DOCSLIB.ORG

The Morphometric Relationship of Upper Cave 101 and 103

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Morphometric Relationship of Upper Cave 101 and 103 University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1998 The orM phometric Relationship of Upper Cave 101 and 103 to Modern Homo sapiens Deborah Lenz Cornell University of Tennessee, Knoxville Recommended Citation Cornell, Deborah Lenz, "The orM phometric Relationship of Upper Cave 101 and 103 to Modern Homo sapiens. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1998. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4155 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Deborah Lenz Cornell entitled "The orM phometric Relationship of Upper Cave 101 and 103 to Modern Homo sapiens." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. Andrew Kramer, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Richard Jantz, Lyle Konigsberg, John W. Philpot Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Deborah Lenz Cornellentitled "The Morphometric Relationship of Upper Cave 101 and 103 to modem Homo sapiens." I have examined the finalcopy of this thesis forform and content and recommend that it be accepted in partialfulfillment of the requirements forthe degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. � Andrew Kramer, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted forthe Council: THE MORPHOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPOF UPPER CA VE 101 AND 103 TO MODERN HOMO SAP/ENS A Thesis Presented forthe Master of Arts Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville DeborahLenz Cornell December 1998 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the importantcontributions of many people to this thesis. First of all to the members of my committee, Ors. Andrew Kramer, Richard Jantz, Lyle Konigsberg, and John Philpot, thank you forall your help and advice. Special thanks to Dr. Jantz forrunning the statistics on his computer, all the extra attention, and for never being too busy to answer one of my many dumb questions. i would also like to thank my mother, Johanna Fusco, and my sister, Johanna CunninghamMcMichael, for all their supportand encouragement, and forassuring me that I was surely the most intelligent and literate graduate student that ever existed! While I didn't believe them, their words of supportwere much appreciated. Special thanks also goes to Dr. W.W. Howells, Dr. Gene Albrecht, Michael Wender, Ann H. Ross, and Dr. A. Russell Nelson. Dr. Howells was kind enough to furnishme a list of his measurements on the Liujiang cranium and seemed to drop whatever he was doing to promptly respond to my needs. Dr. Albrecht explained to me the value of the statistical approach used in this thesis. Michael Wender, my writing coach, was extremely patient with me and my "passive voice!" Ann Ross deservescredit for taking the tinie to measure UC I 03 for me just as she was about to hop a plane to Bosnia with the only available coordinate calipers. Also, Russ Nelson's encouraging words and input were always much appreciated. I wish our measurement sets could have jibed! ii Thanks also to my dear friendDanny Wescott, who helped me in innumerable ways, from encouragement andsupport to collating and stapling. He enabled me to hold on to my sanity and kept me smiling. Thanks to my "kids" Bear andMarmalade. They were always able to calm me down and make me feelloved. Most of all, thanks to my husband, TerryPatrick Cornell. Not onlyfor his financialsupport, but also forhis kindness and consideration throughout this long process. So many people have helped me in numerous ways. Everyoneshould be so lucky to have such fine friendsand family. Thank you all. iii ABSTRACT Upper Cave IO I and Upper Cave I 03 (UC IO I and UC I 03 ), the much argued over Homo sapiensfossils from Zhoukoudian, China, figureprominently into discussions of modem human origins. Adherents to the Multiregional model see the Zhoukoudian fossils as exhibitingsome of the same Asiancharacteristics that can be seen in modem Asianpopulations. On the other hand, proponents of the Out-of-Africamodel see anything and everything but Asianfe atures, frequently pointing out Africancharacteristics which they claim are retentions of fe atures fromthe initial exodus of modem humans. UC 101 and UC 103 were compared to Howells' modem human groups and unpublished measurements of Paleoindian and Archaic Indian crania using unweighted, unrestricted canonical variate analysis (CVA) and associated Mahalanobis Distance Analysis. Results indicate that it is unlikely that these two fossils represent the same population, however the archaeologicalcontext seems to preclude any such inference. If UC IO 1 and UC I 03 are fromthe same contemporaneous group, it may be inferred that ancient East Asiansexhibit much more variation than modem populations, an idea postulated by FranzWeidenreich in the late 1930s. These two fossilslikely represent the robust ancestors of several modern,more homogenous groups. While UC IO I is classifiedas Easter Island in the Distance Analysis, its similaritiesto European, Eskimo, African, and Archaic Indian populations can be seen in the CV A plots. It also shows some similarities to Peru and Buriat populations. UC I 03 , on the other hand, is much more of an outlier to modem populations. Although the iv CVA allies this fossilmost closely with Archaic Indians, the Lime Creek Paleoindian, and