dI.id anldge ihe coast .atp ttie!t/d -en/id LocatioII Map

LEGLND: Coastal Land Usc VegEctationsand Wildlife Arcas (011, SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING =~ r,5X;.,lt4u... ' uteeaLtCtearitaatisttc istInt in iittsel Areas Prfor Shorelineiority Protection

i.Fotess nc.-tet W Idlife Ctontnntiiitt At. for Chad Export Project "'inter / SummerSeason with North Current Flow Slsi,Oibyic,,, no S-- Vfftig~, -d toIc.t.t- H,dtogtsp/iy (CoastalLandl Use, Vegetationand tlVddUf,Areas)

_ P,,t,PcttntaisPtob,l1ty f.a Shat mfliagtt t- DAMES & MOORE b - r~~~~~~~~~i1~flip1R.AIeA Ns 8

Pror oyAralaoEdeaWldlifePRo setione

Theprobabilitie,.,? s sde-losd hi' ASo (i9ti} h-d- n 1;,00ii a istantaneous relase.orn. FSO and assumesno rontainenl nand re.overyrons spil, ,,ithin I , 5 dat' tie periodi These data, aith additio-nal a yaisis,is inp,t to tlhc p-s-etoi7 spill response pla, . All data interretedfor iepresetation on base.maps by Dames & Moore. Mr=4 GsOfrT -

Environmental SensitivityIndlex (ESJ! :r\< a reol fg' /e Co astaliviteCtaunitiations Relase I Rocn Hdeadland 7 Vegetatio-l,Stls .- and Trajectory -lias,N', ' OsNO 2 Manmade Strrctres (mcludes sea na/i orpier) b Toonst,/Recreational Beach : 3 Sond Beach 9 Sheltered 7idal Flats and Mud Flats 4 MAtld Sand dattdi(ielBr-th 10 Esft,a-; Wetlands, Inland Watesroasses,. 5 Gravel Beach (iscltcds porot,s stroctt tes such as riprap) Mastgro or -ed tildlife Concestl,ti-n Areas 6 Stabil,edSandD,tes I lstterpreted Bondaries Between Cla-ifitiorns : sss;ssr Coastal sensitiditydtlassification.s ,eredet.litped by Dantes S&Moore o, indicate the relativ,e oF d se.ntititi ofashoreline types to oil spills See Sttlio,t 2,0 of(ppendix C, had Ed port Proje:l Environmentil Assessm.ent- Cameroon Portion … MUappreparedh Damss Ii tionre. Septembr h f1996.from - rcn)s- a ssse a995atrialphologlttandsoppiemensatsssaps1 2 3 4 5Ml-mstos and dotumena, napping based as 1I0bhP aerial pholotgaph is,lerpeialions 1:200,ll0IJ topographi map, a-ailabe egetattl on and landoros dorumeslts, and llbmaedfi.tst-haad oab,sersattont and bosstedge ol the roost ,il,sotfield v-ertied LOC tatiOn Map

I.eGENUsc.Land Vcgclalion and Wildlifc A' cas OIL SPILL RESPONSE PLANNING = Agsio,lt- Itiss-ptatedCaastise . WSdlii R-rtt Priority Areas for Shoreline Protection Ia aret To asist Rec-etionl Beach lWildlife Co--celsi-alo- for \Accets Man Roadstvc -nd Watcrlfracks _. Chad Export Project Winter I Summer Season with North Current Flow Sluspsosonstl Os statTssthl Asscssskssds 1' J (CoastalLanlUseeeegtatinaans}ddifeLand ('be, Vegetationand dotlifr(oastlreas Planlatiost ,, Villig-s -sd C.-nitral Hvd-spsuphy

Degsded Erodeds PotentialPsbahiblity ftr DAMES & MOORE FIGIRE Ostt,etite ctsstt nsm, s,,emssvnlzat,si B---FB Gulf of Gulinea -% 20 :40-60=OCltl 6-60 Gr-te T=Of 8

o1 1 ' s *l Silaaoeme.i5< I I ILSIL .. RSONEzzuy LNNN

Priorih.AIreas for Shoreline Protection ,4 v . ;t The pro hchdiiiei ihoasl asl tIns drawi ng were deielopledhrA S.4 11976) ha ed an a 316O00 haisle1 /\ instantaneofss e! ease tssmISO andassoines noosZainnmesit and recliaer-francspzilt within a I 15 dcvtien period These dciii iridi dditioalciutnahls is srinpU to the project allspilleesj snheplan. /t' "'" All1 data mintrp reted feor reptes entliii7tn on base masp hits Damles & Mac ejiWrf - :,f,e.eoo

