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Recycling of Carbon in Ruminant Gluconeogenesis Richard William Russell Iowa State University

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Recycling of Carbon in Ruminant Gluconeogenesis Richard William Russell Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1981 Recycling of carbon in ruminant gluconeogenesis Richard William Russell Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Russell, Richard William, "Recycling of carbon in ruminant gluconeogenesis " (1981). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6850. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6850 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. 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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms international 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8122559 RUSSELL, RICHARD WELLLVM RECYCLING OF CARBON IN RUMINANT GLUCONEOGENESIS Iowa State University PH.D. 1981 University Microfilms In t6r n stion âl 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Recycling of carbon in ruminant gluconeogenesis by Richard William Russell A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Animal Science Major; Nutritional Physiology Approved: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Tor th Majoi Dep rtment Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1981 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY AND EXPLANATION OF DISSERTATION FORMAT 1 INTRODUCTION 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 14 Importance of Gluconeogenesis 14 Methods of Measuring Kinetics of Glucose Metabolism 26 Fate of Tritium Tracers Used in Measuring Kinetics of Glucose Metabolism 30 Il-^H]-D-glucose 32 [2-^Hj-D-glucose 36 [3-^Hj-D-glucose 42 [4-^H]-D-glucose 46 15-^H]-D-glucose 50 16-^H]-D-glucose 55 Summary of Metabolism of Tritiated Glucoses and Development of Rationale for Experimental Approach 55 An Alternate HHP Pathway 67 Other Tracers for Defining Glucose Recycling 72 Extracellular tracers 73 D-xylose 73 2-Deoxy-D-glucose 74 L-glucose 81 Other extracellular tracers 82 Intravascular tracers 82 p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) 82 iii Page Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 83 Albumin 83 Labeled red blood cells 84 Relevance of physical recycling in modeling glucose metabolism 84 SECTION I. A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE SPECIFIC RADIOACTIVITY AND CON­ CENTRATION IN BLOOD, RUMEN FLUID, AND EXPIRED AIR 88 ABSTRACT 89 INTRODUCTION 90 MATERIALS AND METHODS 91 Apparatus for Blood and Rumen Fluid Carbon Dioxide 91 Experiment 1 94 Experiment 2 94 Experiment 3 95 Apparatus for Trapping Expired Carbon Dioxide 96 Experiment 4 100 Experiment 5 100 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 102 Experiment 1 102 Experiment 2 102 Experiment 3 104 Experiment 4 106 Experiment 5 107 GENERAL DISCUSSION 111 REFERENCES 112 iv Page SECTION II. RECYCLING OF CARBON IN RUMINANT GLUCONEOGENESIS 113 ABSTRACT 114 INTRODUCTION 115 MATERIALS AND METHODS 117 Recycling of Glucose Carbon via Carbon Dioxide 117 Recycling of Glucose Carbon via Pyruvate-Lactate 118 Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Recycling 119 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 121 Recycling of Glucose Carbon via Carbon Dioxide 121 Recycling of Glucose Carbon via Pyruvate-Lactate 124 Differentiation of Physical and Chemical Recycling 129 REFERENCES 135 PROGRESS AND PROSPECTUS 139 REFERENCES 152 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 165 APPENDIX 166 V LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Estimation of daily glucose need provided by gluconeogenesis in a cow producing 89 kg milk per day with special emphasis on mammary gland glucose need 20 Table 2. Summary of glucose carbon recycling measured with variously labeled glucoses 63 Table 3. Calculation for modeling hepatic glucose 6-phosphate, hepatic glucose, and blood plasma glucose exchange of a 200 kg steer having a gluconeogenic rate of 12 mmol carbon min~l plasma glucose concentration of 0.027 mmol glucose carbon ml"l and glucose pool size of 525 mmol glucose carbon 76 Table 1.1, Effectiveness of 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.8) containing 1 mM NaN^ and 5 mM NaF in selectively liberating CO2 while concomitantly inhibiting generation of CO2 from other substrates 104 Table 1.2. Efficiency of ethanolamine in retrapping regenerated CO2 from expired CO2 traps and effectiveness of Ba+2 in precipitating C03~2 determined during an in vivo isotopic tracer experiment 109 Table 2.1. Summary of feeding regimes 117 Table 2.2. Calculation of values for Figure 2.1 and recycling of carbon from plasma glucose to blood carbon dioxide and back to plasma glucose 123 Table 2.3a. Amount of glucose carbon recycling from pyruvate-lactate for steers on dietary regime A 125 Table 2.3b. Amount of glucose carbon recycling from pyruvate-lactate for steers on dietary regime B 126 vi Page Table 2.4. Measurement of tissue uptake, chemical recycling, total recycling, and physical recycling of glucose by combined use of isotopic glucose and 2-deoxy-glucose tracers 130 Table 2.5a. Specific radioactivity of plasma glucose and blood carbon dioxide following an intravenous injection of [U-^^C]glucose in experiment 7984G 168 Table 2.5b. Specific radioactivity of plasma glucose and blood carbon dioxide following an intravenous injection of NaH^^CO- in experiment 7984H 171 Table 2.6a, Glucose specific radioactivity (^^C),14, in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of 6-^11] glucose in experiment 181A 173 3 Table 2.6b. Glucose specific radioactivity ( H) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of [U-^^c, 6-3h] glucose in experiment 181A 178 Table 2.7. Glucose specific radioactivity (^^C) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of [U-l^C, 6-3h] glucose in experiment 181B 183 3 Table 2.8, Glucose specific radioactivity ( H) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of Ô-^H] glucose in experiment 181B 188 Table 2.9 Glucose specific radioactivity (^^C) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of [U-l^c, glucose in experiment 181C 193 Table 2.10. Glucose specific radioactivity (^H) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of e-^H] glucose in experiment 18IC 198 vii Page Table 2.11. Glucose specific radioactivity (^^C),14, in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of [U-^^C, 6-3h] glucose in experiment 8046F 203 3 Table 2.12. Glucose specific radioactivity ( H) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of G-^H] glucose in experiment 8046F 208 Table 2.13. Glucose specific radioactivity (^^C) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of [U-^^C, G-^H] glucose in experiment 8046G 213 3 Table 2.14. Glucose specific radioactivity ( H) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of lU-^^C, 6-^E] glucose in experiment 8046G 216 Table 2.15, Glucose specific radioactivity (^^C) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of [U-^^C, G-^H] glucose in experiment 8046H 219 3 Table 2.16. Glucose specific radioactivity ( H) in blood, plasma, and red blood cells following an intravenous injection of [U-l^c, G-^H] glucose in experiment 8046H 224 Table 2.17. Blood glucose specific radioactivity fol­ lowing an intravenous injection of glucose in experiment 114A 229 Table 2.18, Blood glucose specific radioactivity fol­ lowing an intravenous injection of [G-^h] glucose in experiment 114B 232 Table 2.19. Blood glucose specific radioactivity fol­ lowing an intravenous injection of [U-^'^C] glucose in experiment 114C 235 Table 2.20. Blood glucose specific radioactivity fol­ lowing an intravenous injection of [G-^H] glucose in experiment 114D 238 viii Page Table 2.21.
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