J'tme 3, 1 88oJ NATURE 97
plain, and simple as conforming as nearly as may be to Soc. Ant. Scot., and in Prof. lloyd Dawkins' "Early Nan," the popular terms in use, and above all that t:1ere 'hould be nothing p. 338. to mislca
"Chipped Arrow· heads" CO:JfPARATIVE ANATOMY OF MA1'1n I:-; a number of NATURE (vol. xx. p. 483) which only lately reached u;; here I rca
t lam not :\Ware w:1cther Ct•schit:llll'!t' IVuU:tn is an :>cccptcd term in • Abstr:tct Report of PrtJf. Flower's 1cctt1rcs :l.t the Royal of Germany. Iu the llcrnesc 4 very expressive name is uscJ, Surgc?ns, !\[arch 1 to 19, on Anato:ny of Gtstrd/IL· 1Volkc1l, only t?O \\'ell known to mountaineers. Continued frJm p. So.
© 1880 Nature Publishing Group NATURE [.7 une 3, I 83o situated to the north of these, in Natal and Zululand. and nearly exterminated. Notwithstanding their gene- 3· The Bechuanas, occupying the central or inland· rally low condition of culture, they show remarkable country; and 4. The Ova-hereros, or Damaras, of the pictorial power, drawing animals especially with life-like western coast-lands. Each of these divisions is com- accuracy. The osteological characters of the Bushmen posed of numerous small tribes, frequently at war with are tolerably well illustrated in the museum both by each other, and constantly changing in relative impor- skeletons and crania. Their average height would tance and even locality. The growth of the Zulu nation appear to be from 4 feet 6 to 4 feet 8 inches, and there is is a striking example of the mutable character of native very little, if any, difference between the men and women African political combinations. At the commencement in this respect. The form of the skull is extremely of the present century they were an extremely insignifi- characteristic, and could scarcely be mistaken for that of cant tribe, but by the military and political genius of any other race. It has generally a very feminine, almost their chief, Chaka, who conquered and absorbed all the infantile appearance; though the capacity of the cranial neighbouring tribes, a powerful kingdom was formed, cavity is not the smallest, exceeding that of the Anda• which was consolidated by his successors, Dingaan, manese and the Veddahs of Ceylon. Ingeneral form the Panda, and Ketchwhyo, under whom, however, it has cranium is rather oblong than oval, having straight sides, been destroyed by the superiority of European weapons a flat top, and especially a vertical forehead, which rises and organisation, at what cost we know too well. Five straight up from the root of the nose. The lower occi• crania of Zulus who were killed in the fatal battle of pita! region is greatly developed, in marked contrast to Isandthlwana, on January 22 of last year, have already that of the Andaman islanders. They are moderately reached the museum, through the kindness of Mr. Fynn, dolichocephalic or mesaticephalic, the average of ten a magistrate in Natal, Col. Mitchell, the Colonial Secre- specimens being 75'4· The height is in all considerably tary, and Dr. R. J. Mann, and their uniformity of charac- less than the breadth, the average index being 71'1, so ters is such that they probably are very fair average that they are decidedly low skulls. The zygomata are specimens of the race. They are the skulls of large, little developed, the malars project forwards about as powerful men in the prime of life. The capacity of their much as in the Mongolian races, giving a nasi-malar angle cranial cavity is remarkable, far above that of the ordi- of 140°. The glabella aqd supra-orbital ridges are little nary negro, even above that of the lower class of English- developed except in the oldest males. The orbits are men, the average of the five being r,s8o cubic centimetres. elongated and low (average index 8!'4), the space between One measures as much as r ,745. Their average latitu- the orbits very wide and flat, there being no depression at dina! index is 75·r, their altitudinal index 76·6. Their the root of the nose. A large portion of the ascending orbits are remarkably small and low; index 817. The process of the maxilla is visible on each side of the nasals. form of the nasal bones and nasal index (6o'7) is charac- The nasal bones are extremely small and flat, and the teristically negroid, but they differ from ordinary negroes- aperture wide ; the average nasal index being 6o·8, so in two important points. They are not truly prognathous, that they are the most platyrhine of all races. On the but mesognathous, the alveolar index (roo·4) being inter- other hand they are rarely prognathous. In this, and mediate between that of the negro and the European, some other characters, there is much that recalls the and their teeth are small, the index being only 407. The infantine condition of the true negro. crania of other Zulu and Kafir tribes previously ex- Inlwbitants of North Africa.