Eniometa enstr ne (ES1) t CoastalSeolsitiri Classiireajans \ I Rloela ddead/la,id ' egetaxtion.Shrabs anit Tcesv5b)?, .**-- - d,iiznincde Starutirso Tlitinlodes sea wall aorpeei 8 'dicirit tRecreouiiiiael Bacli __ t 3t .Sand Beach 9 Slieltereed Tidal F/aci andl Mad PlansiFOHX I AiUaeilSeiwi cuid Peat-el Bencsh Iii Estuarn Wetlands Itland uiirte-ciiuoies.\ Relecio C | 5 tChlar Bleach (inclades paroas s/leiwiureci sucshas rip^rapl Manigerl e and Il l dlife Concentrationl -4reas Tea]eciay 9 6 StahlUsed Sand Dones tlolipelTeedBcindcilries Ilersees Clatitfcaujitos r^ Psaiatal sewoiticcw c la.t Uicaeatins ne-er d eveloped hr II)amet & MlooreCto iodiciite the ilae/tirev seitunittvie sil sohre-line tiwpesto stIsIcills See Sectioti '1 ltltel.ppcnadisC: ('had Evporl Privi~eetnr/A hhnoseasnieotal.4saessnieniT", prea"Shslo - Canieroan PoellotiQ * ii,ot c s,maramuucem IG R B4c

.niapprepared hr Dcmrc S .tiore September-1996 90,0 1995aeeiolr h.w uctaph aadiiiplrplcnesioar naps cznio,ss,ar,a,L aciddacismeno. sccippingbaseidlon I Sio(ioo aerial plsuigeapli iseepraloiaits 1 1 I2iOvO hipogeapht. nbaps cieiilhla eegetaiianand land(oam dueiimenst and mlesiicdhea-handJ oh.seevaticons au ki,s lneldgeat the uasci dlapaiJtcloyrd recZied Locatio)n M/ap

LEGUEND:Cotastal Iland use. Vegetationanid Wildlife Atcao I OI N LR SON EP A NN b tAgoedtaitL Slauhb \ /CtlO .. wUdlf,te RSrve iPrinrih' Areas for Shoreline Protection Fiisai unvactlas] C nadimsc \t',IdIcl Cantsolverant Areu fur fnhad Projet Winter / Summer Season with South Currcnt Flow P.iorits 1 ANeiaa' UITaovusmw,l/itetieati000 Sleisli_ Atetis Ro-ds asiA lr,Akc -xpot W I(oastatLand lUse,Ihgetalion and lf hldlifrAtreas)t 1 CisotoSini WbtciU Coois lvHdsogrophy

; Degsadto ilsodid -- Vuilageoand Tow-asi ,_. totastlal rl'sbbmh(yluior EtsDAMES &MORMOOREFIGUR -4 t22E Ef0 Xj g3t tg ti 8 E gtt 0 i S; j _ , _ _ _ 0 0 ?(i%; : ojGuine-~~~G?f

Priority Areas far Shoreline Protection The,probabhilitias hownon this drawing were der-loped hv ASA II1996)hbseda ,n51,009 harrel instaant aa.r.ele V ron. adtISO. su.es noco,nta,:het reco,ecyloms l wth 1and, vda tie period. lhesedata, ithaddntionalanalsis.sinput tote protect oil I r,sp plan. All dnta intepretd for represnPtationan base ps y Da r

Environmnenl.alSenlihvtv Index (ESI) a CoastalSensifitv Classifications I Rtcky Ideadland 7 Vegetation Shrb., and Tree's 2 ManmadeStur:aures (inlade. ea wal- opier) 3 Touritl? RecreationalBeach 3 Sa,ndBeach 9 Sieltered idal Floesand Mud Flats 4 Mined Sand and Gravel Beach 10 Ect.a-t, Sletlands, Inland Wate(*cour-es, Ielease 5 Grave1 Beach thtcludes porous sructucres such as riprapj Mangrove and WildlifeConctatration Ar,easI 2*Žajeect 6 Stabilized SandDunes ? Intosprsed Bacudaries Bereen Closiit-ticot Coastal statensisii classifications were develonpedha Da-es & Mosre ta icedieate the relMatie j O d sensitviri ofshoreline ttpes to oil spills. See Section 2.0 ofAppendi C, Chad Fspnrt Proje-t Fneiroc,mesctalAsseseent- Conceroan Porton I ,r

