Do Not Circulate~~ Permanent Retention I!E== Requiredby Contract E

LASL-77-36

‘J DO NOT CIRCULATE~~ PERMANENT RETENTION I!E== REQUIREDBY CONTRACT E. ..-— — LABORATORY ACTIVITIES Description of Work Done at LASL

by Division, Department, and Group

December 1977

.—. - {This report was not described : nor cataloged. (given grp & Div ~Idr. distro) ~ Re Mitchell.— —.—. —i%H2@_— ____l-lo-%_..

+r’) 10s “!#alamos ** scientific“Glaboratory of the University of California d LOS ALA MOS, NEW MEXICO 87S45

An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACT W-740 S-ENG. 36 AADP

ADMINISTRATIVE AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING MS-241, ph. (505)-667-5234

Laboratory-wide computer services for administrative and business applications are provided by the AADP Department. The Department uses the CDC 6600 and CYBER 73 computers with the NOS time-sharing system. These computers, located in the CCF, are linked to AADP and to AADP users by a CDC-200 remote job terminal, a PDP- 11/40 computer-based terminal, and numerous other ICN terminals, such as TI 700s. Also, an IBM 1401 computer, located in AADP-1, is used mainly for special forms printing and punching. At present, AADP is developing distributive computing concepts for the preprocessing and postprocessing of data. Current plans include the acquisition of intelligent terminals and minicomputers in the user community to provide more timely data and services not currently available. AADP services are provided by two groups, AADP-1 and AADP-2.

AADP-1-AADP Operations AADP—2-AADP Systems

AADP-1 operates the AADP computing facility. The analysis, design, programming, documenta- The group provides for the timely processing of ex- tion, installation, and maintenance of AADP isting laboratory-wide AADP systems and the im- applications is provided by AADP-2. The group is plementation of new systems. divided into sections to provide the expertise and Present responsibilities include: continuity necessary to develop and maintain major ● data collection by either keyentry or keypunch systems. Existing systems are as follows: Employee, with verification; Financial, Procurement, Property, and Mis- ● setting Up computer jobs for execution in the cellaneous. The sections are also responsible for CCF by the CDC-200 or the PDP-11/40; feasibility studies, proposals, education of users, ● processing over-the-shelf jobs on the lBM 1401; and administration of data. ● special handling for custom or rush jobs on The daily maintenance of existing systems re- predesigned forms, cards, and tapes; quires about 357. of the group’s time. Remaining ● peripheral services such as sorting, interpreting, time is spent developing data base management and bursting; and systems, primarily using COBOL and System 2000. ● monitoring and controlling the job stream to ensure the accuracy of automated system output. .*

— ..-Q -. —

1 .

2 ADWPC

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR WEAPON PLANNING AND COORDINATION MS-630, ph. (505)-667-6120

The Assistant Director for Weapon Planning and Coordination is responsible for weapon concept and feasibility studies and weapon-development coordination. Technical liaison and systems analysis support these efforts. WPO coordinates the Laboratory weapon-development activities. WPC-1 conducts the concept and feasibility studies and WPC-2 conducts weapon effectiveness studies.

WPO-Weapon Program OffIce proposals for these studies. They coordinate the study efforts within the Laboratory. The warhead WPO is responsible for coordinating all weapon proposals prepared for weapon feasibility (Phase 2) development-engineering programs at the studies represent the laboratory’s “bids” for these Laboratory, as well as certain other weapon weapon-development programs, and assignment of programs. Each program has an assigned manager warhead development to the Laboratory is based in who operates out of this office and is responsible for part on these proposals. coordinating his program with the appropriate DoD and ERDA agencies and for bringing all Laboratory capabilities to bear as necessary to assure a suc- WPC-2-Weapon Effectiveness Studies cessful development program. The office staff performs such management support activities as WPC-2 evaluates the military effectiveness of scheduling, technical and financial planning, and proposed weapon systems and assists in formulating program status review. advanced weapon concepts. The group examines related political and economic issues to assess their influence on development of these systems. The WPC-1—Weapon Concept and Feasibility purpose of these studies is to better understand new Studies weapon requirements and to provide management with information needed for proper allocation of WPC-1 is responsible for maintaining technical resources among Laboratory weapon programs. The liaison with DoD agencies (including the Armed group also does some evaluation of Laboratory Services) and their contractors in the advanced research and technology programs to assess their ef- stages of weapon development. Group members par- fect on future weapon development. Group study ef- ticipate in concept feasibility and weapon feasibility forts use information obtained from ERDA, DoD, (Phase 1 and Phase 2) studies with the DoD and are and weapon-system contractors as well as informa- e responsible for preparing Laboratory warhead tion from within the laboratory. b r.

4 ‘n AO

ACCOUNTING -% MS-239, ph. (505)-667-4107

AO-1—Accounts Payable AO-2—Payroll

The principal responsibilities of AO-1 are: Major functions of AO-2 are to: ● promptly and accurately disburse LASL Accounts Payable. Cash disbursements of some payrolls (approximately $1J5 million annually) and $100 million annually are made for: maintain associated records; ● materials and services, ● maintain accountability for and disburse ● transportation, payroll deductions (Federal and State taxes, retire- ● travel, ment and annuity contributions, insurance ● insurance, premiums, savings, and bond purchases); ● management fee, and ● maintain sick leave and vacation records; ● other expenses (except payroll) not covered by ● answer employee questions on taxes, insurance, formal Purchase Orders. and retirement as these subjects relate to the payroll The appropriate cost centers are charged for these function; expenditures. The group also clarifies payment ● audit employee travel bills against attendance problems with SP Department and through records and reconcile any discrepancies; and correspondence with the vendor. In conjunction ● prepare payroll-related reports for ERDA, the with the commitment system, AO-1 records ac- University of California, LASL management, and cruals on a daily basis and clears closed purchase or- other agencies. ders from the system, To perform these functions, AO-2 maintains a “master file” of all LASL employees on magnetic Accounts Receivable. AO-1 is responsible for bill- tape, using data obtained from a variety of sources. ing, collection, and maintaining subsidiary ledgers A payroll data base is also maintained on System for: 2000 and updated at least twice a month. This data ● returned merchandise, base provides the capability to interrogate files and ● loss and damage claims, generate reports by remote terminal. . excess transportaiton charges, . prepaid cafeteria food inventory, ● miscellaneous services performed for other AO-3—General Accounting organizations, and ● advance payments and other suspense ac- AO-3 is responsible for general financial reporting counts. and control. The following specific areas are In addition, reports related to accounts payable q involved. and receivable are prepared periodically for ERDA, SP Department, auditors, and others. Coding. The group examines all vouchers, . purchase orders, job orders, and other documents to Records Room. AO-1 maintains files of purchase verify that coding is correct. Coding includes orders, control vouchers, and check registers. balance sheet, cost center, expense, program, tran- der systems and making monthly voucher adjust- saction, and source codes. A computerized voucher ments to ensure that the systems generate proper edit system is used in connection with this function. management information.

Commitment System. Outstanding commitments Equipment Budget Control. AO-3 is responsible are maintained on a System 2000 data base and up- for recording up-to-date information on equipment *“ dated daily to permit retrieval of current commit- allocations, obligations and costs, and for assuring ~. ments by remote terminal. AO-3 is responsible for that no budget overruns occur. The group is also the daily input of purchase orders, as well as the ac- responsible for preparing monthly reports in detail curacy of purchase order and job order data con- and summary form. tained in the system. Other Reports and Controls. Special subledgers General Ledger. The general ledger presents and reports are prepared for bank accounts, retur- current month and year-to-date accounting transac- nable container deposits, cafeterias, high explosives, tions by account and cost center. AO-3 is responsi- and shielding materials. ble for the preparation, review, and maintenance of this ledger. AO-5—Property Accounting Operating Statements. The group is also responsible for preparation of monthly operating state- The basic function of AO-5 is the financial control ments. Form Bs—which change labor to of LASL property. The following are specific programs—are reviewed and processed. Based on responsibilities. Form B distribution, all costs not ‘direct charged’ are distributed to programs. Operating statements Plant. AO-5 is responsible for maintaining are then prepared reporting monthly and year-to- current information on additions, deletions, date operating costs by cost center and program transfers, and reclassifications of plant items code. The operating statement data base, which is (buildings, fixtures, land improvements, and also used by the Financial Management Office in utilities) with a total value of $191 million. In this the preparation of budget status reports, is connection, the group reports budget activity on monitored and maintained by AO-3. new construction (valued at $175 million) and genera] plant projects ($2 million) and is also Financial Reports. AO-3 is responsible for prepar- responsible for classifying and distributing to ap- ing most “official” financial reports submitted to propriate fixed asset accounts the costs of com- ERDA and the University of California. This in- pleted construction projects transfered to LASL cludes the Management Information System fFinan- from ERDA. cial Information Subsystem (MIWFIS) report which converts all LASL costs for the month to ERDA Equipment. Similar records are kept on 115,000 reporting requirements. pieces of LASL capital equipment valued at $287 million. A property management data base is also Stores Control. The group is responsible for maintained on System 2000, permitting inquiry and monitoring ADP input related to stores activities report generation by remote terminal. A related and distributing resulting ADP data and reports. In function is the maintenance of the Standard addition, AO-3 is responsible for the accuracy of the Nomenclature and Code Catalog for Normal J1 detail, daily balances, price updates, and variance Equipment. levels. Physical Inventories. AO-5 is also responsible for “ Job Order Control. AO-3 is responsible for main- the following physical inventories. taining data input to the SD and E Division job or-

6 ● Plant and Equipment. In accordance with AO-8 Travel ERDA regulations, equipment is inventoried every two years. Under the general direction of AO-5, AO-8 is responsible for administering all official these inventories are performed by the LASL groups Laboratory travel by employees, consultants, short- charged with the equipment and are audited by AO- term visiting staff members, and visiting scientists. ? 5 upon completion. AO-5 also participates actively Specific duties are: in inventories of plant items, which are conducted ● review and administrative approval of travel re- & on a ten-year cycle. quests; ● obtaining reservations for commercial transpor- ● Stockrooms. The group audits inventories of tation, rental cars, Ross flights, rail, and ZIA taxi LASL stockrooms, reporting on the accuracy of each service; inventory and the general effectiveness of stockroom ● furnishing travelers with cash advances and air- operations. line tickets; ● processing travel expense reports at the comple- . Cafeterias. Periodically, AO-5 also audits tion of the trip; Laboratory cafeterias. . handling collection of outstanding travel accounts; ● maintaining records for permits and insurance AO-6—Transfers and Special Materials on private airplanes and automobiles used for of- Accounting ficial travel; ● processing travel vouchers and petty cash AO-6 performs financial accounting functions vouchers for one-day travel; related to: ● providing services related to transportation and . Source and special nuclear material inventories household goods shipment for employees joining the maintained by ADASF. staff or changing duty stations and payment of ● Transfer accounts. AO-6 is responsible for associated costs; management of ERDA field office and contractor ● obtaining lodging reservations for official transfer accounts, including monthly reconciliation visitora to the Laboratory; of transfer relationships. ● providing travel assistance for Laboratory- . Precious metals in stores, in use, in scrap and sponsored meetings; and contaminated material inventory accounts main- ● administering various travel policies and handl- tained by SP Department. ing questions and complaints from travelers. ● Reimbursable work. This function includes In addition to the above travel services, AO-8 monitoring of fund authorizations, transferring, bill- processes fee and honorarium payments for official ing, and collection responsibilities for work and ser- visitors. The Travel Office also participates in the vices performed for Federal agencies, integrated development of Ross schedules. contractors, LAMPF users, and outside organizations. . Excess property received from, and transferred to, ERDA field offices and contractors, and Federal agencies.

7 u

8 AP-DIVISION

APPLIED PHOTOCHEMISTRY MS-563, ph. (505)-667-6250

The objective of the Applied Photochemistry Division is to develop scientific technology in the area of Laser Isotope Separation (LIS) and laser- enhancement of chemical processes. The planning effort to date has been directed toward the development of an economically competitive alternative to conventional methods of uranium enrichment as well as investigation of laser methods for the separtion of isotopes of other elements and the more general field of laser-induced chemistry. Research in AP Division has generated a strong capability in laser physics, laser spectroscopy, molecular physics, laser photochemistry, fluid mechanics, physical chemistry, and related engineering.

AP-DOT . laser engineering; and ● research. AP-DOT is a group of specialists who are primarily concerned with the application of Working closely with groups AP-2,3, and 4, AP-1 analytical models and procedures to evaluate LIS designs new laser systems, optical mechanisms, and concepts and plant systems. Members of AP-DOT fluid handling systems for chemical lasers, as well as also act as consultants and program advisors to AP- a variety of other experimental equipment required Division management and provide assistance to the in various isotope separation schemes. various groups on special problems, such as infrared laser spectroscopy, analysis of detection systems, and the precise determination of laser wavelengths. AP-2— Tunable Laser Research and Development

A_P—l-Engineering and Process Research and Group AP-2 has as its primary responsibility Development development of lasers at selected (or tunable) wavelengths to be used in the LASL Laser Isotope Group AP-1 is responsible for design, installation, Separation Program. Several methods of producing and checkout of experimental systems and ap- pulsed infrared and ultraviolet radiation of the re- paratus to be used in Laser Isotope Separation. The quired wavelenghts and energy are being in- group also carries out basic research on supersonic vestigated. The methods involve electrical, optical, .* flow systems, condensation, collection, instrumen- and chemical excitation of molecular and atomic tation development, optical cavities, and isotope species; Raman scattering from high-pressure gases . separation. The following four subsections compose and solids; and nonlinear optical processes, such as AP-1: difference-frequency generation and optical- . theoretical support; parametric oscillation. ● hardware and system design, drafting, and illustration;

9 AP-3—Laser Spectroscopy and Photochemical systems to carry out basic research on spectral ex- Process Research citation and photodissociation of uranium compounds. These studies are directed toward Group AP-3 is engaged in spectroscopic and evaluating performance trade-offs among the im- photochemical research on Laser Isotope Separation portant experimental parameters and toward I processes. Primary emphasis is on accumulation of verification of a model of the Mainline uranium n the data base needed to demonstrate that laser enrichment process being developed in collabora- enrichment of uranium is economically superior to tion with Group T-12. d conventioned methods. Spectroscopic information As part of this Program, a Laser Applied Spec- on uranium compounds is essential to define re- troscopy Laboratory is being established. The quired laser frequencies and powers to effect a Laboratory consists of several laser systems to I viable process. In addition, high-resolution spec- provide high-resolution laser radiation with troscopy is used to evaluate molecules that have wavelengths from 0.2 to 20 gm. The lasers operate I been proposed as the active media for infared and under computer control. Data acquisition and in- ultraviolet lasers that employ electrical, optical, itial processing are also accomplished by the and chemical excitation. minicomputer that controls the laser. The powerful Working closely with Groups AP-1 and 2, AP-3 tunable laser systems are used for excited-state conducts experiments in which lasers and diagnostic spectroscopy, laser isotope separation studies, and instrumentation are integrated with supersonic flow laser-induced chemistry.

One of the current experimental setups in the Laser Applied Spectroscopy Laboratov is the 400 mJlpulse, 5 pps Nd: YAG pump-source for the LiNbO, angle tuned optical parametric oscillator. In the foreground is depicted the TEMOOmode, Q-switched laser oscillator.

10 AP-4—Laser Chemistry reactions. Both conventional and laser techniques are used to obtained detailed spectroscopic informa- AP-4 conducts research related to the application in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions. tions of lasers in chemistry. Studies in molecular The spectra of various molecules in both gas and spectroscopy, gas, and condensed phase kinetics and condensed phase are being measured. Research in a photochemistry, molecular beam processes, and the the enhancement of chemical reaction rates by preparation and reactions of interesting inorganic laser-excitation encompasses many types of L compounds are currently in progress. The focal measurement, including product analysis using point of the group’s effort is chemical and spec- time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Reaction rates troscopic research in support of the Laboratory’s and mechanisms are studied in static vessels, fast- uranium Laser Isotope Separation Program. Un- flow-mixing systems, and, jointly with Group CNC- classified work on laser enrichment of boron, sulfur, 2, in crossed molecular beams. Excitation of reac- and other non fissile isotopes is also carried on. tants to higher electronic and/or vibration-rotation These latter projects include detailed spectroscopic states is accomplished by various lasers ranging in measurements, along with studies to elucidate the output wavelengths from ultraviolet to infrared. kinetics and mechanisms of appropriate chemical

11 l-$

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“

12 C DIVISION

COMPUTER SCIENCES AND SERVICES DIVISION MS-260, ph. (505)-667-6164

C Division provides computing expertise and services in support of LASL’S role as a leader in scientitlc research. To perform this function, C Division provides cost-effective access to both state-of-the-art large-scale scientitlc computers and software-rich general-purpose computers; develops and maintains hardware and software components of the In- tegrated Computer Network; provides support for LASL programs in applications areas closely related to the computer sciences; and conducts research in support of these activities.

C-l—Operations Support Word Processing Center and the Program Library. In addition, they produce publications in direct sup- Group C-1 is responsible for the operation of the port of the C Division Office and do many special CCF (Central Computing Facility) worker com- projects. puters, peripheral equipment, ICN (Integrated In addition to supporting C Division, the Word Computer Network) computers, and all off-line, in- Processing Center provides education and guidance put/output equipment. The major computers in- to the Laboratory in the area of word processing. clude one CRI (Cray Research, Inc. ) CRAY-1, four This section also evaluates new word processing CDC (Control Data Corporation) 7600’s, two CDC developments and recommends C Division policy 6600’s two CDC Cyber 70 model 73’s, an IBM 1360 for hardware and software acquisitions and enhan- Photostore, an IBM 3850 Mass Storage System, and cements. an IBM 370/148. The keypunchers are available for punching In addition to the major computers, C-1 also program and data decks for CCF users. In the near maintains the CCF Tape Library with a current in- future this section will also provide a data entry ser- ventory of approximately 50,000 magnetic tapes. vice to accommodate the increasing emphasis on The Operations Analysis Section of this group remote computing. provides LASL management with statistics on CCF The C Division Program Library staff maintains operations such as job mix, turnaround times, use of source code, listings, abstracts, and write-ups for various priorities under the CCF allocation system, several libraries consisting of hundreds of sub- and accounting data. programs. The staff also stocks and distributes all CCF documentation.

A C-2—Software Documentation C-3—Applications Support and Research . C-2 generates and supplies user documentation for the CCF systems. The technical writers and Group C-3 is responsible for applications editors produce comprehensive user documentation. programming support, development and main- They work in close collaboration with systems and tenance of mathematical routines in the Program applications programmers and with members of the Library, software utilities, numerical analysis C-6—Computer Graphics research, and ADP software. The applications programming function develops Group C-6 is responsible for the development, ap- soft ware in response to user requests or in areas of plication, and support of computer graphics systems interest to C Division or LASL. Typical examples of and techniques. This includes the software support applications programming are: modifying programs of all microfilm devices, hard-copy plotters, and developed at other installations so they will operate graphics terminals supported in the CCF. Group on LASL systems; redesigning or optimizing a members are involved in research, software develop- program so that it will execute more efficiently; ap- ment and support, investigation and integration of plication of data base systems to Laboratory new hardware devices, consultation on computer problems, vectorization of programs, and consulta- graphics, and computer graphics applications. tion with users on programming problems such as numerical abnormalities. In other areas, C-3 develops and maintains all C-9—Computer Systems Engineering mathematical subroutines in the Program Library. The group upgrades the quality of these subroutines C-9 provides two basic services for the main- while emphasizing portability and commonality tenance of the CCF facilities. It supports the ICN across all LASL systems. The utility section of C-3 (Integrated Computer Network) with integrated develops and maintains software utilities on LASL systems/hardware/soft ware expert ise. The group systems. Utilities are systems programs that per- also is involved in short- and long-term planning for form specialized tasks for the computer systems and the ICN Coordinating Committee. for the users. The ADP section supports and applies The group’s responsibilities and functions in- software for administrative data processing, data clude: base management, and project management. ● hardware engineering for equipment to meet C-3’s numerical analysis research currently CCF needs, including the design of nonstandard emphasizes the vectorization of algorithms. The components as well as modifications to commercial group is also interested in the standardization of equipment; vector operators and software for their implementa- ● CCF hardware support for the construction, tion. Other areas of numerical analysis research in- checkout, installation, and maintenance of special clude: quadrature, numerical solution of nonlinear CCF equipment and systems; elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations, ● software engineering for the software support of solutions of converging shock problems, and ap- the ICN including design, implementation, and plications of multiprocessors. maintenance; ● coordination of planning, implementation, and operation of the Data Communications Network; C-4—Software Support and Services and ● computer security management including user Group C-4 is responsible for maintaining and up- validation, maintenance of ICN access controls, grading the operating systems in production on the security guidance in support of ICN planning, and major CCF computers. This includes design, liaison with ERDA security. evaluation, implementation, maintenance, and up- The group office responsibilities include the coor- grading of software and interfacing with vendors dination of these diversified activities and support who supply software. The group is also responsible of planning, simulation, and modeling. for mass storage system software development, support processor software, and compiler development. C-1 l—Systems Software C-4 provides direct user services such as consulting, providing programming assistance for non- The systems software group design and develops mathematical problems, and CCF user education, systems software for major CCF computers. The

14 group also conducts applied research in the areas of volves developing a portable MODEL compiler for programming languages and operating systems. the CRAY-1. A major current effort is the development of C-n is also responsible for the development of an systems software for the CRI CRAY-1 computer interim production capability for the CRAY- 1. This 5 system. This includes the design and development project is being conducted with the C-4 Fortran and of a multitasking operating system with a LTSS projects, the C-9 software section, and the hierarchical file system which will be integrated into CRI software team. The project has developed k LASL’S ICN. This operating system will be im- software that provides CRAY-1 users with a produc- plemented in the MODEL programming language tion capability while an enhanced operating system which was developed at LASL. Another project in- is being developed.

15 16 CMB DIVISION

CHEMISTRY-MATERIALS SCIENCE MS-756, ph.(505)-667-4563

CMB-1—Analytical Chemistry automated instrumentation, excitation sources, precise wavelength measurements, classification of Group CMB-1 analyzes the wide variety of spectral lines, and opacity measurements. materials arising from essentially all programs in the Laboratory. These materials include fissionable, non-fissionable, radioactive, nonradioactive, CMB-3—High-Temperature Chemistry neutron irradiated, nonirradiated materials, and natural waters and sediments. Typical materials Group CMB-3 does basic and developmental analyzed are described in the activities of other research on a variety of energy-related programs. groups in this Division. Inorganic and organic These programs are studied by the methods of analyses for microconstituents and major compo- physical chemistry, including the use of thermal nents in ultrahigh-purity metals, alloys, highly analysis, neutron and x-ray diffraction, and high- refractory materials, and some fossil fuels, and hot- temperature mass spectrometry. Basically, the cell analyses of irradiated reactor fuels are impor- group is studying materials, their characterization, tant parts of the group’s work. Well-equipped and reactions. For the superconducting power laboratories are available for all kinds of analyses: transmission line, we are studying the use of general wet-chemical, gas chromatographic, spec- chemical vapor deposition to prepare coatings of trophotometric, electrometric, radiochemical, emis- NbsGe, a high-temperature superconductor, on sion spectrochemical, x-ray absorption, x-ray metalic substrates. We are developing and testing fluorescence. electron microprobe, ion probe, atomic cycles composed of chemical reactions that will be absorption, neutron activation, Auger spectrometry, used in the thermochemical hydrogen program, ESCA, and mass spectrometric. These extensive which will use nuclear heat to decompose water into analysis capabilities are also used in characterizing hydrogen and oxygen. We are developing procedures various plutonium materials that the group and techniques for the management of tritium in prepares as primary and working reference the Controlled Thermonuclear Reactor. One of our materials. These materials are widely used basic research programs is a study of the vaporiza- throughout the nuclear industry and especially in tion behavior of materials with the ultimate goal of nuclear materials safeguards and reactor fuel applying this knowledge to the behavior of protec- analysis quality assurance programs. An important tive coatings in high-temperature applications. part of the work involves research and development Research is also conducted on the vaporization on chemical and instrumental methods for all of the behavior of materials for use as thermionic emitters. above phases of analysis and the design and development of automated analysis equipment es- ,T pecially for Safeguards uses. Other research and CMB-5—Physical Metallurgy development projects include studies of the migra- . tion of ‘S*PUin terrestrial and aquatic environments, Group CMB-5 is concerned with fundamental and and the radiolytic products and corrosive effects of applied physical metallurgy. Plutonium alloys and plutonium-contaminated wastes in storage. Fun- compounds represent a large fraction of the damental research is done in the field of high- materials studied but work is also done on uranium resolution emission spectroscopy, including

17 alloys, noble metal alloys, and ceramics. Several include high- and low-voltage electron beam programs are represented in CMB-5, including welders, laser welding equipment, vacuum heat weapons, isotopic power systems, and mat erials for treating and melting facilities, HZ brazing and sin- magnetic fusion reactors. tering facilities, high-temperature vacuum sintering Techniques available within CMB-5 include equipment, all of the conventional plastics fabrica- mechanical testing over a wide range of temperature tion equipment including injection molding, and strain rate, thermal analysis, dilatometry, op- transfer molding, vacuum forming, and casting tical and electron microscopy for microstructure capabilities. The Ceramics/Power Metallurgy Sec- determination, x-ray diffraction on either single tion has a unique capability for powder charac- crystals or powders, static pressure capability to 60 terization on metals, ceramic, and organic powders. kbar, Knudsen effusion, and mass spectrometry. The Electro-chemistry/Coatings Section has a Research projects currently in progress include strong capability in electroplating and electroform- studies of the phase relationships and transforma- ing. A new modern thin- and thick-film laboratory tions in plutonium alloys, microstructural effects on has just been completed providing us with an excep- the strength of PuOZ ceramics, radiation damage ef- tional capability in these areas using such techni- fects in ceramic insulators, superconductivity of ac- ques as sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and tinide alloys, rapid quenching of actinide alloys to physical vapor deposition. The thin-film laboratory produce metallic glasses or non-equilibrium phases, contains unique diagnostic equipment including high-pressure properties of plutonium alloys, Scanning Auger Spectroscopy, ESCA, and IMMA vaporization and thermodynamics of metals under for complete characterization of deposited films. We complex (biaxial) stress states. Some theoretical believe this thin-film laboratory is one of the most work on band structure and cluster calculations is advanced facilities of this type in the country. The also pursued. group has both the equipment and the capability for Applied projects include safety analyses for plasma-arc spraying, flame spraying, thick-film isotopic (Pu-238) power systems, compatibility technology, and a capability to apply a variety of studies, design of an improved, general-purpose Pu- procelain enamel and glaze coatings. Additional 238 heat source for space or terrestrial use, accident facilities in the group include a 5000-ton hydraulic analyses, the conduct of impact or fire tests on press for multiple applications and a variety of high- isotopic power systems to determine the response to energy-rate forming presses which can be used for accident environments, and mechanical property many development and fabrication processes. determinations of practical alloys. Diagnostic and property measuring equipment available within the group includes scanning electron microscopes (one is equipped with an x-ray CMB-6—Materials Technology energy spectrometer), conventional optical microscopes, and various mechanical testing equip- CMB-6’S primary function is the responsibility for ment. The Graphite Section supplies the group, developing special materials and processes for many LASL, and the country with a unique capability to LASL programs. Metals, plastics, ceramics, make fuel elements of graphite-carbide composites graphites, etc., are formulated and fabricated with for high-temperature reactor applications. designated properties to meet specific requirements. The multi-disciplinary materials capabilities of The group has a wide variety of materials processing the group are used extensively in support of the equipment and a professional staff with broadly LASL nuclear weapons program, the laser fusion- based expertise in the materials science disciplines. isotope separation programs, CTR program, advan- The equipment and technical staff allow us to con- ced reactor fuels program, electron beam fusion duct complete materials development programs in- program, energy-related programs, and essentially cluding component fabrication using in-house all of the materials-related projects at the capabilities. Laboratory. Special equipment and processes routinely used by the group in the materials development activities

18 CMB-7—Instrumentation and Design cleve kerogen. In inorganic chemical research, the group does work in thermochemical hydrogen Group CMB-7 is responsible for the development, production, preparation of synthetic mineral stan- design, and modification of facilities and associated dards, and computer calculations of multicompo- -1 equipment for a wide variety of chemical and nent phase equilibria in connection with metallurgical processes. This equipment includes geochemical systems and HTGR safety problems. remote control material handling systems, equip- The above activities are supported by ment for processing and fabricating radioactive metallography, electron microscopy, x-ray diffrac- materials, high-temperature, high-vacuum fur- tion, and thermo-physical and mechanical proper- naces, and physical properties testing devices. ties specialists in the group. The group is also The group is also concerned with induction responsible for the production of enriched and non- heating methods, equipment, and facilities for all enriched uranium metal, alloys, and compounds phases of Laboratory activity. Induction heating and for the recovery and recycle of enriched facilities are available to make ultrahigh purity uranium from residues generated in the LASL alloys, and sintering, purifying, heat treating, an- programs. nealing, outgassing, soldering-brazing, melting, casting, decarburizing, and spherodizing of many varied materials. CMB-1 l—P1utonium Chemistry and Metallurgy

Group CMB-11 is principally concerned with CMB-8—Physical Chemistry and Metallurgy research and development programs on plutonium and plutonium containing materials. The group is Group CMB-8 does research and development in responsible for the recovery and recycle of physical chemistry and metallurgy, as well as plutonium and for the production and fabrication of chemical processing of uranium. Basic research is plutonium metal, alloys, and compounds. done on solid surfaces and their interactions with The ERDA effort on the overall development and gases, including catalysis studies, low-energy elec- evaluation of advanced, high-performance Liquid tron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spec- Metal Fast Breeder Reactor fuels is concentrated in troscopy (AES), and photoelectron spectroscopy the group. This project encompasses the prepara- (PES). A proton irradiation port has been built at tion of well-characterized uranium-plutonium car- the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) to bide fuel forms, the fabrication of experimental fuel do proton irradiations on various materials. Radia- elements, and the design and evaluation of irradiation damage analysis and computer simulation are tion performance tests on these fuel element done to complement the experimental program. systems. The determination of high-temperature These studies are of general interest to radiation thermophysical, mechanical, and chemical proper- damage, are of specific interest to LAMPF ties of various ceramic materials is carried out as re- materials, and will provide the background for quired for the development of new or improved fuel radiation damage studies of materials of interest to forms. The group also prepares plutonium dioxide electronuclear fuel production. Solid state studies for use in the fabrication of Fast Flux Test Facility with positive muons are done using the LAMPF fuel. Stopped Muon Channel, Research is done in the The ERDA effort for the design and development following areas of fossil fuels: coal and coal process- of advanced radioisotopic heat sources is concen- <% ing wastes, with emphasis on detailed characteriza- trated in this group, together with CMB-5. These tion of trace elements; laser pyrolysis of eastern gas heat sources, combined with various electrical shales; underground coal gasification for generator systems, can be used to provide power for southwestern coals; gamma irradiation induced space probes, orbiting satellites, and terrestrial ap- hydrogenation of coals; and chemical processes to plications. Ceramic and cermet 2g8Pu-containing

19 fuel forms for these heat sources are developed and CMB- 14—Irradiated Materials, Examination, the chemical and physical properties are deter- and Handling mined. This project involves extensive interfacing with other ERDA contractors and requires the Group CMB-14 operates the Wing 9 and DP West development of special fabrication techniques ap- Hot Cell Facilities used in the diagnostic examina- = plicable to the preparation of large specimens of tion of irradiated fuel elements from the ERDA’s Zsepu.containing compounds. Fast Breeder Reactor Program. An extensive array - Research and development efforts are carried out of equipment is used in the remote examination and in the general area of plutonium and plutonium metallography of irradiated U-PU materials. alloy metallurgy. Special alloy preparation and Assistance is provided to other Laboratory groups in fabrication problems are investigated, and methods performing a variety of experiments involving high- development is carried out as required for support of level gamma radiation. This group also operates a other Laboratory programs. The group is responsi- shielded facility for the storage of irradiated U and ble for the preparation of ultrahigh purity elec- Pu fuels, ‘“CO, and other gamma emitters. trorefined plutonium metal for use in ERDA basic research programs.

