Failure Analysis of a Nose Landing Gear Fork of a GROB G115 Aircraft

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Failure Analysis of a Nose Landing Gear Fork of a GROB G115 Aircraft Failure Analysis of a Nose Landing Gear Fork of a GROB G115 Aircraft Luís Daniel Diogo Fernandes Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Virgínia Isabel Monteiro Nabais Infante Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Luís Manuel Varejão de Oliveira Faria Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Virgínia Isabel Monteiro Nabais Infante Members of the Committee: Prof. Dr. Luís Filipe Galrão dos Reis November 2015 Agradecimentos Gostaria de expressar o meu mais profundo agradecimento à minha orientadora, Dr. Virgínia Infante, pelo seu apoio e orientação durante os meus estudos e, em particular, durante a minha tese de mestrado no Instituto Superior Técnico. Gostaria também de agradecer ao Dr. Álvaro Neves, diretor do Gabinete de Prevenção e Investigação de Acidentes com Aeronaves – GPIAA, pelo seu apoio e ajuda fornecida. Agradecer também a todos os meus amigos e professores que me apoiaram ao longo da minha formação académica. Um agradecimento especial ao Engenheiro Diogo Rechena pelo apoio prestado na minha tese, principalmente no estudo e análise de elementos finitos. Por último agradecer à minha família pelo incentivo, apoio, dedicação e confiança ao longo dos meus anos de curso. i ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest appreciation for my advisor, Dr. Virginia Infante, for her support and guidance during my studies and particularly during my master thesis at the Instituto Superior Técnico. I would like to thank Dr. Álvaro Neves, director of Portuguese Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authority – GPIAA, for his support, cooperation and help provided. I would also like to thank all my friends and teachers who supported me throughout my academic training. Special acknowledgements to Engineer Diogo Rechena for his support in my thesis, mainly in the finite element analysis. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their encouragement, support, dedication and confidence throughout my years of study. iii iv Abstract In this dissertation the study and analysis of a case of failure with a landing gear was performed. The developed work comes following an accident occurred in Cascais’ aerodrome in which the nose of the landing gear’s fork, of a light aircraft, Grob 115, bent during landing. Nose gear failures are a high concern in the aviation industry. In average 55% of aircraft failures occur during takeoff and landing while 45% of failures occur during flight, according to the Federal Aviation Administration reports. In order to determine the causes of the accident, a material analysis was performed, followed by a detailed study of the fracture’s surface both visually and using optic and scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that the cracks developed in the vicinity of the bolted holes, which work as supporting connections, on the topside of the nose fork and, as such, it can be concluded that the referred area was subjected to cyclic stresses originating and propagating cracks inside the material. This cracking is characteristic of the existence of areas of stress concentration. Identified the crack initiation zone with beach marks near the origin of the crack, combined with the fact that the nose wheel fork is subject to cyclic loading, leads to the conclusion that the component failed due to fatigue. Finite element analysis were also performed on the nose fork taking into account service conditions in order to assess the structural integrity of the referred component. During the analysis it was observed that the critical areas are located in the vicinity of the connecting holes due to the fact that they are stress concentrating features. Finally, some modifications to the fork have been proposed with the goal of improving its performance during service. The suggested changes do not affect the assembly of the landing gear and relate to simple changes such as changing material, thickness, radius and distance between bolts. Keywords: Aircraft; Nose wheel fork; Landing gear; Fatigue; Finite Elements; Fracture surface; GROB G115 v vi Resumo Nesta dissertação foi feito o estudo da análise a um caso de falha de um trem de aterragem. A elaboração desta tese vem no seguimento de um acidente ocorrido no aeródromo de Cascais, em que uma aeronave ligeira, Grob 115, ao aterrar partiu a forquilha do trem de nariz. A falha do trem de nariz é de grande preocupação para a indústria da aviação. Em média 55% das falhas com aeronaves ocorrem durante a descolagem e a aterragem, enquanto 45% das falhas ocorrem durante o voo, segundo relatórios da Administração de Aviação Federal De forma a determinar as causas do acidente, foi feita a análise ao material da forquilha, tendo sido posteriormente analisada com detalhe a superfície de fractura, quer visualmente, quer recorrendo a microscopia óptica e electrónica de varrimento. Foi observado que as fissuras se desenvolveram na zona dos furos de fixação, que funcionam como ligação, no topo da forquilha do trem de nariz, e como tal pode concluir-se que esta zona esteve sujeita a esforços cíclicos originando e propagando fissuras no interior do material. As fissuras observadas são características de zonas de concentração de tensões. Identificada a zona de início da fissura com linhas de paragem perto da origem da mesma, combinado com o facto de o carregamento ser cíclico na forquilha do trem, permite concluir que a falha do componente foi por fadiga do material. Foram também realizadas análises de elementos finitos ao componente, tendo em consideração os esforços a que a forquilha está sujeita. Durante a análise foram observadas as zonas críticas, as quais se situam perto dos furos da forquilha, devido ao facto destas serem zonas de concentração de tensões. Por último, foram propostas modificações à forquilha com o objectivo de melhorar o desempenho da mesma. As alterações sugeridas não comprometem a montagem do trem de aterragem e dizem respeito a alterações simples como alteração de material, espessura, raios e distância entre parafusos. Palavras-Chave: Aeronave; Forquilha do trem de nariz; Trem de aterragem; Fadiga; Elementos Finitos; Superfície de fractura; GROB G115 vii viii Table of Contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Landing gear records ......................................................................................... 3 2.2 Landing gear and airplane characteristics ........................................................... 4 2.3 Shimmy Vibrations ............................................................................................. 7 2.4 Loads in the landing gear ................................................................................. 10 3 Nose wheel fork fracture surfaces .................................................................... 17 3.1 Material ............................................................................................................ 17 3.2 Visual observation ............................................................................................ 18 3.3 Optical microscopy ........................................................................................... 21 3.4 Scanning electron microscopy .......................................................................... 22 4 Finite Element Analysis ..................................................................................... 30 4.1 CAD model and characteristics ........................................................................ 30 4.2 Loads calculation ............................................................................................. 31 4.3 Mesh ................................................................................................................ 33 4.4 Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 36 5 Proposal of new designs ................................................................................... 42 6 Conclusions and Future Developments............................................................ 54 6.1 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 54 6.2 Future Developments ....................................................................................... 54 7 References ......................................................................................................... 56 8 Annexes ............................................................................................................. 58 8.1 Annex I ............................................................................................................ 58 8.2 Annex II ........................................................................................................... 60 8.3 Annex III .......................................................................................................... 61 8.4 Annex IV .......................................................................................................... 62 ix x List of Figures Figure 1.1 - Crashed aircraft in Cascais, Grob 115. Source: GPIAA – Portuguese Civil Aviation Accident Investigation Branch (2014). .......................................................................... 2 Figure 2.1 - Grob G115 aircraft nose ..............................................................................
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