Oapprepared byDa-,c& Muorz Srptnnbnr1996. Ir-m 1995aeriatpbosgraphs and oesp, , c aK, snd do,sm,scno,macpang booed o 1 50,000aaeri/at ph.ogcaph ir n 1e0ai]9 I. I lable , maps.,f -tpaaiE uilale 'egeta.tonand land/armdocument,. and lmitedpirs/-handaolesnrsationst andhinoedgesfthe aasc .tOa,sostietdreri/ied. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Klc-metcrc Locaton MapI

|LEGND: Coastal Land Use, Vegetationand Wildlil'cAroas 5Agr:cl!t re U veget tedCouat!:r.e .... : W:!dll.6eRes.erve | |OILPriotity SPILL Areas RESPONSE for Shoreline PLANNING Protection

|'sr8ct iceslt .s cOitdtSst~cnVcrntTtsC-- A- for

| Msnga csa,- vil sccdFeawncs - A,-nssRo-s aa -knak | Chad Export Project Winter I Summer Season with South Current Flow .agte ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C'oastalLand Use, Vegetwionand Wddi~fr,Areas) ShhubbyVsgetatiosc CtnsctelHydrc,gsaphy

|_rncnientl ptr'ncbility |a, . DAMES & MOORE APPENDIXC

INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS NOTIFICATIONS E)5(ONCOMPANY INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTIONOEPARTMENT OFFICE: 800 GESSNER, HOUSTON. TEXAS 77024 CHA XBA DVLOPMEN MAILING: P.O. BOX 146, HOUSTON. TEXAS 77001-0146 A MADEC- DEPUTYMANAGER TELEX: 774169 FACSIMILE: 713-973-5249

February 6, 1998

Mr. Abderahman Dadi Secretary General N'Djamena, Chad

Subject: Chad Development Project Notification to Ni-er. Nigeria and CAR

Dear President Dadi:

The technical analysis and attachments for the Republic of Chad's notification to the Governments of Niger, Nigeria, and Central African Republic (CAR) for a "no objection" to the Chad Export Project are enclosed. We suggest that the Chad and Cameroon Environmental Assessments and the Chad Environmental Management Plan that have been released to the public be sent to the respective Governments along with the technical analysis that is attached. Your tansmittal letter should direct the reader to section 1 and section 3 of the EAs for the executive summary of the EA and the description of the project respectively.

As you will see on the attached analysis, the possibility of the project affecting an intemational waterway that requires compliance with World Bank Operational Procedure 7.5 is remote. Impacts to the Mbere River in the CAR could only occur if an oil spill occurred in the Mbere River in Carneroon or one of its tributaries and the spill was allowed to reach the waterway before being contained. Impacts to Lake Chad are even more remote. A spill would have to travel over 500 Ian in meandering rivers without containment to impact the lake.

To facilitate the notification, we have enclosed 3 French versions (1 for Niger, 1 for CAR, and 1 for Chad's files) and one English version (Nigeria) of the following:

* Chad and Cameroon Environmental Assessments * Unbound Environmental Assessment executive summary for making copies * Risks to intemational waterways, Chad Export Project -- Chad Portion * Chad Environmental Management Plan

Please advise us if we can be of further assistance. Vu^L'QA RISKS TO INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT CHADPORTION

The impacts to water resources in the vicinityof the projectwere assessed as part of the environmental review process conducted accordingto World Bank guidelines and presented in the EnvironmentalAssessment (EA). As part of the assessment, the risks to water resources, some of which are considered intemationalwaterways, as defined in OP 7.50, were presented along with related mitigationmeasures. The World Bank Operational Manual - Operational Policy (OP 7.50-October1994), defines intemational waterways as:

(a) any river, canal, lake, or similar body of water that forrmsa boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through, two or more states, whether Bank members or not;

(b) any tributary or other body of surface water that is a component of any waterway described in (a) above; and

(c) any bay, gulf, strait, or channel bounded by two or more states or, if within one state, recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states - and any river flowing into such waters.

