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Southeast Asia Climate Outlook: 2020 Survey Report

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Southeast Asia Climate Outlook: 2020 Survey Report SOUTHEAST ASIA CLIMATE OUTLOOK: 2020 SURVEY REPORT The Southeast Asia Climate Outlook: 2020 Survey Report is published by the Climate Change in Southeast Asia Programme at ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute and available electronically at www.iseas.edu.sg If you have any comments or enquiries about the survey, please email us at [email protected] Published on 17 December 2020 REPORT COMPILED AND WRITTEN BY: Sharon Seah Melinda Martinus Anuthida Saelaow Qian Qiu Jiahui The authors of the report are researchers at the Climate Change in Southeast Asia Programme and ASEAN Studies Centre, ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. We wish to acknowledge the contribution of Mr Glenn Ong Kok Hui for his research assistance. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119614 Tel: (65) 6870 4509 Fax: (65) 6778 1735 All rights reserved. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) is an autonomous organisation established in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security, and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are grouped under Regional Economic Studies (RES), Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS) and Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Temasek History Research Centre (THRC) and the Singapore APEC Study Centre. The Climate Change in Southeast Asia Programme (CCSEAP) was established in 2020 to examine the phenomenon of climate change, its impact, and policy responses across the regions. The Programme hopes to cultivate a network of scholars at the forefront of climate change research and build on ISEAS’ thought leadership to advance climate discourse and knowledge in Southeast Asia through a series of publications and seminars. The Programme conducts an annual Southeast Asia Climate Outlook survey. Inaugurated in 2020, the survey probes the attitudes and concerns of Southeast Asian citizens towards climate change, governmental actions, and the role of different stakeholders in climate action. It aims to obtain views on climate change impacts, mitigation, adaptation, food security, agricultural production, city-level climate measures, renewable energy and the transition to low-carbon economies. The report can be cited as: Seah, S. et al., Southeast Asia Climate Outlook: 2020 Survey Report (Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute, 2020) Table of Contents About the Survey 1 Highlights at a Glance 1 Section I: 6 Respondents’ Profile Section II: 10 Perceptions of Climate Change Issues Section III: 16 Perceptions of Climate Policy Section IV: 26 Perceptions of Energy, Food Security and Cities Section V: 34 Perceptions of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and Climate Governance Section VI: 38 Perceptions of Regional Cooperation SOUTHEAST ASIA CLIMATE OUTLOOK: 2020 SURVEY REPORT 5 About the Survey Climate change ranked among Southeast Asia’s The survey, comprising 30 questions in total, top three security concerns in the annual State was also designed to draw views on climate of Southeast Asia Survey 2020 conducted by the change impacts, mitigation, adaptation, ASEAN Studies Centre at the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak food security, agricultural production, cities’ Institute. All ASEAN countries, with the exception adaptation measures, renewable energy and of Myanmar, placed climate change above the transition to low-carbon economies. terrorism, the region’s traditional security threat. This finding was further corroborated by 52.7% of The survey which was conducted online respondents viewing climate change as a “serious successfully drew a total of 502 respondents from and immediate threat to the well-being” of the all ten ASEAN member states. Those respondents region. represented 7 groups: (1) Academia, Think-tanks, and Research Institutions, (2) Business, Finance, Picking up from where the annual State of and Industry (3) Civil Society, NGOs, and Media, Southeast Asia Survey left off, the Climate Change (4) Government (5) Regional Organisations, Inter- in Southeast Asia Programme at ISEAS-Yusof Government, and International Organisations, (6) Ishak Institute decided to conduct a Southeast Students, (7) Others; Retirees and persons without Asia Climate Outlook 2020 Survey from 3 August affiliation. Only Southeast Asian citizens were 2020 to 18 September 2020. The survey was allowed to participate in this survey. The survey designed to analyse the attitudes and concerns of was promoted through various communication Southeast Asian citizens towards climate change, channels including direct email and social governmental actions and the role of different media in order to draw participation of the elite stakeholders in climate action. policymakers and non-elite groups. Highlights at a Glance The survey findings are by no means representative of Southeast Asia’s views on climate change but