New LASL plutonium facility

20 .=, CNC DIVISION

CHEMISTRY/NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY MS-760, ph. (505)-667-4457

CNC-2—Chemical Physics, Physical Chemistry energetic of chemical reactions. Calculations in chemical dynamics provide reaction cross sections, The research activities of Group CNC-2 rate coefficients, relaxation times for energy transfer emphasize molecular dynamics, theoretical processes, and insight into the dynamics of chemistry, chemical kinetics, laser spectroscopy, molecular collisions. photochemistry, the electrochemistry of fused salt The thermodynamic properties of metal oxides systems, and the thermodynamics and properties of and natural and synthetic minerals of interest in aqueous solutions and molten alloys. geothermal energy are being measured. The ther- The dynamics of molecular reactive processes and modynamic properties of molten salt emf cells are energy transfer processes are studied by both ex- determined with the goal of developing elec- perimentalists and theorists. The goal is to obtain trochemical heat engines that can operate in flames and understand the detailed mechanisms of at 900 to 1700 K and in solar energy devices at 300 to chemical reactions, and the effect of internal and 650 K. Research on the ionic, molecular, and translational energy on the rates of chemical reac- colloidal species in aqueous silicate solutions and on tions. This understanding can then be applied to the volubility of silica in various solutions has as its complex systems of practical importance (combus- goal the control of chemical behavior of geothermal tion, the chemistry of polluted atmospheres, laser fluids. The transport of airborne contaminants is development, and photochemistry) where these simulated in computer calculations. (non-equilibrium) molecular processes govern the CNC-2 has instrumentation in laser, visible ab- overall chemical behavior. sorption, and Raman spectroscopy. Various lasers Crossed molecular beam experiments are used to allow excitation of molecules to specific states. study reactive and energy transfer processes of Crossed-molecular beam machines are used to study ground state species, electronically excited atoms the immediate products of molecular interactions. A and molecules, and molecules vibrationally excited number of calorimeters allow the measurement of a by single photon or multiple photon absorption. Ex- large range of thermodynamic quantities. High- periments on laser-induced electronic excitation temperatures furnaces and instrumentation and chemical reaction are in progress. The developed in CNC-2 allow the study of molten salts, photodissociation dynamics of UF, are studied in electrochemical cells, and the structure of molten single beam experiments. In bulk systems, the alloys. chemical reactions of molecules and atoms in specific laser-induced excited states are studied. Supersonic expansions of gases are used to produce CNC-4—Inorganic Chemistry fi unusual “van der Waals” molecules whose properties are determined. CNC-4 works in the fields of inorganic and In theoretical chemistry, the structure and reac- physical chemistry, with emphasis on stable isotope G. tions of both normal and excited molecules are of in- separation, the medical and agricultural applica- terest. Calculations in chemical structure provide tions of the isotopes, and the compound preparation information on the spectra and properties (dipole and determination of structures and bonding in ac- moments, etc. ) of molecules and insight into the tinide and transition element compounds

21 Preparative techniques using, for example, fluorine the explosions. It provides similar diagnostic ser- and anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, inert atmosphere vices, and sometimes special radioactive prepara- boxes for air-sensitive compounds, and matrix isola- tions as well, for a variety of other research and tion are being applied to preparation of hard to at- development activities both within and outside the tain compounds. Recent achievements in the area of Laboratory. Support of, and participation in, the heavy elements include the structure of 13-UF, ERDA’s Project Airstream involves collection of up- and the uranyl nitrate crown ether adduct. Predic- per tropospheric and lower stratospheric samples tions of chemical behavior of superheavy elements and data. The data from this project is used in are made. The group does a great deal of work in, studies of upper atmospheric pollution and provides and is well instrumented for, infrared, Raman, visi- insights into atmospheric transport mechanisms. ble, and nmr spectroscopy as applied to the nature Lower tropospheric transport and dispersion ques- of chemical solutions and the structure of inorganic tions are studied by the use of unique methane complexes. Intramolecular force fields of mass-20 and -21 tracers. Scanning electron isotonically enriched species are determined from microscopy, neutron activation, gas infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Fourier chromatography, and extremely sensitive gas-mass transform infrared techniques are being applied to spectroscopy are among the laboratory analytical study of photochemically (laser) induced reactions. techniques used in these atmospheric investiga- Single crystal x-ray and nmr techniques are in actions. A similar project has been undertaken, in tive use for solid state studies. Energy related collaboration with other government scientific agen- research is now being directed toward reversible cies, to examine and characterize the underground binding behavior and enhanced reactivity of certain migration of radioactivity associated with past small molecules, e.g., SO,, CO, NO, in transition nuclear events at the Nevada Test Site. In support element compounds, and the theoretical bonding of the geothermal energy program, a team is in- basis underlying such behavior. The separation of vestigating the chemistry of the hydrothermal oxygen and nitrogen isotopes by the distillation of processes occurring in heat wells. Laboratory-scale NO and of CO to separate ‘SC, has been successful, experiments are conducted to study the dissolution, and production continues. These light, stable migration, and transformation of rocks and minerals isotopes hold promise for use in medicine and en- under conditions likely to be encountered in the ac- vironmental studies, including on-going use in tual heat-extraction systems. And, more recently, agricultural field studies. The group has been in the the team has begun to apply some of these techni- forefront in the applications of Fourier transform ques and concepts to the problems of eftlcient nmr techniques to the study of biological systems recovery of fossil fuels and minerals. labeled with “C and “N isotopes. In these studies it Basic research constitutes an important part of cooperates on a national level with groups in many the group’s ~vork. At present, problems are under ac- universities and medical schools, and its research tive investigation in the areas of neutron and has developed promising, unique approaches for the charged-particle excitation functions, decay analysis of metabolic, hematologic, and cellular ab- schemes and level structure of neutron-rich nuclei, normalityies in humans. stripping reactions, the distribution of mass, charge, and energy in the fission process, and the synthesis and properties of heavy element isotopes, as well as CNC- 1I—Nuclear Chemistry theoretical analysis of the mechanism of nuclear reactions, particularly fission. Other basic research Group CNC-11, the nuclear and radiochemistry is underway in gee- and cosmochemistry. Following group, is concerned primarily with the application the discovery of ‘44Pu in nature in a rare-earth ore, of radioactivity measurements to Laboratory the search has been extended to other ores and to programs and with the study of nuclear reactions lunar samples. Similarly, with the observation of and structure. It obtains information on fission yield the very long-lived isotope ‘*Nb in a sample of and other performance parameters of nuclear test natural niobioum, the investigation is being exten- devices by analyses of debris samples collected after ded to other sources of this potential

22 cosmochronological tool. The “Natural Fission now underway on a broad program of nuclear reac- Reactor Program” (NFRP) has involved analyses of tions induced by pions, muons, and medium-energy samples from the Oklo site in West Africa to define neutrons and protons, the decay of spallation- the fission distribution, neutron spectrum, age, and produced nuclides, muon-induced fission, chemical lifetime of the natural Precambrian reactor dis- effects in negative meson capture, production of W covered there in 1972. Work on this project is con- light and medium-weight nuclei by spallation and tinuing with emphasis on waste product migration fragmentation and the analysis of neutron spectra in geologic environments and on the search for a by activation detectors. One early result of this work second example of a natural fission reactor. Still has been the discovery of 23”Th, the heaviest known other work is in progress on the analysis of data from isotope of thorium. A new and expanding program is the Apollo missions and on a study of cosmic-ray- underway in the area of medical radioisotopes, produced processes at the lunar surface. Prepara- which are made by spallation reactions using the tions are being made for inclusion of radiochemical excess proton beam from the LAMPF accelerator. cosmic-ray dosimetry packages in upcoming Earth- Experimental studies now in progress include orbit missions. A newtand expanding area of interest medium-energy, proton-induced cross section, is associated with LAMPF, where a separate nuclear decay measurements, radio chemical laboratory and sample-handling facilities have been recoveries, remote chemical processing, radioisotope set up for research in nuclear chemistry. Work is generator development, biomedical compound NITRIC OXIDE DISTILLATIONPLANT ICONS M 46

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23 labeling, collaborative pre-clinical and clinical tion spectrometry apparatus in use at LAMPF, the research, and in-beam isotope production research. Van de Graaff accelerator, and reactor sites. Also Construction of the Isotope Production Facility is available and in routine use are two mass spec- now complete and full-scale production studies are trometers and an isotope separator; a second isotope in progress. separator, presently set up at the radiochemistry Commonly-used equipment includes standard building, is proposed for on-line use at LAMPF to - alpha and beta counters with provision for isolate highly-unstable spallation-produced automated sample counting and data recording, nuclides for decay studies. Special radiochemical trochoidal analyzers for positron counting, low- handling facilities include an “alpha wing” with background beta counters, a varied set of scintilla- glove boxes and other containment devices for tion and semiconductor detectors and associated processing strong alpha sources, and a versatile pulse-height analyzers with computer interfacing high-level hot-cell complex, including computerized and local data processing for collecting alpha, beta, gamma spectrometry systems, for examination and and gamma spectra, a computer terminal connected analysis of posttest samples and for processing to the Central Computing Facility, plus other radia- production quantities of radionuclides.

24 CTR DIVISION

CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR RESEARCH MS-640, ph. (505)-667-4483

The CTR Division carries out research and development activities in Con- trolled Thermonuclear Research (CTR). The LASL program, concentrating in high-beta research, is part of a nationwide program to develop the energy of nuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium for generation of electric power.

CTR-DOT— Technology and Advanced been increased in recent years from 3 to 5 ps to -30 Development ps. The group is presently investigating the effect of energy losses, field diffusion, and field programming This group performs systems analysis and concep- on the lifetime of the pinch in the 15-cm bore ZT-S tual design studies of planned fusion devices, in- experiment. A new, larger device called ZT-40 hav- cluding environmental studies, cost analyses, and ing a 40 cm bore discharge tube is presently under economic impact studies. The reactor devices of construction and is scheduled to begin operation in current interest are based on the liner, linear theta 1979. The new experiment is intended to further pinch, and the toroidal z pinch. determine the scaling of lifetime and temperatures of the pinch with size. ZT-40 is designed to have a variable risetime to allow useful information to be C1’R—l-Plasma Physics Research obtained regarding the optimum method of producing and sustaining a stable plasma column as the Group CTR-1 is concerned with basic experimen- size of the pinch experiments increase toward fusion tal plasma physics studies. At this time the group’s reactor size. main research interest centers on the study of the ac and dc electrical resistivity of a turbulent plasma; plasma heating by high-frequency fields; the in- CTR-3—Theta-Pinch Experiment fluence of electron drift on the plasma ac resistivity; and the measurement of heat flow in straight Experimental research in CTR-3 is concerned plasma columns. with theta-pinch confinement geometries aimed at controlled fusion power production. Large high- voltage capacitor banks are used to produce plasma CTR-2-Pinch Experiments with density and temperature very close to that required in a fusion reactor. However, confinement Group CTR-2 is investigating the stability and times are limited in linear experiments by plasma confinement properties of toroidal, reversed-field Z instabilities. A pinches. The pinch is confined by the self-field of Current emphasis is on methods for reducing the the pinch current and stability is obtained by means loss of plasma and energy from the ends of a linear . . of an additional toroidal magnetic field which device. The Scylla IV-P experiment (5-m long, 50- reverses direction in the outside region of the plasma kG field) has been used for detailed studies of the column, The stability and equilibrium are both “also endloss process and will be used to study various dependent on the presence of a surrounding con- proposed methods of reducing the losses. ducting wall. The stable time of the pinches has

25 CTR-4—Engineering derstanding of multidimensional microinstabilities, particularly those acting in high-beta, spatially in- Group CTR-4 employs electrical and mechanical homogeneous systems. This program is complemen- engineers and a number of technicians to perform tary to the development of more efficient numerical the hardware engineering necessary to the CTR Ex- fluid codes to describe the behavior of MHD - perimental Program. The group is responsible for plasmas. the design of the electronic and mechanical compo- The group is pursuing new methods in particle nents required for the pulsed, high-voltage power kinetics combining numerical and analytical ap- - supplies unique to this program. CTR-4 is also preaches, as well as studying certain numerical responsible for the detail, design, and construction techniques for the solution of partial differential of the large experiments as well as the operation of equations. Much of our effort is directed toward the megajoule capacitor banks required for these ex- gaining an understanding of high-beta plasma con- periments. Currently, the design of ZT-40 is CTR- finement systems in general, in deriving scaling laws 4’s main design effort. for describing equilibrium, stability, and loss properties of various straight and toroidal configurations. These investigations are accompanied by CTR-5—Plasma Research studies of heating methods appropriate to high- beta, relatively high-density configurations. Group CTR-5 is concerned with experimental investigations of two separate problems of interest to other programs in the Division. In the Implosion CTR-7—Staging Experiments and Reversed Heating Experiment, the physics of the fast implo- Field Pinch Experiments sion initial heating process in theta pinches is studied. A large diameter, high-voltage theta pinch Group CTR-7 is presently concerned with the is used to allow spatial and temporal resolution of technological and physics problems associated with the imploding plasma sheath which causes the new theta-pinch experiments. The primary physics heating. In the Gun Injection Experiment the program is the Staged Theta-Pinch experiment “physics of gun-produced plasmas and of the injec- which examines the physics of implosion heating tion of such plasma into magnetic fields is studied. and compression in a 4.5-m linear theta pinch with Possible applications are injection into ,,closed programmed magnetic fields. In the fall of 1977, magnetic geometries, injection into a linear theta CTR-7 will transfer its efforts from the Staged pinch, and initial plasma preparation for fast- Theta-Pinch Program to the Reversed Field Pinch collapsing liner experiments. program, concentrating on the construction of the ZT-40 experiment.

CTR-6—Plasma Theory CTR-8—Diagnostics and Automation The mathematical and computational plasma physics group provides analytical and numerical Group CTR-8 performs optical diagnostic support to all experimental CTR programs at measurements, primarily on theta pinches, and im- LASL, including the theta pinch, diffuse toroidal z- plements applications of computers to experiments pinch, and magnetic implosion heating projects. for CTR Division. Optical diagnostics include Special emphasis is being placed on the study of measurements of plasma interactions with probing m plasma equilibrium and stability in straight and laser radiation. Typical examples are streak and toroidal configurations, using MHD, Vlasov, or framing camera photographs, laser scattering, CW - hybrid models as required by the physics of a par- and pulsed laser interferometry. Computer applica- ticular device. This work is carried on in very close tions comprise automated data acquisition, on-line collaboration with the experiment groups. In addi- data analysis, monitoring, and increasingly, control tion, there is an effort in the numerical simulation of of the operation of the experiments. Vlasov plasmas, aimed at obtained a deeper un-

26 CTR-9—Energy Storage Systems ● it provides a “stand alone” computational facility for the LASL CTR theory effort; The primary efforts of CTR-9 are twofold: first, to ● it provides a data-analysis interface for provide a superconducting magnetic energy transfer minicomputers that are used to monitor, control, ‘% and storage (METS) system which will delivery and acquire data from the CTR experiments; and energy to the plasma compression coils of the LASL ● it provides access to the National DMFE com- pulsed theta-pinch experiments and, second, to puters. develop the superconducting tokamak ohmic- The group is responsible for the hardware and heating (TOH) systems required for the large software maintenance and operation of the USC. tokamak fusion reactors. In support of these Collateral to these responsibilities the group programs, homopolar storage systems are being provides consulting, software development, word designed in conjunction with Westinghouse, The processing capability, and applications program- Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the ming for the DEC 10 system. University of Texas at Austin. The homopolar machines being designed will have superconducting field coils and will be adaptable to fast discharge CT R-11 —Pulse Power Research and theta-pinch systems and the slower tokamak Engineering systems. Work is also in progress related to the ohmic-heating systems for the General Atomic (GA) The purpose of Group CTR-11 is to provide CTR and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) TNS and other Laboratory programs with the most ad- fusion reactors. All of these programs are basically vanced pulse power technology available. Concepts cryogenic, mechanical, and electrical engineering for future pulse power systems that are to deliver efforts with support in the field of physics. hundreds of kiloamps and hundreds of kilovolts are investigated. Components required for laboratory programs are designed and developed to provide CTR-10—Computer Users Service Center reliable pulse power systems. CTR-11 staff members are available for consultation on other laboratory Group CTR-1 O is in charge of the CTR-Division programs involving high voltage, high current com- DEC-10 User Service Center. The DEC-10 system ponents, and systems. consists of KI-10 Central processor, 256K of CTR-11 also operates two small theta-pinch ex- memory, 60M words of disk storage, three tape periments to study the physics of the Field-Reversal drives, and facilities to handle 32 (soon to be expan- Theta Pinch (FRTP). The FRTP configuration has ded to 48) users in a timesharing mode. This com- shown unexpectedly long plasma lifetimes, which puter is a node on the National Magnetic Fusion has direct application in reducing end losses in Energy network and as such provides a link via high linear theta-pinch systems. speed phone lines to the MFE central computer facility at LLL. The USC has three functions:

--l

27 .

28 -i E DIVISION

ELECTRONICS MS-450, ph. (505)-667-5974

E Division goals are to provide a high-level, broad-based electronics engineering capability for the Laboratory. This capability provides quality research and development in the field of electronics, and supports the electronics engineering activities in other divisions.

E-D OR—Research Information Services maintains an electronics product and specifications microfilm file (VSMF), a E-DOR is a group attached directly to the Divi- small reference library, journal and magazine sub- sion Office whose function is to conduct broad- scriptions and routing, and a LASL Electronics based electronics research of relevance to both Stock Device Data file. The data reference service is Laboratory and ERDA programs. The activities in- available to all LASL personnel for personal use. clude initiating new projects and programs, working with other groups on support projects, and providing consultation on special problems. E- l—Maintenance and Standards Current areas of research include electromagnetic methods of subsurface probing, computational E-1 provides centralized electronics maintenance techniques for charge transport problems, physical and calibration for standard equipment. The mechanisms of thermionic and superconducting capabilities of this group include the maintenance gain devices, and the development of specialized of scientific instruments, vacuum apparatus, and numerical methods for physical problems. office equipment. In addition, it provides a standards laboratory for instrument calibrations and percision measurements and carries out the ad- E-DO—Information and Training Services ministrative functions related to telecommunications. This section provides the facilities and coordina- Group E-1 is staffed with highly trained personnel tion for continuing professional development in who use specialized test equipment, service electronics and related fields and a base of elec- manuals, and a large inventory of spare parts to tronics information for the Laboratory. The Train- provide maintenance services for a wide range of ing Service administers a video self-study center electronic instruments. These maintenance services which includes a videotape library of more than 300 include audio systems, data terminals and tapes covering topics in electronics and computer transmission systems, equipment surveillance .Y science. Laboratory-wide electronics course plann- systems, industrial controls, intrusion detectors, ing and presentation are responsibilities of the research instrumentation, radiation monitoring, Traning Services. Its personnel strive to achieve ef- radios, teletypes, television, NC machine tools, fective use of the TV media for training in all areas vacuum instruments, and technician support in the of interest to the LASL. Central Computing Facility.

29 E-2—Electronics Technician Services available components. Typical of the projects that have recently been completed by the digital Group E-2 is an electronics service group which engineers are a fully automated and interlocked makes high-quality prototype and limited quantity serological analysis system, a data handling and in- electronic assemblies with fast turn-around times terconnect system for nuclear spectrometry, and a . not available commercially. This group also sup- precision 10-ns-increment digital delay generator. plies electronics technicians on a loan basis to other In addition, the group pursues a number of small LASL divisions. In addition, it administers con- research programs in medical and nuclear in- tracts for commercial fabrication of both large quan- strumentation, microelectronics, high-temperature tities and those items that can be more instrumentation, and snapshot TV. This effort economically fabricated outside. generates new concepts that lead to future research E-2 has a complete fabrication facility, including and development projects. printed circuit manufacturing, design and drafting, computerized wire wrapping, silk-screening, hybrid thick film and photo reproduction facilities, cable E-4—Controls and System Analysis shop, quality control, and a model shop. A solid state detector service facility is also available. This group provides systems analysis and control systems capabilities which integrate electronics, mechanical, and analytic skills. This unique com- E-3—Electronics Engineering plementary team provides LASL a complete engineering support function in the design of E-3 provides an electronics design capability for automatic control systems and the analysis of com- instrumentation and data acquisition. The group plex systems. has assembled a variety of engineering specialists The systems analysis section is devoted to the who work to find the best solutions whether analog, modeling and control analysis of dynamic systems digital, or a combination of both. The group also usually described by ordinary differential equations. pursues an active research program. For this purpose, a number of digital computer E-3’s analog engineers undertake instrumentation codes are supported, including the NET-2 network problems in the nuclear, mechanical, thermal, analysis code. A large hybrid computer facility is acoustic, magnet ic, and optical fields. The work of- available for large dynamic models requiring long ten consists of perfecting all components of an in- production runs. Current systems analysis work on strumentation system, from transducer to signal both digital and hybrid computers includes model- conditioner to data recorder to controller. Typical ing and control of solar heated and cooled buildings. projects have included extreme environmental well The scope of the engineering support covers logging instrumentation, cell analysis systems for analysis, design, and implementation of classical biomedical research, and systems for image analysis feed-back control systems, computer control and bandwidth limited image transmission. systems, simpler open-loop controllers, industrial E-3’s digital engineers have successfully designed controls, and transducers. Engineering support can complex data acquisition, recording, processing, be in the form of project teams devoted to large and control systems. They are familiar with digital research programs such as the laser program or of logic whether for control, timing, delay, or analysis, individual engineers assigned to a given task. The and use contemporary components such as support always includes a cooperative design effort microcomputers in their implementation. Computer of the electrical and mechanical engineers backed % interfacing is accomplished in the most expedient up by a diversified, competent technician team. manner either by custom design, by the use of The group is also involved in energy conservation CAMAC, or by the use of other commercially in commercial buildings, particularly in the area of -

30 control systems and strategies. A program is pres- variety of programs including weapons, nuclear ently underway to study the application of advan- physics, high-energy physics, nuclear medicine, ced control techniques to complex heating, ven- laser fusion, geothermal, nuclear safeguards, solar tilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and power, and environmental radiation detection. large solar heated and cooled systems. The detector program interlaces a combination of -1 existing technologies and physics in the creation of new types of detectors. The technologies stem E-5—Minicomputer Systems primarily from the semiconductor industry, but as yet have found little application in radiation detec- Group E-5 provides the Laboratory with complete tion. These technologies are: (1) the production of systems capability for minicomp-uter and ultra-thin, self-supporting silicon films (developed microprocessor applications through hardware, for x-ray photolithographic masks and electron software, and maintenance functions. This includes microscopy); (2) the production of i

31 e

32 -+ ENG

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MS-61O, ph. (505)-667-6131)

The LASL Engineering Department is a service organization generally responsible for: management of the ERDA construction program at LASL; plant engineering and maintenance of LASL facilities; custodial services; research and development program support to requesting LASL technical divisions; and quality assurance of all phases of engineering, construction, and modification of ERDA facilities at LASL. As such, the Department interfaces with all technical divisions and service departments. Engineering and construction projects include modification to existing facilities, as well as budgeting, planning, designing, and constructing new facilities. Satisfactory facility performance for occupational safety and health of operating personnel, to prevent undue risk to the public, and to protect the environment is ensured by a comprehensive quality assurance program and through close cooperation with the LASL Health Research Division and other organizations with highly specialized expertise.

ENG-DO/PL-Facilities Planning Conceptual design studies include definition of activities to be accomplished in a facility, determina- The Engineering Department Office of Facilities tion of space, service and other facility requirements Planning is responsible for long-range facilities of these activities, and development of design planning activities, development of conceptual parameters to satisfy these requirements. Concep- design studies and design criteria for projects to be tual design studies define the scope of each project designed and constructed by outside architect- in sufficient detail that a reliable cost estimate can engineering firms and construction contractors un- be prepared for a construction project budget re- der ERDA prime contracts, and Laboratory space quest. After a project has been authorized and funds inventory and coordination activities. These have been appropriated, design criteria are prepared facilities planning functions are performed in three for the architect-engineering (A-E) firm selected to groups; ENG-9, ENG-11, and ENG-12. The Assis- design the project. These criteria provide the basis tant Department Head for Facilities Planning upon which design is to proceed. Members of the serves as Chairman of the Laboratory-wide Construction Project Development Group par- Facilities Planning Advisory Committee. ticipate in the design development phase of the project, reviewing the A-E’s design effort to assure com- .7 pliance with the design criteria. ENG-9— Construction Project Development

. The Construction Project Development Group is a ENG-11 —Long-range Facilities Planning project oriented group whose primary functions are conceptual design studies and design criteria The Long-range Facilities Planning Group is development of line item construction projects. oriented toward Laboratory-wide land use and

33 facilities planning. The group is responsible for ENG-DO/DC-Office of Design and Construc- developing and maintaining the facilities Master tion Plan, determining the long-range physical plant requirements associated with proposed programmatic The Assistant Department Head for Design and activities, preparing short and long-range develop- Construction is responsible for management of the ment plans, and developing management plans for activities of the Facilities Design Group (ENG-2), - natural resources. In addition, the group conducts the Cost Engineering Group (ENG-8), the Project siting studies for proposed new facilities and long- Control Group (ENG-1O), and the TA-55 Construe- - range studies of support and service systems for the tion Group (ENG-14). In addition, a staff is Laboratory. ENG-lL provides staff support to the available for performing project management func- Facilities Planning Advisory Committee in its ongo- tions and for processing requests for Engineering ing review of Laboratory physical planning. ENG-11 Department services. is also responsible for the development of guidelines The Design and Construction staff consists of and plans for visual upgrading of the physical plant, several engineers, each acting as a project manager, including guidance in site planning and other en- and one senior designer. The project manager’s vironmental design considerations for proposed new prime responsibility is that of day-to-day contact facilities. and decision making with ERDA on all facility design and construction at LASL. Project management decisions include method of accomplishment, ENG-12—Laboratory Space Coordination scheduling, interpret at ion of scope, appointment of project representation, and establishment of The Laboratory Space Coordination Group is reporting procedures with ERDA on each project. responsible for eftlcient and effective utilization of Their responsibilities also include participation in space in LASL occupied facilities, including leased architect-engineer selection for lump sum contracts, space and trailers. The group develops and imple- providing information to assist in recommending ments LASL policies and procedures regarding future projects for GPP funding and maintenance of facilities occupancy assignments, personnel reloca- the Departmental construction project Manage- tions, facilities modifications associated with ment Information System (MIS). The project changes in space assignments and the administra- managers also act as key personnel in the Quality tion of necessary funding; analyzes projected Assurance Program and participate in the selection organizational personnel expansion required in of the Design Review Board for construction pro- planning recommendations for future accommoda- jects. tions; conducts space utilization surveys and audits for inhouse use and in support of Laboratory new construction requests submitted to LAAO, ALO and ENG-2—Facilities Design ERDA Headquarters; and maintains appropriate Laboratory record drawings and computerized The Facilities Design Group is a fully integrated space accountability files. ENG-12 is also responsi- engineering design branch of the Engineering ble for formalizing assignments of existing floor Department. The group is composed of five sections space and facilities with the Director’s Office; primarily concerned with the design of Laboratory evaluating needs, soliciting justification, making facilities. Work performed by the group includes: recommendations, and administering payment for preparing and estimating Engineering Studies; LASL use of leased space; coordinating acquisition, preparing Conceptual Design Reports; preparation - and obtaining necessary funds for nonrolling stock of Requests for Directives and Preliminary trailers, and assisting ENG-DO/PL in developing Proposals; and preparing drawings, specifications long-range plans for accommodating projected mul- and design calculations for facility projects designed - tiprogram growth.