Easter Island, the Distance Analysis consistently classifiesit as Australo-Melanesian. However, UC 103's position as an outlier, combined with its extremely low typicality probabilities, indicates that this specimen is outside the range of variation present in the modem populations utilized. No overridingsupport for either school of modem human originsis found. The time depth involved between the postulated exodus of modem humans fromAfrica 200 ka and the reliably dated 29 to 24 ka Upper Cave fossilsdisallows any Africanmorphological similarities to be interpreted as lending support to the Out-of-Africamodel. On the other hand, the findingspresented here also giveno strong support to the Multiregionalschool since no close affiliationis seen between these two fossilsand modem East Asians. However, if the fossilsare truly contemporaneous, the Pleistocene population of East Asia was much more heterogeneous than today's populations, leaving open the very real possibility that the Zhoukoudian fossilsare actually ancestral to modem East Asians. The morphological variability present in the Asian Pleistocene needs to be fullyappreciated in order to adequately assess Pleistocene hominid fossilaffinities. V TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. LITERATUREREVIEW .................................................................. 1 Introduction. I Discovery and excavation of the Upper Cave at Zhoukoudian............. 3 The disappearance of the fossils.......................................................... 7 Historical interpretations of the fossils................................................ 12 The age of the fossils.......................................................................... 13 The description and current interpretations of the fossils..................... 15 Summary............................................................................................ 18 II. MATERIALS..................................................................................... 19 Description of comparative samples.................................................... 19 · W.W. Howells' Data.......................................................................... 19 ( 1) East Asia........................................................................... 22 Buriat.......................................................................... 22 Hainan......................................................................... 22 Anyang........................................................................ 23 Hokkaido..................................................................... 23 South Japan .......................................· ................... ....... · 23 (2) Hokkaido........................................................................... 24 Ainu............................................................................. 24 (3) Pacific Islands .. ·................................................................... 26 Atayal........................................................................... 26 Philippine...................................................................... 26 Guam............................................................................ 26 (4) AndamanIslands ................................................................. 27 Andaman....................................................................... 27 (5) Australo-Melanesia.............................................................. 27 Australia........................................................................ 27 Tasmania......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anthropology of Race 1
    Anthropology of Race 1 Knowing Race John Hartigan What do we know about race today? Is it surprising that, after a hun- dred years of debate and inquiry by anthropologists, not only does the answer remain uncertain but also the very question is so fraught? In part, this reflects the deep investments modern societies have made in the notion of race. We can hardly know it objectively when it constitutes a pervasive aspect of our identities and social landscapes, determining advantage and disadvantage in a thoroughgoing manner. Yet, know it we do. Perhaps mis- takenly, haphazardly, or too informally, but knowledge claims about race permeate everyday life in the United States. As well, what we understand or assume about race changes as our practices of knowledge production also change. Until recently, a consensus was held among social scientists—predi- cated, in part, upon findings by geneticists in the 1970s about the struc- ture of human genetic variability—that “race is socially constructed.” In the early 2000s, following the successful sequencing of the human genome, counter-claims challenging the social construction consensus were formu- lated by geneticists who sought to support the role of genes in explaining race.1 This volume arises out of the fracturing of that consensus and the attendant recognition that asserting a constructionist stance is no longer a tenable or sufficient response to the surge of knowledge claims about race. Anthropology of Race confronts the problem of knowing race and the challenge of formulating an effective rejoinder both to new arguments and sarpress.sarweb.org COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 3 John Hartigan data about race and to the intense desire to know something substantive about why and how it matters.