these findings act as a barometer of general views and attitudes of Southeast Asian citizens. The survey comprises six sections: Perceptions of Energy, Respondents’ Profile 1 4 Food Security and Cities Perceptions of Perceptions of Nationally 2 Climate Change Issues 5 Determined Contributions (NDCs) & Climate Governance Perceptions of 6 Perceptions of 3 Climate Policy Regional Cooperation 1 SOUTHEAST ASIA CLIMATE OUTLOOK: 2020 SURVEY REPORT Top three climate change impacts in ASEAN Floods, loss of biodiversity, and sea Evidently, these impacts are top of mind level rise are the top three climate among respondents as they deal with change impacts in ASEAN. the effects. In your view, what are the most serious climate change impacts that your country is currently exposed to? 77.1% 59.6% 58.0% 51.4% 51.2% 47.0% 29.9% 22.1% Floods Loss of Sea level Drought Heat waves Rainfall- Tropical storms Ocean biodiversity rise induced (hurricanes, acidification landslides cyclones, or typhoons) ASEAN youth advocacy promising Which of the following statements best describes ASEAN youths are more your level of participation in climate advocacy? likely than any other age groups to be All ages 12.7 21.1 58.6 7.6 actively engaged Under 21 50.0 34.6 11.5 in climate advocacy. 21-35 10.4 24.0 57.3 8.3 36-45 13.7 21.4 59.0 6.0 46-60 18.6 15.0 57.5 8.8 53.9% Above 60 11.1 9.3 75.9 of respondents under 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% the age of 21 are % of respondents within each age group Response involved in leading I don’t participate in and follow climate change issues a project, mobilising I follow news and share information about climate change I join climate movement groups and attend seminars on environment-related issues support or attending I lead a project and mobilise support on climate change awareness environment-related seminars. SOUTHEAST ASIA CLIMATE OUTLOOK: 2020 SURVEY REPORT 2 Responsibility for addressing climate change National governments, individuals, and business and industries should be responsible for tackling climate change. Who, in your opinion, is responsible for tackling climate change? 85.3% 82.1% 79.5% 76.1% 64.3% 59.8% National Individuals Businesses Local International ASEAN governments & industries governments organisations Private sector has a role to play 93.6% of ASEAN respondents believe that the private sector can play an important role in addressing climate change by committing to green supply chain practices, promoting sustainable practices, and providing green investment and financing. Do you think the private sector has a role to play in addressing climate change effects? ASEAN 93.6 Brunei Darussalam 10.3 89.7 Cambodia 100.0 Indonesia 6.5 92.4 Laos 10.0 90.0 Malaysia 98.1 Myanmar 15.0 85.0 Philippines 97.8 Singapore 96.5 Thailand 92.8 Vietnam 91.9 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% % of respondents within each country Yes Unsure No 3 SOUTHEAST ASIA CLIMATE OUTLOOK: 2020 SURVEY REPORT What do you think the private sector can do? % of all respondents Harness technology, skill Promote & research to Invest in sustainable address climate research & practices change development 79.7% 69.9% 67.7% 81.1% 79.1% 69.9% 63.9% Commit to Provide green Greater Create public green supply investment & transparency & awareness chain practices financing accountability through in corporate education sustainability campaigns Cost of climate measures Businesses and industries and governments should bear the cost of climate measures. In your opinion, who should bear the costs of climate change measures? % of respondents within each country 84.3% 80.3% 54.6% 51.2% Businesses Governments Multilateral Individuals & industries organisations Awareness of national climate policy is low Awareness of Southeast Asian countries’ Nationally Determined Has your country submitted a Nationally Contributions (NDCs) to the Determined Contribution (NDC) under Paris Agreement is low among the Paris Agreement? respondents. This indicates a lack of awareness regarding 59.4 their country’s climate policy. 37.5 There is room for governments to raise awareness through public 3.2 consultation and education. Yes Unsure No % of all respondents SOUTHEAST ASIA CLIMATE OUTLOOK: 2020 SURVEY REPORT 4 Effectiveness of ASEAN divided Respondents are divided over whether ASEAN is effective as a regional organisation in tackling climate change. ASEAN is working together effectively to tackle climate change. Do you agree? 35.9% 31.3% Neither agree 32.9% Agree or disagree Disagree Covid-19 and climate crisis of equal importance Which of the crises - Covid-19 or the climate emergency - should governments prioritise? Response ASEAN 61.0 5.8 32.9 None of the above 72.4 24.1 COVID-19 Brunei Darussalam Climate emergency Both are of equal priority Cambodia 61.5 23.1 15.4 Indonesia 62.0 32.6 Majority of respondents want 70.0 20.0 10.0 Laos governments to prioritise Malaysia 67.3 5.8 26.9 responses to Covid-19 and climate Myanmar 55.0 40.0 change equally. Climate change is viewed as a very current crisis.
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