-The whole of the amined give similar results, especially a larger cranial various populations inhabiting the portion of Africa capacity and a less degree of prognathism than is found north of the Sahara Desert, from the Atlantic coasts in the equatorial negro. as far south as the River Senegal on the west to the Another great division of South African people com- Red Sea on the east, belong to a completely different prises those popularly known as Hottentots and Bushmen, type of mankind from that which we have been last or in their own language Koi-Koin. They formerly in- considering, and, as before mentioned, the boundaries habited a much larger district than at present; but, between the two types coincide remarkably with those of encroached upon by the Bantu from the north and by zoological -regions, as indicated by distinct characters of the Dutch and English from the south, they are greatly the fauna. As must naturally have happened during the reduced in numbers, and indeed threatened with speedy vast length of time during which the people of Northern extinction. The Hottentots are at present divided into Africa and the negroes have occupied contiguous regions three principal groups-the N amaquas, Korannas, and since the drying up of the Sahara Sea, with absolutely no the Griquas. The latter especially are much mixed up physical barrier between considerable intermixture with other races, and, under the influence of a civilisation has taken place along the frontier line, and even for some which has done little to improve their moral condition, distance into the territories of each at certain points. In they have lost most of their distinctive pec:Jliarities. The the east, especially, the superior northern race bas en• pure-bred Hottentot is of moderate stature, has a croached far southwards, and the practice, which has yellowish-brown complexion, very frizzly hair, which, being existed from the most ancient times down to our own, of less abundant than that of the ordinary negro, has the importing the negroes into the northern country as slaves appearance of growing in separate tufts. The forehead and soldiers, bas given rise to a considerable modification and chin are narrow and the cheek-bones wide, giving a of the type in certain districts. lozenge-shaped visage. The nose is very flat and the Besides the negro element which has thus partially and lips prominent. The women are often remarkable for locally modified the characters of the inhabitants of immense accumulation of fat upon the nates, called Northern Africa, at least two other adventitious ele• steatojJygy, and also of great elongation of the nympha:: ments, although with differences small compared with and of the preputium clitoridis. In these anatomical those last named, appear to have come into the district peculiarities, and in almost everything else except size, and assisted to diversify :the physical type. The evi• the Bushmen agree with the Hottentots. In fact they dence on which the first of these rests is rather shadowy; appear to be a stunted, outcast branch of the same race but to account for the considerable number of individuals, living the life of the most degraded of savages among especially in Marocco, who depart at least in colour from the rocky caves and mountains of the lands where the the prevailing North African type, and have fair com• comparatively civilised and pastoral Hottentots dwelt in plexions, eyes, and hair, an immigration of a northern race the plains. Their usual appellation is derived from the is supposed; and as all such immigrations within the strictly Dutch Bosjesman, or "man of the woods," and they historic period, such as that of the Vandals (A.D. 500) have been regarded both by Kafirs and Boers as some- have been on too small a scale or too temporary to effect thing only half human, and have been treated accordingly, l such a permanent change in a considerable portion of the
© 1880 Nature Publishing Group June 3· r88o] NATURE 99 population, and as there is evidence from Egyptian monu• under such circumstances. The custom of embalming ments of fair people (the Tamahou) inhabiting North their dead in a mummified condition in rock sepulchres Africa, to the west of Egypt, at teast I 500 years B. c., this has permitted us to become acquainted with their physi• race has been associated with the builders of the mega· cal characters. . They were of small stature, and rather lithic monuments found scattered over the west of Europe resembled the Berbers of the adjoining coast than any of and the north-west of Africa, who are supposed to have the negro races. Their skull was of the mesaticephalic invaded Africa by way of Spain and Tangiers. The form, having an average cephalic index of 76·5, and was invasion of the country by Semitic races from the East, considerably lower than it was broad. The face was not the Phcenicians and Carthaginians, and more recently prognathous, the nose was leptorhine, and at least those the Arabs, who overspread North Africa by way of the inhabiting the island of Teneriffe, who are best known to Isthmus of Suez in the seventh and tenth centuries, and us, are remarkable for the low and elongated orbits, impressed the Mohammedan religion upon all these having, according to Broca, the lowest orbital index regions, rests upon surer historical evidence. The basis (77) of any race. In this respect and some others they or the population of Marocco, Algiers, and Tunis are resemble the ancient skulls of the reindeer period found the Berbers, descendants of the Libyans or Lebou of the