34 by LASL. In addition, ENG-2 provides engineering Engineering Studies Section. This section per- consulting services, technical information, forms the facility engineering studies which even- assistance on boards and committees, and quality tually become projects for ENG-2 design. This work assurance reports. involves initial contact with the client requesting the project, scoping of the project, review of the Mechanical Section. This section performs scope with the client, budget estimating of the proj- mechanical engineering design work for the ect, and transmittal of scope and budget estimate to Laboratory. This work includes design of plant the client for approvaI and authorization to proceed facilities and additions to, or modification of, ex- with design. This section also assists ENG-9, Plan- isting facilities. Heating and ventilating engineering ning, as well as the other groups in the Engineering is important because of. the unusual materials used Department involved in facilities design and the throughout the Laboratory, often requiring close preparation of scopes and budget estimates of tolerance temperature and/or humidity regulation facility projects. and special air filtration because of radioactive materials. Other work in this section is related to air Drafting Section This section performs all the pressure systems, hydraulic and pneumatic piping drafting support for the engineering design and systems, equipment control systems, various studies sections. This support includes the initial mechanical equipment installations, and and finished drawings in a design package, the specialized analysis in the field of sound and vibra- changes, additions and revisions to these packages, tion. as well as sketches, charts and tables pertinent to the functions of ENG-2. Drafting personnel may ac- Electrical Section. This section performs elec- company a designer or Staff Member on field trips trical engineering design work for the Laboratory. to assist with field data. The drafting section will Jobs submitted to this section for design may be also be involved in an as-built program. concerned with power distribution, motor and motor-control installation, industrial lighting, resistance heating, high-frequency heating, and any ENG-8—Cost Engineering other phases of electrical work commonly encountered in an industrial plant. The principal responsibility of the Cost Engineer- Many unique and unusual electrical applications ing Group is the preparation of cost estimates, proj- are encountered at the Laboratory that require ex- ect and funding schedules, cost projections, and cost tensive instrumentation and control systems. and productivity analyses for LASL and other Whereas the Electrical Section does not normally ERDA contractors. engage in the actual design of electronic compo- The primary functions of the group are to provide nents, it does work very closely with electronic cost and scheduling reports for evaluating the costs designers in other Laboratory groups and is concer- and work progress of selected projects, to inform ap- ned with the installation of electronic equipment propriate responsible personnel of overruns in time and controls. or cost, and to assist in the reevaluation of project scopes in order to remain within funding restric- Civil and Structural Section. This section per- tions. forms civil and structural engineering design work The secondary functions of ENG-8 include the for building modifications, additions to existing development of cost and productivity histories for structures, and special or experimental structures. use in evaluating the estimating and scheduling -! It also provides civil engineering required for roads, data bases, and a cost awareness program for streets, outside utilities, and drainage, The section Engineering Department personnel. . provides assistance on structural design problems and on structural analysis of existing facilities.

35 The techniques used by ENG-8 include Laboratory maintenance contractor (The Zia Com- parametric studies for preliminary cost estimates, pany) and ERDA contracted projects; and monitor- detailed take-off and pricing for plant and capital ing and control of the Department equipment equipment projects and operating expense projects, budget. and the development of PERTA’IME, PERT/COST The third area of responsibility includes: and EZPERT data to be used for the analyses of specifying and analyzing engineering management “ selected projects. The equipment used by the group systems. These systems include administrative includes the CDC-6600 and CDC-7600 computers. programs for maintenance and construction project - The Cost Engineering Group has organizational cost reporting, work order systems, preventive interfaces with several groups in the Engineering maintenance scheduling, plant equipment inven- Department and the operating divisions and groups tory and repair history, and the Engineering Depart- for which services are provided. The group provides ment Management Information System. schedules and related information to ENG-1 to assist in its administration of construction projects. ENG-8 furnishes cost data and estimates to assist ENG-14—TA-55 Construction various Engineering groups in project planning and to ENG-4 to aid in the installation of new equip- This is a Project Management Group organized to ment and the maintenance and repair of existing manage selected design tasks and complete con- equipment. Both cost and scheduling information struction of the new Plutonium Facility. All of the are supplied to operating groups to aid in financial management parameters necessary to complete the management and administration. assigned tasks are contained in the four sections of the group; Construction, Operations, Cost and Schedule, and Design. The management of the proj- ENG- 10—Project Control ect is also dependent on close cooperation with and support from ERDA, using group, and other con- As part of the administrative function of the tributing LASL groups. Engineering Department, the Project Control Group supports the activities of all Department groups to various degrees. Primary responsibility lies in three ENG-DO/QA—Office of Quality Assurance general areas: (1) administrative liaison and monitoring of plant maintenance, laboratory ser- The Assistant Department Head for Quality vices, and construction activities (performed at Assurance is responsible for management and direc- LASL by ERDA prime contractors through the tion of a Quality Assurance Program for Engineering Engineering Department); (2) funding determina- and Construction projects at LASL. tion, escalation analysis, construction completion This Program assures the design is adequate to reporting and budget monitoring; and (3) systems meet operating needs, the prepared drawings and design and analysis and administrative data specifications include quality requirements, con- processing. struction or modification is performed in accordance Activities in the first general area include: work with design, and tests and inspections confirm the order editing, coding and processing in support of adequacy of design and quality of construction and ENG-1 construction and ENG-4 plant maintenance components. The Program also includes the fabrica- activities; updating of work order commitment tion of products developed within the Engineering system data base; work order cost monitoring; and Department through program support. preparation of form 634 A’s. Quality assurance activities begin during the con- * The second area includes: determination of ceptual design phase and continue through main- types of funds (capital plant, capital equipment and tenance and operation of the facility or product. - expense) for LASL funded projects; in conjunction Quality administration of each project is performed with ENG-8, establish construction escalation rates by the individual Engineering Department project used for project cost estimating; construction com- engineer or manager, often with the assistance oft he pletion and final cost reports preparation for the facility operating division project manager.

36 ENG- l—Construction Administration Section. This section assigns all new structure numbers, assignment sheets, struc- The responsibility of the Construction Group is to ture location plan books, and structure records; assure facilities are constructed in compliance with maintains and updates the History Book on all ac- the construction contract documents (e.g., drawings tive LASL structures, and obtains monitoring ser- . and specifications), are completed on schedule, and vices for excess structures; administers disposal of are within budget limitations. On larger projects, real property; updates LASL nomenclatures; and . usually designed by an architect-engineer under maintains trailer inventories; Word Processing direct contract with ERDA and constructed under a Wang System 20 and IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric competitive bid fixed price contract with ERDA, a Typewriter scheduling, typing, editing, and proof- project engineer is assigned as early as practicable. ing; and the Engineering Department personnel One or more construction inspectors are also listing. assigned to the project depending on the nature and magnitude of the project. This project team assures Distribution and Engineering Master File Sec- that construction and equipment installation are tion. This section acts as the Laboratory performed in accordance with the contract require- clearinghouse for processing incoming and outgoing ments and applicable codes and standards. Con- data concerning major engineering design and construction changes, construction schedule and struction contracts, These duties include reproduc- progress, construction budget, and other factors tion and distribution of engineering drawings and that affect cost, quality, and suitability of the com- specifications; design calculations; construction . pleted project are primary ENG-1 responsibilities, descriptive submittals, such as shop drawings and in concert with other Engineering Department catalog data; contract correspondence, such as groups and the LASL operating group. design conference reports; and all administrative Ln addition to projects designed by architect- documents directly concerned with the contracts engineers, ENG-1 is responsible for construction themselves. This section also distributes and main- management of projects designed by the ENG-2 tains the quality assurance documentation file of Facilities Design Group and constructed under com- review forms with review documents attached, and petitive bid fixed price contract with ERDA or un- maintains an up-to-date central file with either a der a cost-plus incentive fee contract by The Zia copy or the original of all information on current Company. These projects are usually managed by projects. one or more construction inspectors depending on expertise requirements. In addition to the respon- Records Section. This section is responsible for sibilities listed in the previous paragraph for fixed filing, retrieving, and reproducing drawings and price type contracts, the construction inspectors are correspondence; binding; distributing record draw- responsible for cost control monitoring to assure the ings, floor plans, etc.; and providing plant informa- proper utilization of The Zia Company crafts. tion to Laboratory personnel. This section also The construction group includes a survey team maintains three active microfilm systems, the which is responsible for most of the land surveying Engineering Branch Library, and a computerized performed at LASL. When non-LASL surveyors are Engineering Department property accounting employed, the ENG-1 survey team acts in a con- system. sulting capacity.

ENG-4—Maintenance -! ENG-3—Records Management The Maintenance Group is responsible for the . The Records Management Group is composed of maintenance of all LASL real property, operation of three sections, each charged with separate respon- all plant systems, energy conservation programs, sibilities, yet each depending to a degree upon the and liaison between LASL and The Zia Company. functions of the others. These sections and their The group is organized on a geographical basis with principal responsibilities are as follows.

37 four sections providing technical assistance from provide liaison between the groups, the Engineering maintenance specialists and representatives in each Department and The Zia Company. area. The group also provides design services for instrumentation wiring through a fifth section. LAMPF Plant Engineering Section. This section provides maintenance for LAMPF real . Plant Services Section. This section provides property, work control for LAMPF lab services jobs, technical assistance and manages the maintenance and design engineering for facility modifications at budgets for the Laboratory’s physical plant. These LAMPF. The section is the principal Engineering - budgets cover electrical systems, mechanical Department contact with the LAMPF community systems, industrial water treatment, roads, and maintains liaison between LAMPF and The Zia grounds, roofs, cranes, pest control, custodial ser- Company. The maintenance services include main- vices, and various other necessary plant services. tenance and repair of plant facilities, plus operation The section provides technical assistance for using and inspection services on a 24-hour, seven day groups, develops and administers preventive main- basis. The work control services include initiating, tenance programs, investigates defective or planning, scheduling, and coordinating all craft malfunctioning equipment, initiates projects for up- work at LAMPF. The engineering services include grading plant facilities, performs quality assurance facilities design, reliability engineering, and main- review, and executes plant engineering assignments tenance of record drawings. as directed. Wiring Specialists Section. This section Maintenance and Operations Sections. The provides design services for instrumentation wiring LASL complex is divided into eleven geographical at TA-53, TA-55, and other LASL sites upon re- areas, excluding LAMPF. One or more Area Coor- quest. These services include providing complete in- dinators are assigned to each area. The Coordinators stallation specifications, initiating material are organized in two sections, one for the TA-3 com- procurement, and supervising and inspecting wiring plex and the other for the outlying areas. The Coor- installations. The section retains wiring data on dinators manage the building maintenance budgets computer punch cards for future use in modifying or for their areas, make routine inspections, initiate trouble-shooting these systems. The section sup- corrective action for discrepancies, coordinate plies limited technician services for fabrication and utility outages, and respond to emergency after- cable installation on selected projects. hour callouts for critical systems. The Coordinators prepare work orders for the resident groups and

38 G DIVISION

GEOSCIENCES MS-570, ph. (505)-667-7722

The Geosciences division was established on February 1, 1977 in order to place many of the geoscience activities at the LASL under a single management. This change reflects an appreciation of the growing importance of geosciences in a national environment of increasing shortage of energy and resources. It is anticipated that the growing importance of geosciences will parallel a growing capability at the LASL.

G-DOT ● the crustal structure and tectonics of the region; ● the evaluation of regional seismicity and assess- The G-DOT group consists of several senior scien- ment of long-term seismic risk for LASL facilities in tists who as a group constitute a valuable resource in particular and for northern New Mexico in general; talent and experience. The group, attached to the and division office, carries out staff activities, special . source mechanisms for naturally occurring projects, and research. Present activities include earthquakes as well as those for man-made events program management, technology transfer, such as massive hydraulic fracturing experiments technical writing, technical liaison with industry, conducted by other groups as part of geothermal interaction with educational institutions, and sup- energy development. port of ERDA headquarters. At present, special Mobile telemetry and recording equipment is emphasis is being given to program development by used in seismic refraction studies for which blasting G-DOT. New programs, programs too small to at several existing mines and quarries in north cen- warrant a group, and programs of short duration are tral New Mexico is used as seismic sources. handled in G-DOT. In addition, the members of the A considerable effort is focused on development group act as consultants and advisors to the division and field use of portable seismic, gravimetric, and office, groups within G Division, and to other divi- geomagnetic instrumentation which supplements sions of LASL and outside agencies. data from the permanent network and is also used for localized special studies. The techniques of exploration seismology, gravity G-2—Seismology and Geophysics and geomagnetic field analysis are applied in support of containment evaluation of underground Group G-2 is principally concerned with research nuclear testing sites. Close-in ground motion in various aspects of seismology and closely allied measurements and other seismic records of un- ? and supporting branches of solid-earth geophysics. derground explosions are analyzed. Much of the effort is concentrated on the continuous Computer codes are developed and modified as . operation of a network of more than 15 telemetered needed for data reduction, digital signal processing seismic stations in northern New Mexico and and analysis, and theoretical modeling. northeastern Arizona. The daily analysis and inter- Other activities include development of special pretation of the records from this network provide purpose geophysical instrumentation (e.g., tilt- and data which are used for research on: earth-strain meters), engineering seismology,

39 analysis of water wave and tsunami records, and ● the development of advanced drilling research on seismic techniques of earthquake/explo- technology for application particularly at the Fen- \ sion detection and discrimination. ton Hill site. Present plans call for initially establishing a reservoir and heat extraction system capable of operating G-3—Geothermal Technology at a 10-megawattt (thermal) energy extraction level. Following a series of flow tests and other detailed - In its broadest sense geothermal energy is all of studies, a decision will then be made on whether to the heat in the Earth’s interior. Group G-3 is one of proceed with the establishment of a 1OO-MW (ther- the principal LASL groups participating in a project mal) system. to demonstrate the feasibility of energy extraction In addition to the above responsibilities this from a form of this energy source called hot dry rock. group manages environmental monitoring activities This resource is characterized by essentially dry at the geothermal site, and monitors subcontracts rock at usefully high temperatures, at depths that for services and equipment development. can be reached by conventional drilling methods. In the LASL concept, energy will be extracted from the rock by circulating pressurized water down one deep G-5—Geochemical Applications borehole, through a very large hydraulically- produced crack system in the basement rock (where Group G-5 is primarily involved in carrying out heat will be transferred to the water), back up a LASL’S portion of the national Hydrogeochemical second borehole, through a surface heat extraction and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance. This project system, then down the first hole again to complete a is part of ERDA’s National Uranium Resource closed loop. Field experiments using the initial ele- Evaluation (NURE) Program. The program has the ments of such a system are now being conducted in ultimate goals of assessing the uranium resources of an area of relatively recent vulcanism on the Jemez the United States, identifying areas favorable for Plateau, at a site near Los Alamos on Fenton Hill. uranium exploration, and helping to assure that the The activities of Group G-3 include studies of projected uranium demands for electrical power geothermal reservoir engineering and energy extrac- generation are met over the next several decades. tion technology; design of field and laboratory ex- The basic mechanism of the reconnaissance sur- periments to measure properties of the Fenton Hill vey is the collection of small samples of surface geothermal reservoir, and the analysis of these ex- waters, well waters, and stream sediments from all periments; computer modeling of reservoir and sur- over the United States and analysis of these samples face heat exchanger properties; preliminary design for uranium. This will involve a total of about one and evaluation of heat extraction systesm; and million samples, each of which will likely be general analysis of dry hot rock geothermal energy analyzed in the laboratory for levels of concentra- systems. tion of several associated elements as well as for uranium. When the analytical data are evaluated and plotted on maps, high concentration levels will G-4—Geothermal Operations indicate favorable areas for industry to explore further for uranium ore districts and deposits. The G-4 is the operations and instrumentation group for work involves applied geology, ground and surface the LASL hot dry rock geothermal energy project. water hydrology, geochemistry, geophysics and Its major responsibilities include: climatology, as well as extensive field operations. ● the design, construction, maintenance, and Group G-5 has the responsibility for organizing, operation of the major facilities at the Fenton Hill planning and completing the portion of this survey Geothermal site; involving the states of New Mexico, Colorado, ● the design, fabrication, procurement, testing, Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska. The effort is sup- and operation of instrumentation and equipment ported from within the Laboratory by Groups CMB- associated field and laboratory experiments; and 1 and P-2, which do the analyses of samples, and by

40 .

Drill rigs operating at both EE-I and GT-2 at Fenton Hill.

41 .

ALASKA

SCALE 1:17000000 2738595 krn2

WYOMING

COLORADO THE LASL AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY IN THE NURE HSSR PROGRAM

NEW MEXICO

42 Group Q-12, which compiles and plots data for computational facilities are employed to unders- reporting to the ERDA Grand Junction Office where tand, characterize, and evaluate HDR potential. Of all information is open-filed for public use. primary concern are the Jemez Mountains, but In addition to the Hydrogeochemical and Stream other western U.S. areas are also under study. Coal Sediment Reconnaissance work directed at research centers on characterization of minor and uranium, the Group has proposed applied research trace elements and minerals by electron programs to the ERDA Grand Junction Office for microprobe, scanning electron microscope, and x- . multi-element analyses aimed at over twenty ele- ray diffraction. The occurrence and distribution of ments of commerce and the development of bore organic sulfur in coal is determined by electron hole logging tools. The Group also has a strong microprobe. Cooperative efforts with scientists in capability in the areas of geological engineering, ap- Group H-8 involve evaluation of the Bandelier ash plied rock mechanics, site selection and foundation flow tuff deposit and its structural units regarding studies, as well as in other fields of applied earth environmental consequences of depositing small science. quantities of nuclear waste. Results of this program will be applied to waste management problems in other localities. G-6—Geological Research Research techniques employed by Group G-6 include: The principal concerns of the Geological Research ● field and laboratory geology and petrology; Group are energy and the environmental problems ● electron microanalysis, electron microscopy, associated with its production. Geothermal energy and x-ray diffraction; from LASL’S experimental HDR (Hot Dry Rock) ● transport properties of rocks and minerals; process remains a primary focus, but new initiatives ● rock behavior under static and dynamic have begun in fossil fuels and waste management. loading; Geothermal research activities focus on un- ● numerical modeling of physical and chemical derstanding structure, tectonics, and evolution of processes; and HDR resource regions. Field geological and . data provided by other LASL groups and from geophysical data, and laboratory analytical and contract laboratories supplement G-6 efforts.

H DIVISION

HEALTH RESEARCH MS-690, ph. (505)-667-4218

The primary mission of Health Division is to protect the health, safety, and well-being of LASL employees and all individuals who could be en- dangered by the LASL activities inside or outside the Laboratory area. This protection is accomplished by programs in health physics, occupational medicine, industrial safety, industrial hygiene, fire and explosive safety, industrial waste control, and environmental protection. Members of the Divi- sion participate in all of LASL’S major programs and enjoy a high degree of cooperation in ensuring that these programs are conducted safely. These basic programs are supplemented by extensive biomedical and environmental research programs in energy-related areas.

H-l—Health Physics materials are free of radioactive contamination. A stack sampling program is maintained to measure Group H-1 is responsible for the maintenance of a and document radioactive effluent release levels Laboratory-wide radiation protection program that from laboratory facilities. A program is maintained meets applicable standards and keeps personnel ex- for review and approval of all Standard Operating posures to radiation as low as practicable. Extensive Procedures (SOPS) required for radiation work. operational health physics, personnel dosimetry, Related functions include reviewing Laboratory radiation instrumentation and measurement, construction jobs for radiation safety, providing decontamination, training, and radiological Laboratory-wide inventory, storage, and leak engineering programs are maintained to achieve a testing of certain encapsulated sources, and perfor- high degree of radiation protection. ming regular radioactive evaluations of x-ray Operational health physics programs are made up machine installations. Similar monitoring activities of many closely related functions, all with the are coordinated by Group H-1 for LASL activities at primary purpose of furnishing and documenting an the Nevada Test Site. In general, operational health appropriate radiation protection program for physics services are provided by dedicated sections workers and the public. A primary operational func- based at major LASL facilities, e.g., DP Site, CMR tion is commonly referred to as radiation monitor- Building, LAMPF. Other important non-routine ing, that is, the measurement of radiation and monitoring activities include investigating and radioactivity levels. Measurements performed for reporting of unusual radiation occurrences and routine and special radiation monitoring require a providing a rapid response for Laboratory or other wide variety of techniques to determine worker radiological emergencies. radiation exposure levels, detect unwanted radioac- A Laboratory-wide personnel dosimetry program tivity (contamination) in work spaces, and perform is provided for measurement of worker exposure to . work space air sampling. A continuing program external radiation and internally deposited radioac- assures that shipments of radioactive material meet tivity. In addition to the familiar “film badge” worn the applicable regulations pertaining to allowable by all radiation workers, external measurement radiation and radioactive contamination levels. A techniques include pocket dosimeters, TLD badges, similar program assures that salvaged or excess and extremity dosimeters. An active dosimeter

45 development program is maintained and current ef- hematological and urine examinations, chest x-ray, forts will result in replacement of the present film comprehensive chemical profile, electrocardiogram, badge with a TLD dosimeter. Internal dosimetric visual examination, and pulmonary function tests. procedures include the evaluation of bioassay Periodic examinations are performed at varying in- results and performing irz-uiuo chest, whole body, tervals depending on the individual’s area of work, - and wound measurements. Dosimetry records are age, or specific hazard which may be encountered in made a part of an elaborate data handling system the individual’s employment. For those employees which facilitates producing a wide variety of ERDA who are terminating their employment a physical - required and informational reports for the use of examination is provided to establish the status of LASL supervisions as well as becoming a part of their health. This examination is similar to the permanent employee medical records. preemployment examination in scope and content. Portable and fixed radiation monitoring in- Radiation records and chemical analyses from In- strumentation used by H-1 personnel and dustrial Hygiene are included in the patient’s throughout the Laboratory are specified, evaluated, medical record. All this information will be included purchased, and maintained directly or as directed in a computer data base for each individual so that by Group H-1. Development of new or special pur- the information will be more readily available, and pose radiation monitoring instrumentation is an im- so that a general medical and occupational profile of portant function of the Group. Well equipped each individual will be more closely monitored and nuclear counting and analysis laboratory early abnormalities more readily followed and capabilities are maintained at LASL and the NTS corrected. Through these studies, the Occupational for identification or evaluation of radioactive con- Medical Group tries to assure that the employee’s taminants. physical and mental health are suitable for the oc- The Group provides or supervises decontamina- cupation he or she is pursuing and that early devia- tion services that range from high value or special tions from the normal can be observed and properly equipment decontamination to large area cleanup treated. and decommissioning of unneeded facilities. The primary function of the Occupational Health An important activity is the training of Group is to prevent occupational illnesses or in- Laboratory radiation workers as well as health juries, but emergency capability is maintained. One physics surveyors. A variety of radiation safety of the functions of the Group is to assure prompt training programs designed to meet the various treatment either through their own facilities or needs of the Laboratory are maintained. through the services of competent specialists, A radiological engineering section provides health hospitals and consultants as appropriate. physics review and radiological engineering support Treatment of non-occupational illness never has for new LASL facilities from conceptual design on been and is not now considered to be a routine and is currently preparing safety documentation for responsibility of Occupational Medical Health selected existing LASL facilities. The section also Program. reviews commercial plutonium facility license ap- However, physicians and nurses are available for plications for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission personal counseling, advice and guidance on and prepares the associated safety evaluations and medical problems, and emergency treatment. environmental assessments. Four First Aid Stations staffed by registered nurses are maintained at outlying sites. The Group maintains a small clinical laboratory to do H-2—Occupational Medicine hematological studies employing automated equip- - ment as may be directed by occupational health Group H-2 is primarily oriented toward preven- physicians. Facilities are available for computerized tive medicine and health maintenance. Preemploy - electrocardiography and pulmonary function ment examinations are administered which include studies. medical history and physical examinations with a A program of employee counseling has been es- wide range of ancillary studies, including tablished headed by a clinical psychologist. This

46 program will address itself to the problems of the control by physical means, flame spread and smoke troubled employee by working closely with the em- evolution aspects of facility materials, detection and ployee and interacting closely with supervisors as suppression systems, and fire department interac- indicated where job performance has fallen off, tion are of prime concern. Particular emphasis is either due to emotional, personal or alcohol/drug given to the one of-a-kind experiment that requires -1 problems. This is not a program aimed at long-term unique protection methods. individual counseling, but rather a source of help Members of the group actively contribute to toward referral for definitive help or treatment. The programs of the National Safety Council, the psychologist will provide assistance and guidance to National Fire Protection Association and similar supervisors in their relations to those under their technical associations. The group is also active in supervision. At the present time the Occupational collecting and disseminating safety and fire protec- Medical Group is involved with the medcal care of tion information outside the Laboratory. approximately 6500 employees which includes those of the University of California, the Zia Company and the local ERDA employees. H-4—Mammalian Biology Since 1952, LASL has maintained a small program to follow the health of plutonium workers The primary efforts of the Mammalian Biology exposed at Los Alamos in 1944-45. In late 1975, this Group are oriented toward determining the toxicity study was expanded to provide a national of various potentially insulting agents on the mam- epidemiological study of plutonium workers and malian system. Soluble forms of radionuclides at controls at six ERDA plants throughout the U.S. the tracer level have been administered by various routes to rodents, monkeys, and dogs, and the retention, tissue distribution, and excretion patterns H-3—Safety measured with time. Using body weight as a denominator, extrapolations to standard man have Group H-3 extends its range of interest beyond been made and the results used successfully by such that of corresponding groups in industry. Because of bodies as the NCRP and ICRP in setting regulatory the extraordinary range of materials, equipment standards. Monkeys, dogs, and rodents have been and procedures employed at the Laboratory, H-3 is exposed to either x rays or ‘°Co gamma rays with the concerned not only with the usual personnel and primary goal being determination of life-span shor- property protection considerations but also with tening and certain gross pathological changes such problems of high explosives and rockets, transporta- as those associated with the hemopoietic system. tion by all modes, lasers, high temperatures and Emphasis has been shifted recently from the larger pressures, large impulse currents, hydrogen, and species to the mouse, and a study is in progress to cryogenics. Increasingly, this group has been con- observe the long-term biological effects as a function tributing to, and consulting on, a broad range of new of dose rate, total dose, and age at exposure. safety problems of national interest, such as laser Chromosomal changes and microscopic pathology safety standards, guides for electrical safety in are being studied. A third effort in the group is con- research, protection of electronic equipment and cerned with the biological damage of diffuse vs clean rooms, studies of nonnuclear aspects of localized radiation, with emphasis on lung tissue. criticality, low-temperature engineering, hazardous Ceramic (ZrO,) plutonium-containing microsphere material handling, analyses of large scale, planned, have been intravenously placed into pulmonary accident-like events such as hydrogen releases and capillaries of Syrian golden hamsters, in precise reactor safety experiments. The Laboratory has ear- numbers and specific activity, enabling a unique es- ned several national citations for outstanding safety timate of the localized radiation dose to surrounding . experience. tissue. The fraction of lung irradiated has been Life safety and property protection, including fire varied from less than 0.01 to almost 1.0 to elicit the risk analysis and programmatic importance, are potential focal vs diffuse response. Tumor incidence considered in fire protection reviews by H-3. Com- (gross and microscopic) has been the primary end puter protection, pyrophoric metals, contamination point in these studies.