Waterways in the vicinityof the project were reviewedwith respect to the policyOP 7.50. Only two internationalwaterways in Chad or their tributaries have the potential to be affected by the project; the Mbere River system and the Logone River which is a tributary to the Chari Riverwhich feeds Lake Chad. This potential is considered remote due to the project's locationwith respect to the internationalwaterways.

Table 1 presents the potential impacts to water resources in the vicinityof the project (as presented in the attached Chad EA). Examinationof these impacts reveals the majorityto be less-than-significantimpacts to water resources. Accordingto the EA, damage to botanical, wildlife,and other aquatic resources and contamination of surface water bodies should an oil spill occur is considered to be a significantbut mitigable to significantand unavoidable impact. Project safety and environmental measures and an oil spillresponse plan includingtraining, equipment, and supporting infrastructure will be

.SAfl*TA ,,A,,kflA,r%nl-,4^O flflfll -rn I__.*. nf_4tar tl incorporated into the project as discussed in the EA to minimize the potential of oil spills occurring and any resulting impact.

A discussion of the rsks to specific intemational waterways is given below. Refer to the attached figures in order to understand the following discussion.

Risks to International Waterways that concern the Central African Republic (CAR)

The impact of an accidental spill or a release of pollutants entering the portion of the Mbere River that is an intemational border between Cameroon and the Central African Republic is less than significant.

Mb6r6 River

The section of the Mbere River that forms an intemational waterway between the CAR and Cameroon (and to which World Bank Operational Policy 7.50 is applicable) is about 75 KM long and is shown as Point 1 in Figure 1. The pipeline crosses the Mb6re River and its tributaries in Cameroon (Figure 1, Points 2, 3, and 4). The Mbere River flows northeast and is a tributary of the Logone Occidental, which is a tributary of the Logone River. The Logone joins the Chari River, which empties into Lake Chad (Figure 2, Points 5, and 6).

An accidental spill or release of pollutants occurring at Figure 1, Points 2 and 3 in Cameroon may enter the Mbere River upstream of the borders of Chad with the CAR and Cameroon. A release at the third crossing (Figure 1, Point 4) would be at the border between Chad and Cameroon, downstream of the CAR border. A review of relevant maps and the mean annual flow indicates that the Mbere is a perennial stream and would have moderate dispersive, dilution, and assimilative capacity if a project related accidental spill or release of pollutants entered into the main stem or upper tributaries. The likelihood of an oil spill occurrence would be minimized by the implementation of oil spill prevention measures and associated safety and environmental protection measures as discussed in the Environmental Assessment. As a result, the impact from an accidental spill or a release of pollutants from the project to the section of the Mbere River that forms an international border with the CAR is expected to be less than significant.

Y:\DATA\WINWORDO\ 998\cfk\WATER3.doc 2 02106/98 Risks to International Waterways that concern Nigeria and Niger

The impact of an accidental spill or a release of pollutants from the Chad Export Project entering the portion of Lake Chad that is an international border with Nigeria and Niger is less than significant.

Lake Chad

Lake Chad is a major water body borderng Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria,and Niger (Figure 2, Point 5). The lake has a water surface area of approximately16,300 sq. km. A project related accidental spill or release of pollutantsthat could enter Lake Chad would have to travel approximately 500 km. through major perennial streams (e.g., Logone and Chari rivers and tributaries). The dispersive, dilution,an assimilative capacities of these perennial streams would be expected to significantlyreduce levels of pollutants before they reach the territorialwaters of Nigeriaor Niger in Lake Chad. The likelihoodof occurrence of a spillor accidental release wouldbe minimized by the implementationof oil spill prevention measures whichwould be outlined in the project Oil Spill Response Plan and associated safety and environmentalprotection measures discussed in the EnvironmentalAssessment. Due to the distance from project facilities to the intemationalwaters of Lake Chad impacts from a spillor accidental release of pollutants are expected to be less than significant.

In addition,the quantities of water withdrawnfor the project would be a very small fraction of the water entering Lake Chad and therefore, would not have a measurable impact on the water balance of Lake Chad.

Loaone and Chari Rivers (tributaries to Lake Chad)

Tne pipelinecrosses several tributaries of the Logone Occidentalin Chad (e.g., Mbere, Lim, and several unnamed tributaries (Figure 3, Points 7, 8, 9 and 10) and also several tributaries of the Pende or Logone Oriental (e.g., Nya and Loule,Figure 3, Points 11 and 12)). These two streams are tributaries of the Logone River,which joins the Chari River. The Chari River enters Lake Chad near the Chad-Cameroonborder (Figure 2, Points 5 and 6). The Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental(Pende), Logone, and Chari rivers are major perennial streams. Manyof the tributaries are ephemeral.

