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Sumer and the Sumerians Harriet Crawford Index More Information Cambridge University Press 0521825962 - Sumer and the Sumerians Harriet Crawford Index More information Index Abu (god), votive statue 206 decline in Ur III period 35 Abu Salabikh 24, 38, 45 economic surplus 15, 17--18 bowls as grave goods 143 harvesting 55 domestic buildings 110, 112 labour for 57, 59 flint sickles 57 manuring 55 Jemdat Nasr pottery at 19 pastoralism 7, 11, 12--13, 17, 57--9, 93 pottery kilns 166, 167 rain-fed 7, 115 scribes at 12 settled farmers 12--13 town plan 63 tools 56--7 Adab, city of 28, 44, 45, 47, 220 see also irrigation Agade period temple 82 Akkad, river port 15 Adams, R. McC. 5, 37, 40 Akkad, kingdom of 8, 26 administration 16, 33, 216 Urkesh and 126 civil service at Ur 35 see also Agade increasing sophistication 100, 203, Akkadian language 13 217 alabaster Upper Mesopotamia (middle Uruk) 119 Nippur votive statue 207 see also palace; temple Uruk vase 55, 204 afterlife 140, 157, 214 alloys in Sumerian texts 135 bronze 17, 167 Agade, city of 15, 33 copper arsenic 168 see also Akkad, kingdom of electrum 139, 139, 167 Agade dynasty 33--4, 189 true tin bronze 168, 171, 190 see also Naram-Sin; Sargon Altyn Tepe, Turkmenia, ziggurat 88 Agade period 21--2 Amar-Sin (Bur-Sin), king of Ur 83, 156 end of 133 Amarna archives 197 historical dating 24 Amorites 23, 35, 219 metallurgy 171--3 Anatolia public buildings 100--3 copper from 11 radiocarbon dating 24 gold beads from 187 seal impressions 202--3, 203 links with Upper Mesopotamia 8, 115 settlement patterns 45--7 megaron buildings 82 stelae 210 obsidian from 139 temples 82--3 raw materials from 180 trade 189--90 Sumerian conquests in 33 agate 175 trade with 182, 184 agriculture 52--9, 218 Uruk sites 23 arable (cereals) 6, 7, 54--7 Anu (sky god), at Uruk 28 crops 53, 55, 55--6 Arabia dairy 57, 58 copper from 11 234 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521825962 - Sumer and the Sumerians Harriet Crawford Index More information Index 235 stearite/chlorite from 185 Asimah, Arabia 188 trade with 184 Assur (Ashur) 2 Ubaid pottery finds 182 Ishtar temple 79, 189 see also Dilmun; Magan; Meluhha Assyrian kingdom 35 Arabian Gulf Atij,ë site 121 position of head of 9--10, 38, 48 trade routes 15, 181--3 Babylon 2, 219 Aratta, lord of 184 Bad Tibira 45 archaeological dating 16 Badakshan, lapis lazuli from 139, 180 historical 24 Baghdad 1, 54 radiocarbon dating 16, 23--5 Bahrain archaeological interpretation Barbar temples 191 of buildings 30--1, 75, 89--90, 98, City II (Ur III period) 190, 191 105--6, 117 as entrepotˆ 182, 187 of funerary evidence 136, 137, 157 see also Dilmun archaeological techniques Banat 127 German 3 White monuments 154 modern 4--5 Banks, E. J. 3 surveying 5, 37--9, 41 map, 42 map, 43 barley, as currency 159 map basketry 160 use of computers 5, 39, 221 beads archaeology carnelian 175, 178, 181, 186 costs 4, 5 on clothing 161, 161 and destruction of sites 38 gold 187 early 1--2, 2 map grave goods 139, 145 effect of salt on sites 38 pottery 138 modern Iraq 4, 220--1 Bell, Gertrude 4 architects 69, 70 Beydar (Nabada) architecture Kranzhugel town 125, 125--6, 133 circular structures 93, 92--6, 183 seal impression 126 corbel vault 36, 69 Bi’a, stone tomb 154 dome 36, 69 bitumen 6, 7 Early Dynastic 19, 96 as mortar megaron buildings 82, 117--18, 118 boat building 160 pillars 69 boats true arch 36, 69 barges for transport 15 Ur III period 22 model 152, 153 see also buildings; domestic buildings; Botta, Emile´ 2 palaces; public buildings; Bouqras, stamp seal 198 temples Brak see Tell Brak armies see warfare bricks Arparchiyah, Syria, pottery 164 baked 66--7 Arslantepe/Malatya, Anatolia 178, 180 name stamps on 82, 103 art, Ur III period 22 plano-convex, Early Dynastic 19, 66, art objects 213, 219 67 see also pottery; seals; statuary; stelae; unbaked mudbricks 66 stone objects British School of Archaeology in Iraq 4 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521825962 - Sumer and the Sumerians Harriet Crawford Index More information 236 Index bronze 17, 167 linked with Euphrates 47 arsenical 168 for transport and communication 14 true tin 168, 171, 190 see also irrigation Buckingham, J. S. 1 Carchemish, route from 14 building materials 66--9 carnelian baked bricks 66--7 from Aratta 184 mortar 67 beads 175, 178, 181, 186 mudbrick (unbaked) 66 grave goods 139, 145 plaster 67 stamp seals 199 roof timbers 68 carts 15, 153 surveying equipment 68 burials (Kish) 143--5 tools 68, 68 Çatal Huy¨ uk,¨ Anatolia, clay tokens 193 building plans 69 cattle 55, 58 see also house plans; temple plans cemeteries buildings extramural 135, 155 floors 67 Kheit Qasim 136, 140--1, 142 roofs 67--8, 106 Shahdad 187 upper storeys 97--8, 114, 132 Tepe Gawra 137--40 windows 106 Ur (Jemdat Nasr) 