in the cave of Cro-Magnon in the South of France, and it ancient Egyptians. An important section of them are the has been thought that they may be related to that race. Kabylcs of the French. They are mostly a settled and It should be mentioned, however, that the Guanche pastoral people. The Moors are mixed descendants of skulls from Teneriffe in the collection of Dr. Barnard Arabs and Berbers, residing in towns. The Bedouins are Davis do not altogether bear out this view, as they have the Arabs who still lead a nomadic life in the desert. a considerably higher orbital index than those measured There is much in common in the physical characters of at Paris. all these people, and indeed with those of the South of Of all the people of North Africa the Egyptians are Europe and South-West of Asia. They belong mainly to undoubtedly the most interesting. "When history the group called Melanochroi by Prof. Huxley. begins to dawn, the first object the light strikes upon, and The Berber type, which perhaps forms the basis of the which for a long time alone rears its form above the population of North Africa, is thus described by Topinard, general gloom, is the civilisation of ancient Egypt. On by whom it has been carefully studied. The height is slightly inquiry we find this thoroughly organised civilisation, above the mean, I ·68m. i.e., 5 feet 6· r inches. The skin, fully supplied with all the necessaries and many of the white in infancy, quickly becomes brown by contact with embellishments of life, and which is alone visible in the the air; hair black, straight, and abundant ; eyes dark dawning JiP"ht, must have existed through ages long prior brown ; skull dolichocephalic (index 74'4), leptorhine to the It recedes into the unfathomable depth of (44'3), and moderately orthognathous. The face is ·time far beyond the monuments and traditions." The less elongated and of a less regular oval contour than in valley of the Nile' has been for thousands of years the the Arab. The straight forehead presents at the base a scene of many events which have affected the ethnological transverse depression ; the superciliary crests are well characters of its population. Invasions and conquests developed; the nose is sunken at the base, often arched more or less complete from the east, the north, the west, without being aquiline. The moral and social qualities and the south ; importation to its interior from all the of the Berbers are contrasted with those of the Arabs, regions around of prisoners and slaves in enormous considerably to the disadvantage of the latter. numbers, many of whom have become permanent settlers The enterprising and commerci © 1880 Nature Publishing Group 100 NATURE [7zme 3, r88o ------;------· above 75·o, or to the mesaticephalic class, and extending eastwards from Moscow to the Obi, and from I I below 75·o, or dolichocephalic. The a1·er.1ge alti· Pekin to Nertsehinsk, tl1e greatest depressions tudinal index is beloiv that of the latitudinal, viz., 73'1. below the normals of these regions for September being The average cnnial capacity of the males is I,454 cubic respcetil·ely o· I I 2 inch, O'I 30 inch, and o·os I inch. centimetres. They are almost as orthognathous as Euro• Pressures were above the nonnal over the whole of pe:ms, and ha,·c teeth of the same comparatively small North·"Testern Europe, including Iceland, Sweden, Nor• size, the dental index being in 7 male skulls 4o·s, and in way, Denmark, the Netherlands, France, and Germany 8 females 41'3. The nasal index of 8I measured by as far as Pressburg, the greatest excess, o·3o3 inch, Broca was 47 '83, and this was found to be tolerably con• occurring in the extreme north-west of the British Islands. stant in mummies of different historical periods. The llut the most extensive region of unusually high pressure a1·erage nasal index of 25 in the College collection is embracecl the whole of Southern Asia, including Japan, rather higher, 1iz., 487. The orbital index of the same China, except the extreme north, India, Syria, and crania is 86· 2. Of modern Copts unfortunately but few Egypt; and the whole of Australia, Tasmania, and New crania have been hitherto available for examination; but Zealand was also above the normal, and very considerably Broca: gives the latitudinal index of I2 at 76·39, and the so, the cxce:;s at Deviliquin, on the Murray River, nasal index at 47'15. reaching o·z65 inch. The cranial and other characters of the Egyptians The most remarkable disturbance in the temperature correspond in the main with those of the Berbers and arising out of this abnormal distributicn of pressure and other inhabitants of !'