Amino Acids) Metabolism in Weanling Piglets

Received: 21 June 2019 | Revised: 3 October 2019 | Accepted: 10 October 2019 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13311 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of rice feeding on growth performance and protein (amino acids) metabolism in weanling piglets Yusuke Tasaka | Kanako Tachihara | Ryutaro Kagawa | Ryozo Takada Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata City, Abstract Niigata, Japan We investigated the effects of rice feeding on growth performance and protein Correspondence (amino acids) metabolism of weanling piglets. In all, 16 weanling piglets with an aver‐ Ryozo Takada, Graduate School of Science age initial weight of 7.5 kg were divided into two groups. One group was fed a corn‐ and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Igarashi 2 no‐cyo, Nishi‐ku, Niigata City, soybean meal‐based diet, and the other was fed a rice‐soybean meal diet, containing Niigata 950‐2181, Japan. around 46% of corn or rice, respectively. A two‐week growth trial was conducted. Email: [email protected]‐u.ac.jp The average daily gain (p = .025) and feed efficiency (p = .011) in rice‐fed piglets were Present addresses significantly higher than those in corn‐fed piglets. Liver lysine‐ketoglutarate reduc‐ Kanako Tachihara, Nissan Chemical Corporation, Tokyo, Japan tase activity tended to be lower (p = .073) in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration in rice‐fed piglets was significantly lower than Ryutaro Kagawa, Maruha Nichiro Corporation, Tokyo, Japan that in corn‐fed piglets. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Plasma‐free valine, isoleucine, and Funding information Grant‐in‐Aid for Research and Development tryptophan concentrations were significantly higher in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐ Project from the Ministry of Agriculture, fed piglets. In contrast, plasma histidine concentration was significantly lower in Forestry and Fisheries, Japan; Research Grant Project by Ito Foundation rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets. Overall, these results show that rice feeding improves the growth performance and affects the protein (amino acids) metabolism in weanling piglets. KEYWORDS growth performance, piglets, protein metabolism, rice feeding 1 | INTRODUCTION Serrano, Valencia, & Mateos, 2010; Vicente, Valencia, Serrano, Lazaro, & Mateos, 2008, 2009; Yagami & Takada, 2017) and reduces In general, weanling piglets undergo various stresses, such as the occurrences of diarrhea (Pluske, Black, Pethick, Mullan, & Hampson, sudden change of diet from milk to a cereal‐based diet and sepa‐ 2003; Pluske et al., 1996) in weanling piglets. Similar improvement ration from their mother and removal to a new pen environment, of growth performance has also been reported in chicks (Ebling resulting in a lower feed intake, retardation of growth, and inci‐ et al., 2015; Fujimoto, Fujita, & Takada, 2018; Gonzalez‐Alvarade, dences of diarrhea. Thus, reducing stress is considered to improve Jimenez‐Moreno, Lazaro, & Mateos, 2007; Jimenez‐Moreno, the growth performance in weanling piglets and is valuable in pig Gonzalez‐Alvarado, Lazaro, & Mateos, 2009). In our previous report production. (Yagami & Takada, 2017), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) in rice‐fed Rice is one of the main cereals in the world, especially in piglets was significantly lower than that in corn‐fed piglets, sug‐ Southeast Asia. In Japan, however, rice is not used for domestic gesting that rice feeding might reduce the protein and amino acids animal feed because of its high cost. Nevertheless, recently, much degradation. Furthermore, higher feed intake in rice‐fed piglets attention has been focused on rice feeding, as it improves growth was observed, suggesting that lysine and some other amino acids performance (Mateos, Lopez, Latorre, Vicent, & Lazaro, 2007; in the diets were slightly deficient. In general, if a diet composes Mateos, Martin, Latorre, Vicente, & Lazaro, 2006; Parera, Lazaro, slightly insufficient amino acids, a feed intake increases (Takada & Anim Sci J. 2019;00:1–6. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/asj © 2019 Japanese Society of Animal Science | 1 2 | TASAKA ET AL. Mori, 1988). Therefore, this experiment was conducted to clarify at June and October in 2017. Piglets were weaned at 21–23 days of the mechanism of rice feeding on growth performance and protein age and transferred from a nearby pig farm to Niigata University. (amino acids) metabolism in weanling piglets using a higher amino They were housed individually in cages (1.3 m × 0.6 m) with an elec‐ acids diet compared to our previous report. tric heater and given free access to feed and water. Ambient temper‐ ature in the cages was around 24°C–28°C. After a 5‐day adaptation period, a total of 16 piglets from the four litters were divided into 2 | MATERIALS AND METHODS two dietary groups. One group, containing eight piglets, that is, lit‐ termates from four litters, was used as the control group and fed All animal experiments were conducted in compliance with the pro‐ a corn‐based feed; the other, that is, the experimental group, also tocol reviewed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee containing eight piglets, was fed a rice‐based feed. The rice used was and approved by the President of Niigata University (Permit Number: brown Niigatajiroh rice, and it was ground to pass through a 2‐mm Niigata Univ. Res.28‐76‐2). mesh filter. The composition of the control and experimental diets is shown in Table 1. Amino acids contents in each diet is shown in Table 2. Each diet contained around 47% corn or rice and was for‐ 2.1 | Animals, diets, and experimental design mulated to meet the nutrient requirement of weighing 5–10 kg in A total of 16 crossbred male piglets ((Landrace × Large White) × Duroc) Japanese Feeding Standard for Swine (NARO, 2013). All the piglets littermates from four litters were used. Growth trials were conducted were fed twice a day at 09.00 and 16.00 hr. During the two‐week growth trial, body weight was recorded weekly and feed intake was measured daily. TABLE 1 Composition of experimental diets (g/kg) Item Corn Rice 2.2 | Sample collection Ingredients During the final 3 days of the experiment, some feces were col‐ Corn 466.9 – lected to determine the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) Brown rice – 460.9 digestibility. Collected feces were frozen (−20°C) immediately and Soybean meal 150 150 stored until further analysis. On the final day of the experiment, Soybean meal (extruded) 80 90 body weight and feed intake were recorded. Three hours after feed Dried skim milk 200 200 removal, 50 g of each diet was re‐fed, and 1 hr after the re‐feed‐ Soybean oil 60 55 ing, blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture in hep‐ Dicalcium phosphate 15 15 arinized polyethylene tubes and kept on ice until centrifugation Calcium carbonate 6 6 (2000 × g for 10 min) at 4°C to recover the plasma. The plasma Sodium chloride 5 5 obtained was stored at −30°C for the analysis of concentrations L‐lysine HCl 3 3.5 of PUN, glucose, insulin, and free amino acids. The piglets were DL‐methionine 2.5 2.5 electrically stunned and euthanized by exsanguination. Then, the L‐threonine 2 2.5 liver was immediately removed and stored at −80°C until analysis L‐tryptophan 0.1 0.1 of LKR activity. Vitamin mixturea 4.5 4.5 Mineral mixtureb 2 2 TABLE 2 Essential amino acids composition in experimental diet c Antibiotics 2 2 Corn Rice Chromic oxide 1 1 (g/kg) Calculated chemical composition Threonine 10.4 10.9 ME (MJ/kg) 15.1 15.1 Valine 10.5 10.8 CP (g/kg) 211 215 Methionine + Cystine* 9.2 9.7 Calcuium (g/kg) 90 90 Isoleucine 9.0 9.3 Phosphorus (g/kg) 70 73 Leucine 19.1 17.8 a Provided the following (per kg of diet): retinol, 6 mg; cholecalciferol, Phenylalanine + Tyrosine 17.8 18.4 100 μg; αtochopherol acetate, 200 mg; thiamine mononitrate, 2.5 mg; Histidine 5.6 5.6 riboflavin, 17.5 mg; pyridoxine HCl, 1.25 mg; D‐Ca pantothenate, 272.5 mg; nicotinamide, 15 mg; choline chloride, 1,440 mg. Lysine 15.5 16.3 b Provided the following (per kg of diet); Mn, 100 mg; Fe, 100 mg; Cu, Arginine 11.4 12.8 20mg; ZnCO , 120 mg; CaI , 2 mg. 3 2 Tryptophan* 2.7 2.9 cProvided the following (per kg of diet); avilamycin, 20 mg titer; colistin sulfate, 20 mg titer; morantel citrate, 30 mg titer. *Calculated value. TASAKA ET AL. | 3 were significantly higher in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets after 2.3 | Determination of DM and CP digestibility 0–2 weeks. However, there was no significant difference in ADFI be‐ DM and CP digestibility in each diet were determined using a chromic tween corn‐ and rice‐fed piglets. As a result, FE was significantly higher oxide indicator method, with each diet containing 0.1% of chromic in rice‐fed piglets than in corn‐fed piglets after 0–2 weeks. oxide. Precisely, the methods were followed as described previously (Yagami & Takada, 2017). 3.2 | Digestibility Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility are shown in 2.4 | Assay Table 4. Significant differences in digestibility of DM and CP be‐ tween corn‐ and rice‐fed piglets were not observed. 2.4.1 | Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), glucose, and insulin concentrations 3.3 | Plasma constituents PUN was measured by the diacetyl monoxime method (Matsumoto, 1981). Plasma glucose concentration was measured with a commer‐ Plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), glucose, and insulin concentrations are cial kit (Glucose C‐II‐test Wako). Plasma insulin concentration was also shown in Table 5. PUN was significantly lower in rice‐fed piglets than determined using a commercial kit (Mercodia Porcine Insulin ELISA).

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