Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis
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Texts and Practices Texts and Practices provides an essential introduction to the theory and practice of Critical Discourse Analysis. Using insights from this challenging new method of linguistic analysis, the contributors to this collection reveal the ways in which language can be used as a means of social control. The essays in Texts and Practices: • Demonstrate how Critical Discourse Analysis can be applied to a variety of written and spoken texts. • Deconstruct data from a range of contexts, countries and disciplines. • Expose hidden patterns of discrimination and inequalities of power. Texts and Practices, which includes specially commissioned papers from a range of distinguished authors, provides a state-of-the-art overview of Critical Discourse Analysis. As such it represents an important contribution to this developing field and an essential text for all advanced students of language, media and cultural studies. Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard is Professor of English and Applied Linguistics at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Her most recent publications are contributions to the edited collections Techniques of Description (1993) and Advances in Written Text Analysis (1994), both published by Routledge. Malcolm Coulthard is Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the University of Birmingham. His most recent publications with Routledge are Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis (1992) and Advances in Written Text Analysis (1994). He also edits the journal Forensic Linguistics. Texts and Practices Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis Edited by Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard and Malcolm Coulthard London and New York First published 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Disclaimer: For copyright reasons, some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Editorial selection and material © 1996 Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard and Malcolm Coulthard; individual chapters © 1996 the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-43138-3 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-73962-0 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-12142-6 (hbk) 0-415-12143-4 (pbk) Contents Notes on contributors vii Preface xi Part I Critical discourse theory 1 On critical linguistics 3 Roger Fowler 2 Representational resources and the production of subjectivity: Questions for the theoretical development of Critical Discourse Analysis in a multicultural society 15 Gunther Kress 3 The representation of social actors 32 Theo van Leeuwen 4 Technologisation of discourse 71 Norman Fairclough 5 Discourse, power and access 84 Teun A.van Dijk Part II Texts and practices: Critical approaches 6 The genesis of racist discourse in Austria since 1989 107 Ruth Wodak 7 Ethnic, racial and tribal: The language of racism? 129 Ramesh Krishnamurthy 8 A clause-relational analysis of selected dictionary entries: Contrast and compatibility in the definitions of ‘man’ and ‘woman’ 150 Michael Hoey v vi Contents 9 The official version: Audience manipulation in police records of interviews with suspects 166 Malcolm Coulthard 10 Conflict talk in a psychiatric discharge interview: Struggling between personal and official footings 179 Branca Telles Ribeiro 11 Problems with the representation of face and its manifestations in the discourse of the ‘old-old’ 194 Dino Preti 12 ‘Guilt over games boys play’: Coherence as a focus for examining the constitution of heterosexual subjectivity on a problem page 214 Val Gough and Mary Talbot 13 Barking up the wrong tree? Male hegemony, discrimination against women and the reporting of bestiality in the Zimbabwean press 231 Andrew Morrison 14 ‘Women who pay for sex. And enjoy it’: Transgression versus morality in women’s magazines 250 Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard Bibliography 271 Index 285 Notes on contributors Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard is Professor of English and Applied Linguistics at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Her latest publications are (with M.Coulthard, eds, 1991) Tradução: Teoria e Prática and contributions to Techniques of Description (edited by J.McH.Sinclair, M.Hoey and G.Fox, 1993), Advances in Written Text Analysis (edited by M.Coulthard, 1994) and Language and Gender (edited by S.Mills, 1994). Malcolm Coulthard is Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the University of Birmingham, England. His publications include Linguagem e Sexo (1991) and five edited collections, Talking about Text (1986), Discussing Discourse (1987), Tradução: Teoria e Prática (with C.R.Caldas-Coulthard, 1991), Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis (1992) and Advances in Written Text Analysis (1994). Norman Fairclough is Reader in Linguistics in the Department of Linguistic and Modern English Language at the University of Lancaster, England. Among his publications are Language and Power (1989), Discourse and Social Change (1992) and as editor, Critical Language Awareness (1992). Roger Fowler is Professor of Linguistics at the University of East Anglia, England. He has been Visiting Professor at Brown University and at the University of California, Berkeley. Among his major publications are the jointly authored book Language and Control (1979), A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms (2nd edn, 1987) and Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press (1991). Val Gough is Lecturer in English at the University of Liverpool, England, where she teaches courses on women writers, feminist literary theory, feminist science fiction and language and gender. She is currently working on writing and mysticism in the work of Virginia Woolf and Hélène Cixous, and has published articles on Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Virginia Woolf. vii viii Notes on contributors Michael Hoey is Professor of English Language at the University of Liverpool, England. His major publications are Signalling in Discourse (1979), On the Surface of Discourse (1983/1991), Patterns of Lexis in Text (1991) and the edited collections Data, Description, Discourse (1993) and Techniques of Description (with J.McH.Sinclair and G.Fox, 1993). Gunther Kress is Professor of Education with special reference to the Teaching of English at the Institute of Education, University of London, England. His publications include Social Semiotics (with R.Hodge, 1988), Reading Images (with T.van Leeuwen, 1990), Language as Ideology (with R.Hodge, 1993) and Learning to Write (1994). Ramesh Krishnamurthy is the Development Manager of COBUILD, at the University of Birmingham, England. He has worked on most of the COBUILD publications and teaches corpus lexicography to postgraduates. He is also the author of the Supplement on Indian Names in the Oxford Dictionary of First Names. Andrew Morrison is a Lecturer in the Linguistics Department at the University of Zimbabwe. He has published on news photography in Zimbabwe, critical language awareness for academic study in the humanities and questions in letters to the editor (with Alison Love). He is currently working on a textbook on communication skills for law and completing a novel. Dino Preti is Professor of Portuguese at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. Among his books are A Linguagem Falada Culta na Cidade de São Paulo (4 vols, 1986–90), A Linguagem dos Idosos (1991) and the edited book Análise de Textos Orais (1993). Branca Telles Ribeiro is an Associate Professor in the Graduate Programme in Applied Linguistics at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her major publications are Coherence in Psychotic Discourse (1994) and ‘Framing in psychotic discourse’ in Framing in Discourse (edited by D.Tannen, 1993). Mary Talbot is a Lecturer in the Institute of Language and Communication at Odense University, Denmark. Her publications include Fictions at Work: Language and Social Practice (1995) and ‘A synthetic sisterhood: false friends in a teenage magazine’ in Gender Articulated: Arrangements of Language and the Socially Constructed Self (edited by K.Hall and M.Bucholtz, 1994) Teun A.van Dijk is Professor of Discourse Studies at the University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He is the founder-editor of the international journals Text and Discourse and Society. His works include the four edited volumes of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis (1985), News as Notes on contributors ix Discourse (1988), Racism and the Press (1991) and Elite Discourse and Racism (1993). Theo van Leeuwen worked as a scriptwriter and film and television director and taught communications and media studies at Macquarie University in Sydney. He is currently Principal Lecturer in communication theory at the School of Media of the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades, England. He is joint author of Reading Images (with G.Kress, 1990) and of The Media Interview (with P.Bell, 1994). Ruth Wodak is Professor and Head of the Department of Applied Linguistics at the University of Vienna, Austria. Among her