Choroid Sclera Optic Nerve Retina Lens Cornea Iris Anterior Chamber Ciliary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Choroid Sclera Optic Nerve Retina Lens Cornea Iris Anterior Chamber Ciliary

2/27/2020 Eliesa Ing, MD Assistant Professor Casey Eye Institute, division of glaucoma sclera ciliary choroid body cornea retina lens anterior chamber optic nerve iris Medbullets.com Californiaretina.com 1 2/27/2020 . AREDS . Vitamin C – 500 mg . Vitamin E – 400 IU . Zinc – 80 mg . Copper – 2 mg . Beta-carotene* - 15 mg . AREDS 2 . Lutein . Zeaxanthin . NO beta-carotene When do you screen According to UK vision strategy report in 2014: for depression? . 1/3 of patients with vision loss suffer from depression . Adults with vision loss are 90% more likely to have A) At every visit depression B) At select visits . Difficulty with driving increased the rate of C) Only if the patient has a depression by 25% complaint/ROS regarding psychiatric disease/symptoms . Second leading cause of world blindness . Over 3 million people in the USA . 50% are undiagnosed . Over 120,000 patients are blind from glaucoma in the U.S. https://nei.nih.gov/sites/default/files/nei- images/1_2010_Prevalence_Rates_Age_Race_Glaucoma_v4.jpg 2 2/27/2020 .Group of eye diseases .Loss of optic nerve axons .In a characteristic pattern .Often associated with elevated eye pressure 3 2/27/2020 4 2/27/2020 . Macular edema (ME) . Retinal infarcts = cotton wool spots (CWS) . Retinal hemorrhages = dot blot hemes (DBH) . Blood vessels where they don’t belong = Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) . Comes and goes . Worse with decreased blinking . Worse with reduced humidity . Instability in any layer . Oil layer most common . Water layer . LASIK, sjogren’s, age . Eye drops can dry cornea 5 2/27/2020 . ARMD is significantly worsened by tobacco use . Glaucoma is the “hypertension” of the eye world . Cataract surgery will never restore you vision completely to your youth . A diabetic eye exam means they had dilation or “DFE” . Dry eyes is only fixed with active patient participation . Low vision places people at high risk for depression 6.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS
[Show full text]
Symptoms of Age Related Macular Degeneration
WHAT IS MACULAR DEGENERATION? wavy or crooked, visual distortions, doorway and the choroid are interrupted causing waste or street signs seem bowed, or objects may deposits to form. Lacking proper nutrients, the light- Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is appear smaller or farther away than they sensitive cells of the macula become damaged. a disease that may either suddenly or gradually should, decrease in or loss of central vision, and The damaged cells can no longer send normal destroy the macula’s ability to maintain sharp, a central blurry spot. signals from the macula through the optic nerve to central vision. Interestingly, one’s peripheral or DRY: Progression with dry AMD is typically slower your brain, and consequently your vision becomes side vision remains unaffected. AMD is the leading de-gradation of central vision: need for increasingly blurred cause of “legal blindness” in the United States for bright illumination for reading or near work, diffi culty In either form of AMD, your vision may remain fi ne persons over 65 years of age. AMD is present in adapting to low levels of illumination, worsening blur in one eye up to several years even while the other approximately 10 percent of the population over of printed words, decreased intensity or brightness of eye’s vision has degraded. Most patients don’t the age of 52 and in up to 33 percent of individuals colors, diffi culty recognizing faces, gradual increase realize that one eye’s vision has been severely older than 75. The macula allows alone gives us the in the haziness of overall vision, and a profound drop reduced because your brain compensates the bad ability to have: sharp vision, clear vision, color vision, in your central vision acuity.
[Show full text]
Permeability of the Retina and RPE-Choroid-Sclera to Three Ophthalmic Drugs and the Associated Factors
pharmaceutics Article Permeability of the Retina and RPE-Choroid-Sclera to Three Ophthalmic Drugs and the Associated Factors Hyeong Min Kim 1,†, Hyounkoo Han 2,†, Hye Kyoung Hong 1, Ji Hyun Park 1, Kyu Hyung Park 1, Hyuncheol Kim 2,* and Se Joon Woo 1,* 1 Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; [email protected] (H.M.K.); [email protected] (H.K.H.); [email protected] (J.H.P.); [email protected] (K.H.P.) 2 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.K.); [email protected] (S.J.W.); Tel.: +82-2-705-8922 (H.K.); +82-31-787-7377 (S.J.W.); Fax: +82-2-3273-0331 (H.K.); +82-31-787-4057 (S.J.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: In this study, Retina-RPE-Choroid-Sclera (RCS) and RPE-Choroid-Sclera (CS) were prepared by scraping them off neural retina, and using the Ussing chamber we measured the average time– concentration values in the acceptor chamber across ﬁve isolated rabbit tissues for each drug molecule. We determined the outward direction permeability of the RCS and CS and calculated the neural retina permeability. The permeability coefﬁcients of RCS and CS were as follows: ganciclovir, 13.78 ± 5.82 and 23.22 ± 9.74; brimonidine, 15.34 ± 7.64 and 31.56 ± 12.46; bevacizumab, 0.0136 ± 0.0059 and 0.0612 ± 0.0264 (×10−6 cm/s).