47 Two new efforts have flourished during the past cleaners, deposition in the lungs, and general con- year: namely, our immunological studies and those tamination using light and electron microscopes, associated with the biological effects of inhaled oil light scattering instruments, and particle counters. shale. An immunological model using rats and This Section conducts training classes in particulate hamsters has now been perfected and can be used matter air sampling techniques for. ERDA em- - routinely for assessing the potency of suspected ployees and ERDA contractor employees. The chemical compounds. The oil shale-toxicity effort Respirator Research and Development Section in- has been primarily directed toward inhalation ex- vestigates and evaluates all types of respiratory - posure of hamsters to aerosols created from source protective equipment to determine the degree of material derived from the Anvil Points, Colorado, protection afforded in actual work situations. They retorting and mining site. This program represents a also conduct respirator training courses available to sizable reprogramming effort from the group’s government and inudstry in various cities radiation-oriented research to nonnuclear-directed throughout the country. experimentation. A continuing program is directed at quantifying plutonium in various organs obtained at autopsy from individuals potentially exposed to plutonium H-5—Industrial Hygiene in the course of their work experience, as well as members of the general population. Other active Members of Group H-5 are primarily concerned programs include the development of air sampling with the recognition, evaluation, and control of and analytical chemistry procedures for gases and health hazards throughout the Laboratory. Begin- vapors of significant occupational health concern, as ning with the usual concern with toxic and poten- well as for the special cancer-suspect agents recently tially carcinogenic chemicals, the Industrial designated by the Occupational Safety and Health Hygiene Group extends its range of interest to Administration. processes and materials frequently unheard of in industry. The Engineering Section concerns itself principally with hazard evaluations and control in- H-6—Agricultural Biosciences cluding air sampling, noise surveys, effectiveness of respiratory protective equipment, and advisory This multidisciplinary group is engaged in apply- design, technical review and evaluation of ventila- ing physical and biological science to general tion and air cleaning equipment. They are also con- problems of agriculture. The primary effort is direc- cerned with informing employees of potential health ted towards improving some of the different aspects hazards, documenting potential exposures, and of animal disease control. The Enzyme Labeled An- monitoring the quantities of non-radioactive tibody (ELA) testis being developed to improve dis- materials released to the atmosphere. The ease detection. This test is being applied to viral, Bioanalytical and Chemical Section is responsible bacterial, parasitic, and toxic diseases. Small for developing analytical procedures and assaying amounts of antibodies or antigens are detected in radioactive and non-radioactive materials in one or two drops of blood. An electronic identifica- biological, air and water samples, trade name tion and temperature monitoring system for animals products, etc. is being developed in cooperation with the Elec- In addition to its primary responsibility for tronics Division. This system will be used to provide Laboratory occupational health problems. Group H- an improved means of recording animal movements 5 does research on related problems of interest to the and sales transactions. Automatic recording of - ERDA and other governmental agencies. animal identification into computer records will The Aerosol Section investigates the properties of greatly speed up the traceback of diseased animal finely divided material suspended in air with movements through commerce and the subsequent - reference to its effects on air samplers and air control of disease. This new system will make it

48 possible for the livestock industry to practice in- waste sorting techniques, and waste container individual animal management rather than group tegrity are all subjects of current development ef- management. This will make it possible to identify forts. Improved plutonium recovery and the relative the production quality of each animal and take the risks involved in waste storage are also being in- appropriate action. vestigated. . Members of the group work closely with USDA Other studies include formulation of waste personnel to supply complementary expertise to management plans for both ERDA and the an- each other. As the technology is developed, ex- ticipated wastes from various alternative commer- change visits are made to transfer the technology to cial fuel cycles. The long-range objective of these ef- the eventual users. Commercial organizations are forts is the attainment of optimum environmental encouraged to use the techniques and to manufac- protection, dollar economy, and safety in the handl- ture appropriate equipment. ing of all radioactive wastes. The group also consults with the Zia Company and the LASL Engineering Department on sanitary H-7—Industrial Waste sewage treatment problems and monitors the safety of the water distribution systems by plan checking, Group H-7 is responsible for assuring that inspection, and advisory services. The group in- radioactive and chemically toxic liquid and solid teracts with the United States Environmental wastes generated by the Laboratory do not con- Protection Agency through the local ERDA offices taminate the environment. For liquids, this is ac- in establishing and managing the mandatory LASL complished through processes that remove radioac- NPDES Permit System. tivity from the waste solutions and dewater the con- centrate as a solid to permit its burial or storage for ultimate disposal. The toxic components of H-8—Environmental Studies chemical waste are treated to render them harmless followed by proper disposal. Group H-8 has two primary responsibilities: Solid radioactive wastes are disposed of by burial ● monitoring, documenting and evaluating the or retrievable storage in approved Laboratory areas. environmental effects of the Laboratory’s activities Waste management operational personnel con- at Los Alamos; and tinually interact with Laboratory groups to assure ● conducting environmental research and compliance with ERDA and LASL waste manage- development projects involving both nuclear and ment policies. Other primary objectives of this in- nonnuclear materials associated with energy teraction include reduction of both the volume of development and waste disposal operations. radioactive waste and its radioactive content. Other The environmental surveillance activity includes activities include modified treatment methods to collecting and reporting results of a systematic sam- reduce the volume of waste requiring disposal or pling and measurement program for air, water, soil, storage. and other environmental media. The environmental The group is currently involved in research research program includes evaluation of environ- related to more efficient methods of concentration mental aspects of existing radioactive waste burial and removal of radioactivity from liquid wastes. and monitoring practices, and research directed The work is directed toward development of waste toward determining the behavior of both radioactive management systems that would eliminate dis- and stable elements in a variety of ecosystems that. charge of radioactivity, heavy elements, and organic are impacted by several energy resource develop- constituents to the environment. ments. Field oriented environmental studies are be- Waste management research and development ing pursued in the areas of atmospheric transport of . programs include all phases of the management pollutants in complex terrain, hydrological path from point of generation to disposal, Improved transport of materials and ecological fate and effects volume reduction methods, radioisotopic assay, of effluents associated with uranium mining and

49 milling, geothermal energy extraction, nuclear events to unique cycle phases. At a more complex materials handling, coal combustion, oil and gas, level of organization, the mammalian cell as a whole I and solar energy collection operations. The Group’s is studied as a genetic entity. Our somatic cell interdisciplinary programs involve the disciplines of genetics program has isolated a number of mutants meteorology, geology, hydrology, ecology, analytical that are temperature-sensitive with respect to their chemistry, environmental engineering, and radia- ability to divide as well as others that exhibit alteration biology. tions in their strength of attachment to substrate. The latter class has been shown by our cell surface - biochemistry program to have an alteration in its H-9—Cellular and Molecular Biology extracellular matrices. The temperature-sensitive mutants are being used to measure increases in The research program of Group H-9 addresses the back-mutation rate caused by pollutants and by major physiological processes required by the mam- high-LET radiation. In addition, support is malian cell in culture for normal growth and provided for studies of effects of negative pions on proliferation, These studies provide a necessary cell survival as part of the preclinical trials conduc- frame of reference within which the effects of ted at LAMPF. physical and chemical agents associated with energy generation are evaluated and the ameliorative responses of the cell are understood. H- 10—Biophysics and Instrumentation Emphasis is placed on those aspects of cell biology dealing with the perpetuation of genetic continuity. The Biophysics and Instrumentation Group (H- Our molecular biology effort synthesizes DNA 10) conducts interdisciplinary research in several polymers of defined size and sequence and uses areas: these polymers as targets for the effects of ionizing ● development of instrumentation for rapid radiation and or organic and inorganic agents. The analysis and sorting of biological cells; chemically altered DNAs are ideal substrates for the ● development of the support biology required for isolation and characterization of enzymes that preparation of material used in these systems; repair defects and for the examination of errors in- ● development of techniques to apply these troduced into newly synthesized DNA and RNA systems to biological problems; when unrepaired polymers act as templates. Our ● application of fIOW systems to biological cell biology studies examine problems; and ● the regulation of deoxynucleotide pool levels; ● radio biological experiments related to . the polymeric intermediates in DNA synthesis; therapeutic pion and heavy ion beams. ● the effecb of histone modification on chromatin The instrument development program addresses structure; problems in basic and applied biology. Our in- ● the consequences of perturbant-induced DNA- strumentation has been used at LASL for studies of protein cross lining; radiation and drug effects on tissue culture cells, ● the relationship of the nuclear envelope to DNA white blood cell identification, studies on human suprastructure; tumors, detection of pre-neoplastic changes due to ● the synthesis of RNA and its assembly into energy technology by-products, and detection of functional structures required for the controlled changes in the immune response, Methods have production of protein; and been developed for binding fluorescent stains to ● the analysis of chromosome karyology and those various cellular components such as DNA, RNA, mechanisms which lead to abnormalities in protein, and ceil surface antigens. Individual cells chromosome number and type. are measured using parameters such as A number of these biochemical studies have taken fluorescence, light scattering, and cell volume. . advantage of our ability to measure the position of a Specific cells can be separated using the LASL- cell within its proliferative cycle and to accumulate designed cell sorter. These instruments are curren- cells reversibly at specific cycle positions. As a tly capable of differentiating cells based on two- result, we can now pinpoint certain biochemical color fluorescence, cell volume, light scattering (at

50 32 angles), or any combination of these parameters. Group is to develop efficient methods for synthesiz- This flow-system technique was pioneered at LASL. ing organic compounds labeled with stable isotopes. In addition to applications of the instrumentation Both organic synthesis methods, in which simple developed to ERDA problems, we are participating isotopic precursors are chemically transformed into in the development of this method for application to more complex molecules, and biochemical synthesis . prescreening for gynecological cancer and design of methods, in which organisms are incubated with chemotherapy regimes for Ieukema patients (both of isotopic substrates to produce labeled materials, are . these programs are in cooperation with the NCI). used in preparing isotonically labeled substances. Our USDA work (in conjunction with Group H-6) The synthesis of a labeled compound is quite often a relates to the use of these techniques for animal dis- research problem requiring development of the ap- ease diagnosis. propriate methodology. The second objective of Group H-1 1 is to engage in research projects that demonstrate the beneficial uses of stable isotopes in H-1 l—Organic and Biochemical Synthesis scientific and technological disciplines. Most of these projects have involved collaborative experi- Stable isotopes of carbon (“C, “C), nitrogen (“N, ments with investigators within and outside LASL. “N, and oxygen (1’0, ’70, 1“0) have a great potential They have included clinical diagnostic tests using as nonradioactive tracers in chemistry, biology, and labeled compounds, atmospheric tracing with non- medicine. The enriched, separated isotopes are radioactive tracers, and investigations into chemical presently produced by the Los Alamos Isotope reaction mechanism and cell biochemistry. Ad- Separation Facility (Group CNC-4), but the ditional uses of stable isotopes are encouraged by chemical forms used in the separation process are supplying labeled materials to the National Stable generally not suitable for biomedical research. One Isotopes Resource established at Los Alamos by the objective of the Organic and Biochemical Synthesis National Institutes of Health.

Multiangle Light Scatter System

Sample stream Light scatter and sheoth .’\,

<7 Y,.

51 .

. ISD

INFORMATION SERVICES MS-180, ph. (505)-667-4355

Primary responsibility is the supervision and adminstration of the operations and services performed by the following groups.

ISD- l—Public Information Defense program. (5) Assisting the Director’s Office with special visitors, i.e., arranging travel, lodging, The primary responsibility of ISD-1 is to dis- badges, escorts, etc. The group also manages the seminate unclassified information about the Los National Security and Resources Study Center, Alamos Scientific Laboratory to Laboratory em- which began operation in early 1977. ployees, their families, members of Congress, government agencies, news media, members of the public, etc. This information is relayed by means of ISD-3—Illustration Services the LASL bulletin, The Atom, and press releases. The group coordinates and assists in preparing The primary responsibility of ISD-3 is to provide written or filmed news releases on a variety of authorized LASL personnel with the technical and Laboratory activities. This includes interviews with commercial art work required in fulfilling Laboratory staff members on subject matters selec- Laboratory assignments. Working from penciled ted by the news media. graphs, sketches, engineering drawings, typed copy, Brochures used by the Laboratory for recruiting photographs, rough layouts or other reference purposes, informing the public, etc., are originated material supplied by the requester, the group by this group. A large photographic file is kept and prepares finished art work such as graphs, charts, maintained in support of all Laboratory activities. tables, schematics, diagrams, isometrics, cutaways, exploded views, perspective drawings, retouched photos, patent drawings, master forms, posters, ISD-2—Public Relations signs, covers, booklets, brochures, etc., in.black and white, halftone or color, most of which are The primary responsibilities of ISD-2 are: (1) reproduced as book, journal, or report illustrations, Operating the Bradbury Science Hall and Museum, slides or Vu-Graphs, or are used as visual aids. which is open seven days a week. (2) Coordinating logistics for most Laboratory technical and administrative meetings, i .e,, arranging travel, lodg- ISD-4—Library Services ing, local transportation, coffees, luncheons, and of- . ficial receptions and maintaining a calendar of ISD-4 is responsible for the operation of LASL’S LASL and community events to help Laboratory Main Library of unclassified books, journals and groups avoid scheduling conflicts, etc. (3) Con- technical reports, and of the Classified Report , ducting tours of Laboratory sites by students or Library, both located in the National Security and special groups and arranging LAMPF tours for the Resources Study Center. The group also acquires general public. (4) Administering the County Civil material for more than thirty specialized branch

53 libraries, the whole encompassing collections of writes some special-purpose technical reports. The 270,000 volumes and 480,000 reports. There are group serves as a focal point for many outside in- more than 3,750 active journal titles, and collections quiries regarding various facets of technical infor- of motion picture films, video tapes, etc. mation, including advice and consultation to ERDA The library system offers reference and tran- and other ERDA contractors on publication slating services and computerized bibliographic problems or difficult classification questions. retrieval, maintains records about all unclassified LASL publications, and publishes several lists of items in its collections. ISD-7—Graphics Arts Services

Group ISD-7 is responsible for providing a variety ISD-5—Mail and Records of graphic services for the Laboratory. The Group’s Still Photo Section provides ISD-5 is responsible for Laboratory mail, telecom- photographers for both studio and on-location munications, and records management. The group photography, film processing, and a wide range of processes incoming and outgoing official correspon- black-and-white and color photographs, transparen- dence and provides Laboratory mail and messenger cies, and slides. The capability of photographic service. It operates the Telecommunications Center, materials research is also available for non-standard which offers teletype, facsimile transmission, secure applications. voice transmission, and cryptographic transmission The Lithography Section performs printing ser- (both narrative and data) services. The group is vices for authorized forms and publications using responsible for the Records Storage Center and Ozalid, Xerox (continuous form originals can be provides assistance in records management matters, used), and offset printing equipment. Related bin- including the establishment of records retention dery operations include collating of printed schedules and the analysis of file systems and file materials, and, staple, plastic, spiral, padding, and equipment usage. It is responsible for issuing and perfect binding techniques. updating the LASL Mail Stop Directory, the Card- The Micrographics Section generates several of-Authority listings, and (in cooperation with E-1) microfilm formats. These include micro-thin the Laboratory Telephone Directory. ISD-5 main- jackets, 24X microfiche, 16mm cartridge or roll tains a master file of ERDA Directives and is (continuous form originals can be used), with responsible for their distribution and also maintains Kodamatic, Image Count or Miracode retrieval in- the Director’s Office files and handles special dis- dexing, 35mm aperture cards, and 105mm tribution for the Director’s Office. microfilm. Duplicating and microfilm-to-paper blowback capabilities are available for all listed formats. ISD-6—Technical Information The ISD-7 Copy Center contains a variety of copying machines to provide fast turnaround for ISD-6 is responsible for assuring that technical in- jobs of limited run lengths. Capabilities include formation generated within the Laboratory is in single-side copying, duplexing, continuous forms compliance with statutory provisions for printing, and reduced-size copying up to 18-inches safeguarding Restricted Data and other classified wide from originals up to 36-inches wide. information. To achieve this objective, the group Group ISD-7 is responsible for printing and coor- provides the necessary classification guidelines, dination and procurement of all Laboratory printing handles day-to-day classification problems, requirements. Printing not done in house is provides classification education, and reviews all procured through the U.S. Government Printing Of- technical information leaving the Laboratory. In ad- fice’s Regional Procurement Office in compliance dition, the group edits Laboratory reports, composes camera-ready copy for certain selected report+ and

54 with specifications established by the U.S. Joint ISD-10—Food Services Committee on Printing for all Federal agencies. The Laboratory operates three cafeterias: South Mesa, West of the Administration Building, DP . ISD-9—Motion Picture and Video Production West and S Site. With the exception of DP West, they are open to the public. The group Office is in Group ISD-9 is responsible for the production of South Mesa Cafeteria. The principal function of . motion pictures and video tapes for the Laboratory. ISD-10 is to provide wholesome, nutritious food for With still photography support from ISD-7, it is also Laboratory and ERDA contractors’ employees at responsible for the production of synchronized noon of each working day at reasonable cost. This, of sound slide presentations. necessity, includes meal planning, purchasing of Productions may be simply documentary food, and supervising the preparation and service of coverage of an event or they may be complex, full- the meal. The group frequently works with the scale productions involving synchronized sound, ti- Director’s Office for special luncheons and with tles, music, etc. Color is available on both 16mm ISD-2 in catering the Director’s receptions and film and video tape. ISD-9 provides the assistance of providing coffee service for official meetings. The trained professional help through all stages of script group maintains a calendar for use of the two side preparation, production, and post-production. dining rooms. Official meetings have preference Other services provided by ISD-9 include high- over non-official meetings. The group office speed cinematography, audio consultation, cooperates with H-2 when special diet instructions recording services for meetings and special events, are required. It is a source of nutrition information duplication of audio and video tapes, and full for many people. assistance to the Laboratory on all official audio- visual problems.

55 .

56 J DIVISION

FIELD TESTING MS-670, ph. (505)-667-4236

Primarily responsible for testing nuclear weapons, J Division comprises scientific, engineering, and logistics groups. The efforts of the scient~lc groups include the acquisition and investigation of data derived from and pertinent to nuclear tests to determine the performance of nuclear devices and to study the various phenomena related to nuclear explosions. Work in the division involves development of new diagnostic techniques and equipment; research in the field of atomic and molecular physics; and the development and use of computer programs to carry out theoretical and practical research in those fields of interest to the division and the weapons program. The engineering groups are responsible for the design, construction, and maintenance of field-test facilities; mechanical design of the specialized equipment used in field testing; electrical engineering tasks including data acquisition, recording, telemetry, and the timing and firing of tests; and special electronic design.

J-DOT maintaining the personnel records for the division; preparation of personnel action documents for all Group J-DOT, attached to the division office, categories of employees within the division; and handles special research and staff activities not providing liaison between the groups of the division logically a part of any group effort. This group in- and Laboratory service departments. The group is itiates new programs and pursues programs that are responsible for coordinating the preparation of not yet sufficiently large to merit group structure. program effort re@orts for J Division; makes travel Guest members also act as consultants or advisors arrangements outside the scope of the LASL Travel to the division office and to the various groups of the Office; and prepares, records, and coordinates division. security clearance information for personnel of J The areas of current activity include advanced ex- Division as well as members of other Laboratory periment concepts, environmental studies, analysis divisions and departments who travel to the Nevada of past test data, hazard evaluation, and coordina- Test Site or locations other than Nevada. Members tion of DoD test activities with the LASL test of the group are responsible for property manage- program. ment of capital equipment for the division at Los Alamos and at field locations. The group is responsi- ? ble for safety liaison, including safety inspections of J-l—Administrative Services J Division work areas at Los Alamos, preparation of inspection reports, and indoctrination of personnel. . J-1 is a service group which provides ad- J-1 coordinates office and working space require- ministrative support to the’ scientific and engineer- ments; maintains a secretarial substitute pool and ing groups of J Division. This support includes provides other miscellaneous support. It also

57 arranges for communications support and ad- J-6—Facility Production ministers radio frequency coordination. When required, J-1 assist-sin coordinating LASL field opera- Group J-6, with offices at both the LASL and the tion efforts with various organizations and main- NTS, is responsible for the design, construction, tains the capability for the planning, execution, and maintenance, and operation of LASL field test monitoring of operational support for Laboratory facilities at ERDA test sites. In this capacity the field activities at locations other than the NTS. group is concerned with the solution of problems associated with mechanical, electrical, civil, and . drilling engineering disciplines. The group acts as J-3—Operations - NTS the Laboratory representative to the ERDA and its engineering and construction contractors for the J-3 is permanently located in Nevada and is design, construction, operation and maintenance of responsible for providing operational, ad- these test facilities including responsibilities for fire ministrative, and personnel support for the protection and safety coordination. The group coor- Laboratory’s weapons testing program at the dinates the requirements of the Laboratory test Nevada Test Site (NTS). groups, prepares construction criteria, submi~ the J-3 prepares and executes non-technical test criteria to the ERDA and the designated architect- operation plans and checklists. The group is respon- engineer, reviews and approves the plans and sible for the preparation of emergency evacuation specifications, then provides technical inspection of plans and monitoring their execution. the facilities during construction. The group obtains requirements and makes In the underground nuclear testing program the arrangements for vehicular and communications group has the primary responsibility for the design support; for security assistance related to opera- (excluding device and diagnostic racks), fabrica- tions; housing facilities; laboratory and office space; tion, proof testing and quality control of the em- and bus service between Las Vegas, Mercury, and placement hardware; it directs and has complete the forward areas. It arranges for the loan of clerical responsibility for the emplacement and stemming and related personnel from the Reynolds Electrical operations; it is the laboratory group responsible for and Engineering Co., Inc. J-3 recruits, interviews, the planning and drilling of emplacement holes and assigns, orients, and administratively supervises for the planning and conduct of post-shot drilling such employees. operations to obtain rad-them samples. The group arranges for food service in the forward The group also acts in a staff capacity in prepar- areas, makes travel and hotel reservations, and ing budget estimates, test schedules, just ificat ions provides transportation between Las Vegas the the for field construction and operations, and in Test Site for TDY personnel. It arranges for security assisting other groups in designing their test clearances and badges for permanent and TDY per- facilities. sonnel. It assigns and inspects dormitory space allotted to the Laboratory in Mercury and arranges for housing for Laboratory personnel in the forward J-7—Mechanical Support areas. The group provides briefing aids service and arranges for recreational support. Mail and Records Group J-7 provides mechanical engineering ser- and reproduction services are provided by J-3. vices in support of J Division activities, principally J-3 assists with pr~paration of NTS budgets, fur- underground testing of weapons at the Nevada Test nishes assistance on matters of Laboratory and Site. For a typical project, the group furnishes the . ERDA administration and policy; investigates “rack”, a structure containing the device to be tested security infractions and reports of unauthorized use and equipment required for diagnostic measure- of Government property. J-3 conducts orientation ments. This involves scheduling, design, monitoring tours of the Test Site; processes new and ter- of fabrication, testing, and final preparation of the minating employees; and provides information on rack at NTS for underground emplacement. Laboratory hospitalization, insurance, and retirement programs.

58 Technical specialties include machine design, development, and fabrication of specialized field structural design, interactive graphics, high test equipment which is then operated and/or main- vacuums, optics, refrigeration, hydraulics, pressure tained by J-8 personnel, usually in support of other vessels, and piping. J-Division Groups. Particular emphasis is placed on digital data recording systems, fast-pulse circuitry, microcomputer control systems, servo systems, and J-8—Timing and Firing, Phenomenology electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensors and recording . Support systems.

IrI support of nuclear explosive testing, the Tim- ing Firing Section of J-8 compiles device informa- J-9—Underground Nuclear Test Phenomenology tion, signal, monitor, and electroexplosive firing requirements and evaluates this information to Group J-9 is concerned with the containment of provide the proper system for the test execution. underground nuclear tests. Effort is concentrated on The responsibility for the testing and compatibility rock dynamics, gas flow, stemming designs, shock of system components, conduct of dry runs, test wave propagation studies, and the analysis of data device electrical connections, prearming, arming, from prior underground tests. J-9 participates in and firing also rests with this section. Nuclear ex- emplacement-site selection and prepares the con- plosive safety studies or surveys are required by the tainment evaluation documentation for each LASL ERDA prior to each test and J-8 coordinates these test. activities with the proper Field Office. Group members also study the effects of at- Typical equipment used includes world time mospheric nuclear explosions with large radiation- systems, signal programmers, microwave-multiplex transport/hydrodynamics computer algorithms and transmitting and receiving stations, fail-safe inter- through the analysis of data from previous at- face components, relay controllers, and device mospheric nuclear tests. associated components. New programs involving many of these techni- The Data Acquisition and Reduction Section is ques include the study of ballistic cratering and of responsible for the instrumentation for, and fracture rubblization of oil shale. recording of, such measurements as temperature, Other activities are aimed at the study of a pressure, acceleration, and ground motion both in variety of geophysical and astrophysical problems. the field and at LASL. The selection or design of proper transducers and recording equipment, the design of data transmission links, the fielding and J-lO—Atmospheric Sciences; Optical Physics operation of the system, and the subsequent data reduction are parts of this responsibility. Investigations of the responses of the earth’s at- Analog, digital, and analog-to-digital data reduc- mosphere, from sea level extending well into the tion is accomplished in facilities at the NTS and magnetosphere, to both man-made and naturally LASL. Data may be obtained from nuclear ex- occurring stimuli are conducted by J-10. The group plosive testing and other such field test activities. is principally concerned with the atmospheric ef- An Interactive Graphics Display System con- fects resulting from nuclear detonations; less sisting of a minicomputer refreshed cathode ray energetic events which measurably affect the at- tube display terminal with various input/output mosphere, e.g., lightning and various chemical in- and mass storage peripherals is in operation. It puts, are also the subject of theoretical and ex- . provides the experimenter/operator with the perimental researches. Activities include: capability to manipulate his data reduction under ● analysis of data from past atmospheric nuclear . interactive control of the computer and graphics tests; display and to obtain hard copy plots of the reduced ● theoretical modeling of atmospheric physics data. Computer codes are developed as required for and chemistry phenomena; and data reduction and analysis. ● conception, execution, and analysis of The Special Engineering Section provides design,

59 laboratory and field experiments related to the fun- resulting from neutrons interacting within the test I damental properties of the atmosphere and its device; responses. ● special phenomena involving temporal and Theoretical models include detailed computation spectral features of x-ray sources; analysis of fluid dynamics, chemical kinetics, radia- ● temporal and spatial features of gamma-ray - tion transport, and plasma physics effects. Ex- and neutron sources. perimental techniques are mainly those of optical The group works closely with the theoretical physics, i.e., quantitative measurements of radia- design groups of the Laboratory to plan each - tion from atoms and molecules using optical and diagnostic experiment in a manner most ap- electrooptical imaging, photometric, and spec- propriate to the individual weapons tests, and to in- troscopic instrumentation with sensitivities ranging terpret the experimental results. It has, in conjunc- from the ultraviolet to infrared spectral regions. tion with an ERDA engineering contractor, developed techniques and systems for high-speed (sub-nanosecond) multichannel recording of signals J-12—Neutron Measurements - Pinex from these underground tests. It directs the efforts of contractor personnel in instrumenting and Group J-12 has as its principal responsibility the recording each test. acquisition of optical diagnostics on weapon In support of these diagnostics, J-14 conducts a devices. The group effort is expended in the follow- program of research and development of advanced ing areas: instrumentation for the detection and recording of ● neutron and gamma-ray imaging experiments gamma-ray, x-ray and neutron fluxes. The group is on nuclear weapon devices to obtain diagnostics actively pursuing fiber optic techniques for high- useful in assessing weapon behavior and as an ex- frequency data transmission. Using the perimental data point for weapon designers; Laboratory’s computer facilities, the group has ● research in optics, detectors, and electronics developed advanced analysis techniques for fast directed toward improved resolution in space and transient data. time for the imaging experiments and for improved Major facilities included within the group include data storage techniques; 60 keV and 300 keV x-ray sources, 600 keV and 2.3 ● analog and digital data reduction and enhance- MeV pulsed electron sources, and an extensive ment; ultra-soft x-ray laboratory. ● experimental and theoretical work on coded X-ray techniques are used to support the plasma apertures (non-redundant pinhole arrays) leading to diagnostic effort in L-Division. three-dimensional imaging in both weapons experiments and in fuel pin studies on the LMFBR test reactor; and J-15—Diagnostics Design - Radiation - ● computing effort directed primarily toward Hydrodynamics preshot estimates of expected neutron and gamma- ray fluences and postshot data analysis. A latent Group J-15 studies the flow of energy through capability exists to do neutron and gamma-ray matter for situations ranging from nuclear tests to transport calculations. stellar interiors. All of the effort involves calculations of the energy-flow equations using computers. The main programmatic effort is two-fold. J- 14—Reaction History ● Diagnostic experiment design and analysis of data obtained by other groups. Areas of interest are - Group J-14 is active in the continuing Un- neutron, gamma-ray, x-ray and visible radiation as derground J$’capon’s Test Program at the Nevada weIl as electron-photon and neutron-proton interac- - Test Site. The group’s work is mainly concerned tions. with measurements ofi ● Determination of ground shock and pipe flow . the detailed reaction history of the nuclear ex- interaction for purposes of containment of un- plosion as indicated by the gamma-ray flux

60 Part-time research is done on several astrophysical problems such as stellar evolution, stellar atmospheres, stellar pulsations, gamma-ray astrophysics and the acquisition and analysis of total solar eclipse data, The computing programs used include Lagrangian ID and 2D radiation-diffusion- hydrodynamics codes, Lagrangian ID and 2D radiation-transport-hy drodynamics codes, Eulerian 2D and 3D radiation-diffusion and radiation transport hydrodynamics codes, two Lagrangian ID gas dynamic pipe flow codes with mass entrain- ment, and Monte Carlo codes for neutron, photon, coupled neutronlgamma; proton, electron, photon; and neutron, proton interactions. Basic nuclear physics and instrumentation research is conducted using both laboratory and nuclear detonation sources. The group has measured capture cross sections in the resonance region by using neutrons from nuclear detonations. Attention is focused on cross section whose measurement is difficult or impossible when using other than bomb neutrons. The group is currently developing a scan conver- ter system for the direct recording of fast transient signals associated with our measurements at NTS. Some work is being done on an investigation of ionospheric effects. A section of the group is engaged in scintillator and crystal research with production facilities. Scin- tillator production includes plastics, organic derground explosions and for protection of certain crystals, inorganic crystals, and screens. Crystal long-lived diagnostic experiments such as the TV production includes fluor, semiconductors, and Pinex. laser materials. In addition, J-15 determines yields of nuclear explosions by analysis of ground shock data for underground events, and fireball data for atmospheric J-16—Special Projects - Neutron Measurements events as well as verification of Russian yields under the recently negotiated Peaceful Nuclear Explosive J-16, the special projects group of J Division, is Treaty. staffed principally with physicists and instrumenta- Additional analysis of fireball data is done to tion specialists. At present the group’s primary determine optical signatures, hydrodynamic proper- function is the measurement of nuclear weapon out- ties, etc. puts, in particular, neutrons. Techniques have been Some theoretical calculations of material proper- developed that provide neutron spectra, device yield ties (equation of state, monochromatic absorption . and other performance characteristics. Very recen- and scattering coefficients, opacities) are made in tly a method of obtaining time-resolved neutron and support of the detailed radiation-flow gamma ray images has been developed and suc- hydrodynamic computations as well as a small ex- cessful y fielded. perimental effort to check these calculations using L-Division’s neodimium glass laser.