A project related accidental spill or release of pollutantscould enter the tributaries of these major streams approximately 500 km. upstream of the mouth (in Lake Chad, see Figure 2, Point 5). The dispersion, dilution,and assimilativecapacity of these major streams would be expected to significantly reduce accidental pollution released from project facilities before it arives at Lake Chad. Additionally,the likelihood of occurrence and associated potential impacts of an oil spill would be minimized by the implementation of the oil spill prevention measures which would be outlined in the project Oil Spill Response Plan and associated safety and environmental protection measures discussed in the Environmental Assessment.

In addition, water requirements of the project are proposed to be satisfied by the use of ground water. The quantity of water proposed to be withdrawn for project purposes would be a small fraction of the mean annual discharges of the Logone and Chari Rivers.

Oil Field Development Area

The Loule, Nya, and Logone Occidental (Pende) rvers could potentially be affected by project related activities at the Oil Field Development Area (Figure 3, Point 12). This may include impacts due to withdrawal of groundwater for project uses, discharge of sanitary and storm water from project areas, sediment transport from disturbed areas, and project related accidental spills or release of pollutants. The Loule is a tributary of the Nya River and the Nya is a tributary of the Logone Occidental (Pend6) and the Pend6 is a tributary of the Logone that joins the Chari River which enters Lake Chad. As stated previously, the magnitude of the aforementioned impacts would constitute a very small fraction of the streamflows of the Logone and an even smaller fraction of the surface waters entering Lake Chad. Therefore, the impacts at the international borders would be less than significant.

Y:\DATA\WINWORD\1998\cfk\WATER3.doc 4 02/06/98 D.o0

'~~~'

LEGEND INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS

'.'Export Pipeline '.'International Boundaries ESS Exlrto ad CHAD EXPORTPROJECT ~"ZSelectedRivers LOCTIOS FnRFERNC PONT 7"'7 RvereSBtteams Production Chad Inc. LOAIOSOFRFRECMPIT "k'Roads DAMES& MOORE FGR tA1

LGND

LEGEND INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS

1 N~ ExportPipeline " InternationalBoundaries _ . CHAD EXPORTPROJECT /"'4 Selected Rjivers LOCATIONS OF REFERENCEPOINTS " Rivers/Streams Production Chad Inc. '/ Roads DAMES & MOORE FIGURE 2 a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

a!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/

LEGEND INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS ,N.~/ ExportPipeline o'%. InternationslBoundaries .o CHAD EXPORTPROJECT ANY RvSelectedRiveres Pr jOductlonChad Inc. LOCATIONSOF REFERENCEPOINTS 7~' ~ Rivers/Dtreams & M FIGURE3 Roads P OMES & MOORE FIGURE3 TABLE 1 INTERNATIONALWATERWAYS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT CHADPORTION IMPACT EA DISCUSSION

BiOLOGY :'2-7- -- :- -;- --- ; Potential disturbance to aquatic resources from Spills of this nature would be isolated, and minor spills of diesel, gasoline, hydraulic, brake, generally limited to assess roads, maintenance transmission, and other equipment fluids or facilities, and other areas where vehicular traffic chemicals is common during construction and operations. Because these impacts would be minimized by control measures implemented as part of project design and any incidents that occur would be small, localized, and intermittent, they would be less than significant. (Section 7.3.1.5) Damage to botanical, wildlife,and other aquatic While these impacts would be significant, their resources and contamination of surface water likelihood of occurrence would be minimized by bodies resulting from oil spills the implementation of oil spill response countermeasures which would be outlined in the project Oil Spill Response Plan and associated safety and environmental protection measures. Damage to botanical, wildlife,and other aquatic resources and contamination of surface water bodies resulting from oil spills would depend on spill size, location environmental conditions, and other variables. The potential for a significant oil spill during the life of the project is considered to be low. However, if such a spill were to occur the resulting impacts would be considered significant [within the area impacted by a spill]. (Section 7.3.1.5) Continuous discharge of treated sanitary During the construction phase, a portion of the wastewater from package treatment plants to the water withdrawn from the aquifer would be Loule, Nya, and Pende rivers increasing dry returned to these rivers as treated sanitary weather flows and sustaining wetlands wastewater. This addition of continuous discharge would tend to increase dry weather flows and result in a less-than-significant impact to wetland vegetation and fish populations. (Section 7.3.1.5)

