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Trabajo Práctico 4 Título: Creatividad E Influencia Social Objetivos Trabajo Práctico 4 Título: Creatividad e influencia social Objetivos: A partir de las corrientes artísticas de la segunda postguerra mundial como el Arte Pop y sus influencias de la cultura Hippie en el Happening y la Performance y el Arte Conceptual realizar un escrito que incluya en su análisis lo siguiente: Parte 1 Comparar las características del Arte Pop, la Psicodelia y el Kitsch y el Arte Conceptual en relación a la cultura y la sociedad en donde comenzó, explicando que trataban de representar estos estilos como emergente de la sociedad y mencionando al menos dos artistas de cada una de las corrientes. Parte 2 Analizar que fue la “Factory” de Andy Warhol, explicando qué actividades se desarrollaban allí y cuál era el concepto de Performance y Happening y en qué se diferencian. Parte 3 Desarrollar una imagen individual basada en el concepto del Kitsch explicando que trata de simbolizar. Crear una imagen psicodélica usando cualquier medio que impacte ópticamente en el observador. Parte 4 Escribir una acción performática grupal basada en un emergente de la sociedad actual y luego producirla y registrarla en secuencia fotográfica o de video de al menos un minuto de duración. Elaborar una conclusión que explique la acción performática. Se debe incluir bibliografía (ver normas APA) y elaborar un powerpoint para su presentación en clase. Normas de Presentación: Hojas tamaño A4, numeradas, tipografía Arial, cuerpo 11, interlineado doble, con su correspondiente carátula según las normas de la Facultad. El escrito debe incluir la carátula UP, consigna, desarrollo en .doc , en .ppt y en .pdf y el archivo de video en .avi ( buena calidad) y las imágenes usadas en .jpeg. Traer impreso el día de clase para ser firmado y enviarlo por mail a [email protected] en .pdf y .word con antelación. Fecha de entrega : Clase 9 PARTE 1 Arte Pop El Arte Pop fue un movimiento que surge a finales de la década de 1950 en Inglaterra y Estados Unidos como reacción artística ante el Expresionismo Abstracto, al que consideraban vacío y elitista. En una primera instancia, en Inglaterra, en el año 1952, comenzaron a surgir diversas discusiones en torno al impacto que la tecnología moderna y los medios de comunicación de masas estaban teniendo en la sociedad. Pero la primera obra de arte de este movimiento, surge recién en el año 1956. Obra creada por Richard Hamilton, titulada, “¿Qué es lo que hace los hogares de hoy en día tan diferentes, tan divertidos?”. Por otra parte, este movimiento surge en Estados Unidos recién en el año 1961, y se establece con más fuerza que en ningún otro lugar. Movimiento artístico del siglo XX, caracterizado por el empleo de imágenes de la cultura popular tomadas de los medios de comunicación, tales como anuncios publicitarios, comics, objetos culturales y del mundo del cine. El arte pop, buscaba utilizar imágenes populares en oposición a la cultura existente de aquel momento, en el arte elitista, separándolas de su contexto y aislándolas o combinándolas con otras, además de resaltar el aspecto banal o kitsch de algún elemento cultural, a menudo a través del uso de la ironía. El concepto del Arte Pop no hace tanto énfasis al arte en sí, sino a las actitudes que lo conducen. En su elaboración encontramos todo tipo de materiales, desde diferentes clases de pinturas como las ceras o el óleo, hasta otros elementos como las fotografías, por ejemplo. Es muy común la utilización de técnicas como la yuxtaposición, el collage o el foto-montaje. Uno de los artistas pop más conocidos internacionalmente fue Andy Warhol. Sus obras, hoy en día siguen siendo iconos de aquella época; de una sociedad la cual venía victoriosa de la segunda guerra mundial, esto originó una nueva cultura, en definitiva, la corriente del Pop Art. Son famosas sus latas de sopa Campbell y los retratos de Marilyn Monroe y Elvis Presley. Warhol basaba sus creaciones en variaciones fotográficas de un mismo tema, el centro de su obra, y entre sus técnicas destaca la impresión de estas fotografías directamente sobre su soporte de trabajo. Shot Marilyns. (1964) Andy Warhol Crying Girl (1963) Roy Lichtenstein Arte Psicodélico El arte psicodélico, también conocido con el nombre de arte lisérgico, tuvo su mayor auge en los años 60 como consecuencia de la ola hippie y su contracultura, cuya época marcó toda una nueva etapa y forma de vida. Este movimiento tuvo lugar en la década de 1960, denominado “contracultura” (valores, tendencias y formas sociales opuestos a los establecidos en una sociedad), término acuñado por un historiador norteamericano llamado Theodore Roszak en su libro de 1968 “El nacimiento de una contracultura”. El arte psicodélico es aquel que imita, a través de imágenes y/o sonidos, las sensaciones que se experimentan al hacer uso de alucinógenos. Durante este movimiento, se intenta reflejar los estados alterados de la