61 .

62 L DIVISION

LASER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY MS-530, ph. (505)-667-5167

L-Division is responsible for the Laboratory’s Laser Fusion Program. The laser fusion program is concerned with development of the technology required to demonstrate the feasibility of laser-initiated fusion energy release from small quantities of thermonuclear fuel for both commercial power production and military applications. This effort includes the development of short pulse high-energy lasers, laser-fusion theory, target design and fabrication, laser-target interaction experiments and diagnostics development, and applications systems studies. Thus, the various groups within L- Division are engaged interactively and cooperatively toward common goals.

L-l—Gas Discharge Laser Research and L-4—Experiments and Diagnostics Development Group L-4 is responsible for conception, design, Group L-1 primary activities are directed toward and analysis of experiments on the interaction of the development of high-energy, short pulse (1 high-intensity light with matter. Primary emphasis nanosecond or less) COZ gas discharge laser systems is on diagnostics of laser produced plasmas and on for laser-induced fusion research and for military measurements of density, temperature, and nuclear applications experiments. L-1 is responsible for the reactions in laser-driven implosions. Group ac- design, fabrication, maintenance, and operation of tivities also include interaction studies on high-Z three CO, laser systems: materials, nonlinear optics such as parametric am- ● the 0.3-TW single-beam, plification and frequency translation, and advanced ● the 2.o-TW two-beam, and laser technology. The group works closely with the ● the 10-kJ, 10- to 20-TW eight-beam. other L-Division groups to design experiments that The single-beam system is being used for target in- generally involve unique subnanosecond diagnostic teraction studies. The two-beam system, which techniques. L-4 also operates a two-beam Nd:glass serves as a prototype for the eight-beam system, is laser system for shock-wave generation and basic being used for fusion target experiments at powers physics experiments carried out by groups from J approaching 1.0 TW. Recent experiments with this and P Divisions. latter system resulted in production of ther- Diagnostic apparatus currently in use include a 3- monuclear neutrons for the first time with a COZ picosecond streak camera, x-ray spectrometers, laser. The major effort at present is the installation charged particle analyzers, neutron counters, op- and check-out of components for the eight-beam, 10 tical spectrographs for incident and reflected light, kJ, 10 to 20 TW system scheduled for operation in light collector-calorimeter system for target interac- the spring of 1978. Supporting programs include op- tion energy balance measurement, and an x-ray tical component and systems design and evaluation, pinhole microscope. Experiments have been perfor- . damage threshold measurements of optical compo- med with a 100 joule l-nanosecond single-beam COZ nents, and development of methods of small signal laser system and the two-beam, l-nanosecond CO, gain suppression and retropulse isolation techniques.

63 I laser system with up to 350 joules per beam. Experi- scheduling are maintained to ensure achievement of ments at higher energies will be conducted in con- interdependent tasks, and assessments are made of junction with the laser development groups as the technology requirements necessary for the attain- larger lasers are developed. ment of short- and long-range goals. Experiments have been designed for the high- energy Nd:glass and COZ lasers to study the effect of wavelength, pulse duration, and intensity on in- L-6—Laser Fusion Theory teraction phenomena. Laser power levels are rapidly increasing, allowing broader investigation of laser- Group L-6 is the focus of the theoretical and com- induced nuclear-fusion reactions. Measurements of putational support of the laser-fusion project. In target performance are continually compared to scope, the group activities cover basic laser physics, calculations and scaling laws generated principally non-linear optics, laser-plasma interactions, fusion by the Laser Fusion Theory Group, L-6. target designs, post-facto analysis of experiments, and the development of computer codes and theory to support these activities. The prepondance of the L-5—Systems and Applications Studies group’s work is with laser-plasma interaction and target design. Most of this effort is computational Group L-5 performs several functions in support and is centered around the laser pellet code of the overall Laser Fusion Program. Studies are LASNEX developed at LLL and the plasma simula- made to investigate the technical feasibility of tion code WAVE developed by L-6. Supporting various laser and laser-fusion applications and to theoretical efforts scattered throughout the evaluate the incentives for the use of lasers in these Laboratory are coordinated with the project through applications. Feasibility and systems studies are the group. conducted in both the military and commercial sec- tors, and assistance is provided for experimental programs. L-7—Target Fabrication Systems studies of the direct production of electricity in central-station, laser-fusion generating Group L-7 performs several related functions in stations are done to identify technological problems support of the laser program. Primary emphasis is requiring long-term development efforts. These on the fabrication of targets for laser-fusion experi- analyses include feasibility studies of reactor and ments. These targets are usually submillimeter- other subsystem concepts and systems studies of in- sized hollow shells of glass or metal (referred to as tegrated power plants. Potential commercial ap- microballoons), filIed with high-pressure plications of laser fusion, other than the direct deuterium-tritium (DT) gas and frequently coated production of electricity, are also investigated. with additional layers or concentric shells of metal These studies include the production of fuel for fis- and/or plastic to optimize the interaction of the sion reactors, the potential for production of syn- targets with the laser beams. Techniques are being thetic fuels, and providing high-temperature developed to coqdense the DT onto the inside sur- process heat. face of the microballoon container cryogenically to Studies of laser and laser-fusion experiments of form a uniform layer of liquid or solid DT fuel. In military significance include simulation of nuclear addition a large number of planar targets are made weapons effect and weapon physics modeling. There from metals, ceramics, and/or plastics in is considerable overlap in technology requirements thicknesses from 10 nm to 0.1 mm. All of these for military and commercial applications of lasers, targets are mounted and aligned in appropriate - and the conception and design of multipurpose ex- holders for ready installation into the laser target periments is an important objective. chambers. . Support is provided to L Division in program In addition to the laser-fusion targets, targets are planning, compiling and editing progress reports, fabricated for the several military-applications ex- and responding to external inquiries. Records of periments that are being carried out by groups from

64 P and J Divisions. These targets have ranged from tical and electrical diagnostic methods. L-9 main- single- and multiple-layer thin-metal foils for tains and operates the Gigawatt test facility, a fre- materials properties measurements to hollow plastic quency tunable CO, laser capable of GW output shells for blast-wave interaction experiments. intensities. . Finally, a wide range of special parts are fabricated that are incorporated in the various diagnostic apparatus developed by Group L-4 for L-lO—High-Energy Gas Laser -’ use in the laser experiments. These have included many different single- or multiple-layer metal foils L-10 is responsible for the design and implemen- (as thin as 50 nm) for use as selective x-ray filters, tation of the LASL High Energy Gas Laser Facility, small (5-pm-diam) pinholes for x-ray pinhole a very large carbon dioxide laser system designed for cameras, very-small-gage thermocouples for use in laser-fusion research. The technical objectives of calorimeters, as well as pellicles, beam splitters, and this laser are peak powers to 200 TW, pulse dura- spatial filter apertures for the laser optical systems. tions variable from 0.2 to 2 ns, and peak irradiance within a factor of 5 of diffraction limited. The facility is expected to be complete in 1982. The L-9—Gas Laser Technology programmatic objective for the HEGLF is the experimental demonstration of scientific breakeven Group L-9 performs basic research and develop- (defined as thermonuclear yield equal to or ex- ment to support the activities of L Division’s COZ ceeding the incident laser beam energy). The Group Laser Fusion program. Working closely with L-1 and is organized into six sections which encompass the L-10, this group’s efforts are directed toward advan- necessary technical disciplines: facilities and plann- ced subnanosecond oscillator systems, techniques of ing, high voltage and pulse power, mechanical laser isolation using both solids and gases, basic design, optical engineering, instrumentation and propagation studies, and development of fast op- control, and supporting research and development.

Fusion Experiment Target - 200-pm-diameter DT-filled glass micro balloon with l-pm-thick wall mounted on 100-mm-thick mylar film.

65 .

66 ,M DIVISION

DYNAMIC TESTING MS-682, ph. (505)-667-5653

This division is concerned mostly with the local testing and associated diagnostics on explosive-metal systems. These can be weapons systems or systems for research studies of material properties under dynamic conditions. Flash x-ray, optical, electrical contactor, and other electronic techniques are the main ones employed at the 13 firing sites of the division. The Laboratory’s nondestructive testing group, an optical instruments group, and a computerized image analysis group are also included in this division.

M-l—Nondestructive Testing based on both energy and wavelength dispersive x- ray fluorescence is in use. Group M-1 is staffed and equipped to provide An active research and development program nondestructive testing support to all divisions of the continues in support of these activities and in an- Laboratory. The primary objective of the group is to ticipation of future requirements. The result of this use nondestructive testing to determine those program has been the development of certain non- physical characteristics and conditions of materials, destructive inspection techniques that were unique components, and assemblies that determine their to LASL, but are now in widespread use at other in- ability to perform intended purposes. Nondestruc- stallations and in industry, tive testing enables these determinations without impairing the parameters being studied. Equipment is available for nearly all of the classical nondestruc- M-2—PHERMEX tive testing methods—x- and gamma-radiography in the l-keV to 25-MeV energy range, ultrasonic in- Group M-2 is concerned primarily with diagnosis spection eddy current inspection, magnetic particle, of explosively activated hydrodynamic experiments both transmission and scattered radiation gauging, of direct and peripheral interest to the weapons potential drop evaluation, passive nuclear radiation program. The principal tool for this work is PHER- measurements, and liquid penetrant inspection. MEX, a blast-proofed electron accelerator capable Equipment and expertise are also provided for some of producing 100 R of gamma radiation with sub- of the new or less-widespread methods—acoustic microsecond time resolution. This unique emission, holography and holographic inter- radiographic facility is used in conjunction with ferometry, infrared and heat transfer, and, in con- more than 50 channels of the most advanced elec- junction with Group P-2 Thermal neutron tronic recording capability, and when the occasion radiography and gauging. Other group objectives demands, with high-speed optical cameras are derived from the materials and materials-energy andlor additional pulsed x-ray equipment. The interaction nature of the primary work. Both scann- combined capability permits research investigations . ing and transmission electron microscopy are of both shock-induced pressure-volume-energy provided. Portable flash x-ray generators of 180, states unobservable by other methods and the 300, 600, and 900 keV, and on; of 2 MeV are applied detailed flow patterns behind detonation fronts in to recording of dynamic events. Qualitative analysis condensed explosives.

67 A second technology used in M-2 is the total con- variety of methods for generating and measuring tainment of explosions of as much as 20 kg of high strong stress waves. The data from such measure- explosive, permitting experiments with toxic ments are then used to deduce the underlying materials. properties of materials at explosively attainable pressures and strain rates. To accomplish its objectives, M-4 operates several - M-3—Detonation Physics firing sites and a wide range of modern electronic recording equipment. . Group M-3 contributes to the improvement of design and construction of the high-explosive components of weapons systems by detonating them M-5—Optical Engineering and Repair and measuring their behavior. The group also conducts experimental studies of all aspects of detona- Group M-5 is a Laboratory service group for op- tion in solid and liquid explosives, and theoretical tical instruments. The group’s primary functions studies to develop models of observed phenomena or are the design, modification, repair, and cleaning of to instigate experiments to test models. The objec- lenses and optical instruments, which include tive is to understand as much as possible about the cameras (ordinary, special, and high-speed), shut- initiation, development, and propagation of detona- ters, projectors, readers, binocular telescopes, tion, the transfer of energy from explosives to other microscopes, rotating mirrors, and many others. materials, and the effect of shock waves, radiation, Secondary functions are the production of glass or other stimuli on explosive behavior. The ex- sheets, mirrors, thin-film coatings, and engraved perimental, theoretical, and computational techni- labels to meet special requirements. Major equip- ques used are extremely varied, ”with experimental ment includes an optical testing laboratory (optical techniques especially developed in high-speed benches, collimators, interferometers, refrac- photography. The facilities operated by the group tometers, spherometers), optical surfacing shop include four firing sites equipped to study (sawing, grinding, lapping, and polishing detonating explosive in sizes ranging from a few machines), vacuum evaporation plant, balancing milligrams to several hundred kilograms, using machine, pantograph engraving machine, and rotating-mirror and electronic image intensifier machine shop. cameras, fast oscilloscopes, and pulsed x rays.

M-6—Shock Wave Physics M-4—Implosion Diagnostics and Related Research Group M-6 is a research-oriented group using shock wave technology to study the behavior of A primary concern of M-4 is the accurate deter- materials and systems under extreme conditions of mination of metal motions for the explosive-metal pressure, temperature, and magnetic field. Shock components in modern weapon designs. In this waves are induced in samples using high explosives capacity the group works in close cooperation with or hyper-velocity guns. The results are recorded separate theoretical design groups. Experiments are with high-speed cameras, flash x rays, and various also conducted to develop andlor to investigate electronic transducers. Equations of state and short-duration neutron and gamma-ray sources. ultra-high strain rate mechanical properties are In addition to its work on weapons, M-4 conducts determined at pressures of several million at- research studies in hydrodynamic phenomena and mospheres and temperatures of several thousand - in the related properties of materials. Hydrocode degrees for a variety of materials. This data is par- calculations are performed to detail the motion for ticularly important for the design of nuclear - plane or axisymmetric explosive-metal systems of weapons, but is also of great interest to other fields interest and to provide comparisons with test like geophysics and solid state science. To comple- results. In its materials research, the group uses a ment the shock data, the group also has a strong

68 capability in static high-pressure and high- M-8—Image Analysis temperature techniques, including ultrasonics and x-ray diffraction. The group has developed ex- Group M-8 is involved in all types of com- plosive techniques for generating extremely high puterized image analysis. Though originally magnetic fields (in excess of one million gauss) and . devoted to restoration of degraded images from using them in the study of solid state physics. These various LASL projects, activities have been expan- techniques also lend themselves to the generation of ded into computer-aided extraction of data from im- 4 high power electrical pulses by converting the agery, image coding and decoding, linear and non- chemical energy of high explosives to electrical linear systems analysis, coded apertures, three- energy. The generators are relatively lightweight dimensional reconstructions, and application of the and have been used to drive rocket-launched plasma theory of the photographic process. A portion of the guns. They are now being developed to drive a group activities now arises from non-LASL require- plasma focus tube that can create an intense burst ments and is funded from external sources. Both of neutrons suitable for flash radiography. research into new methods of analysis and im- A portion of the Group is directly concerned with plementation of developed methods on the LASL testing and improving the hydrodynamic perfor- computers are pursued as group functions. mance of nuclear devices. High-speed streaking and Typically, images of interest may arise from framing cameras, as well as flash x rays can ac- radiography, high-speed photography, remote en- curately record the motion and condition of compo- vironmental sensors, and astronomy. nents during the chemical explosive stage of a The group operates electronic and mechanical device’s performance. In addition, the group is ac- scanners and image viewers. The group is currently tive in several non-weapons funded projects in- building a facility for interactive image processing. cluding the development of shaped explosive The system will be tied to the LASL Central Corn-_ charges for use in conventional weapons and the puting Facility (CCF), which will permit dis- study of advanced explosive mining technology, tributed computing between the system minicom- with particular application to the in-situ extraction puters and the large CCF computers. of oil and natural gas from oil shale deposits.

69 .

70 MP DIVISION

MEDIUM-ENERGY PHYSICS MS-850, ph (505)-667-5907

This Division is concerned with the scheduling, operation, and maintenance of the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). Ex- periments have been conducted for a two full years during which time the steadystate beam intensity achieved in the experimental areas was in excess of 10 PA at full energy. During the next year, the accelerator will be brought to 100 WA, and to the full design intensity by 1980. LAMPF is a multifaceted, multidisciplinary facility that is designed to bridge the intellectual and technological gap between nuclear and sub- nuclear physics, and to address practical applications as well. The experimental facilities are used by research staffs of the Laboratory and other laboratories in the U.S. and abroad.

MP-1—Electronic Instrumentation and Com- It participates actively in the planning and execu- puter Systems tion of machine-development experiments for achieving more effective beam tuning procedures Group MP-1 provides MP Division and the and higher beam intensities. The machine is in LAMPF users with on-line computer systems, operation 24 hours per day, seven days per week, software, and instrumentation. The group is respon- throughout most of the year, requiring the operating sible for: crews to work rotating shifts. The group is also . the continued development and support of the responsible for maintenance and repair of local con- computer-based accelerator control system, trol hardware and computer interfacing equipment, ● the design and implementation of the ex- closed-circuit television equipment, pulsed signal perimental area beam-line controls and instrumen- distribution systems, beam current and loss tation, monitors, and interlock systems for personnel safety . the development of an integrated computer- and machine protection. based data-acquisition system to support the program of experimental physics, and ● the development and maintenance of software MP-3—Practical Applications for these computer systems. The group also manages and maintains the Group MP-3 is responsible for conducting a LAMPF Electronics and Equipment Pool and research program leading to the development of provides the Division with a staff of electronics practical applications of LAMPF. A substantial draftsmen. part of the program involves performing physics research to investigate the use of pions for cancer therapy. The group operates and upgrades the pion MP-2—Accelerator Operations biomedical channel, develops beams and treatment plans for therapy, performs dosimetry and This group is responsible for the operation and microdosimetry experiments, and provides general first-level maintenance of the LAMPF accelerator. support for the clinical trials. 71 Other areas of research include muonic x-ray ● to provide beam stop systems, shielding, analysis to determine elemental composition and targeting, and remote-handling capabilities for chemical structure, muon spin rotation experiments operation of the primary beam at the l-mA level; for materials characterization, proton radiography . to manage the general plant maintenance and experiments, and the development of biomedical in- improvements of the experimental areas; and strumentation for the diagnosis and treatment of ● to provide a trained staff to support routine disease. The group is responsible for helping to coor- operation of the main beams, the secondary beams, dinate the activities of other groups in such fields as and the cryogenic target systems. radioisotope production, radiation damage studies The research facilities include three pion beams with protons and neutrons, and electronuclear fuel and a muon beam in Experimental Area A, and ex- production. ternal proton beam and high energy neutron beams in Area B, and several irradiation stations for nuclear chemistry applications. MP-4—Nuclear and Particle Physics

Group MP-4 is primarily responsible for con- MP-8—Engineering Support ducting a basic research program in medium-energy physics. This problem includes studies in elemen- Engineers, technicians, and draftspersons form tary particle physics, atomic physics, nuclear reac- the staff of MP-8 and are responsible for providing tions, and nuclear structure, using the pion, muon, engineering services to the varied programs at proton, neutron and neutrino beams available at LAMPF. The major activities involve consultation, LAMPF. Currently the research covers such topics design, technical assistance and fabrication skills in as electron-neutrino interactions, parity violations support of the accelerator, experimental and related in strong interactions, rare pion-decay modes, pion- programs. The combined talents of the six sections nucleon and pion-nucelus scattering and reactions, in the group possess the experience and resources to negative hydrogen photo-detachment, and pion fully implement projects, from concept through total cross sections on nuclei. Much of this research design, fabrication, installation, testing and is done in collaboration with other Laboratory maintenance. groups and institutions. Detector systems and experimental systems are Experiment Support Section. Engineering, plan- under continuous development to make this ning, fabrication and technician assistance are program viable. General purpose spectrometer provided all major experiments. Experiment systems, for neutral and charged pion detection, are engineers are assigned to each experiment to ensure in use or under construction. The group supervises that the setup meets the LAMPF production cycle operations of an electronics equipment pool, a scin- schedules from the planning stage through field tillator counter shop, and a wire chamber shop. supervision of the installation. Experimental support shops are managed to provide light pipe and multiwire proportional counter fabrication services MP-7—Experimenta1 Areas to users.

Group MP-7 has general responsibility for the ex- Fabrication Section. Mechanical fabrication and perimental areas and the facilities for carrying out repair are performed by this section which staffs a pion, muon, and nucleon physics research at machine shop, soldering and welding shop, furnace LAMPF, except for the two spectrometer projects brazing facility and ion pump rebuild shop. The and the biomedical facility. The group has the various fabrication and shop services are provided to following major objectives: the experiment, accelerator and klystron and ion ● to install and maintain the primary beams, the pump rebuild programs. secondary beams, and the research facilities.

72 The following shops are maintained: to experimentalists as required. Mechanical main- Machine Shop - A staff shop is well equipped with tenance and rebuild of the accelerator structure and general purpose machine tools and equipment. magnet spares are performed by this section. Welding Shop - The welding shop includes gas, arc, TIG, and soldering capabilities in addition to a He mass spectrometer vacuum leak detector sta- MP-9—Accelerator Systems Development tion. . Furnace Brazing Facility - Three retort type elec- MP-9 conceives and develops procedures tric furnaces, using inert or hydrogen gas at- necessary for tuning the accelerator to the design in- mosphere, are used on a routine basis for the tensity and the specified beam quality. This work fabrication and rebuild programs. requires a high degree of understanding of the fun- Ion Pump Rebuild - Programmatic rebuild and damental behavior of the machine from the beam testing of approximately 200 ion pumps in use at the dynamics point-of-view, particularly with respect to facility are conducted in this shop. the requirements for simultaneous beam acceleration and very low beam loss. The central computer Klystron Section. Repair and rebuild of the ac- control system is used to tie the system together, celerator’s 805-MHz klystrons (44 in operation) are and the tuning procedures and advanced ongoing activities representing an amalgamation of operational development work are structured the equipment and expertise resulting from the around this control system. Instrumentation for ex- design and fabrication of the side-coupled linac and perimental measurement of the phenomena in- from klystron research and development carried out volved is developed as needed. in parallel with the klystron procurement and The group is also responsible for the development testing program. In addition, the section provides a of facility management tools using database techni- major portion of the off-line maintenance and fre- ques. Database systems for monitoring the perfor- quent on-line support of the accelerator rf power mance of accelerator equipment, managing the ex- systems. perimental physics machine schedules, equipment pool inventories, user’s office needs and other ap- Alignment Section. The staff maintains a high plications are developed for use throughout the skill level in the field of precision metroIogy and Division. serves all of the alignment requirements at LAMPF. A metrology lab is maintained which includes a large tooling dock for precision coordinate measure- MP-10 ments, surface plates, mechanical measuring tools, laser alignment equipment, optical tooling, and a Two large, high-resolution spectrometer facilities collimating stand for optical instrument calibration. are under construction by MP-10. EPICS (Energetic Alignment crews perform services both in the lab Pion Channel and Spectrometers) is a unique, high- and in the field. resolution system allowing nuclear physics research to be carried out with pions. HRS (High-Resolution Drafting Section. General drafting services are Spectrometers) is a proton system which allows provided in support of the engineering activities. high-resolution studies of nuclear structure using Mechanical and electrical drawings are originated protons up to 800 MeV. MP-10 is responsible for the as well as circuit diagrams, printed circuit artwork research programs of these spectrometers as well as and illustrations in addition to the associated files construction and operation of the facilities. Most of and documentation. the work of this group is carried out in collaboration I with outside users and approximately half of the Mechanical Engineering Support Section. A large staff consists of long-term guests from the LAMPF pool of electromagnets is maintained and provided users community.

73 .

MP-1 l—Accelerator Support beam simultaneous with either a polarized or un- polarized H- beam. Specifically, the group is Group MP-11 is primarily responsible for main- responsible for: tenance and upgrading of the permanent facility. In ● the initial tuneup and maintenance of all three this capacity, the group provides a trained staff and injectors and associated beam transport systems; the necessary spare parts and test equipment to per- ● the development of new ion sources and beam form this function. The group also performs a ser- pulsing systems which will provide greater beam in- vice to other MP groups in areas of special expertise, tensity and more flexible beam modulation such as rf systems research and development and capability that will be needed by the experimental other related systems. program at LAMPF; and ● the design and construction of a very bright injector for use on the PIGMI accelerator. MP-12—Injector Systems The injector group works closely with various - operations, development, and experimental groups Group MP-12 has the general responsibility for all at LAMPF to provide the required ion beams needed - injector systems at LAMPF. There are three on-line both for production runs and accelerator develop- injectors capable of providing a high intensity H+ ment tests.

74 MP-13—Beam Line Development shared with other groups. In general, MP-13 would specify instrumentation and software needs, Group MP-13 is responsible for development of develop the detectors, front-end electronics, (as ap- primary and secondary beam lines at LAMPF with propriate) and work closely with whoever develops the exception of Line C, EPICS, and the Biomedical other electronics data acquisition hardware and beam line. for primary beam lines, this includes op- data processing. tics design and calculations; development of beam The development of secondary beam lines is coor- 4 measuring, diagnostic, and monitoring instrumen- dinated with other groups who have responsibilities tation; development for beam tuning and monitor- in this area. MP-13 concentrates on beam line ing procedures; beam studies; design, physics, instrumentation and magnet engineering fabrication/procurement, measurement and main- developments which include optics design, beam tenance of radiation-hardened magnets; specifica- diagnostic and monitoring instrumentation, tuning tion of other beam line components; providing ad- procedures, beam studies, magnet design and vice and some support to users of primary beam measurements and providing advice and some lines; maintenance of the SWYD. Development of assistance to users of the secondary beam lines. beam diagnostic and monitoring instrumentation is

MP-14—Linac Technology Group Principal investigative efforts include the Alter- nating Phase Focusing Linac structure, the develop- The basic charter of the Linac Technology Group ment of permanent magnet quadruple lenses, the is concerned with the extension of linear accelerator experimental study of radio frequency field gradient applications and technology. Currently, the linac limitations, the evaluation of various cooperplating related research and development is directed toward processes for linac applications, the development of an optimized design for a Pion Generator for microprocessors and minicomputer systems for Medical Irradiation (PIGMI), participating in a beam diagnostics and accelerator control, study of the feasibility and basic design parameters parametric studies of high-frequency accelerator for an electronuclear breeder accelerator and in- structures, rf manifolding and the development of vestigating other charged particle beam applica- computer programs for beam transport and struc- tions. ture field distribution.

75 .

76 P DIVISION

PHYSICS MS-434, ph. (505)-667-4117

The activity in P Division is primarily in experimental physics, with special emphasis on low-energy nuclear physics and space physics. The nuclear physics efforts include experimental studies of nuclear reactions, nuclear structure, and the fission process. Electrostatic accelerators and a research reactor are used in these studies; the neutrons from underground nuclear detonations are used to measure difficult nuclear-reaction cross sections and physical parameters of materials. Two new factilies, the Weapons Neutron Research Facility (WNR) and the Intense Neutron Source (INS), will add to the capability for studying problems in nuclear physics and radiation damage. The space physics experiments rely on sophisticated detector systems placed aboard satellites or rockets.