    [Show full text]
  • 9 the Beautiful Skulls of Schiller and the Georgian Girl Quantitative and Aesthetic Scaling of the Races, 1770–1850
    9 The beautiful skulls of Schiller and the Georgian girl Quantitative and aesthetic scaling of the races, 1770–1850 Robert J. Richards Isak Dinesen, in one of her gothic tales about art and memory, spins a story of a nobleman’s startling recognition of a prostitute he once loved and abandoned. He saw her likeness in the beauty of a young woman’s skull used by an artist friend. After we had discussed his pictures, and art in general, he said that he would show me the prettiest thing that he had in his studio. It was a skull from which he was drawing. He was keen to explain its rare beauty to me. “It is really,” he said, “the skull of a young woman [. .].” The white polished bone shone in the light of the lamp, so pure. And safe. In those few seconds I was taken back to my room [. .] with the silk fringes and the heavy curtains, on a rainy night of fifteen years before. (Dinesen 1991, 106‒107)1 The skulls pictured in Figure 9.1 have also been thought rare beauties and evocative of something more. On the left is the skull of a nameless, young Caucasian female from the Georgian region. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the great anatomist and naturalist, celebrated this skull, prizing it because of “the admirable beauty of its formation” (bewundernswerthen Schönheit seiner Bildung). He made the skull an aesthetic standard, and like the skull in Dinesen’s tale, it too recalled a significant history (Blumenbach 1802, no. 51). She was a young woman captured during the Russo-Turkish war (1787–1792) and died in prison; her dissected skull had been sent to Blumenbach in 1793 (Dougherty and Klatt 2006‒2015, IV, 256‒257).
    [Show full text]
  • White by Law---Haney Lopez (Abridged Version)
    White by Law The Legal Construction of Race Revised and Updated 10th Anniversary Edition Ian Haney Lόpez NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS New York and London (2006) 1│White Lines In its first words on the subject of citizenship, Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to “white persons.” Though the requirements for naturalization changed frequently thereafter, this racial prerequisite to citizenship endured for over a century and a half, remaining in force until 1952. From the earliest years of this country until just a generation ago, being a “white person” was a condition for acquiring citizenship. Whether one was “white” however, was often no easy question. As immigration reached record highs at the turn of this century, countless people found themselves arguing their racial identity in order to naturalize. From 1907, when the federal government began collecting data on naturalization, until 1920, over one million people gained citizenship under the racially restrictive naturalization laws. Many more sought to naturalize and were rejected. Naturalization rarely involved formal court proceedings and therefore usually generated few if any written records beyond the simple decision. However, a number of cases construing the “white person” prerequisite reached the highest state and federal judicial circles, and two were argued before the U.S. Supreme Court in the early 1920s. These cases produced illuminating published decisions that document the efforts of would-be citizens from around the world to establish their Whiteness at law. Applicants from Hawaii, China, Japan, Burma, and the Philippines, as well as all mixed- race applicants, failed in their arguments. Conversely, courts ruled that applicants from Mexico and Armenia were “white,” but vacillated over the Whiteness of petitioners from Syria, India, and Arabia.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Hamitic Hypothesis
    religions Article Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and the Hamitic Hypothesis Justin Michael Reed Department of Biblical Studies, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY 40205, USA; [email protected] Abstract: In this essay, I consider how the racial politics of Ridley Scott’s whitewashing of ancient Egypt in Exodus: Gods and Kings intersects with the Hamitic Hypothesis, a racial theory that asserts Black people’s inherent inferiority to other races and that civilization is the unique possession of the White race. First, I outline the historical development of the Hamitic Hypothesis. Then, I highlight instances in which some of the most respected White intellectuals from the late-seventeenth through the mid-twentieth century deploy the hypothesis in assertions that the ancient Egyptians were a race of dark-skinned Caucasians. By focusing on this detail, I demonstrate that prominent White scholars’ arguments in favor of their racial kinship with ancient Egyptians were frequently burdened with the insecure admission that these ancient Egyptian Caucasians sometimes resembled Negroes in certain respects—most frequently noted being skin color. In the concluding section of this essay, I use Scott’s film to point out that the success of the Hamitic Hypothesis in its racial discourse has transformed a racial perception of the ancient Egyptian from a dark-skinned Caucasian into a White person with appearance akin to Northern European White people. Keywords: Ham; Hamite; Egyptian; Caucasian; race; Genesis 9; Ridley Scott; Charles Copher; Samuel George Morton; James Henry Breasted Citation: Reed, Justin Michael. 2021. Ancient Egyptians in Black and White: ‘Exodus: Gods and Kings’ and Religions the Hamitic Hypothesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiregional Origin of Modern Humans