[Show full text]
The Sclera C
The Sclera c. Stephen Foster Maite Sainz de la Maza The Sclera Foreword by Frederick A. lakobiec With 134 Illustrations and 33 Color Plates Springer Science+Business Media, LLC C. Stephen Foster, MD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology Harvard Medical School Director, Immunology and Uveitis Service Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Boston, MA 02114 USA Maite Sainz de la Maza, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology Central University of Barcelona 08036 Barcelona Spain Cover illustration: The eye of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who has developed pro gressively destructive necrotizing scleritis. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foster, C. Stephen (Charles Stephen), 1942- The sclera/C. Stephen Foster and Maite Sainz de la Maza. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4757-2345-8 ISBN 978-1-4757-2343-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2343-4 1. Sclera-Diseases. I. Maza, Maite Sainz de lao II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Scleritis. 2. Sclera. WW 230 F754s 1993] RE328.F67 1993 617.7' 19-dc20 DNLMIDLC for Library of Congress 93-10235 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1994 Springer Science+ Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 1994 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or, scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
[Show full text]
Extraocular Muscles Orbital Muscles
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES ORBITAL MUSCLES INTRA- EXTRA- OCULAR OCULAR CILIARY MUSCLES INVOLUNTARY VOLUNTARY 1.Superior tarsal muscle. 1.Levator Palpebrae Superioris 2.Inferior tarsal muscle 2.Superior rectus 3.Inferior rectus 4.Medial rectus 5.Lateral rectus 6.Superior oblique 7.Inferior oblique LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIOS Origin- Inferior surface of lesser wing of sphenoid. Insertion- Upper lamina (Voluntary) - Anterior surface of superior tarsus & skin of upper eyelid. Middle lamina (Involuntary) - Superior margin of superior tarsus. (Superior Tarsus Muscle / Muller muscle) Lower lamina (Involuntary) - Superior conjunctival fornix Nerve Supply :- Voluntary part – Oculomotor Nerve Involuntary part – Sympathetic ACTION :- Elevation of upper eye lid C/S :- Drooping of upper eyelid. Congenital ptosis due to localized myogenic dysgenesis Complete ptosis - Injury to occulomotor nerve. Partial ptosis - disruption of postganglionic sympathetic fibres from superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Extra ocular Muscles : Origin Levator palpebrae superioris Superior Oblique Superior Rectus Lateral Rectus Medial Rectus Inferior Oblique Inferior Rectus RECTUS MUSCLES : ORIGIN • Arises from a common tendinous ring knows as ANNULUS OF ZINN • Common ring of connective tissue • Anterior to optic foramen • Forms a muscle cone Clinical Significance Retrobulbar neuritis ○ Origin of SUPERIOR AND MEDIAL RECTUS are closely attached to the dural sheath of the optic nerve, which leads to pain during upward & inward movements of the globe. Thyroid orbitopathy ○ Medial & Inf.rectus thicken. especially near the orbital apex - compression of the optic nerve as it enters the optic canal adjacent to the body of the sphenoid bone. Ophthalmoplegia ○ Proptosis occur due to muscle laxity. Medial Rectus Superior Rectus Origin :- Superior limb of the tendonous ring, and optic nerve sheath.
[Show full text]
The Distribution of Immune Cells in the Uveal Tract of the Normal Eye
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNE CELLS IN THE UVEAL TRACT OF THE NORMAL EYE PAUL G. McMENAMIN Perth, Western Australia SUMMARY function of these cells in the normal iris, ciliary body Inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases of the and choroid. The role of such cell types in ocular eye are not purely the consequence of infiltrating inflammation, which will be discussed by other inflammatory cells but may be initiated or propagated authors in this issue, is not the major focus of this by immune cells which are resident or trafficking review; however, a few issues will be briefly through the normal eye. The uveal tract in particular considered where appropriate. is the major site of many such cells, including resident tissue macro phages, dendritic cells and mast cells. This MACRO PHAGES review considers the distribution and location of these and other cells in the iris, ciliary body and choroid in Mononuclear phagocytes arise from bone marrow the normal eye. The uveal tract contains rich networks precursors and after a brief journey in the blood as of both resident macrophages and MHe class 11+ monocytes immigrate into tissues to become macro dendritic cells. The latter appear strategically located to phages. In their mature form they are widely act as sentinels for capturing and sampling blood-borne distributed throughout the body. Macrophages are and intraocular antigens. Large numbers of mast cells professional phagocytes and play a pivotal role as are present in the choroid of most species but are effector cells in cell-mediated immunity and inflam virtually absent from the anterior uvea in many mation.1 In addition, due to their active secretion of a laboratory animals; however, the human iris does range of important biologically active molecules such contain mast cells.