P-DOR—Special Research Projects irradiation of instrumented capsules, neutron radiography of weapon components, neutron- Some special research activities are not logically a capture gamma-ray studies, and neutron-activation part of any group effort and are handled by senior assay work, including fissionable materials assay for staff members who report directly to the Division weapon diagnostics. A major applied research Office. These activities currently include an experi- program within P-2 is the assay of field samples for ment at LAMPF for studying the basic nucleon- uranium, part of a nationwide uranium exploration nucleon interaction, and the development of an effort. The group also performs numerous trace- electron accelerator which ultimately will become element analyses, using a neutron-activation part of a variable-energy x-ray source for applied technique, in which sensitivities for some elements physics measurements. are below a part per billion. Basic research activities of P-2 personnel include measurements of the properties of nuclear states ex- P-2—Research Reactor Experiments cited by radioactive decay or neutron capture; an experiment at LAMPF in which muons are em- Group P-2 operates the Omega West Reactor ployed for probing nuclear shapes and charge dis- (OWR). Using this 8-MW nuclear reactor the group tributions; and neutron diffraction studies of con- conducts a varied program of basic and applied densed matter. physics research. The reactor facilities and the ad- . vistory services of the group are made available to all divisiona of the Laboratory. At 8 M W, the OWR P-3—Neutron Physics provides steady-state fluxes of up to 8 x 1018 . neutrons/cm2” sec. A large variety of experimental Our principal responsibility is to maintain a ver- facilities are built into the reactor, making it a very satile program in experimental neutron physics, versatile research tool. It is used for sample irradia- both in basic research and in support of the weapons tions, external neutron-beam experiments, in-core program. We use a wide variety of neutron sources

77 including accelerators and reactors at LASL and P-6—Radiation Calibration Facility other ERDA laboratories, and underground nuclear explosions. Present and past experiments include Group P-6 maintains a standard graphite pile for differential measurements of scattering and reac- use in calibration of encapsulated radioactive tion cross sections and integral tests of neutron neutron sources and operates a calibration facility - transport calculations. for the Laboratory’s radiation safety instruments Other activities include an experimental program and other special detectors. to study high-pressure shock waves. We have used . neutrons from nuclear explosions to obtain equation-of-state information in the 10 to 40-Mbar P-9—Van de Graaff Accelerators and Nuclear regime, and are currently undertaking a series of ex- Physics periments to study shock waves generated by high- energy lasers. Two electrostatic accelerators make up the essen- We also operate a theta pinch for studying the tial parts of the P-9 facility. The vertical accelerator transmission of low-energy x-rays through high- was designed and built by LASL and has been in density and high-temperature plasmas, and are productive operation since 1951. The high-potential joining CTR division in a program to study the terminal of the vertical machine can be charged up dynamics of a high-density Z pinch. to 8 million volts. Particle beams of protons, deuterons, tritons, helium, and heavy ions are commonly accelerated. The vertical accelerator has P-4—High-Altitude and Space Physics been used primarily for neutron experiments, where the neutrons are made by several nuclear reactions Group P-4 has the primary responsibility for either for steady neutron beams or for pulsed time- developing the nuclear radiation detection systems of-flight. carried by satellites to detect foreign nuclear The second machine is a tandem accelerator weapons tests in space. For this purpose, twelve purchased from a commercial source. This ac- operating Vela satellites have been placed in orbit celerator can be operated independently and is since October 1963; and the last four satellites, located in a concrete building with sufficient radia- launched in 1969 and 1970, are still being operated tion shielding so that no interference is caused by as part of the U.S. Atomic Energy Detection System both machines operating simultaneously. The same (AEDS). The program is being continued on large variety of particles can be accelerated with the tan- multi-mission Air Force satellite systems. Recent dem and proton energies of 16 to 17 MeV can be ob- launches of these systems have augmented the old tained. The tandem is used primarily for charged- Vela system with modernized instrumentation. A particle experiments where thin targets of various significant portion of the group effort centers around materials are directly bombarded with the ac- analyzing and interpreting the scientific informa- celerated particles and studies are made of scattered tion from the background monitoring instrumenta- particles, secondary reaction particles, and proper- tion on board the satellites, and developing, ties of the target and residual nuclei. fielding, and interpreting results from experiments The two machines may be used in series for carried on low-altitude sounding rockets and on energies up to 23 MeV. The experimental programs various NASA research satellites. The group’s basic in nuclear physics take advantage of the unique research is in” solar-terrestrial physics and features of electrostatic accelerators for producing astrophysics with emphasis on solar activity, the in- fully variable particle beam energies of various - terplanetary medium, the Earth’s magnetosphere, species wherein the energies are precisely known. and x-ray and -y-ray astronomy, .

78 Tritons are now available in each accelerator with For a nominal pulse width of 100 nsec, which would three-stage accelerated tritons being in particular be useful for a large range of the experiments plan- demand by various experimenters. Triton beams are ned at the WNR, one can expect 2 x 10” uniquely available at LASL and the (t,p) reaction neutrons/pulse, or 2.5 x 1018neutrons/see. . that adds two neutrons simultaneously to a nucleus It is proposed that, in a second phase, the WNR is a powerful investigative tool in nuclear research. facility be upgraded by the addition of a high- Both the tandem and the vertical accelerators can current proton storage ring. This device will im- ● deliver a pulsed beam of a few microampere prove the WNR neutron pulse effectiveness by a fac- average current. The repetition rate is approx- tor of 100 to 1000, depending on neutron energy and imately 2 MHz and the pulses are less than one storage ring operating mode. The storage ring nanosecond wide. basically acts as a pulse compressor, converting long Sources of polarized H-, D-, and T- of >100 LAMPF pulses into very much shorter (but more in- nanoamperes intensity and >80Y0 polarization have tense) pulses, enabling many more neutrons to be been developed and are in operation with the tan- generated at the WNR target within pulse lengths dem. The polarized T- beam is unique in the world suitable for time-of-flight use. The ring will be and is currently the center of a vigorous research designed to store very high levels of circulating program. current, but for relatively short times (millise- conds), and will utilize a newly developed charge- exchange injection technique. which converts an P-1 l—Weapons Neutron Research H- beam into circulating protons. A range of operating modes is envisaged for the Group P-II is responsible for implementation and storage ring. In one scheme, 200 turns of H- ions are operation of the Weapons Neutron Research facility injected into the ring, which has a particle circula- (WNR). WNR is a broad spectrum neutron time-of- tion period of 300 nsec. The ions are injected in such flight laboratory, built in conjunction with LAMPF. a way as to form six bunches of 1 nsec width, cir- A small fraction of the 800-MeV proton beam culating in the ring. Each bunch finally contains producted by LAMPF is used at the WNR. This about one psec worth of a LAMPF macropulse. The beam, which consists of a series of short pulses, is bunches will be ejected from the ring at a repetition transported by a system of magnets to a heavy rate of 720 Hz. In this mode one expects 2 x 10’2 metal target where it produces large quantities of neutronslpulse and 1.2 x 1015neutronslsec. At the neutrons. The neutrons, produced in pulses whose other extreme of operation, a great many turns of length and frequency correspond to that of the H- ions (several thousand) are injected into the proton pulses, have energies extending from 100 storage ring. If the ring design criterion of 100 A of MeV to thermal. Experimental use will be mainly circulating current can be attained, 3 x 101s based on the time-of-flight method, where the neutrons/pulse will be produced, in a pulse length of neutrons are distinguished according to energy by about 150 nsec. The repetition rate for this mode measurement of the time it takes them to traverse will be at most about 1 Hz. The instantaneous the distance from the generating target to the ex- neutron production rate in this mode is 2 x 1022 perimental equipment. neutrons fsec. It is expected that LAMPF, when it reaches The WNR beam transport system has been com- design performance, will provide 500 ~sec pleted to the end of the channel and also to the macropulses of both 800-MeV protons (17 mA peak primary neutron production target. It is now . current), and 800 MeV H- ions (1.7 mA peak operated routinely for a variety of purposes in- current), with a repetition rate of 120 Hz. The WNR cluding tuneup, detector development, and facility, in its initial phase, will use a short proton preliminary experiments. The end of the beam . pulse (up to 5 ysec long) diverted from the trailing channel has been used for experiments employing edge of each LAMPF proton macropulse. With a the proton beam directly, and neutrons have been large heavy metal target, one expects about 20 produced in the primary target area using a tem- neutrons to be produced for each incident proton. porary carbon target.

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In the artist’s conception of the INS facility, various areas of interest are shown: A. shows the ion source; B. the target area where the tritium ion beam and deuterium jet target converge; C. the two source cells containing the intense neutron sources; D. the three-stage isotope separation system; E. ttw Laboratory-Office-Control Building that contains the computerized control center and offices; F. the wing of the building containing two high-voltage power supplies and capacitor banks.

Target and moderator handling systems are now P-14—Intense Neutron Source Development being completed, and installation of several neutron flight paths is in progress. Two will be used for the An Intense Neutron Source facility is being fast neutron experimental program, and two more designed and built on Two Mile Mesa to study will be available for materials studies with thermal radiation damage effects that might occur in the . neutrons. Measurements on the neutron spectrum similar environment of a fusion reactor. Group P-14 from the primary target have been initiated, and the proposes to collide an intense tritium ion beam (3 . experimental program is expected to get under way amp beam current) with a deuterium gas jet target. during the late summer and fall of 1977. The resulting D-T reaction will produce 10” 14-MeV

81 neutrons per second. With this concept, the usual parameters for fusion power reactors to be built in problem of deposition of heat in the target is solved the future. The Intense Neutron Source will provide with a supersonic jet that continually carries off the needed data on 14-MeV nuclear cross sections and heat from the impinging beam, at the same time shielding. Routine and safe handling of 29 g of allowing sufficient neutron production. The specific tritium and extraction of tritium gas continuously - I yield of neutrons per unit of deposited heat is from the deuterium-jet exhaust system by means of thereby increased along with the power deposition the isotope separation system will demonstrate the rate. feasibility of tritium’s use in future reactors. The In- “ The experimental area is small in the Intense tense Neutron Source’s production of 14-MeV Neutron Source concept because the maximum neutrons may serve later to calibrate and correlate neutron flux will exist at a radius of only a few cen- results from experiments on other neutron sources timeters from the target. Sophisticated miniaturiz- with different flux spectra. ing of experiments will be necessary to use this ex- Meanwhile, Group P-14 is testing these experimental environment. Access to the source will perimental principles with a Beam-on-Target (B-O- be handled completely by remote control. Walls 3.5- T) prototype complete with computer control. This m thick and a roof 3-m thick will shield workers system accelerates a hydrogen ion beam to impinge from the radiation. upon a hydrogen jet. By using hydrogen, the B-O-T The Magnetic Fusion Energy program will gain prototype will test the concept without the problem needed information from the INS experimental of neutron production or the handling of tritium. program. Radiation damage experiments on bulk Results from these tests, expected by 1978, will in- material, material surfaces, and insulators will serve fluence the final design of the INS facility. The new to reduce the ultimate cost and provide design facility is expected to be operating by 1980.

82 PER

PERSONNEL MS-280, ph. (505)-667-6187

The Personnel Department is composed of Groups PER-1, Employment; PER-2, Recruiting, Visitor Liaison and Housing; PER-3, Personnel Systems Coordination, Reports and Records; PER-5, Training and Orienta- tion; PER-6, Employee Benefits. The Personnel Department Office is responsible for (1) the organization, administration and supervision of the Department; (2) the development and administration of personnel policies and procedures; (3) preparation of any modifications of Appendix “A” to Contract W-7405-36 which covers the Laboratory’s reimbursable expense items related to “Employee” costs; (4) administering the postdoctoral program and recommending policy changes; (5) handling appeals under the Laboratory’s informal grievance procedure and the implementation of all details for a formal grievance; (6) garnishments and notice of levy; (7) participation on the Salary Policy Committee which reviews all reclassifka- tions and recommends policy changes as regards wage and salary administration for graded series personnel; (8) assisting in preparation of Laboratory responses to, and investigation of formal charges filed with, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, N. M. Human Rights Com- mission, and OffIce of Federal Contract Compliance; (9) administering Per- sonnel Department Operating and Equipment Budget; (10) Supervisors’ Manual revisions; and (11) Employee Handbook revisions.

PER-l—Employment-Personnel Services preparing and issuing formal employment offers, Bulletin job vacancy listing, coordinating internal Group PER-1 is composed of two operating sec- employee transfers, counseling employees on per- tions: Employment and Personnel Services. sonal and work-related problems, administering the Summer Graduate Student Program, administering Employment. The Employment Section is the PER-1 casual secretarial pool, employment responsible for the employment mechanics involv- mechanics for the YOC and STEP Programs, ing all employee categories except Consultants and answering employment reference requests, requests Long- and Short-Term Visiting Staff Members. Per- pertaining to verification of employment for credit sonnel Representatives and their secretaries are information, liaison with the Security office to in- . assigned two or more divisions or departments. itiate clearance requests for new employees, and ac- They are responsible for providing all of the ad- tive participation in LASL recruiting effort. ministrative support necessary to hire the best . qualified personnel available to carry out the LASL Personnel Services. The Personnel Services Sec- mission. Some of the major activities of the Section tion is responsible for the processing of all new hires are: requesting pre-employment references, ex- and terminations, initiation and reinstatement of tending interview invitations, making interviewee security clearances, fingerprinting of potential em- travel arrangements and interview scheduling, ployees, and the operation of the receptionist desk.

83 PER-2—Recruiting, Visitor Liaison OffIce, and leased housing and for coordinating the assign- Housing ments of Consultants, Visiting Staff Members, and other visitors to privately-owned units. Recruiting. This section is responsible for recruiting quality candidates for Laboratory staffing requirements. This responsibility entails recruiting PER-3—Personnel Systems Coordination, at universities, technical institutes, professional Records and Reports meetings and off-site locations; preparation and placement of job advertisements in technical jour- Group PER-3 is responsible for maintaining all nals, trade publications and newspapers; prepara- active, terminated , and potential employee fiIes. tion and dissemination of employment information The Group checks all new hire and transfer to universities, colleges, technical institutes, proposals for compliance with Laboratory nepotism professional societies, and non-fee organizations policy, and assigns Z-numbers to all new employees. providing placement assistance to minorities, Requests for employment verification are answered women, the handicapped, and veterans; develop- by the Group. As the Personnel Information Center, ment and preparation of fliers describing general the Group is responsible for the retrieval of and specific employment opportunities; and par- personnel-related information from the Employee ticipation in career and job fairs. Special emphasis Information System and the Potential Employee is given to the recruitment of affected classes incor- Data Base. The Vacancy Report listing all job porating all of the above as well as developing and vacancies with the Laboratory is maintained by perpetuating on-going personal contacts for Group PER-3. The Group’s Systems Section is reaching affected classes. Consultative service and responsible for reviewing the Personnel Depart- advertising assistance is provided for technology ment’s Systems and Procedures, and for recom- transfer programs. Outplacement assistance is mending, designing, and implementing new andfor provided to employees required to terminate due to revised administrative procedures. The Systems the completion of a fixed term assignment or reduc- Section also serves as the liaison between AADP and tion in force. the Personnel Department for all matters relating to Automatic Data Processing. Visitor Liaison. This section is responsible for issuing invitations and establishing agreements and contracts required in obtaining the services of Con- PER-5—Training and Orientation sultants, Short-Term Visiting Staff Members, Borrowed Personnel, Visiting Scientists, Long-Term This Group’s activities are centered in five areas; Visiting Staff Members, Guest Scientists, Industrial In-House Continuing Education, Secretarial Train- Staff Members, ERDA Contract personnel, and em- ing, University Programs, Management Develop- ployees of government agencies. Visitor Liaison is ment, and Employee Orientation. PER-5 sponsors also responsible for negotiations for services to be some continuing education courses, and provides rendered and for requesting and issuing payments general coordination for those in-house courses for such services. Arrangements for LASL em- sponsored by other LASL organizations. In addi- ployees on loan to other ERDA or federal installation, the Group reports on participation in all in- tions are also made by this Section. Another func- house courses. In the area of Secretarial Training, tion is the processing of visas for alien employees PER-5 conducts an orientation program for and visitors. This Section is also responsible for secretarial new-hires, and sponsors skills develop- coordinating the colloquia and Staff Member ment courses for all interested LASL secretaries. In Meetings. the academic area, the Group monitors LASL’S Tui- tion Assistance Program, operates UNM’S Los Housing Office. This section is responsible for the Alamos Graduate Center, and handles the ad- scheduling of occupancy of Government-owned and ministrative work for the Advanced Study Program,

84 Professional Research and Teaching Leaves, surance, Workmen’s Compensation, Unemploy - Graduate Thesis Program, IAEA appointments, and ment Compensation, and General Liability In- the programs of fellowships for graduate students surance. Members of the group provide a variety of and faculty members for two consortia of Western services such as counseling employees, advising & Universities. In the Management Development supervisors of policies and interpretation, reviewing area, PER-5 has a program of seminars for super- effectiveness of programs, and recommending visors. The following courses are in the current changes to the appropriate people in LASL, the Un- * schedule: Developing Supervisory Leadership iversity of California, and the companies and Skills, Selected LASL Policies and Procedures, the organizations offering insurance and retirement Effective Executive, Models for Management, and programs. Newly hired employees are given an ex- Team Development. In addition, the staff of PER-5 planation of all of the insurance plans and enrolled conducts a variety of orientation programs. Some of in those selected. Terminated employees are inter- them, such as the summer orientation programs for viewed so that they may make arrangements to con- graduate students, have a duration time of up to 3 vert insurance coverage and obtain information days. The regular orientation programs for new per- used in answering unemployment insurance claims. sonnel, which include talks on the organization and Preretirement counseling is offered so that em- administration of the Laboratory, security, property ployees considering retirement may know what management, health and safety, are scheduled on kinds of benefits are available and make realistic in- an average of once a month. come projections and plans for the future. This group maintains regular and direct contact with the various insurance companies to expedite the handl- PER-6—Employee Benefits ing of all employee and annuitant claims. The group provides assistance and information for employees PER-6 is responsible for the administration of em- who wish to enroll their children in the University of ployee benefits. This includes working with many California with the waiver of out-of-state admission different programs such as: University of California requirements. The group is also responsible for ad- Retirement System, Public Employee’s Retirement ministering the Laboratory’s severance pay plan System of California, Group Health Insurance, and recommending policy and procedural changes Group Life Insurance, Accidental Death and Dis- for other employee benefits such as vacation, sick memberment Insurance, Short-term and Non- leave, and holidays. Industrial Disability Insurance, Automobile In-

85 .

86 Q-DIVISION

ENERGY . MS-561, ph. (505)-667-5590

A reorganization was carried out on February 1, 1977 to facilitate the conduct of certain energy and geoscience-related work at Los Alamos. As a con- sequence the nongeosciences activities of Cryogenics, Solar Energy, and Systems Studies in Q Division were amalgamated with the Safeguards, Reactor Safety, and Reactor Technology of R Division to form the new Q Division. R Division was formally dissolved and the G Division is described elsewhere. In addition, the Statistics and Systems Studies Group T-13 was included in the Q-Division activities. As part of this reorganization the group structure was modified where necessary and new group numbers were assigned. The three areas of responsibility are Nuclear Safeguards (Groups Q-1, Q- 2, Q-3, Q-4), Reactor Safety (Groups Q-6, Q-7, Q-8), and Technology (Groups Q-10, Q-n, Q-12, Q-13, Q-14).

Q-l—Safeguards Technology, International systems are used to measure absolute nuclear Safeguards, and Training material content as well as relative isotopic abun- dance. High-efficiency neutron counters are The objective of Group Q-I is the development of developed for the assay of 24”Pu and “W by coin- rapid, quantitative techniques, principally nuclear cidence neutron detection of spontaneous fission. nondestructive analysis (NDA), for the measure- Supplementing passive NDA techniques, “active” ment of the wide variety of fissionable material assay methods use external neutron sources, either types, compositions, and containment that are radioactive sources such as 2s2Cfand Am-Li or Van found in the nuclear industry. The major portion of de Graaff and 14-MeV neutron generators, to induce the Q-1 research program is responsive to nuclear fissions in the sample that are then measured by safeguards measurement needs in the areas of in- counting fission neutrons or gamma rays. Gamma- spection, accountability, and control of fissionable ray densitometry, using gamma-ray sources and x- materials. NDA measurement capabilities, when in- ray generators, also provides a means to determine tegrated with surveillance and physical protection concentrations of thorium, uranium, and plutonium elements of safeguards, provide effective means for in typical solids and solutions. Where there are vital assessing the location, type, and amount of gaps in fission data, Group Q-1 either carries out the material; for rapid detection of losses; and for essential basic measurements or stimulates other providing credible assurance that no materials have research groups to do so. & been diverted. Measurement systems developed for Translation of laboratory R&D into practical in- safeguards frequently serve facility operations goals plant demonstration of capability is essential to I of process control, quality assurance, safety, and ef- achieve industry acceptance of new safeguards . ficient management of recycle and waste materials. technology. This typically includes the fabrication Fissionable nuclide characteristics exploited for of prototype assay instruments, together with subse- “passive” assay are the neutron, gamma-ray, and quent testing in ERDA facilities, the development “alpha-heat” emissions accompanying their radioac- of physical standards and measurement control tive decay. Ge(Li) and NaI gamma-ray assay procedures; and the formulation of a sound set of

87 minimum performance specifications for generic uranium exploration, including calculational sup- classes of instrument-s and measurement problems port for ERDA’s programs; of interest to both commercial vendors and users. ● investigation of alternative active neutron assay Detailed designs and operating manuals for instru- methods (e.g., photoneutron-based system) for in- ments, as well as documentation on methods, are .situ NDA applied to boreholes and other uranium also supplied to vendors and potential users. measurement applications; and Leadership and assitance are provided for a cohesive ● improvement of neutron detectors for applica- national program for NDA standards that involves tion to logging and other field measurements . the New Brunswick Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, ERDA laboratories, and government and commercial nuclear facilities. Group Q-1 also Q-2—Deteetion, Surveillance, Verification and conducts a Safeguards Technology Training Recovery Program for the ERDA Division of Safeguards and Security as another means for transferring Group Q-2 is developing instrumentation and technology to safeguards inspectors and plant per- techniques for non-destructive verification and sonnel. This program includes the following course identification of special nuclear materials. The offerings: techniques are applied to a wide variety of problems ● fundamentals of nondestructive assay of in perimeter safeguards for domestic and inter- fissionable material using portable instrumenta- national nuclear facilities, in nuclear weapon- tion; related safeguards, and in other classified activities. ● in-plant nondestructive assay instrumentation; Active techniques which use external sources of ● integrated safeguards systems concepts and im- neutrons or gamma rays to interrogate a nuclear plementation; and materials system, or passive techniques which rely ● gamma-ray spectroscopy for nuclear material on the detection and identification of inherent accountability. nuclear radiation, are generally employed in these A highly visible effort is assistance to IAEA programs. safeguards. Development of portable NDA in- A major effort at the present time also involves strumentation to address specific inspection situa- providing personnel, techniques and procedures, tions, and associated calibration and evaluation of and specialized equipment to participate in ERDA’s this instrumentation, represents a continuing emergency response to incidents of nuclear extortion program that is responsive to the needs for and to nuclear weapon accidents. Portable and assistance expressed by the IAEA. In 1977 an ad- mobile nuclear detection systems of high sensitivity ditional effort has been defined and started, under and incorporating new techniques for real time data guidelines of the U.S. Program for Technical processing and analysis have been developed and Assistance to IAEA Safeguards, a special State deployed for field test evaluation and operational Department funded program managed through the use. Additional effort is being focused on research International Safeguards Project Office at BNL. and development related to the diagnostic This additional effort encompasses a broader capability to be used in the field after unknown program than instrumentation development and nuclear devices are located. These efforts require ex- addresses, in part, the most urgent needs for tensive coordination with other ERDA laboratories technical support (including personnel training) ex- and with other federal agencies, primarily the FBI pressed by the IAEA, The project management for and the Department of Defense, having respon- LASL contributions to the Technical Assistance sibilities in the emergency response system. Program is currently provided by Group Q-1. Technical support and research and development on NDA technology is also provided for the ERDA Q-3—Safeguards Subsystem Development and Uranium Resource Assessment Program. The main Evaluation thrust of this activity is in the following categories: ● application of current gamma-ray and neutron Group Q-3 is responsible for developing, im- computer codes for the problems encountered in plementing, demonstrating, and evaluating the

88 DYnamic MAterials Control (DYMAC) program. puter. The data base management subsystem ac- DYMAC is a system to control nuclear material cepts and organizes incoming data into files for effi- within a plant. The system uses a plant-wide cent retrieval of specific information. The real-time network of in-line nondestructive assay (NDA) in- accountability subsystem draws on the data base for struments, coupled with automatic data processing continuous status monitoring of the nuclear 4 equipment, to continuously pinpoint the quantity, material within the facility. On detecting an abnor- form, and location of nuclear material throughout mality, it signals the condition and provides inven- + an operating nuclear plant. tory data to aid plant personnel in determining the The DYMAC concept was developed because pre- appropriate response. sent in-plant material control methods lack A major program effort is to demonstrate the timeliness, are relatively insensitive, and levy an system’s feasibility and effectiveness by integrating economic penalty in frequent plant shutdowns ad a working system into the new LASL plutonium cleanouts. DYMAC overcomes the shortcomings of facility at TA-55. This system, consisting of 80 present methods by measuring the material in-line, measurement stations and 30 interactive terminals, by using NDA technology, and by transferring the will be fully operational in the fall of 1978: ERDA in- data to an on-line computer system that provides tends for this demonstration program to show the real-time data base management. nuclear industry that a safeguards system can be The total DYMAC system is organized around operationally feasible, reliable, sensitive to missing four subsystems: NDA instrumentation, data ac- nuclear material, and cost effective. Other facilities quisition, data base management, and real-time ac- are expected to emulate this model. countability. The NDA instrumentation subsystem As part of a program to disseminate information provides rapid, quantitative, on-line measurement about DYMAC, Q-3 members regularly participate for the nuclear material as it moves from one unit in technology exchanges in the form of training process accounting area to another. The data ac- classes, workshops, and visits to and from other quisition subsystem provides accurate and reliable national and international facilities. material control information to the central com-

‘“’’i”””&& (&J

FNC Fast-neutron coincidence counter TNc Thermal -neutron coincidence counter

MEGAS Mul t ienergy gamma scanner TNC-2 TNC, low range (1-50 g of plutonium)

PAN Pancake counter TNC-B TNC for barrels

SA Solution assay instrument u, Electronic balance, 0-200-2,000 g

SGS Segmented gamma scanner k+ Electronic balance, 0-10,000 9

T Interactive terminal, floor model kl~ Load cel 1s

T1 Interactive terminal, supervisory model TM Tank measure!mmt, gamma or x ray

Proposed D YMA C instrumentation for the recycle wing of the new LASL plutonium facility at TA-55.

89 Q-4–Integrated Safeguards Systems and analysis, process control, nuclear and measurement Technology Transfer physics, nuclear engineering, and systems analysis. In addition to relying on its own resources, the Q-4 is the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory’s staff is encouraged to call upon other elements of the Safeguards Systems Studies Group. It was formed Laboratory, especially the other safeguards Groups, ~ from other elements of the Laboratory and asked in and the nuclear industry for detailed technical early 1977 to develop conceptual designs for support. materials control and accountability systems for the . entire spectrum of current and future nuclear fuel cycle facilities, both domestic and foreign. These Q-6—Thermal Reactor Safety systems integrate projected state-of-the-art measurement, data processing, and analysis techni- Group Q-6 is involved in the development, ex- ques with effective physical security measures in a perimental verification, and application of advan- manner consistent with production requirements. ced computer codes to describe the behavior of ther- The techniques, concepts, designs, and research re- mal reactors under postulated accident conditions. quirements identified by these studies are subse- This effort is funded by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory quently transferred to the nuclear industry; to Commission. government and research organizations; and to A major part of the program concentrates on the nuclear plant designers and operators, for their use development of an advanced, best estimate code, or for further development. called TRAC, that will analyze all pertinent types of Important design efforts involve modeling and postulated accidents in Light Water Reactors simulating both current nuclear fuel cycle facilities (LWRS). Included are Loss-Of-Coolant Accidents and future facilities that will have intrinsic (LOCAS) and Anticipated Transients Without resistance to nuclear materials diversion and Scram (ATWS). The TRAC code will provide a nuclear weapons proliferation. Generic fuel cycle much more accurate analysis of such accidents than systems are modeled and their operation simulated existing codes because it incorporates a detailed by computer, using a variety of measurement and multidimensional treatment of the two-phase flow diversion strategies, in order to optimize safeguards conditions that are important under such condi- designs. tions. A key aspect of this effort involves the ex- An equally important task is to develop and for- perimental verification of the code’s predictive malize the methodology and techniques essential for capability by applying it to the analysis of a broad the systematic design and evaluation of safeguards range of available experimental data. Some of these systems and for handling the data they produce. tests are performed in Group Q-8. Ultimately the This requirement supports a continuing effort to ap- code will be used to address such pertinent ques- ply advanced modeling, simulation, and statistical tions as how much safety margin is inherent in techniques to safeguards systems designs, and to current reactor licensing techniques. develop and adapt the results of communications Another advanced computer code is being theory, control theory, and decision theory to developed to analyze postulated accidents in gas- safeguards requirements. cooled reactors. The initial version of this code, Both of these efforts require detailed knowledge of called CHAP, is directed toward the high- how nuclear fuel cycle facilities are managed, con- temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) and models structed, and operated; and a familiarity with the behavior of all major system components. modern measurement, process control, materials Another important project in the group concen- handling, and statistical techniques. Detailed trates on the analysis and evaluation of reactor con- - design information for existing facilities is obtained tainment systems under accident conditions. A through direct liaison or subcontracts with nuclear computer code, called COMPARE, has been - facility designers or operators. developed to predict the pressurization of LWR con- Q-4 comprises an interdisciplinary staff with ex- tainment buildings following a postulated pipe rup- pertise in materials science, process and analytical ture accident. A number of other containment- chemistry, communications, data handling and related problems are also being addressed.