141--2 see also architecture; domestic see also Kish; Ur, Jemdat Nasr buildings; house plans; public cemetery; Ur, Royal Cemetery buildings; temple plans cereal cultivation see agriculture bulla (clay ball), enclosing tokens 193 chapels, private 113--14, 155 Bur-Sin see Amar-Sin chlorite see steatite/chlorite bureaucracy see administration; officials cire perdue (lost wax) casting of metals burials 167 body position 141, 154 cities bone preservation 142, 148 and satellite towns 10 cart (Kish) 143--5 Sumerian plain 27 map of children 135, 138, 140, 147 see also town plans; towns funerary evidence 136, 157 citizens, assemblies of 30 inhumations 137, 138, 140, 142, 147 city-states multiple 95, 145, 147, 153 as political concept 20 retinues (Ur) 154, 156 small 126 pisé 137, 138 Upper Mesopotamia 217 rituals and ideology 142, 143, 154, Uruk period 16, 28 155, 156 clay and social status 32, 138, 142, 157 for tools (sickles) 57 vessel 138, 140 see also plaques; tablets within private houses 110, 113, 155 climate fluctuation 6, 17, 221 see also cemeteries; graves; tombs end of Agade period 133 climate zones 7 map, 6--9, 17 calendar clothing 149 Sargon’s reform of 33 decoration (embroidery) 161, 161 year-names 24 evidence from royal graves at Ur 148--9 camel 59 head-dresses 149, 161 canals on statues 149, 150, 160--2, 207 building and maintenance 54 see also textiles © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521825962 - Sumer and the Sumerians Harriet Crawford Index More information Index 237 colours 74--5 showing ziggurats 86, 86 pigments 6 subject-matter on 200--1, 203--4 communications 14 map see also seal impressions east--west routes 13--14 hollow ways (Upper Mesopotamia) date palm 52, 53 115, 124 cultivated 52--3 north--south routes 14--15, 50 Death of Gilgamesh, text 135, 156 waterways 61 Death of Ur-Nammu, text 135, 156 see also trade routes deer 7, 58 cone mosaics see mosaics deforestation 6 copper 6, 11, 13, 167 diet Arabia 182, 184, 188, 191 evidence from bones 148 imported 173, 180, 181 evidence from graves 150 to price exchanges 159 see also food and drink for tools 56 Dilmun (Bahrain) see also alloys timber imported from 68, 187 copper objects trade with 15, 53, 182 figurines 169 diorite, black 182, 184 lattice-work stand (grave good) 144 for royal statuary 21, 189, 190, 207 in public buildings (Tell Asmar) 100 diplomatic links statuary (Agade period) 21, 171, 172, marriages 177, 216 171--3 and trade 177, 191 cosmetics 149 Diqdiqqa, artisans’ quarter (Ur) 64 councils, of citizens 30 divination 58 counting system, sexagesimal 36, 139 Diyala valley 8 craftsmen 158 domestic buildings 110 apprenticeship system 69 Early Dynastic sites 19 private enterprise 159, 166 Jemdat Nasr sites 19 state employees 173 settlement pattern 49--50, 51 tools 158, 174 see also Eshnunna; Kheit Qasim crops 53, 55, 55--6 dogs 58, 59 harvesting 55 domestic buildings 106--14 cuneiform writing 195, 196, 197--8, chapels 113--14, 155 215 compared with modern traditional cylinder seals 17, 199--204, 215 houses 106, 132 agricultural scenes 56, 200, 201 Early Dynastic period 110--12 at Bahrain 190 elite houses 118, 119 banquet scenes 150, 152, 202, 204 as evidence of social status 32 combat scenes 202, 202, 203, 204 hearths and ovens 107, 108, 111, 112 drilled 201 kitchens 111 in graves 141, 144, 147 resemblance to temple plans 77--9, Jemdat Nasr 18, 92 109--10 Ninevite V 121 room functions 107--8 north Mesopotamia 120, 134 tombs within 110, 113, 135, 155 Piedmont style 183, 183, 201 Ur III period 113--14 regional styles 201 Uruk period 109--10 ritual scenes on 200 village houses 107, 107 scenes of pottery making 165 see also house plans © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521825962 - Sumer and the Sumerians Harriet Crawford Index More information 238 Index donkeys 58, 59, 153 and cylinder seals 201 draught animals at Tepe Gawra 118 cattle 180 Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon 155, donkeys 153 197, 197, 216 oxen 59, 153 Enki (god of Eridu) 48 dreams, interpretation of 31 Enkidu 135 Enlil (god, patron of Sumer) 28, 33 Ea (god of Eridu) 28 Enmerkar, myth of 184 on seal impressions Entemena of Lagash 163 and The Flood 28 Entu priestesses, at Ur 83 Eannatum of Lagash, stele 209, Erbil 60 219 Ergani Maden, copper production 13 Early Dynastic (ED) period 19--21 Eridu, city of 28, 48--9 domestic buildings 110--12 Portico building 91 north--south divergence 28 Priests’ house 90, 91, 110 political power 30, 33 public buildings 96, 99 public buildings 96--100, 105 tripartite temple plan 69 radiocarbon dating 24 Ubaid period 52 settlement patterns 41 map, 42 map, Eshnunna, Diyala valley 35, 50, 51, 217 44, 45, 50 law code 159, 170 temple plans 76--82 Shu-Sin shrine 83, 85 trade (exports) 187--9 ethnography,
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