\orth Africa, :1nd they must be the winds nl.'ccssarily resulting therefrom, occurred over placeu in the same general category in any classification the whole of Europe, except Italy and the Spanish of the human race founded on anatomical characters. Peninsula. If the Weather Map be examined, it will be They have no affinities with the negroes, except such as seen that from the west of the British Islands pressures may easily be accounted for by the cccasional admixture steadily diminished on proceeding eastward over Europe, of negro blood. Indeed it is almost remarkable that and along with this diminution of pressure pretty strong there arc not more signs of this having taken place. northerly winds pre1·ailed, except in the two peninsulas Some authors have supposed a Turanian origin for the already referred to, where winds were southerly and the Egyptians, but if this term is to be taken in any sense as temperatures consequently above the normal. Under the equivalent to ?1-longolians, there is absolutely no support influence of these northerly winds the temperature of for it in their osteological characters; all the characteristir.s Europe from the North Cape southwards fell greatly of the ?.Iongolian races are entirely absent in the Egyptian below the average, a deficiency of 5°'0 or upwards being skull. Still less can any resemblance he seen to the experienced at the North Cape, Christiania, Mcmcl, Australian, wbose skull, compared with that of an Gulynki, Warsaw, and Prague. In Siberia,to the east of Egyptian, presents almost as great a contrast as can be this cold region, southerly winds prevailed and high tem• found within the limits of ,·ariation of the human cranium. peratures consequently ruled, the excess above the normal The angular form, limited capacity, wide zygomata, pro• temperature being 6°'3 at Taschkent, 4°'0 at Semipala• jecting supraorbital ridges, short flattened nasals, wide tinsk, and 2°'5 at Jenisscisk and Irlwtsk. Southerly nasal aperture with rounded inferior border, great winds also prevailed over Iceland and Greenland, raising ah·eolar prognathism, retreating chin, and immense teeth, the temperature above the normal, the excess on the characteristic of the Australian, are all wanting in the west of Greenland being about 4°·o, and in the north• EgytJtian. In fact the Egyptian belongs by all his west of Iceland 5°'0, The Weather Map shows strong anatomical characters to the type called by Blumenbach southerly winds also over Canada and the northern half Cauca.sian. The much vexed questions, \Vho were the of the United States, where . consequently the temperature Egyptians? and Where did they come from? receive no was high for the season, the excess being from 2°'0 to answer from anatomical investigations, beyond the very 3°·o, rising even at some places to hearly Further simple one that they arc one of several modifications of south the excess was much less ; and in S'Ome cases there the great group of races which inhahit all the lands was even a deficiency, as about Cape Hatteras, where surrounding the :\!editerrancan Sea; that they here lived northerly winds will be seen from the Map to have swept in their own land far beyond all periods of time measured over that coast, and the temperature fell a degree and a by historical events, and that in ail probability it was half below the average; and along the upper reaches of there that they gradually developed that marvellous civi• the Arkansas and Red rivers, or to westward of the region lisation which has exercised a powerful influence of lowest pressure, where, winds being 11orth-westerly, the over the arts, the sciences, and the rel1gion of the whole temperature fell nearly a degree below the normal. of the \Vestern "·orld. In India, pressure was unusually and continuously high from the beginning of the year, except in August, when it fell below the a\•eragc over the region of the Lower Gange; and In September, however, pressure 7HE U.VITEJ) STATES VVEATJJER MAPS, again became unusually high over all India, the excess being greatest along the northern coasts of the Bay of SEPT}.:JIIJER, tSi7 Bengal and the central districts from Vi;;agap;ltam to Canada :mrl the Vnitecl States during September, Ajmcrc. In Assam the excess was considerable and the 1877, atmo;;pheric pre,;5urc was c1·crywhcre above rainfall exceeded the average, whereas in Orissa, \Vestern the normal except over a small triangular patch bounded Bengal, and Berhar the rainfall was scanty. The excess by the Gulf of Fandy, Chesapeake Bay, and the entrance above the normal pressure was also consideraLly less over to Lake Superior. The deficiency was greatest in the Southern India and Cevlon than it was to northward; North-\\'estern States from Leavenworth to Lake \Vinni• and with this distribution of the pressure occurred the peg, where it amounted to nearly the tenth of an inch, memorable feature of the meteorology of India for the and on the coasts cf the Gulf of l\lcxico, the deficiency month, l'iz., an unusual strength of the south-west at l\[obilc being o·o74 inch. Pressure was also under the monsoon o1·er the west of India from Goa southward, normal over Greenland, the Atlantic, the Spanish Penin• accompanied with an abnormally heavy rainfall on that sula, Italy, nearly all Austria and Prussia, the whole of coast, ''hich extended eastward over the Deccan and the Russi:J. and Siberia, except a patch stretching in a 1\. N .E. greater of the Madras Presidency, and thus termi• and S.S. \V. direction about Lake Baikal. The centres nated the disastrous famine which had wasted Mysore of greatest depression were in the Atlantic between and a large portion of the Madras l'reoidency during the Grecnbnd and the Azores, over a r:1ther broad region previou: two years. © 1880 Nature Publishing Group