    Multiregional origin of modern humans The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution. Multiregional evolution holds that the human species first arose around two million years ago and subsequent human evolution has been within a single, continuous human species. This species encompasses all archaic human forms such as H. erectus and Neanderthals as well as modern forms, and evolved worldwide to the diverse populations of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens). The hypothesis contends that the mechanism of clinal variation through a model of "Centre and Edge" allowed for the necessary balance between genetic drift, gene flow and selection throughout the Pleistocene, as well as overall evolution as a global species, but while retaining regional differences in certain morphological A graph detailing the evolution to modern humans features.[1] Proponents of multiregionalism point to fossil and using the multiregional hypothesis ofhuman genomic data and continuity of archaeological cultures as support for evolution. The horizontal lines represent their hypothesis. 'multiregional evolution' gene flow between regional lineages. In Weidenreich's original graphic The multiregional hypothesis was first proposed in 1984, and then (which is more accurate than this one), there were also diagonal lines between the populations, e.g. revised in 2003. In its revised form, it is similar to the Assimilation between African H. erectus and Archaic Asians Model.[2] and between Asian H. erectus and Archaic Africans. This created a "trellis" (as Wolpoff called it) or a "network" that emphasized gene flow between geographic regions and within time.
    [Show full text]
  • Curren T Anthropology
    Forthcoming Current Anthropology Wenner-Gren Symposium Curren Supplementary Issues (in order of appearance) t Human Biology and the Origins of Homo. Susan Antón and Leslie C. Aiello, Anthropolog Current eds. e Anthropology of Potentiality: Exploring the Productivity of the Undened and Its Interplay with Notions of Humanness in New Medical Anthropology Practices. Karen-Sue Taussig and Klaus Hoeyer, eds. y THE WENNER-GREN SYMPOSIUM SERIES Previously Published Supplementary Issues April THE BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF LIVING HUMAN Working Memory: Beyond Language and Symbolism. omas Wynn and 2 POPULATIONS: WORLD HISTORIES, NATIONAL STYLES, 01 Frederick L. Coolidge, eds. 2 AND INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS Engaged Anthropology: Diversity and Dilemmas. Setha M. Low and Sally GUEST EDITORS: SUSAN LINDEE AND RICARDO VENTURA SANTOS Engle Merry, eds. V The Biological Anthropology of Living Human Populations olum Corporate Lives: New Perspectives on the Social Life of the Corporate Form. Contexts and Trajectories of Physical Anthropology in Brazil Damani Partridge, Marina Welker, and Rebecca Hardin, eds. e Birth of Physical Anthropology in Late Imperial Portugal 5 Norwegian Physical Anthropology and a Nordic Master Race T. Douglas Price and Ofer 3 e Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas. The Ainu and the Search for the Origins of the Japanese Bar-Yosef, eds. Isolates and Crosses in Human Population Genetics Supplement Practicing Anthropology in the French Colonial Empire, 1880–1960 Physical Anthropology in the Colonial Laboratories of the United States Humanizing Evolution Human Population Biology in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century Internationalizing Physical Anthropology 5 Biological Anthropology at the Southern Tip of Africa The Origins of Anthropological Genetics Current Anthropology is sponsored by e Beyond the Cephalic Index Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Anthropology and Personal Genomics Research, a foundation endowed for scientific, Biohistorical Narratives of Racial Difference in the American Negro educational, and charitable purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Asian and Australian Paleoanthropology: a Review of the Last Century