[Show full text]
The Eye Is a Natural Optical Tool
KEY CONCEPT The eye is a natural optical tool. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn •Mirrors and lenses focus light • How the eye depends on to form images natural lenses •Mirrors and lenses can alter • How artificial lenses can be images in useful ways used to correct vision problems VOCABULARY EXPLORE Focusing Vision cornea p. 607 How does the eye focus an image? pupil p. 607 retina p. 607 PROCEDURE 1 Position yourself so you can see an object about 6 meters (20 feet) away. 2 Close one eye, hold up your index finger, and bring it as close to your open eye as you can while keeping the finger clearly in focus. 3 Keeping your finger in place, look just to the side at the more distant object and focus your eye on it. 4 Without looking away from the more distant object, observe your finger. WHAT DO YOU THINK? • How does the nearby object look when you are focusing on something distant? • What might be happening in your eye to cause this change in the nearby object? The eye gathers and focuses light. The eyes of human beings and many other animals are natural optical tools that process visible light. Eyes transmit light, refract light, and respond to different wavelengths of light. Eyes contain natural lenses that focus images of objects. Eyes convert the energy of light waves into signals that can be sent to the brain. The brain interprets these signals as shape, brightness, and color. Altogether, these processes make vision possible. In this section, you will learn how the eye works.
[Show full text]
Ciliary Zonule Sclera (Suspensory Choroid Ligament)
ACTIVITIES Complete Diagrams PNS 18 and 19 Complete PNS 23 Worksheet 3 #1 only Complete PNS 24 Practice Quiz THE SPECIAL SENSES Introduction Vision RECEPTORS Structures designed to respond to stimuli Variable complexity GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Transducers Receptor potential Generator potential GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Stimulus causing receptor potentials Generator potential in afferent neuron Nerve impulse SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Stimulatory input Conscious level = perception Awareness = sensation GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Information conveyed by receptors . Modality . Location . Intensity . Duration ADAPTATION Reduction in rate of impulse transmission when stimulus is prolonged CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Stimulus Modality . Chemoreceptors . Thermoreceptors . Nociceptors . Mechanoreceptors . Photoreceptors CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Origin of stimuli . Exteroceptors . Interoceptors . Proprioceptors SPECIAL SENSES Vision Hearing Olfaction Gustation VISION INTRODUCTION 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye Nearly half of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information Optic nerve is one of body’s largest nerve tracts VISION INTRODUCTION The eye is a photoreceptor organ Refraction Conversion (transduction) of light into AP’s Information is interpreted in cerebral cortex Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelashes Site where conjunctiva merges with cornea Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Eyelid Medial commissure (a) Surface anatomy of the right eye Figure 15.1a Orbicularis oculi muscle
[Show full text]
Microscopic Anatomy of the Eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian Globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog
Microscopic Anatomy of the eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog Arterial Blood Vessels of the Orbit General Anatomy Dog * Horizontal section Long Posterior Ciliary a. Blood enters the globe Short Post. Ciliary a Long Post. Ciliary a. Anterior Ciliary a. Blood Supply General Anatomy Dog Major arterial circle of the iris Orbital Anatomy Dog Brain Levator Dorsal rectus Ventral rectus Zygomatic Lymph node Orbital Anatomy Dog Orbital Anatomy Dog Cartilaginous trochlea and the tendon of the dorsal oblique m. Orbital Anatomy Dog Rabbit Orbital Anatomy Dog Zygomatic salivary gland mucinous gland Orbital Anatomy Dog Gland of the Third Eyelid Eye lids (dog) Eye lids (dog) Meibomian glands at the lid margin Holocrine secretion Eye lids (primate) Upper tarsal plate Lower tarsal plate Eye lids (rabbit) The Globe The Globe Dog Cat Orangutan Diurnal Horse Diurnal Cornea Epithelium Stromal lamellae Bowman’s layer Dolphin Descemet’s m Endothelium TEM of surface epithelium Cornea Doubling of Descemet’s Vimentin + endothelium Iris Walls: The vertebrate eye Iris Sphincter m. Dilator m Blue-eye, GFAP stain Iris Collagen Iris Cat Sphinctor m. Dilator m. Iris Cat Phyomelanocytes Iris Equine Corpora nigra (Granula iridica) seen in ungulates living without shade Ciliary body Pars plicata Ciliary muscle Pars plana Ciliary body Zonular ligaments Ciliary body Primarily made of fibrillin A major component of elastin Ciliary body Alcian Blue staining acid mucopolysaccharides: Hyaluronic acid Ciliary
[Show full text]
Considering Contact Lens CORNEAL RESHAPING