P-\PROJ\08837787.LKM\Tabie1 1 January 22, 1998 IMPACT ] DISCUSSION~~~EA

:nBIOLOG (c-ntinued Water withdrawal through oil producing wells A major portion of the extracted water would be potentially affecting surface waters, aquatic re-injected into the deeper zones of the aquifer, habitat and organisms where it originated. The withdrawal would be from a relatively large area and aquifer matrix which has an equally large recharge potential. The estimated net withdrawal constitutes a very small fraction of the quantity of recoverable water present in aquifer storage and would be replenished continuously by natural seepage due to infiltrationof rain water. As a result, the impacts on surface streams and fish or aquatic organisms supported by these streams would be considered less than significant. (Section 7.3.1.5)

-HYDROLOGYANDWATER.QUALITY --; :i - Reduction in base flows of the Loule, Nya and The net average water loss to the regional Pende rivers and associated tributaries caused aquifer or watersheds providing base flows to the from domestic and process water requirements Louie, Nya, and Pende rivers would be a small during construction fraction of the base flows of any of these rivers. Therefore, the impact of groundwater withdrawal on major surface water bodies in the site vicinity would be considered less than significant. (Section 7.4.1) Reduction in surface streamflow caused from Hydrotest water withdrawal from surface sources withdrawal of water for hydrotesting would be limited to 10 percent of the surface water needed for hydrotesting the impact of withdrawals from surface flow at the time of extraction. Based on the relative small amount of water needed for hydrotesting the impact of withdrawals from surface streams would be considered less than significant. (Section 7.4.1) Increased peak flows of the Loule, Nya, Lim, The total cleared area in the Loule, Nya, Lim, Pende, and Mbere rivers caused from increased Mbere, and Pende river watersheds is estimated stormwater discharges from cleared areas to be about 12 km2 . This is a relatively small fraction of the watersheds of the affected rivers. (Section 7.4.1) Change in peak flows from construction of To the extent possible, backfill material [from pipeline river crossings pipeline trenching] would be stockpiled outside the floodplains of the respective streams and blocking of waterways would be avoided. Thus the impacts of pipeline construction on the flows of streams would be less than significant. (Section 7.4.1)

nann hmnn.r., . vin n_r1.. e, Inn.ilnn, SS IOO IMPACT EA DISCUSSION

HYDROLOGYAND:WATER QUALITY (continued) - Reduction in base flows of the Loule, Nya and Since the projected loss of 0.0008 m3 /second Pende rivers and associated tributaries caused would be dispersed over a large portion of the from domestic and process water requirements shallow zones of the aquifer contributing base during operations flows to the Loule, Nya, and Pende rivers, its impact on the base flows of any of these streams would be considered less than significant. Section ) Increased base flows caused from continuous Continuous discharge of treated wastewater discharge of treated wastewater from septic from the septic systems (if used) to the systems durng operations. groundwater regime may result in a relatively uniform temporal distribution of streamflows by way of increased base flows. This would be considered a less-than-significant impact to downstream users of surface waters. (Section 7.4.1). Increased amounts of suspended sediment These sediments would temporarily increase the caused by surface run-off from construction- total suspended solids content of small disturbed areas in the Loule, Nya, Um, Mber6, tributaries, but because of the large volumes of and Logone rivers. water available for dilution, the incremental increase in the total suspended solids concentrations of the Loule, Nya, Uim, Mber6, and Logone rivers would be considered less than significant. (Section 7.4.3) Reduced water quality from wastewater Sanitary wastewater would be discharged to discharge to large streams and rivers. surface waters or natural drainages to ensure that dilution and dispersion of effluents occur. For large streams or rivers, the impact would be less than significant. (Section 7.4.3) Decrease in water quality from surface runoff Project design measures, including preparation potentially contaminated with drilling muds of erosion and sedimentation plans and waste management plans, would help prevent substantial quantities of contaminants from reaching surface streams. Therefore, the impact would be considered less than significant. (Section 7.4.3)

SOURCE: Chad Export Project, Environmental Assessment; Chad Portion. October 1997

P:PROJ\08837787.LKM\Tablel 3 January22 1998 Translation

REPPUBLICOF CHAD UNITY- WORK- PROGRESS * ** 1iNISTRY OF MINES,ENERGY AND HYDROCARBONS

GENERALADMINISTRATION

HYDROCARBONDIVISION N'Djamena, September30, 1998

SERVICEEXPLORATION - PRODUCTION

No. 281/DP/SEP/98

TO: The General Director of Esso ExplorationProduction Chad, Inc. N'Djamena

DOCUMENTSTRANSMI2TED: Observationsof the Ministry of Environmentof the Republic of NIGER, on the enviromnentalimpacts studies of the Chadian crude oil exportationProject.