    JASs Invited Reviews Journal of Anthropological Sciences Vol. 87 (2009), pp. 7-31 Southeast Asian and Australian paleoanthropology: a review of the last century Arthur C. Durband Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Texas Tech University, MS 41012 Holden Hall 158, Lubbock, TX 79409-1012, USA e-mail: [email protected] Summary - A large and diverse body of scholarship has been developed around the fossil evidence discovered in Southeast Asia and Australia. However, despite its importance to many diff erent aspects of paleoanthropological research, Australasia has often received signifi cantly less attention than it deserves. is review will focus primarily on the evidence for the origins of modern humans from this region. Workers like Franz Weidenreich identifi ed characteristics in the earliest inhabitants of Java that bore some resemblance to features found in modern indigenous Australians. More recent work by numerous scholars have built upon those initial observations, and have contributed to the perception that the fossil record of Australasia provides one of the better examples of regional continuity in the human fossil record. Other scholars disagree, instead fi nding evidence for discontinuity between these earliest Indonesians and modern Australian groups. ese authorities cite support for an alternative hypothesis of extinction of the ancient Javan populations and their subsequent replacement by more recently arrived groups of modern humans. Presently, the bulk of the evidence supports this latter model. A dearth of credible regional characteristics linking the Pleistocene fossils from Java to early Australians, combined with a series of features indicating discontinuity between those same groups, indicate that the populations represented by the fossils from Sangiran and Ngandong went extinct without contributing genes to modern Australians.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Human Races in the World (Classification of Human Races ) Dr
    GEOG- CC-13 M.A. Semester III ©Dr. Supriya e-text Paper-CC12 (U-III) Human and Social Geography Major Human races in The World (Classification of Human Races ) Dr. Supriya Assistant Professor (Guest) Ph. D: Geography; M.A. in Geography Post Doc. Fellow (ICSSR), UGC- NET-JRF Department of Geography Patna University, Patna Mob: 9006640841 Email: [email protected] Content Writer & Affiliation Dr Supriya, Asst. Professor (Guest), Patna University Subject Name Geography Paper Code CC-12 Paper Name Human and Social Geography Title of Topic Classification of Human Races Objectives To understand the concept of race and Examined the different views about classification of human races in the World Keywords Races, Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid GEOG- CC-13 M.A. Semester III ©Dr. Supriya Classification of Human Races Dr. Supriya Concept of Race: A Race may be defined as division of mankind into classes of individuals possessing common physical characteristics, traits, appearance that is transmissible by descents & sufficient to characterize it as a distinct human type. Race is a biological grouping within human species distinguished or classified according to genetically transmitted differences. Anthropologists define race as a principal division of mankind, marked by physical characteristics that breed. According to Vidal de la Blache: “A race is great divisions of mankind, the members of which though individually vary, are characterized as a group by certain body characteristics as a group by certain body characteristics which are transmitted by nature & retained from one generation to another”. Race is a biological concept. The term race should not be used in connection with those grouping of mankind such as nation, religion, community & language which depends on feelings, ideas or habits of people and can be changes by the conscious wishes of the individual.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hottentot Venus, Freak Shows and the Neo-Victorian
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Almería (Spain) Maria Isabel Romero Ruiz The Hottentot Venus, freak shows and the Neo-Victorian:... 137 THE HOTTENTOT VENUS, FREAK SHOWS AND THE NEO-VICTORIAN: REWRITING THE IDENTITY OF THE SEXUAL BLACK BODY Maria Isabel Romero Ruiz, University of Málaga (Spain)1 Email: [email protected] Abstract: The Hottentot Venus was an icon of primitive sexuality and ugliness, but also the victim of commodifi cation and sexual exploitation in the freak shows of the nineteenth century. Similarly, she was the object of medical observation at a time when blackness and otherness were connected with human inferiority. Chase-Riboud wants to contest these notions in her novel The Venus Hottentot (2003) and to retell the story of Sarah Baartman, following the Neo-Victorian trend of rewriting the past and giving voice to the marginalised. She also highlights the presence of these colonial traces of the past in our postcolonial present and claims agency and beauty for black women. Key words: black female body, colonisation, commodifi cation, deviant sexuality, freak show, Neo-Victorian, Venus Hottentot. Título en español: “La Venus Hottentot, los circos y el Neo-victorianismo: reescritura de la identidad sexual del cuerpo negro” Resumen: La Venus Hottentot fue un icono de la sexualidad primitiva y de la fealdad, pero también fue víctima de la cosifi cación y la explotación sexual en los espectáculos circenses del siglo XIX. Asimismo, fue objeto de observación médica en una época en la que la negritud y la otredad eran relacionadas con la inferioridad humana.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Ethnographic Collecting and Display