conciencia, es decir, proyectar el mundo interior de la psiquis. Usualmente esto se lograba por el uso de substancias psicodélicas. Así pues, habría que tomar en cuenta el uso de sustancias psicodélicas, como hongos alucinógenos, peyote o ayahuasca, por parte de múltiples culturas alrededor del mundo. En 1957 fue cuando el psiquiatra Humphry Osmond acuñó el término “psicodelia” refiriéndose a la manifestación de la mente o el alma. A partir de finales del siglo XX, varios artistas han encontrado en las drogas psicotrópicas, como el LSD o la mescalina, su mejor herramienta de trabajo, considerando a éstas como meras sustancias químicas o naturales con poderes de uso recreativos. La psicodelia alcanza su apogeo en la segunda mitad de los años sesenta y primera de los setenta gracias a The Beatles. Es uno de los componentes más notorios de la “Contracultura”. Un artista muy representativo del movimiento fue Alex Grey. Él nació en Columbus, Ohio; debido a la influencia de sus padres decidió hacer sus estudios en el Columbus Collage of Art and Design, donde, en 1957, conoció a su esposa Allyson Rymland Grey, con quien se convirtió de ser un existencialista agnóstico a un trascendentalista radical. El interés del artista por la anatomía del cuerpo humano lo llevó a estudiar más de 10 años en la Universidad de Nueva York. La principal idea de Grey consiste en plasmar en una obra el equilibrio que todo hombre debe alcanzar para poder llegar a una perfecta contemplación, una mediación entre el cuerpo, la mente, y el espíritu. Otro fue Michael Garfield, el joven artista visual considerado el Indiana Jones del arte en vivo, es uno de los pintores más destacados del arte psicodélico. En su trabajo se pueden ver reflejadas las experiencias por las que ha pasado; el artista visual, además de haber vivido en ciertas comunidades artísticas de Estados Unidos, también ha participado en varios festivales de arte como Wakarusa, Electric Forest, Sonic Bloom, Rothbury, Rootwire, Trinumeral, Bear Creek, Motion Notion, Global Sound Conference y Geoparadise. El mismo artista ha descrito su trabajo como ilustraciones que tratan de mostrar el campo energético que la música contiene. Pablo César Amaringo Shuña (1938-2009) Rick Griffin (1944-1991) Arte Kitsch La palabra kitsch se origina del término alemán yidis etwas verkitschen. Define al arte que es considerado como una copia inferior de un estilo existente. También se utiliza el término kitsch en un sentido más libre para referirse a cualquier arte que es pretencioso, pasado de moda o de muy mal gusto. Lo kitsch es una imitación estilística de formas de un pasado histórico prestigioso o de formas y productos característicos de la alta cultura moderna, ya socialmente aceptados y estéticamente consumidos. La palabra se popularizó en los años 1930 por los teóricos Clement Greenberg, Hermann Broch, y Theodor Adorno, que intentaban definir lo avant- garde y el kitsch como opuestos. Cuando la vanguardia crea una obra artística pone en evidencia los procedimientos que conducen a ella, y los elige como objetivo de su propio discurso, mientras que lo kitsch pone en evidencia las reacciones que la obra ha de provocar, y elige como objetivo de su propia operación la reacción emotiva del consumidor, lo que convierte a una obra de arte en kitsch, es la ética. Es decir, que, durante este movimiento, no se buscaba lograr un buen trabajo sino uno que sea bello. Un referente muy importante del movimiento fue Jack Estenssoro. El trabajo de Estenssoro es una fusión entre el pop art y el arte abstracto. Se trata de una ridiculización a la alta cultura, proclamando la estética de lo feo. El Kitsch en su máxima expresión a través de una sencilla pero directa analogía: "La Piedad" de Miguel Ángel se esboza sobre dos de los arcos dorados que forman parte del logotipo de McDonald's, una compañía icónica en lo que se refiere al consumo y la explotación. En el arte kitsch ocurre algo similar, se imita la "alta cultura" para obtener sus efectos inmediatos. Otro fue Jesús de Helguera, el pintor mexicano influido por el nacionalismo posrevolucionario y el discurso oficial, adquirió un estilo propio que se inmortalizó en calendarios, panfletos y se convirtió en parte de la iconografía popular mexicana. De la misma forma que en "La Leyenda de los Volcanes", Helguera plasmó en su obra un sentir patriótico idealizado, con escenas que enaltecen el fervor nacionalista, como el charro y la china poblana, la cultura azteca y distintos pasajes de la historia e identidad mexicana en un tono exagerado. “Michael Jackson and Bubbles” (1988) Jeff Koons “Les Cosmonautes”. (1991) Pierre et Gilles Arte Conceptual El arte conceptual se desarrolló a finales de la década de los sesenta e inicios de los ochenta del siglo XX. La idea principal que subyace en todas ellas es que la verdadera obra de arte no es el objeto físico producido por el artista, sino que consiste en conceptos e ideas.
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