OBJECTOF THE TRANSMISSION:"for any usefullobjectives".

DIRECTOR OF HYDROCARBONSDEPARTIfENT /signature/ [seal] MAHA.NtATNASSER HASSANNE

Page I of 6 Translation

REPIJBLIC OF NIGER lMNISTRY OF HYDRAULIC ENERGY AND ENVIRON1MENT

OBSERVATIONS OF THE IINISTRY OF HYDRAULIC ENERGY AiND THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL LAPACT STUDIES OF THE CEIADOIL EXPORTATION PROJECT

I. ACKOWLEDGOl

We would like to thank the Governmentof Chad,particularly the Ministryof Environment,to have us involved in the project in callingupon our experiencefor this environmentalimpact study done on the gigantic project of explorationand exploitationof the Chadian oil.

We do hope that this first gesturewill form the base of a good collaborationbetween both countries regarding environmentalprotection.

II. CAMEROONSECTION

This first part have some asset, among which:

General and specific objectivesare clearly defined,

A good presentation (a good program),

A transparency in the procedure of the impact study on the environment and on the opportunities given to the populationsand the decision-makersto give their opinionsand to have a better participation in the decision maling process,

The technicalknowledge of the project and the environment,

The development of an environmentalManagement Plan (Plan de Gestionde l'Environnement- PGE). However, it is importantto make the followingcomments on the methodology:

* The lack of choices and defmitionsof appropriateenvironmental indicators allowing to follow the status of the environment,then to verify the soundnessand effects of the measurestaken,

* The lack of a global plan of migration (mitigationand adaptation),

* The lack of an overall cost estimationof the mitigationmeasures and compensationsfor the negative effects,

Page 2 of 6 Translation

* The existence of subjective aspects or value judgment on several points of the evaluation,

* The exclusion of the assessmentof cumulativeimpacts of the projects existingin the area of study. In fact, the impacts are taken case by case,

* The lack of some documents cited in the report.

Therefore,we propose the following:

- Defmition and choice of appropriate enviromnentalindicators,

- Give the sensibility,the intensity,the scope and the importanceof impactsso we can evaluate them,

- Give with details the total costs of the measures of follow-upand/or evaluation,protection, compensationand recovery;the subjects in which the study remainincomplete,

- Elaborate a flexiblemanagement plan in order to take into considerationthe unforeseeable impacts during the studies. m. CHAD PORTI: a) Water produced duTingthe oil exploitation

During the oil exploitation,important quantity of water will be produced; about900,000 barrels of water per day.

For the duration of the project, about 7.5 billions of barrels, or the equivalentof 1,190 billions m3 of water wouldbe produced.The water, once treated, would containat least 50 ppm of crude oil. Injection wells are planed to receive this water.

Such a quantity of water for a Saharancountries confrontedwith the problemof water, droughts, desertificationand hunger is crucial. Therefore,instead of losing this water, why not to process and drain this water to the Lake Tchad. It is planed to have a meeting for all the countries around the basin of the Lake Tchad to discuss and find an appropriatesolution. b) Presentationof the documentin the impact study

In the reports on the impact study, you have forgottento enclose the Terms of Referencethat would allow us to correctly assess the presentation of the document,as well as the expectationsin the matter of environmentalprotection.

Pa2e 3 of 6 Translation

c) Development area of the oil fields

In its presentation, it is a zone that has several opportunities: agriculture, farming, fishing, water resources. The area seems to be almost undisturbed and not to have known important social mutations. The infrastructures are not very developed. The existing infrastructures are insufficient or out of service. The area seems to have social problems, even if there is currently a break.

Thus, all this shows the sensible characteristic of the project zone. Therefore, any action of that importance deserves a special attention from the authorities and the partners of the development. d) Mitigation measures

The mnitigationmeasures, taken as a whole, are very vague. It would be preferable to have done more concrete propositions, instead of giving all on the "Greek Calends" in talking about "the elaboration of plan, of follow-up, etc.". Therefore, we can not give our opinion on these very important aspects. e) Chaters

8-2-1: Utilization of land. page 8-3

The compensation and resettlement plan is not detailed. The public or private institution that will be in charge of the application and the follow-up of this plan has not been established.