    Material Cultures of Imperialism in Eastern Africa, c.1870–1920: A Study of Ethnographic Collecting and Display Alison Bennett UCL PhD History 1 This thesis is submitted for the degree of PhD. I, Alison Bennett, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract This dissertation examines the entangled relationship between ethnographic collecting and early British imperial expansion in present-day Uganda and neighbouring parts of Kenya. Between 1870 and 1920, thousands of objects from this region were accessioned by British museums and their colonial counterparts in eastern Africa. However, historians and curators alike know remarkably little about the contexts of their acquisition. Histories of the colonial period in Uganda and Kenya have rarely engaged with these crucial material sources, relying instead upon methodologies that privilege the textual and oral archive. Meanwhile in museum histories and displays, objects from eastern Africa are eclipsed by material culture from western Africa and Egypt. By combining close object analysis with archival and visual material, and by drawing on theoretical approaches to material culture from anthropology, this thesis reassembles the rich and complex histories of this important material archive for the first time. In doing so, it reveals the significant material underpinnings of both imperial and counter-imperial activity in the region. Focusing on a variety of different collectors ranging from colonial officials to missionaries, local leaders and museums, it shows that collecting was a pivotal tool for mediating different encounters, relationships, identities, and power structures within colonial society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Construction of Race: Some Observations on Illusion, Fabrication, and Choice
    THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ILLUSION, FABRICATION, AND CHOICE Ian F Haney L6pez* Under the jurisprudence of slavery as it stood in 1806, one's status followed the maternal line. A person born to a slave woman was a slave, and a person born to a free woman was free. In that year, three genera- tions of enslaved women sued for freedom in Virginia on the ground that they descended from a free maternal ancestor.' Yet, on the all-important issue of their descent, their faces and bodies provided the only evidence they or the owner who resisted their claims could bring before the court. The appellees ... asserted this right [to be free] as having been descended, in the maternal line, from a free Indian woman; but their genealogy was very imperfectly stated ... [T]he youngest ...[had] the characteristic features, the complexion, the hair and eyes ... the same with those of whites .... Hannah, [the mother] had long black hair, was of the right Indian copper colour, and was generally called an Indian by the neighbours 2 Because grandmother, mother, and daughter could not prove they had a free maternal ancestor, nor could Hudgins show their descent from a female slave, the side charged with the burden of proof would lose. * Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin Law School. B.A., M.A., Washington University, 1986; M.P.A., Princeton University, 1990; J.D., Harvard University, 1991. Mil gracias to Terrence Haney, Maria L6pez de Haney, Deborah Drickersen Cortez, Rey Rodriguez, Juan Zdfiiga, Maria Grossman, Richard Ford, Jayne Lee, Leon Trakman, Michael Morgalla, Ricardo Soto, and the participants at the Fifth Annual Critical Race Theory Workshop, in particular John Calmore, Jerome Culp, and Richard Delgado.
    [Show full text]
  • F24 Out-Of-Africa and Multiregional Hypotheses
    348 Chapter f THE AGE OF MAMMALS The Present is the Key to the Past: HUGH RANCE f24 Out-of-Africa and multiregional hypotheses < Y chromosomal DNA, molecular Adam > I against my brother. My brother and I against our cousin. My brother, my cousin and I against the neighbors. All of us against the stranger. —Bedouin proverb.1 Discussion as to the origin of modern humans is divisive, with some participants favoring the out-of- Africa hypothesis, to explain the existence of, and others favoring the multiregional hypothesis, to explain the coming into being of, people anatomically and mentally like us. Today, most individuals of the nearly seven billion people on Earth have four (22) grandparents, eight (23) great-grandparents all not closely related when born. Going back this geometric progression cannot be true and kissing cousins (reproductive success attends couples who are 3rd or 4th cousins)2 in ancestors will have been an increasing feature so that, according to Damifin H. Zanette, all living people probably share at least one ancestor who lived 30 generations ago.3 That is, the chances are that you are 80 percent likely to be the descendant of anyone you care to name who lived in the thirteenth century (which ended by such as Marco Polo and his family to China, Bantu-speaking peoples arriving in what is now Angola, and had begun with the Fourth Crusade sacking of Byzantine Constantinople). The other 20 percent of the people who lived then have no living descendants. For 100,000 years before the Holocene, the entire human population of the world, as is variously evidenced, was never more than a few thousand individuals.
    [Show full text]