90 Q-7–Fast Reactor Safety during reactor transients. This code will eventually be incorporated as a module for SIMMER. Group Q-7 is involved in analytical and numerical In another new activity, the Division of Safety, studies of the behavior of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Standards, and Compliance (ERDA) sponsors a technical safety assessment activity in Q-7, that + Reactors (LMFBR’s) during core disruptive accidents. provides safety assessments of selected environmen- The group is responsible for creation, modifica- tal, safety and health aspects of various programs tion, and application of the Nuclear Regulatory and projects. Commission (NRC) sponsored SIMMER computer Finally, the NRC sponsors a major effort in code. This program provides new capability for LMFBR safety test facility (STF) studies. In this calculating the coupled neutronics and activity, the STF project evaluates and defines hydrodynamics of an LMFBR following unprotected national experimental needs (a Q-7 task), in- (no SCRAM) accident initiation. SIMMER com- vestigates associated advanced instrumentation putes the long-term extensive motion of the two- systems, participates in design studies of specialized

phase core material and assesses the neutronic feed- in-pile facilities, and performs analyses, and Par- backs due to that motion. New insights into issues ticipates in planning for major new facilities. related to secondary excursions, accident energy partition and the postaccident heat removal source terms are being gained. A major result of SIMMER Q-8—Reactor Safety Experiments this year was the discovery that the damage resulting to the primary containment of an LMFBR Group Q-8 is responsible for the performance of a from these postulated accidents may be a factor of wide variety of experiments relevant to reactor ten or so less than previously believed. safety. These experiments are designed to provide To support the modeling of physical phenomena information concerning LWR and LMFBR accident related to SIMMER, ERDA supports a separate ef- phenomena that is of particular interest to LASL fort in the phenomena modeling. Analyses and Groups Q-6, Q-7, and T-3 who are developing reac- modeling of phenomena generic to core disruption is tor accident calculational methods. Group Q-8 ongoing. Structural dynamics, transport processes, works closely with these groups to allow careful in- vapor explosions and other heat transfer processes teraction of experiments for code verification with are studied and modeled. development of analytical techniques. As a part of this ERDA effort, specific accident The group’s experimental efforts rely heavily on analysis studies are performed. These studies advanced diagnostic techniques capable of currently include SLMMER calculations of sodium providing information from experiments performed boiling, of disruption within an isolated .sub- in reactor simulant geometries. For example, assembly and of the dynamic pressure loading of the gamma beams and laser light are being used in primary containment due to whole core accidents. several two-phase flow experiments to acquire data Work will also be directed toward the characteriza- without disturbing flow patterns. tion of the radiological source term that results from The group is also engaged in a NASA-sponsored postulated accidents. program to investigate the direct excitation of lasers To increase our confidence level in SIMMER as a by nuclear reaction products. This work is closely calculational tool, Group Q-7 defines out-of-reactor related to another NASA-sponsored program inten- experiments, performed in Group Q-8. The close ded to examine the feasibility of a uranium plasma 4 relationship between modelers and experimenters reactor for space applications. Group Q-8 also works provides an ideal research environment and ex- closely with Group Q-14 in the performance of gas- pedites the development of a reliable calculational eous uranium critical experiments and performs the tool. optical and radiation diagnostics required in this In a new activity under an NRC contract, Q-7 is activity. developing an experimentally verified computer code (LAFM) for the analysis of fuel pin behavior Q-lO—Cryogenics system stabilizers and as peak-shaving and load- leveling units. A nominal 1OO-MJ, 1-MW device is The work of Group Q-10 is divided among three being built at LASL to demonstrate the effec- areas of activity - basic research in low-temperature tiveness of such a system on the local grid. Future physics, cryogenic engineering, and applied super- Iarger devices are planned to be built at utility com- conductivity. pany sites. The areas of basic research include studies of: The second applied superconductivity project is ● subtle magnetic phenomena in solids using the developing a dc superconducting power transmis- M6ssbauer effect as a delicate probe; sion line for underground transport of large power ● the dynamics of the destruction of the supercon- loads - up to 10,000 MW. Separate investigations ductive state in both Type-I and Type-II materials; are being conducted on electrical insulation, super- ● the equation of state of the light isotopes (Hz, conducting conductors, thermal insulation, and D,, T*, Hes, and He’) using the piston-displacement refrigeration schemes. The results of these tests will method for pressures up to 40 kbar and the be used to design a prototype cable approximately diamond-anvil-press method for pressures up to 1 200 m long and with nominal capacity of 5,000 MW; Mbar; construction is to begin at LASL late in 1978. ● the dissipation mechanisms in the flowing superfluid helium film; ● properties of molecules adsorbed on surfaces us- Q-1 l—Solar Energy ing epithermal neutrons generated from the LASL Weapons Neutron Research facility; and Research and development on the use of solar ● muon spin resonance to investigate radiation energy for heating and cooling buildings constitutes damage and valence shifts in solids. the funded work at LASL, however, new initiatives Cryogenic engineering efforts are directed toward in other solar energy areas are being pursued. Pro- developing advanced systems in support of Q-10 and jects currently directed by Q-11 include: other LASL programs as well as the determination . provide technical direction and monitoring of of engineering properties of materials at low tem- ERDA research and development contracts for solar perature. In the former category are such projects collectors and passive solar heating systems; as: ● provide technical assistance to ERDA in plann- . cryogenic target development for accelerated ing, complementing and analyzing research in particle experiments of the Experimental Physics heating and cooling of buildings and in agricultural Division and the Meson Physics Division of the and process heat; Laboratory; ● conduct research related to solar collector ● solid hydrogen target development for the Laser theory, engineering, applications, testing, perfor- Division; mance, materials, and cost; ● cryogenic fractional distillation of DT-TZ mix- ● solar energy demonstration on the new National tures in support of the Intense Neutron Source and Security and Resources Study Center at LASL; the Tritium Systems Test Assembly; ● systems and controls analysis of solar heated ● providing sophisticated refrigeration systems, and cooled buildings; gas-handling systems, cryopumping systems, and . solar heating demonstration on the community various diagnostic systems as required for various building being constructed at the Nambe Pueblo, projects; and NM (air system); ● development of magnetic refrigeration devices . solar heating and cooling of factory built hous- using paramagnetic and ferromagnetic working ing using mobile/modular homes as a prototype; materials to span the temperature range 2 to 300 K . development and testing of a 100-ton solar in several stages. Rankine-cycle cooling unit; Group Q-10 is developing two large-scale applica- ● evaluation of sun-tempered and other solar tions of superconductivity. The first of these pro- heated structures; and jects is aimed at storing large amounts of energy -up to 106 MJ - for use in the electric power industry as

92 ● computer systems analysis leading to the problems of the energy crisis transcend technology publication of regional solar heating handbooks. and in many instances defy technological solutions alone. For example, coal gasification on a commercial scale could be a reality in the United States to- \ Q-12—Energy Systems and Statistics day. However, the magnitude of the development is exceptionally large and possible risks to health, The statistics activities of the Group include safety, and the environment can only be estimated. 4 statistical consulting, statistical research and Sources of capital for single new developments that methodology development, statistical training, and would double the real property in an entire state maintaining a library of statistical software. have not been found. Financing, construction, and Consulting services are provided to several divi- operation of completely new towns of perhaps 20,000 sions and departments at LASL. to 30,000 population in arid, remote regions pose dif- Areas of current research and development of ficult problems. The difficulties of extraction, dis- statistical methodology include: posal, and reclamation of mines producing signifi-

● the statistical analysis of chemical data; cant fractions of the 600 million tons consumed in . analysia of the effec~ of radiation on life the entire U.S. in 1974 are clearly very great. The processes; dispersal of effluents has potential global impact. ● the prediction of secondary structure of transfer Such problems are addressed by the economists, ribonucleic acid (RNA); sociologists, physicists, and engineers in the group. ● curve fitting and modeling; Current projects in Q-12 include the following: . development of statistical methods for use in the safeguarding of nuclear materials; Regional Studies Program. The Rocky Mountain ● analysis of uranium sample data from stream Region (defined as the States of Montana, Wyom- and aerial surveys; ing, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico) is ● statistical reliability techniques and risk-cost- uniquely characterized. It includes 26% of the sur- benefit analyses for reactor safety; face area of the contiguous 48 states and but 4% of ● statistical analysis and display of data on off- the U.S. population, and contains over 50% of the shore continental shelf oil and gas leases; domestic reserves of coal and shale oil and 95% of ● optimization studies of hydrocarbon-reservoir the uranium . It is the vast watershed that serves as recovery rates; and the source for many of the major rivers of the coun- ● statistical studies of the sensitivity of outputs of try. In addition, the region is economically under- large computer codes to variations in input developed, culturally sensitive, and ecologically parameters. fragile. The region is also a storehouse of geological phenomena and natural beauty as evidenced by Training activities include teaching in-house numerous national parks, monuments, and recrea- statistical courses and courses for the University of tion areas, unique resources that must be preserved New Mexico Graduate Center as needed. for use by the entire country. A balance must be Supplying and maintaining a current library of achieved whereby the energy and resource demands statistical software for the LASL computing facility of the nation can be met without substantial is another service of the group. The development of damage to the region. The Regional Studies computer graphics for statistical analyses is curren- Program is designed to assist in reaching this objec- tly being emphasized as a supplement to statistical tive by: * analysis. ● providing the basis for the development of a The energy systems activities of the group rational energy policy for the use of resources in a I provides a multi-disciplinary force of physical and manner to minimize detrimental effects; . social scientists for the evaluation and assessment of ● providing long-term projections of energy, the social, environmental, economic and legal water, and mineral production and use for the aspects of energy related programs. Numerous ex- region; amples can be provided to demonstrate that the

93 ● providing a means for evaluation of the impact Although members of Group Q-13 carry out of new technology so that these factors can be incor- analytical modeling of heat pipe performance, the porated into both regional and research planning; work here is mainly experimental with emphasis on and building and testing prototype heat pipes. A well- ● evaluating the importance of legal and in- equipped laboratory allows fabrication and testing stitut ionaI constraints on regional growth, enegy of heat pipes and evacuation oft heir performance for consumption, and production. both long- and short-term operation. Currently under development are heat pipes for possible future Office of Environmental Policy Analysis. A num- space reactors, heat pipes for heat removal systems ber of issues that are expected to have significant to be used in spent fuel element storage, and heat regional impacts are being considered. pipes to be used in recuperators for recovering high- temperature industrial waste heat. The heat pipe ● The decrease in visual range which accompanies developmental program is also supported by an energy development may have serious implications ERDA-funded research program in vapor phase if visibility constraints are added to the prevention heat transfer. Finally, Group Q-13 members are in- of significant deterioration amendments to the volved in an experimental program relating to the Clean Air Act. verification of analytical predictions of the seismic ● The availability of water for energy develop- behavior of a High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reac- ment is an issue of utmost importance and it may tor Core. well be the limiting factor in western energy development. ● The Western Indian Tribes control a large quan- Q-14—Critical Experiments and Diagnostics tity of the energy resources which are to be developed. The impact of this development on their Group Q-14 is concerned with a wide range of traditional way of life can not be neglected. reactor physics and neutronics areas. These include critical experiments, nuclear safety and radiation Cost-Risk-Benefit Study of Electric Power effects measurements, as well as analytical studies Production in the West. This study compares cost in several fields. and benefit from environmental, social and Q-14’s experimental work is based upon the ex- economic effects for different electrical power istence of a very wide range of critical assemblies scenarios in the west. which allow great flexibility in their application to problems. To do such work safely, Q-14 operates the critical assemblies by remote control. The control Q-13—Reactor and Advanced Heat-Transfer rooms are approximately 1/4 mile from three critical Technology assembly laboratories. Approximately 10 machines are in use, making this one of the best equipped Group Q-13 carries out various analytical and ex- critical assembly Laboratories in the world. perimental tasks in support of reactor development, Examples of the variety of work permitted by and reactor safety research. Areas of activity in the these facilities are involvement in weapons design, group include reactor neutronics and fission product studies in fast reactor safety, studies of gaseous core transport, heat transfer, mechanical engineering reactors, and pumping of iasers using fission design, and structural analysis. Computer modeling sources. The capability of assembling and studying and the development and application of computer such a wide variety of systems is probably unique - codes are used extensively to evaluate reactor and a major role is probable in such future projects designs, and are also used to support the High Tem- as reactors for electric power in space. . perature Gas-Cooled Reactor safety research i program carried out for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

94 T

(STORAGE) 50

uNITS - CWACRILLION JOULES ((3JI

(STORAGEI %.

1975 energy flows, Rocky Mountain region.

95 96 SD

SHOPS DEPARTMENT MS-472, ph. (505)-667-4849

The Shops Department OffIce is the administrative offke of the department with the attendant responsibilities of personnel actions, machinist ap- prentice training program, equipment planning and purchases, and the general control operations relating to all SD groups. The Department OffIce also oversees the operation of the tool cribs, the model shop, the maintenance shop, the tool and cutter grinding shop, and the glass shop.

SD-DO—Technical Staff SD-DO—Vendor Liaison

The technical staff is responsible for developing The vendor liaison office is responsible for placing coherent solutions to problems applicable to the fabrication orders with outside machine shops department and, in some cases, to the Laboratory as located both in the local area and throughout the well. One responsibility y has been to satisfy certain country. A current comprehensive list of machining special fabrication research requirements, such as capabilities of both vendors and the Shops Depart- an ultraprecision (diamond turning) machine tool. ment is maintained in this office. Personnel from A prototype machine is now available not only to this office will also work directly with Laboratory produce precision parts but also to provide the groups to place and expedite orders and to follow the engineering data for the acquisition of an advanced orders tl-wough final acceptance. machine. Another responsibility involves the acquisition of software and hardware and specifying the SD-1 —Fabrication operational requirements for a stand-alone computer system. This system with its 3-D AD-2000 Group SD- 1 is the nucleus of the Laboratory Graphics package will be used not only for interac- Technical Shops and operates the main shops tive design and drafting work but also for the located in buildings SM-39 and SM-102. The preparation of control tapes for use on the numerical various shops are completely equipped to do all control (NC) machine tools. The computer system types of fabrication and employ the types of skilled will also provide the necessary means for data input craftsmen (machinists, heat treaters, metalsmiths, and retrieval for various metrology and ad- welders) needed to operate a variety of shop equip- ministrative requirements. ment. Numerically and computer controlled Metrication of the machine tools in several machines and electrical discharge machines are branch shops and specialized fabrication areas in operated as standard equipment by SD-1 personnel. the main shop has been a goal of the technical staff. Specialized equipment and working areas are This has been accomplished by installing metric devoted to fabricating precious metals, and radioac- dials and digital readouts on the fabrication equip- tive, toxic, and pyrophoric materials. ment. The machinists working in these areas have Machinists in SD are expected to work from been provided with metric measuring instruments finished drawings or rough sketches and to perform and cutting tools to achieve complete metric machining operations to exacting tolerances; (at capability. times to millionths of an inch). A machinist must be

97 familiar with all types of shop equipment such as ing Drawings that is in use throughout the lathes, milling and boring machines, cylindrical Laboratory. grinders, etc., and make his own setups. On certain jobs he is required to certify the quality of his work through his own inspection setup rather than by a SD-4—Quality Assurance formal SD-4 inspection. The work requirements for each machinist classification are outlined in written Group SD-4 is responsible for verifying the job descriptions. quality of work done by the Shops Department. The - The group also handles fabrication research and SD-4 inspection section is capable of measuring development problems. A section of SD-1 operates fabricated parts made either by the Shops Depart- as a flexible team that can bring fabrication exper- ment or, on request, by outside vendors. All types of tise to bear on problems requiring diverse tooling, precision and scientific apparatus, or any capabilities. All special and unique machines and other devices that require precision measurements procedures are evaluated and checked-out before to accuracies of 0.025 micrometers are handled by acceptance by this section. the inspection section. Included in the array of in- The SD Production Control section, responsible spection tooling available are mini-computer con- for the estimating and flow of work through the trolled gages operating in a controlled environment. various shops, is part of this group’s operation. Es- SD-4 maintains the LASL Metrology Laboratory timators are selected from within the Shops and are which provides National Bureau of Standards experienced in all SD current capabilities. traceability and accuracy. The ability to measure physical characteristics such as length, mass, force, pressure, temperature, flow, humidity, and elec- SD-2—Engineering trical characteristics such as voltage, resistance, ac parameters, time, frequency and pulse are main- SD-2 is an engineering group engaged in the tained for the benefit of all LASL programs. Both design of mechanical apparatus for many of the formal and informal calibration systems are used by research groups associated with the Laboratory LASL programs. Technical Divisions. Its personnel makeup includes The SD-4 Advanced Measurement section is staff member engineers, senior designers, and responsible for developing new measurement drafting personnel. The staff members provide techniques for use by the SD-4 Inspection and design expertise for experimental equipment Metrology sections and other LASL requirements. associated with accelerators, reactors, and SD-4 maintains a dynamic balancing facility metallurgical and chemical research. The senior where both stationary and portable dynamic balan- designers and drafting personnel assist with the cing machines are used to minimize vibration designs and provide drafting help for intricate problems in any type of rotating devices. SD-4 also mechanical devices as well as the design of acts as the Quality Assurance representative in the machines, tools, and dies required for the fabrica- Shops Department and any Laboratory group re- tion of required components. Where it is more ad- quiring such service. vantageous to work closely with a group either due to the nature of the job or the physical location of the Site away from the main SD-2 office, loans of SD-5—Branch Shops personnel may be arranged. The group also maintains the Central Drawing Group SD-5 controls the activities of thirty-two - Files for the Laboratory. These files contain a experimental machine shops located throughout the current and comprehensive microfilm security deck Laboratory, particularly at the outlying sites. These of all Laboratory engineering drawings issued within are operated for the convenience and use of the - the Y-coded identification system. The group has scientific personnel working in the nearby areas. been very active in the development, issuance, and Branch shops range in size from two to ten continued follow-up of a Style Guide for Engineer- machinists and are staffed with skilled craftsmen

98 selected from the Main Shops to meet the particular production-type tooling, including a precision Swiss needs of each area. Selection of a machinist for one automatic screw machine, so that design verifica- of these shops is determined from an evaluation of tion and the production setup may be evaluated as the individuals ability to work mainly from sketches well as producing required components. SD-5 also and in close contact with scientific personnel. provides trained personnel to operate a numerically In addition to conventional machines, some controlled tape machine for specialized fabrication branch shops are devoted to specialized activities. activities. One such shop is a graphite shop. A ceramics shop The personnel from SD-5 are also available for with tools and machines necessary to machine hard short term or temporary assignment to work direc- and abrasive materials is available. One branch tly with scientific personnel on s~ecialized.–––– ———~_-J_-”,nrniwt.s shop has some semiautomatic and automatic or programs.

A versatile precision measuring machine that is used to check length, width, height, and . roundness. In the foreground is a laser interferometer that may be used in conjunction with the measuring machine to make very exact measurements.

99 .

100 -“ SP

SUPPLYAND PROPERTY MS-274, ph. (505)-667-4517

The Alternate/Department Head is responsible for the overall supervision and administration of the Department. The SP-DO sections shown below all report directly to the Alternate/Department Head. The Alter- nate/Department Head acts as liaison between and among the Director’s OffIce, the University, and the Energy Research and Development Ad- ministration in formulating and implementing policies and procedures relating to the Supply and Property function. The Department publishes and keeps up to date manuals on Supply and Property Procurement Procedures and Materials Management to familiarize Laboratory personnel with the many forms, rules, regulations, etc., required to obtain necessary materials and services expeditiously.

SP-DO—Procurement Audit Section SP-DO—Small and Minority Business and SP Personnel Section One function of this section is to audit all purchase orders in excess of $2,500 to ensure com- LASL Small and Minority Business affirmative pliance with ERDA and University of California action programs are responsive to the University regulations. The procurement auditor serves as and Federal Government regulations. The SP/LASL Chairman of the SP Contract Review Board which Small Business Administrator and Minority reviews all fixed-price orders in excess of $25,000 Business Enterprises Coordinator is responsible for and all cost-type orders in excess of $5,000. This sec- these programs and contacts Small and Minority tion has the responsibility to expedite procurements Businessmen, visiting their plants and offering infor various special and high urgency LASL projects. formation and aid to assist them in placing orders with the LASL. All SP personnel actions are initiated by this SP-DO—Priorities, Controlled Materials Alloca- office. tions, and Airlift Section.

This section is responsible for maintaining control SP-DO—Systems Analyst of all Government priorities and allocations of controlled materials. This includes various reports to Acts for the Alternate/Department Head and . the ERDA regarding LASL’S usage and projected reviews all current departmental systems and future requirements. Another function is the procedures and is charged with the design and im- scheduling of shipments of hazardous and classified plementation of more efficient systems for the entire . materials, including High Explosives and Special department. Word Processors are now being used Nuclear Materials via Contractor airline and/or and terminals being installed in various SP groups ERDA couriers. so up-to-date procurement information will be SP-DO—Assistant Department Head for available as soon as it is required. Property iManagement and Field Test Support

Acts for the Alternate/Department Head in mat- SP-DO—Contracts Administration ters involving the NTS and is responsible for the . LASL/NTS warehouse supply and Iogist ical ac- Research and development contracts for LASL tivities. Works closely with J-Division and assigns a are negotiated, written, and administrated by this representative to set up property records and field - section. This requires a thorough knowledge of support activities involved in all LASL field tests ERDA and Federal Procurement Regulations, and both within and beyond the Continental limits. Also University of California and SP purchasing policies. is Group Leader of SP-2, detailed below. Close liaison must be maintained with the requesting group, ADLL, and LAAO. All Automated Data Processing Equipment (ADPE) is purchased SP-2—Property Management by this section. This highly specialized type of procurement requires a knowledge of Chapter 1801 This group’s primary function is ensuring that all of the ERDA (AEC) Manual and coordination with LASL property is identified, classified, and used in the Coordinator for Automated Data Processing conformance with the Unversity’s Prime Contract (CADP), the requesting group, and ERDA approval with the ERDA. This involves property not only at authorities, LASL, but at NTS and all LASL projects, worldwide. Other functions include the operation of a central motor pool for the entire Laboratory and SP-DO—Traffic Management Section responsibility for the assignment and record keeping of all vehicles assigned to LASL. All shipping re- The primary function of this section is assurance quests are processed through SP-2 and the disposi- of compliance with all packing, marking, labeling, tion of Excess ADPE and precious metals are han- and descriptive regulations; and the efficient dled through this group. SP-2 also acts for the economical and expeditious routing of all incoming Laboratory in processing and accepting incoming and outgoing LASL shipments. Involved in the per- purchase orders from outside LASL for LASL ser- formance of this function is reviewing freight rate vices and/or supplies. SP-2 processed LASL Job Or- costs, negotiating tariffs and special freight rates, ders involving intra-Laboratory transfer of charges auditing freight bills, filing loss and damage claims, for work done by one Laboratory group for another tracing lost and overdue shipments, and maintain- Laboratory group. Performs contaminated burials ing current liaison with carriers and Federal and involving classified material, radioactive material, State regulatory agencies. The section has the and explosives. Conducts property audits on all responsibility of preparing import/export docu- LASL groups. Maintains files on all property loaned ments and the clearance of such shipments through to andlor by LASL. U.S. Customs.

SP-3—Stores Inventory SP-DO—Associate Department Head for Procurement The primary function of this group is administrative and physical control of materials, sup- - Acts for. the Alternate/Department Head in plies and equipment. Other functions include es- procurement matters and directly oversees the SP- tablishing and maintaining inventories at an op- 10 and SP-11 Procurement Groups and the SP-12 timum level considering the necessity for not being - Service Group which are detailed below. out of stock and the cost of maintaining inventory.

102 SP-3 has the Main Warehouse (SM-30), the This function must be accomplished in com- Chemical Warehouse (SM-31), Metal Stock (SM- pliance with a myriad of regulations applicable to 39), Liquid and Compressed Gas Facility (SM-170), both Government and University purchasing and in as well as the Contaminated Laundry Section, the an efficient and expeditious manner. Salvage and Excess Section, and sub-stockrooms Additionally, the procurement function entails throughout the LASL. This involves over 150,000 the administering of purchase orders for lost and square feet of space with some 33,000 different stock damaged materials, return of equipment for repair . items valued at over $3 million and “turned over” or replacement, arranging for loans of equipment for three times a year. Stores items are received, stored, engineering evaluation, issuance of modifications to and disbursed by this group. SP-3 is responsible for contracts or cancellations as may be necessary and the salvage and excessing of both expense and expediting contractual performance as required by equipment items which are no longer needed by regulation. LASL. Depending on the circumstances, this in- To facilitate this function, the groups maintain volves circularization within the Laboratory, source listings for a large and varied range of com- transfer to Zia, or burial of contaminated items. SP- modities, maintain card files on suppliers, solicit 3 places low dollar value orders directly with ven- proposals, type certain orders, review specification, dors for certain of their requirements and expedites interview prospective suppliers, and maintain close these deliveries. They also utilize an ADP system in liaison with LASL requesting groups. the various inventory control functions.

SP- 12—Procurement Services SP-4—Shipping, Receiving, and Warehousing The primary function of this group is the ad- This group’s function is the shipping, receiving, ministrative support of the two procurement groups. picking up, and distribution of all materials and Included in this function are the receipt, logging, supplies for the Laboratory. This entails the opera- and distribution to SP-10 or SP-11 of all incoming tion of a truck fleet to pick up and deliver items not purchase requests. SP-12 has a central typing pool only at LASL but also in Albuquerque and Santa which types and proofreads purchase orders. They Fe. Other functions are the packing and crating of also utilize Word Processors to type purchase orders outgoing shipments and working with the Traffic andlor contracts and, at the same time, information Management Section on all damage claims for in- is automatically fed directly into the Management coming shipments. SP-4 is responsible for the main- Data Base so all Laboratory groups are supplied tenance and repair of LASL owned forklifts using an with up-to-date information relative to the detailed outside contractor. status of their purchase orders and are given a runn- ing balance on purchasing dollars committed both group and program. Some low dollar value pro- SP-10 and SP-1 l—Procurement curements are typed by SP-10 and SP-11, but SP-12 reviews, approves, and signs all orders for The primary function of these groups is the LASL. The message room handles essentially all in- procurement of and the contracting for, all supplies, coming and outgoing mail for SP. The SP Catalog equipment, and services required by the LASL. SP- Library section which is used, not only by the 10 is primarily responsible for purchasing electronic procurement groups, but also by all LASL groups, and electrical commodities; SP-11 is primarily files and maintains current literature from over a responsible for purchasing mechanical and chemical 17,000 vendors and an extensive telephone directory commodities. Typically in any fiscal year, the an- file covering over 200 cities in the USA. The Excess . nual monetary total for purchase orders/contracts Coordinator in SP-12 screens excess lists from issued will approach $80 million and involve the within as well as outside LASL and matches these processing of an average of 38,000 purchase requests.

103 items with LASL requirements. A central ex- tained in an uncleared area of SM-123. SP-12 main- pediting section (AID) handles expediting on ap- tains purchase order files and vendor files for vendor proximately 3,500 open” orders. Vendor liaison is the evaluation. responsibility of this group and includes coordina- All management reports for SP, Laboratory tion of meetings among buyers, vendors, and the management, and ERDA are the responsibility of - LASL staffs. For this purpose, rooms are main- this group.

104 T DIVISION

THEORETICAL MS-21O, ph. (505)-667-4401

The Theoretical Division is an interdisciplinary community of theorists performing pure and applied research in a broad spectrum of disciplines ranging from numerical hydrodynamics to theoretical biology. Most important among the goals of T Division is the guidance and support of major Laboratory programs including weapon design, fission reactor design and safety, fusion energy research, and laser isotope separation. While direct assistance often takes the form of new computer codes and better input data, the theoretical basis for such practical support necessarily involves research on fundamental processes in plasma physics, transport theory, hydrodynamics, and atomic, molecular and nuclear physics. The Division is also taking a more active role in guiding the direction of major programs and in the critical evaluation of new programs. Such efforts have led to the formation of several interdivisional working groups to attack difficult problems arising in programs of major importance. Since the vitality of applied programs at LASL requires close contact with developments at the frontiers of science, T Division has continued to strengthen its program of basic research until now such research constitutes a major fraction of the theoretical program. Areas of study include low- and medium-energy nuclear theory, elementary particles, statistical physics, mathematical modeling and analysis, astrophysics, and theoretical biology. Moreover, vital contacts are maintained with the academic community through an active visitors and consultants program involving some of the most esteemed scientists in the country. In the last few years, the Division has established many new programs in response to the changing needs of the Laboratory. In particular, the materials theory group and the theoretical molecular physics group were formed to support new Laboratory programs on materials properties and other energy-related problems. More recently a group devoted to research on the detonation process and related material properties and another devoted to intense particle beam research were formed.