Considering Contact Lens CORNEAL RESHAPING Patient Information Booklet for Potential Users of PARAGON RG-4 Contact Lens Corneal Reshaping PATIENT INFORMATION BOOKLET FOR POTENTIAL USERS OF PARAGON RG-4 Manufactured in Paragon HDS® 100 (paflufocon D) Contact Lenses For Contact Lens Corneal Reshaping Overnight Wear CAUTION: Federal (US) law restricts this device to sale by, or on the order of a licensed practitioner. Contact lenses for corneal reshaping should be fitted only by a trained and certified contact lens fitter. Nonsterile. Clean and condition lenses prior to use. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 How The Eye Functions 1 How Paragon RG-4 Contact Lenses For Corneal Reshaping Function 2 Alternative Ways To Correct Nearsightedness 3 Risk Analysis 3 Indications 4 Precautions 4 Contraindications (Reasons Not To Use) 6 Warnings 6 Adverse Effects (Problems and What To Do) 7 Clinical Study Data 7 Overnight Wear Safety Summary 12 Maintaining Effects of Paragon RG-4 Lenses For Corneal Reshaping 13 Glossary 14 iii INTRODUCTION The information in this booklet is to help you decide whether or not to be fitted with Paragon RG-4 lens designs for Contact Lens Corneal Reshaping. Corneal reshaping is a fitting procedure that temporarily corrects or greatly reduces nearsightedness (known by the medical name, myopia) with or without astigmatism after contact lenses have been removed. By temporary, it is meant that the contact lenses are worn while sleeping (overnight) and then removed upon awaking; whereupon the nearsightedness remains corrected or greatly reduced for all or most of your waking hours. The exact time period over which the myopia remains corrected varies with each patient.
[Show full text]
The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: a Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye
Running Head: THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 1 The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: A Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye Evan Sebastian A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2010 THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ David A. Titcomb, PT, DPT Thesis Chair ______________________________ David DeWitt, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Garth McGibbon, M.S. Committee Member ______________________________ Marilyn Gadomski, Ph.D. Assistant Honors Director ______________________________ Date THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 3 Abstract The human eye has been the cause of much controversy in regards to its complexity and how the human eye came to be. Through following and discussing the anatomical and physiological functions of the eye, a better understanding of the argument of origins can be seen. The anatomy of the human eye and its many functions are clearly seen, through its complexity. When observing the intricacy of vision and all of the different aspects and connections, it does seem that the human eye is a miracle, no matter its origins. Major biological functions and processes occurring in the retina show the intensity of the eye’s intricacy. After viewing the eye and reviewing its anatomical and physiological domain, arguments regarding its origins are more clearly seen and understood. Evolutionary theory, in terms of Darwin’s thoughts, theorized fossilization of animals, computer simulations of eye evolution, and new research on supposed prior genes occurring in lower life forms leading to human life.
[Show full text]
Cut-And-Assemble Paper Eye Model
CUT-AND-ASSEMBLE PAPER EYE MODEL Background information: This activity assumes that you have study materials available for your students. However, if you need a quick review of how the eye works, try one of these videos on YouTube. (Just use YouTube’s search feature with these key words.) “Anatomy and Function of the Eye: posted by Raphael Fernandez (2 minutes) “Human Eye” posted by Smart Learning for All (cartoon, 10 minutes) “A Journey Through the Human Eye” posted by Bausch and Lomb (2.5 minutes) “How the Eye Works” posted by AniMed (2.5 minutes) You will need: • copies of the pattern pages printed onto lightweight card stock (vellum bristol is fine, or 65 or 90 pound card stock) • scissors • white glue or good quality glue stick (I always advise against “school glue.”) • clear tape (I use the shiny kind, not the “invisible” kind, as I find the shiny kind more sticky.) • a piece of thin, clear plastic (a transparency [used in copiers] is fine, or a piece of recycled clear packaging as long as it is not too thick-- it should be fairly flimsy and bend very easily) • colored pencils: red for blood vessels and muscle, and brown/blue/green for coloring iris (your choice) (Also, you can use a few other colors for lacrimal gland, optic nerve, if you want to.) • thin permanent marker for a number labels on plastic parts (such as a very thin point Sharpie) Assembly: 1) After copying pattern pages onto card stock, cut out all parts. On the background page that says THE HUMAN EYE, cut away the black rectangles and trim the triangles at the bottom, as shown in picture above.
[Show full text]