All the consultations and consensus on the compensations or resettlement of the population of the project zone must involve the persons in charge of the project, the administration, the villagers, but also the native intellectuals of the area.

8-2-7: Effects related to the induced access: other leader of opinion: page 8 - 18

At the level of the mitigation measures, it would be interesting to create a monitoring team, composed of agents from the waters and forest department or from the environment department for the control and monitoring of the area.

8-2-7: Migration of population to the zones of the project

It is a phenomenon difficult to contain. That is why, the mitigation measures planed may not be efficient. To manage this migration, it will be necessary to develop an agriculture with annuity or any extra agricultural activity desired by the population of the project area.

8-2-6: Transhumance

The perturbation of the migratory routes may create conflicts:

Page 4 of 6 Translation

conflict between animal farmers and growers, dissatisfactionof animal farmers

These two aspects may lead to social problems.Thus it is recommendedto organizemeetings and discussions with all the animal farmers or their representatives,in order to obtaintheir opinion and agreement on the routes to be defmitivelyor temporarilyabandoned. It will be better than to plan an information and follow-up whichmay not have the agreementof everybody and seems to impose a solution.

8-2-2: Emloyment

It is a politically and socially critical point. Thatis why, we would like to know the realistic way planed to insure the equitablerespect of the hiring plan, and the contentof the hiring plan itself.

Our proposition in this way is: for unskilledmanpower, priority is given to the inhabitantof the area of the-projectwhose lands have been occupied.Then proceed to an information of the population in that sense. Hiring will be done in the "Sous-Prefecture"of the zone of the project, based on the presentation of an identification card or related to the traditionalchiefs or wisemen.

For the skilled manpower,the proposition for the mitigationmeasures is good.

Paragraph: 7-2-1: Page 7-9

It is the conversion of the cultivatedlands, grazinglands, fallow lands and scmbs into lands for oil production that may have serious social and economic impactson rural families.It is then better to assess the revenue of the exploitationin function of the lands status and according to the number of years of occupation of the land. Exceptionshall not be done for the inhabitantof the land to compensate, either the land is a fallow land or a land in exploitation.

Annex page 130: Alternatives for resettlement.mitiaation and compensation

Taking into considerationthe type of social organization,direct compensations, anmuities, mitigations, shall not prevent from indirect ones, rsking to create discontent.That is why, we encouragethat indirect compensations,mitigations are applied by the intermediaryof state structures, NGO's and associations, in the realization of infrastructuresof social development(wells, equipped with AEP, schools, health care station, drilling,roads, bridges, modernizationof the agriculture,organizations of villagers in cooperations,associations, etc...). This will allow everybodyto take advantage of the Chadian oil exportationproject in one way or another.

GAlaw\SAS\98-1002.DOC (10/23/98) TTC/sas Paze 5 of 6 Translation

Page 140: Chapter: 5-4-5. paragraph 3: How local population think of the question of resettlement?

We have here a description of a typical African society, where individual property does not exist. Everything belongs to the family. But this form of social organization is not an obstacle to any compensation, mitigation or resettlement. On the contrary, it shall facilitate the procedures. In fact, in this type of society, it is the eldest of the direct heirs or the oldest member of the family that the chief of the family and the person in charge. Therefore; any act or decision that have received his/her agreement is irrevocable. Besides, any familial dispute is solved within the family. Thus, the main partner in negotiations is the chief of the family.

Therefore, we must first proceed to inform the population of the possibilities of compensation and the different forms of compensations: direct compensation, direct annuity, direct mitigation that they may benefit from. Then, leave them the time to discuss it. Finally, you meet with the representatives of the designated families, with the chief of the village, the religious chief and few wisemen as witnesses. It is probably at that time that agreements that would be entered into would last.

Please notice that under the effeovof the oil exploitation project, the society of that part of Chad will be somewhat out of balance. Instead of this authentic African family, a society of profits and individualism will little by little replace it. The idea of common property will give place to private property. Therefore, there is matter to ask questions regarding options a, b, c and d that for the remaining are very good.

Also, all the options must be confirmed by written texts. This will avoid estate problems for future generations.

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