T-DOT field engineering, Taylor instabilities and recursion * relations, and non-linear systems. One group mem- Group T-DOT (Division Office - Technical) is the ber is a consultant to TD-7 on nuclear verification

● administrative assignment for efforts to small to and non proliferation issues. justify the formation of a group, or for personnel Astrophysical research is presently focused on the working directly with the Division Office staff. theory of pulsating stars, both strictly periodic ob- Members of T-DOT are presently working on jects and the rarer multiple-period Cepheids, and problems in astrophysics, weapons physics, stress the physics of solar flares. In other work, opacities 105 are prepared for outside investigators in stellar others in the reactor community. Locally, the reac- evolution. tor physics programs are used by the group to In work on non-linear systems, an important dis- analyze a variety of fission reactor core design and covery has been made that universal functions shielding problems. describe the bifurcation of solutions to non-linear, Personnel involved with fission reactor methods one dimensional recursion relations. Important im- and analysis also provide verification testing of corn- - plications of this discovery for such diverse fields as plex (neutronic/hydrodynamic/equation-of-state) population dynamics and economics modeling are reactor safety codes for the Nuclear Regulatory ‘ being pursued, as well as attempts to generalize the Commission. result to higher dimensions. Most of the fusion reactor neutronics work for the Laboratory is done in T-1. Methods development work is in sensitivity analysis, simulation of particle T- l—Transport and Reactor Theory streaming, and modeling of neutron and neutral atom transport in toroidal configurations. The Group T-1 continues work begun at Los Alamos in group also performs design analysis studies of im- 1943 under Feynmann and Serber to develop portance to various fusion reactor concepts and methods for predicting the spatial and angular dis- shielding analyses for physics experiments related tributions of neutral particles in both fission and fu- to fusion reactors. Because the principal radiation sion devices. Using the linearized Boltzmann shielding expertise for the Laboratory resides in T-1, transport equation, still a sufficiently accurate other shielding analyses for space reactors, nuclear model for most weapons and reactor applications, wastes, etc., are undertaken also. T-1 develops increasingly more accurate and more efficient numerical methods for its solution. In particular, the growing need for two- and three- T-2—Applied Nuclear Data dimensional solutions for complicated geometrical configurations requires improvement in the dif- Group T-2 provides the link between basic ference schemes, convergence acceleration methods, research in nuclear physics and applied research in and data management techniques. This work is nuclear weapons, fission and fusion reactors, and guided by analytical studies of the basic equations other nuclear systems. The work begins with the 1 for neutral and charged particle transport. Over the analysis of available experimental data and the ap- past thirty years, T-1 has produced virtually every plication of theoretical nuclear models to fit, inter- numerical technique used to model the Boltzmann polate, and extrapolate from the measurements. equation. B. G. Carlson, internationally recognized Basic differential cross-section data for nuclear in the areas of transport numerical modeling, reactions over a continum of incident and exit remains an active contributor to T-1 research ef- energies and angles are obtained from this evalua- forts. tion procedure. The data are then processed into a The group also develops prototypical neutral and form for direct use in nuclear design codes (neutron charged particle transport codes for application to transport, diffusion, or burn-up). Because these weapons design, weapons effect studies, and reactor codes require a manageable set of average cross sec- analysis. Guidance is given in the use of these com- tions, processing involves collapsing the basic data puter programs and they are maintained for general base - usually by averaging or grouping into application throughout the Laboratory within th; relatively large energy bins (multigroup form). The CCF computer systems. weighting function used to obtain the average cross T-1 produces fission reactor analysis codes for the sections takes into account the effects of geometry - ERDA Division of Reactor Development and and composition involved in the specific applica-

Demonstration. At the same time, the group par- tion. The resulting processed data sets are then ● ticipates in the development and implementation of tested by using them to calculate well-measured in- standards for the writing of such codes to facilitate tegral experiments. If they perform well, the data the transfer from one type of computing facility to sets are validated for use in nuclear design. The

106 group is exploring the application of similar techni- of multiphase fluid flow in reactor safety problems, ques to other types of data such as energy resource the treatment of chemically reacting flows occurring and utilization data. in chemical lasers, and the handling of specialized T-2 actively participates in development of the two- and three-dimensional problems related to the . national evaluated nuclear data system, ENDF/B. dynamics of floating bodies, the prediction of blast In addition to developing nuclear model codes and loads on structures, the theory of centrifuge operation, and the dynamics of colliding nuclei. Moreover . deriving evaluated data for use in ENDF, the group is involved in formulating and expanding the system T-3 has pioneered the application of numerical fluid to satisfy new requirements of nuclear technologies. dynamics problems in astrophysics, biophysics, in- For example, design studies of controlled ther- dustrial processes, and the ocean sciences and is monuclear reactor systems are creating new nuclear engaged in educational activities to introduce new data requirements, as are questions of fission reactor numerical techniques to other investigators. safety and fuellwaste management. Approximately three-quarters of the group’s ac- The group works in close collaboration with other tivities are supported by contracts or grants from groups and divisions of the Laboratory concerned federal agencies other than ERDA. with problems in nuclear system design and effects, Laboratory programs receiving theoretical sup- nuclear data measurement, integral experiments, port from T-3 include the intense neutron source and nuclear theory. It undertakes studies on behalf facility, the laser isotope separation program, vapor of ERDA agencies and divisions, the Nuclear deposition methodology research, and gas centrifuge Regulatory Commission, the Electrical Power theory. T-3 also collaborates in the numerical Research Institute, and the National Aeronautics analysis of nuclear weapons and routinely provides and Space Administration, and maintains active consulting services to other groups and divisions contact with various national and international throughout the Laboratory. In all these projects, groups concerned with nuclear data problems. analytical techniques are combined with heavy use of high-speed electronic computers.

T-3—Fluid Dynamics T-4—Equation of State and Opacity “ Group T-3 is responsible for the development and proof-testing of new methods for solving fluid The principal responsibility of this group is to dynamics problems. Numerical solution techniques provide the theoretical bases for all problems in for time-dependent compressible and incompressi- atomic and molecular physics which may affect the ble flows in several space dimensions and with large determination of accurate values for material material distortions (PIC, MAC, ALE, and ICE properties such as the equation of state, methods) is the group’s primary area of expertise. monochromatic absorption and scattering coef- When necessary, new or alternative mathematical ficients, and opacities for all materials of interest in formulations of relevant physical processes are the Laboratory’s various programs. The group derived, and simplified models for complex flow develops and maintains up-to-date files of such data phenomena are often developed from the results of covering wide ranges of temperature and density detailed numerical calculations. and improves these on the basis of new theoretical Recent accomplishments of T-3 include new ap- work or experimental evidence as it may become proaches to two-phase flow analysis, a technique for available. Though most of the results of the group’s m combining Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinate work are required for practical applications to systems, computing methods for fully three- programmatic needs of the Laboratory, a con- dimensional investigations, and the inclusion of siderable portion is of very general use and interest ● such features as chemical kinetics, particle and applied in broad fields such as astrophysics and transport, phase transitions, and electromagnetic atomic theory. In addition, work in solid-state effects. The group has applied these new techniques theory and radiation emission from high- to a wide variety of problems including the analysis temperature plasmas is carried out in this group.

107 T-5—Medium Energy Physics Theory In addition to ongoing programmatic commitments, members of T-7 pursue a program of basic Group T-5 was formed as a theoretical center for research in mathematical and numerical analysis medium energy physics in connection with the and serve as consultants on mathematical questions opening of LAMPF, where high-intensity pion to other groups and diversions throughout the . beams are being made available as a new tool for Laboratory. probing the structure of nuclear matter. The group Areas of expertise and active research within the works closely wit h the experimental effort at group include the construction of stable, efficient “ LAMPF, suggesting and design~ng experiments, in- algorithms for the solution of systems of partial dif- terpreting data, and extracting final results. T-5 ferential equations, error sensitivity analysis, also provides theoretical guidance for a large num- problems of significance arithmetic, non-linear ber of experimental groups in Europe. wave propagation and global stability questions, the At present, the main research interest-s of the theory of infrared spectra of polyatomic molecules, “ group include pion-nucleon interactions, pion- the general theory of irreducible tensor operators, nucleus interactions, weak interactions, and mathematics of plasma physics, bifurcation theory, radiative processes as well as more traditional topics statistical mechanics, combinatorics, and in nuclear physics. Attention is also being directed econometrics. to the fundamental laws describing the behavior of the elementary particles. This very active theoretical program is enhanced T-8—Particle Physics and Field Theory by frequent visits by eminent scientists from outside institutions. This group conducts frontier research into the microstructure of matter and the basic laws of nature. Within the group, interests range from basic 1 T-7—Mathematical Modeling and Analysis field theory to the phenomenology of current high- energy experiments. Traditional topics, such as the The work of this group is aimed at the more effec- runaway problem in electrodynamics, are pursued tive use of mathematics in the physical, engineer- as well as topics of recent interest, such as quark ing, life, and social sciences, particularly as they confinement in quantum chromodynamics and the relate to the programmatic efforts at LASL. This nature of the + particles. In th~ absence of an ex- can be achieved only through an interactive perimental effort in high-energy physics at LASL, program of research in which mathematicians in T-7 the group keeps abreast of the latest experimental become thoroughly familiar with the practicaI developments through close contacts at the Fermi problems to be faced and applied scientists National Accelerator Laboratory and the Stanford recognize the need to apply up-to-date Linear Accelerator Center. The vitality of our efforts mathematical techniques in the solution of their is also enhanced by continual participation of long- problems. and short-term visiting theorists, which have recen- At present T-7 provides support for a number of tly included M. Gell-Mann and F. Zachariasen from LASL programs, including weapons-related Cal Tech, R. Dashen from Princeton, and F. Low hydrodynamics, two-phase flow in reactor safety from MIT. systems, optics of laser fusion systems, energy Members of T-8 share in a fruitful interplay with resources modeling, and biological applications. the large medium-energy physics program at LASL This research includes the formulation and analysis and with the low-energy physics effort, offering ad- . of mathematical models of physical systems in- vice and criticism concerning experiments, perform- volved and the design of efficient numerical ing calculations, and giving informal lectures on methods appropriate for their solution. Extensive such subjects as the quark-parton model and gauge “ numerical computation required for specific ap- field theories. T-8 thus forms an important element plications are left to the scientists working on these in the overall nuclear physics effort at the problems. Laboratory.

108 Members of the group are presently active in the Finally, an effort is being made to build a quan- following research areas: tum field theory of nuclei from the fundamental interactions between nucleons and the meson field. . abnormal states of nuclear matter and the Heuristic Hamiltonians have been developed and vacuum; are being used to investigate properties of systems of * ● descriptions of multiparticle production at high such strongly coupled fields. energy; * ● internal and space-time symmetries; their rela- tion to the particle spectrum and relativistic wave T- 10—Theoretical Biology and Biophysl.x equations; . constructive field theory and the representation This group is concerned with the mathematical of current algebras; modeling of real problems in cellular and molecular ● deep-inelastic lepton scattering and the struc- biology and biophysics. Emphasis in our current ture of hadrons; research program is placed on he understanding of . quantum electrodynamics; problems in immunology, photosynthesis, radiation ● non-abelian gauge field theories of the strong, damage, and cancer. weak, and electromagnetic interactions (quantum In the last few years, T-10 has become recognized chromodynamics); and as the center for mathematical immunology based ● bound-state perturbation theory. on our development of successful models for several immunological assays, for the interactions of antigens with cells, and for the regulation of clonal T-9—Nuclear Theory selection and immune responses. Our work in this field involves collaboration with immunologists at Group T-9 performs basic research in nuclear leading universities and biomedical research cen- theory as part of the nuclear physics effort at LASL. ters. The research program includes phenomenological In the field of photosynthesis, we are interpreting work on the reactions and scattering of light nuclei spectroscopic data obtained in L Division by picose- and the theory of fission and heavy ion collisons as cond laser excitation. Intensities are such that well as the development of a fundamental quantum exciton-exciton interactions must be considered as field theory of nuclear matter. The well as the nature of the photosynthetic medium. phenomenological work is directly applicable to the We are also modeling radiation damage both at the weapons and reactor programs at LASL. molecular level, where damage to DNA and RNA For light nuclei, a formalism has been developed have been analyzed, and at the cellular level, where to reduce nuclear data to a minimum number of alterations of cell kinetics are under investigation in parameters through application of R-matrix theory. H Division. We have recently devised models for This R-matrix formalism is now being used by T-2 communication between cells which involve either (Applied Nuclear Data), with guidance from T-9, to diffusible factors or specific adhesion between cells. evaluate fusion cross sections and other light Such models have gen insights into the control of nuclear interactions of interest in nuclear design growth in normal and malignant tissues. work. T-2 and T-9 also work closely with P Division in their experimental nuclear physics program. A unified study of large-scale nuclear collections T-1 l—Statistical Physics and Materials Theory motion, such as occurs in nuclear fission and very- * heavy-ion reactions is another major project in T-9. This recently formed group conducts research on The primary emphasis is on fundamental aspects of a broad spectrum of physical problems ranging from % nuclei that can be learned from these reactions, in- the most abstract areas of quantum statistical cluding the nuclear potential energy of deformation, mechanics to problems of materials science of im- the nuclear inertia, nuclear dissipation, and the mediate practical concern to experimental projects nuclear equation of state. at LASL.

109 Members of this group have a strong research members of T-12 span much of molecular physics background and continuing interest in the and theoretical chemistry; the scattering of elec- mathematical methods of many-particle physics in trons by molecules and atoms; inelastic processes in both the quantum- and classical-mechanical atom-molecule and molecule-molecule collisions; regimes. This provides a fundamental base for the the electronic states and structure of molecules, in- understanding of the properties of condensed matter cluding large polyatomic molecules; vibration- and plasmas. Topics of interest to T-11 include: rotation spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules; the phase transitions of many kinds; collective modes in quantum-mechanical dynamics of polyatomic solids and plasmas; nuclear matter; linear and non- molecules interacting with a laser field; stimulated linear transport in solids, gases, and plasmas; disor- Raman scattering and four-wave mixing, par- dered materials; linear and nonlinear optics of con- ticularly in molecular vapors; and the modeling of densed matter and plasmas; low-temperature the complex physical and chemical systems which physics; lattice dynamics; and electronic structure occur in the practical processes for laster isotope of solids. In addition, extensive computer simula- separation being pursued elsewhere in the tions of many-particle systems are carried out. laboratory. This fundamental base underlies our efforts to solve practical problems in the science of materials. Theoretical research involving both analysis and T-14—Detonation Theory and Application computer simulation of radiation damage to solids is underway. This work is of interest to experimental The group supports the programmatic needs of projects in CTR, CMB, R, and L Divisions. In par- the Laboratory in weapons and energy-related ticular, damage to optical and other components by programs with advanced numerical modeling of the intense laser radiation is of importance to L- detonation process and of material properties such Division projects. The scattering of ultrasonic waves as elastic-plastic behavior, viscosity, fracture, and by flaws in solids is being investigated as a promis- melting in the pressure ranges usually studied by ing new method of nondestructive testing which, for explosively driven experiments. The development example, may be useful for detecting flaws in and application of reactive, one-, two-, and three- nuclear reactor components. The development of dimensional Lagrangian and Eulerian close collaboration with materials science programs hydrodynamic codes (SIN, 2DL, 2DE, 3DE) are throughout the Laboratory is an important goal of group objectives. The group does modeling of this group. problems being studied by the interdivisional work- Theoretical work supporting L-Division interests ing groups for high-explosives and material proper- is carried out on an individual basis. This work is ties. The group participates in the Laboratory concerned with condensation phenomena related to programs for explosively produced fracture of oil laser isotope separation, nonlinear optics of solids, shale and for studying the safety of high-energy gases and plasmas, and nonlinear plasma propellants. In addition, some work is done using phenomena induced by laser-plasma interactions. molecular dynamic codes to simulate non- equilibrium statistical mechanics. Work modeling Taylor instabilities is performed in the group. T-12—Theoretical Molecular Physics

T-12 is the only group at LASL devoted solely to T-15—Intense Particle Beam Theory the research area of general molecular physics and theoretical chemistry. Currently, we provide the Group T-15 has recently been formed to study n theoretical support for the experimental programs computationally and analytically the physics of in- in laser isotope separation and in laser development tense, often relativistic, charged particle beams. D for laser fusion. In addition we conduct contract Special topics of interest are collective acceleration research in other areas in which molecular processes of ions and plasma heating to thermonuclear tem- play a major role. The interests and expertise of the peratures by relativistic electron beams, Computer

110 codes developed for these studies define the state of Heating of dense plasmas by relativistic electron the art and are applicable to a broad range of beams is a promising approach to obtaining intense plasma physics problems. x-ray and neutron sources and, perhaps, controlled Collective ion acceleration is the concept of trapp- thermonuclear fusion. T-15 personnel have ing and rapidly accelerating ion clumps in the deep developed a comprehensive theoretical model for * electrostatic wells of non-neutral intense electron anomalous energy deposition of beams in plasmas beams. If successful, this technique will lead to the and have successfully employed this model to inter- 9. economical generation of high current, energetic ion pret several beam-plasma interaction experiments. beams for such applications as heavy ion initiated The model has been further verified by two- fusion, electro-nuclear breeding of fissile material, dimensional computer simulations. Present efforts medical diagnostics and therapy, and basic physics to optimize the deposition process are progressing research. Recent research centers on characterizing well. the propagation of intense electron beams in T-15 maintains close working relations with major vacuum, the excitation of nonlinear waves within experimental and theoretical efforts throughout the the beams, and the ion holding power of these country, waves.

Time (,~-23~)

0.0

5.1

13.5

25.3

0.1 0.5 0.9 Impact Parameter (R+ + RP)

Time evolution of the matter distribution in the collision of 20Ne with 238Ufor three different impact parameters as calculated in a one-fluid hydrodynamical model by members of T-3 (Fluid Dynamics) and T-9 (Nuclear Theory). The laboratory bombarding energy per nucleon is 250 Me V. These and other studies of high-energy heavy ion collisions, where nuclear matter may be compressed to greater than normal densities, promise to yield information about the nuclear equation of state and the possible existence of “abnormal” or soliton-like states of nuclear matter. Members of T-5 and T-8 are also involved in these studies. 112 TD DIVISION

THEORETICAL DESIGN MS-218, ph. (505)-667-5496

The Theoretical Design Division is primarily concerned with the physics design of nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices. Much of this work is in response to specific defense needs and is carried out in close coordination with other Laboratory Divisions and Weapons Program Oftlces. TD also maintains a basic program of exploratory development and research in weapons physics designed to continually improve our understanding of just how weapons really operate and to lay the base for future, more-effective weapons designs. Development of computational techniques forms a major part of this program. The Division also pursues a spectrum of non-weapon activities in areas where its particular skills prove useful to other parts of the Laboratory or other Government Agencies.

TD-2—Thermonuclear Weapons Design Beyond the direct weapons area, the group has a growing effort in theoretical analysis of the physics Group ‘TD-2 has as its major responsibility the of pure fusion, and in exploratory design and physics design of thermonuclear weapons. Specific development of pure fusion concepts. This work is responsibilities range from application of in-hand going on in close collaboration with other theoretical technology to meet new defense objectives to and experimental groups in M-, P-, and L-Divisions. research on, and development of, new design ideas. Design concepts are formulated using elaborate computer codes which simulate nuclear weapon TD-4—Weapons Design behavior. This work requires solution of problems in fluid mechanics, particle transport, and radiative Group TD-4 performs the conceptual design and energy transport. Group members also interact con- the theoretical analysis for several classes of nuclear tinually with experimental groups in M- and J- devices. The analysis generally involves the use of Divisions in the planning and interpretation of testa sophisticated computer codes which simulate the required in their work, and with device engineers operation of these devices. Relevant areas of physics and designers in WX-Division. and engineering include hydrodynamics, ther- The group is also responsible for developing and modynamics of materials, neutron transport, maintaining thermonuclear-burn simulation codes plasma physics, and nuclear reactions. Develop- which are used routinely in the conceptual design of ment, improvement, and maintenance of the codes weapons and in studies of the physics of nuclear ex- which integrate these disciplines demands about ● plosions. This involves evaluating the effect of one-third of the group’s total effort. The principal various physical phenomena on the performance of task of the group lies in doing weapons physics ?. nuclear devices, developing improved physical design studies, using these simulation tools. These models and computational techniques for studies consist of both broad and detailed investiga- calculating nuclear burn, and deciding tradeoffs tions of potential nuclear explosives subject to between calculational precision and speed of execu- various boundary conditions such as safety, size, tion. weight, and environments. Much of this work is in

113 response to immediate defense needs, but the group tions in areas such as nuclear safeguards, reactor also maintains a sizeable effort in exploring new safety, gas-core reactor design, fusion reactor design concepts for future weapons. design, and laser shielding. There is constant collaboration between TD-4 and much of the Laboratory. Results of calculations are ● compared with nuclear (J-Division) and non- TD-7—Intelligence Office nuclear (M- and P-Divisions) experiments relevant ● to a particular design project. The basic physics Group TD-7 operates the Laboratory’s In- data (T- and P-Divisions) used by the codes must be telligence Office and serves as the center for continuously examined and updated. New com- intelligence-related activities at LASL. The group puters and systems (C-Division) demand code revi- also performs intelligence analyses and net assess- sions. Choice of materials and specific design ments for U.S. Government Agencies. features is usually a compromise between theoretical and engineering (WX-Division) requirements. TD-9—Physics and Computation Because of the breadth of the physical phenomena being considered, the group consists of Group TD-9 is responsible for advanced code people having formal training in a variety of development in support of the weapons design specialities in physics, engineering, applied groups. The principal interests of the group are the mathematics, and computer science. development of improved computational capabilities in the areas of two-dimensional burn simulation, hydrodynamics, and transport calcula- TD-6—Monte Carlo, Vulnerability, and Weapons tions. This involves maintenance of a basic physics Data data base, implementation of new physics options and new numerical solution techniques, and the Group TD-6 is concerned primarily with the solu- testing of these features against diagonstics in tions of problems in particle transport. This work in- collaboration with the design groups. TD-9 also cludes the transport of neutrons, photons, and takes prime responsibility for expanding the Divi- charged particles. An important part of this effort sion’s computational capability as new, more- involves the development of new codes, using the powerful computers are added to the CCF. The techniques of Monte Carlo as well as discrete or- group is playing a leading role in the application of dinates methods, to be used by the design groups in interactive computer graphics to smooth the man- the Division and others throughout the Laboratory. computer interface. A variety of transport calculations is performed for The group is also responsible for providing the weapons program on such problems as the detailed calculations of weapons outputs as required vulnerability of weapons to neutron and gamma for DoD effects tests, for analysis of atmospheric ‘ radiation, lethal effects of nuclear devices, inherent tests, and for determining the effectiveness of some radiation of nuclear devices, and calculations in weapons systems. Other capabilities or areas of support of experiments performed by the current research include the design of optical Laboratory. The group does integral testing of cross systems for high-power lasers, solution techniques section data and maintains libraries of cross sec- and applications of integral equations, and tions for use in the discrete ordinates and Monte theoretical analysis in support of experiments using Carlo codes of TD Division. lasers to acquire weapons physics data. ● TD-6 is also involved in several non-weapon programs and performs detailed transport calcula-

114 WSD

WAGE AND SALARY MS-710, ph. (505)-667-4536

The Wage and Salary Department is a staff 3. Provide guidance and allocations for annual department responsible for advising LASL manage- merit reviews. ment in all matters pertaining to salaries and 4. Describe and evaluate all jobs, except those of classifications. It is also responsible for im- Staff Members, to establish the appropriate salary plementing LASL policies in these matters. The range for each. primary aim is to assure a fair and equitable 5. Provide staff assistance to all levels of LASL laboratory-wide system of wages and salaries in management in various related matters such as in- compliance with the contract with the Energy dividual salary determinations, reorganizations, Research and Development Administration, with and job establishment. the rules of the University of California, and with 6. Negotiate with the ERDA in wage and salary applicable State and Federal laws. Specific ac- matters requiring their approval. tivities of the Wage and Salary Department are: 7. Assure that all personnel actions have been ap- 1. Conduct, participate in, analyze, and interpret proved by the appropriate authority. wage and salary surveys to provide a sound labor market basis for LASL salary structures. 2. Establish and maintain LASL salary structures on the basis of information about labor market conditions and the needs of the Laboratory. -a

116 WX DIVISION

DESIGN ENGINEERING MS-686, ph. (595)-667-4136

The responsibilities of WX Division include those of weapon component design and specification, selected weapon materials development, and assuring the producibility of LASL designed weapons that are destined for production. In addition to its weapon activities, the division provides design and analytical support for new LASL construction projects and facilities such as LAMPF, CTR, WNR, and INS. It is also involved in license reviews and physical security analyses for NRC. Persons trained in all of the engineering disciplines as well as chemistry, physics, and computer science are found in the division.

WX-DOT and weapon effects tests at the Nevada Test site, pulsed reactors, and accelerators. Laboratory and This group, attached to the Division Office, group computer codes and data acquisition systems provides technical support to the Division Office are used extensively in these analyses and experi- and oversees all of the reimbursable activity in the ments. division. The group conducts a variety of physical tests on new materials and components for itself and others. Consultation services are provided to the rest of the Wx-1 Laboratory to coordinate vulnerability studies and activities for U.S. and postulated enemy warheads. The primary responsibilities of WX-1 are to provide the engineering design of weapon nuclear components and to assess the vulnerability of U.S. WX-2 weapons to enemy countermeasures and assure their survival to specified levels. It executes the engineer- The activities of WX-2 include fundamental and ing design of the nuclear components of test devices applied research on the materials used in weapons conceived by theoreticians and oversees the actual or considered candidates for such use. The principal hardware fabrication. For weapons destined for emphasis is on the chemistry of those materials and production, the group is responsible for their chemical interactions. The materials to which vulnerability assessment, engineering design, the principal effort is devoted are high explosives. specification and product surveillance activities. The organic, analytical, and physical chemistry of Detailed designs are achieved through the use of these materials are studied, and their physical and 8 static and dynamic structural analyses, thermal performance properties evaluated by standardized analysis, and x-ray, neutron, and charged particle tests. The group can synthesize new explosive com- v deposition and transport calculations. These pounds that, by theory, could offer improved analyses are verified by and depend heavily on capabilities to weapon systems, and can produce testing of various kinds; environmental tests such as pilot plant quantities of such materials. vibration, static load, shock, thermal, and flight; WX-3 who have a broad range of experience in structural and mechanical design, mechanisms, remote handl- WX-3 is responsible for the design, fabrication, ing, chemical process design, flow sheet develop- and local manufacture of explosives systems and an- ment, and contaminated liquid and solid waste han- cillary nonexplosive components. The group is con- dling systems. Projects vary in length from a few . cerned with the development of new explosives with days consulting or design effort to long-term project properties more responsive to new weapon require- engineering of complete systems. This can include w ments or to the needs of new weapon systems. The conceptual design studies, preparation of design group fabricates high explosives, conducts or criteria and specifications, planning, inspection, monitors tests of their performance, and studies and checkout as required. their reaction to a wide variety of environmental The drafting section supports the WX-4 engineers conditions. The components of test devices from the directly and is available for Laboratory-wide design several WX sources are assembled by WX-3. In a assistance. Specialties include remote handling, relationship to the weapons production system glovebox design, tool and die design, and other com- similar to that of WX-1, WX-3 has engineering plex mechanical systems. design, specification, and surveillance responsibilities for the high-explosive components, and warhead assembly, of nuclear weapons in WX-5 production. WX-5 is a materials engineering group, with principal emphasis on the physical properties of WX-4 materials used in weapons or considered candidates for such use. The group investigates the properties The function of Group WX-4 is to provide of materials, their compatibilities, interactions, and analysis, engineering, design, and drafting support response to various environmental conditions. For for groups and projects throughout the Laboratory. the materials within its area of responsibiiity, WX-5 The group provides LASL with basic thermal and also has a responsibility with respect to the produc- fluid dynamics analyses, mechanical and chemical tion system for design, specification, and sur- engineering design, and drafting applicable to the veillance activities. Programs in both fundamental design, fabrication, and installation of specialized and applied resear~h on the various factors that in- experimental equipment. WX-4 attempts to main- fluence the properties of materials are initiated and tain sufficient flexibility in staff to be able to coordinated to make available new capabilities for provide assistance on short notice, for a limited fulfilling new weapon requirements. period of time, to solve engineering problems, help on proposals, or provide project assistance on request. WX-7 The analysis section of WX-4 is devoted to heat transfer calculations, fluid dynamics, and ther- WX-7 is a design engineering group responsible modynamics. The section has conducted studies of for the design, development, and local manufacture chemical vapor deposition furnaces, proton beam of all detonators and cables for the initiation of collimator thermal stresses, proton target heat high-explosives systems. WX-7 has the design, proof removal, nuclear reactor core temperature tran- of design, specification, and surveillance respon- sients, plutonium plant ventilation systems, com- sibility for the components made in the production S plex thermodynamic equilibrium, and others. The system. The group conducts experimental investiga- section is also responsible for the development of tions into the many aspects of detonator design that W analysis techniques for commercial (and LASL) influence detonator performance as well as fun- building energy utilization and conservation. damental studies of initiation phenomena as they The mechanical and chemical engineering sec- influence detonator design. WX-7 also studies the tions are staffed with hardware-oriented engineers properties of explosives applicable to use in

118 detonators and examines new explosives that have studies, thermal analyses, and predictions of possible application in detonator systems. WX-’i’ particle-target interactions. provides cables and detonators to many other Members of the group are experienced in analyz- Laboratory groups for engineering development ac- ing the response of structures to dynamic loads tivities and weapon development testing. The group resulting from blasts, tornadoes, earthquakes, s maintains a high degree of competence in metal- nuclear transients, and impacts. In this work the joining techniques, printed circuit technology, group utilizes large digital computer programs such y plastics fabrication, and explosives loading and as NASTRAN, SAP, and STRESS, making possible other technologies relevant to detonator and cable the true dynamic analyses of multidegree-of- manufacture freedom systems. Use of computer-generated motion pictures for surveying the results of such codes is common. WX-8 The above capabilities are presently being extensively used in a consulting capacity to NRC for the Group WX-8 provides design studies, calcula- review of the safety and environmental aspects of tions, and analyses complementary to the WX-4 plutonium and nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and design effort, as well as consulting engineering ser- of the physical security of power reactors. vices for sponsoring organizations within and out- The engineers within the group have backgrounds side of the Laboratory. and experience including applied mathematics, The engineering activities of WX-8 often place civil engineering, computer science, fluid mechanics particular emphasis on special ERDA/NRC require- and heat transfer, mechanical and electrical design, ments. Group personnel have participated in the nuclear engineering, physical and nondestructive design and construction of fusion research devices, testing, sanitary engineering, stress analysis, and and a mobile nondestructive assay laboratory. structural dynamics. Nuclear calculations have included shielding

i? U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1977–777-089/156

119