Jones E. James, V Confirmed Dissertation
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DISSERTATION APPROVED BY ____________________11.9.2020 _____ ____________________________________ Date Jennifer Moss Breen Kuzelka, Ph.D., Chair & Director _____________________________________ James R. Martin, Jr., Ph.D., Committee Member _______________________________________ Gail M. Jensen, Ph.D., Dean SHOOTINGS ON THREE HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY ___________________________________ By James E. Jones, V ___________________________________ A DISSERTATION IN PRACTICE Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of Creighton University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Interdisciplinary Leadership _________________________________ Omaha, NE September 29, 2020 Copyright 2020, James E. Jones, V This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no part of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. iii Abstract Campus shootings have impacted campuses across the United States for almost two centuries. Between 2015 and 2016, at least three historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) experienced multiple shootings where students were killed in each incident. This qualitative comparative case study used secondary data to explore the similarities and differences of the shootings experienced at Texas Southern University, Winston-Salem State University, and Miles College within one year. This study explored the challenges that those HBCUs faced due to the shootings and developed two major themes. The first theme focused on the egregious state funding disparity between public HBCUs and many public PWIs. The second theme was crime due to the open-campus concept since some HCBU campuses are situated in urban, high crime neighborhoods. Members of the institution are at risk of danger since anyone from the general public can enter the campus. Lives of students have been lost due to this concept, but the idea of shutting off a public university hurts the school’s purpose. Chapter Five addressed the study’s aim by recommending a proposed solution, describing procedures for implementation, and discussing practical, research-related, and leadership-related implications. The four recommendations are disseminating safety resources, social involvement, training, and injunctive relief protections for open-campus concepts. Keywords: campus shootings, funding, gun violence, HBCU, injunctive relief, open- campus concept, social involvement. iv Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my mother, Dr. Trina Burkes-Jones. Your dream of seeing your only child receive a doctorate degree is now a reality. God placed us together for a reason. I love you. ― Dr. Jimmy v Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank God for guiding me through this process. Without the presence of God Almighty, I would not have made it this far. It is my prayer that He accepts this work with the intent to help save lives and Ad majórem Dei glóriam (AMDG), “For the greater glory of God." I am so proud to be a Creighton Bluejay! To my son, Isaiah J. Jones VI, you will always be my greatest achievement, I love you more than life itself. To Adrian Walker, you helped me overcome many nights of doubting myself, now we can share this moment together. Thanks to my brother Brandon F. Creeks for being the best example a young man could follow. To my sisters, Jalyn and Julia, I hope that I made you proud. To my stepmother, Paula Watson-Jones, your three children are thankful for the endless love you have given us. Much appreciation to Darrion Turner Sr., Yahshua Levi, Allan D. Chambers, Jamahl L. Leonard, Thomas Whitlock III, Charles Prices, Brian Price, James Sattiewhite, Michael Thomas, Dr. Ronald Peters Jr., Shaun Rogers, Christopher Harvey, Kamau Marshall, Michael Simmons, Jamaal Henry and to the remaining brothers of “Spring ‘06”. To my village: my father, James E. Jones IV; grandparents, James Jr. and Elouise Spicer, Maurice F. Hodge, Jr., and James E. III and Sandra Jones; great grandparents, Bennie and Willetta Jackson; great-great grandfather, James Jones Jr., Pauline Thomas- Watson, along with Jamie, Julia, and Debra, Ahmad Islam, Gabriel Sr. and Barbara Wiltz, and all of my cousins. To the families of Dr. Tina L. Burkes-Douglas, Joe Penson Jr., Sharal Penson-McMillian, Gabriel Jr. and Sharon Wiltz, James Spicer III, Jacques Jones, Angus DeWalt, Dr. Brandy Williams, Charles Taylor, Rose Shanklin, Margurite Shanklin and the entire Shanklin family, Byron Carter Sr., Alfred Hoskins, LaChunda vi Armstead, Tycilla Creeks, Freda Hicks, Kenny Robinson, A’mon Turner, Denise Bradley Guess, Bert Bradley, Andre Brown, Greg Dozier, Bruce Knighton Sr., and Brian Allen. The Wiltz-Carmouche family, the Moore family, the Gilbreath family, the Gordon family, the Grimes family, the Marshall family, the Harrison family, and the Buckner family. I want to thank my colleagues Dr. Douglas Franklin, Dr. Damon Williams, Dr. Paul Frazier, Miltonieka Gray-Bell, and Leomarcus Newman, for always taking the time out to assist me throughout this process. To my dear friend Maxie Tarver, thank you for being my shadow during the times I needed you the most. For my entire time in radio, I was grateful to have met Ms. Nikki Williams. God bless you and Lyric. Thank you for opening doors for a lot of people worldwide, and for me to be one of those persons is more than I could have ever imagined. I would like to send my appreciation to Malcolm Allen, Gregory Brock, Omar Barton, Donald Louding Jr., Dr. Kingsley Nwabeke, Freddie Gibbs, and Justin Scott. Thank you for the soundtrack for my research. Since 2016, Ms. Yvette Barker, Director of Residential Life & Housing at Texas Southern University has been the change agent that has allowed me to open my mind and my heart when it comes to leadership. Thank you so much for all that you do for my son, our students, staff, and the institution. To Dr. Jennifer Moss-Breen, Dr. Jim Martin, Dr. Leah Georges, Dr. Karen Cook, Shannon Cox, and Lydia Holtz, I thank you all for never giving up on me during this process. Allowing me a second chance to get it right was worth every moment. To Brent Randall and Michael Motte Jr., this dissertation will guarantee your lives will never be forgotten. vii Table of Contents Page Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments................................................................................................................v Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem .....................................................................................................4 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................................................6 Research Question ...............................................................................................................6 Aim of the Study ..................................................................................................................7 Definition of Relevant Terms ..............................................................................................7 Methodology Overview .......................................................................................................9 Assumptions ...........................................................................................................11 Delimitations ..........................................................................................................11 Limitations .............................................................................................................11 Personal Biases ......................................................................................................12 Leader’s Role and Responsibility in Relation to the Problem ..........................................12 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................14 Summary ............................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................16 Gun Violence .....................................................................................................................17 viii Antecedents to Gun Violence: Developmental Issues ......................................................19 Gun Violence on College and University Campuses ........................................................19 Analysis of Recent Mass Shootings Report .......................................................................20 Emotional Trauma of Students as a Result of a Shooting .................................................21 Historically Black Colleges and Universities ....................................................................23 General Facts .........................................................................................................23