DOCSLIB.ORG

The Congress of Vienna

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

fast of Greenwich THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA A study tn Allied XJmty' 1812-1S22 HAROLD NICOLSON ‘Nothing appears of shape to utdicatc That cognisance has marshalled things tetrene, Or will (such IS my thinking) in my span Rather they show that, like a knitter droused Whose fingers play in skilled unmindfiilness. The Will has woven with an absent heed ’ Since life first was, and ever will so weave Thomas Hardy, The Dynastj ‘Historic sense forbids us to )udge results by motive, or real consequences by the ideals and intentions of the actor who produced them ’ Viscount Morley LONDON CONSTABLE & CO LTD The quotahon from Thomas Hardy on the title-page IS made with the kind permission ofMessts Macmillan <dy Co Ltd THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO ANTHONY EDEN CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY NOTE ------ xi I THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW (OCTOBER 18-DECEMBER 18,1812)- ------- r II ‘the REVIVAL OF PRUSSIA’ (1812-1813) - - - 15 III THE INTERVENTION OF AUSTRIA (JUNE 1-AUGUST 12, 1813) -------- 30 IV THE FRANKFURT PROPOSALS (noVEMBER-DECEMBER 18:3) 46 V THE ADVENT OF CASTLEREAGH (jANUARY-MARCH 1814) - - - 63 VI THE FIRST PEACE OF PARIS (mAY 30, 1814) - - 82 VII LONDON INTERLUDE (jUNE 1814) - - - - lOI VIII THE CONGRESS ASSEMBLES (SEPTEMBER 1814) - - I18 IX THE PROBLEM OF PROCEDURE (OCTOBER 1814) - 1 34 X THE APPROACH TO THE POLISH PROBLEM (OCTOBER 1814) 148 XI THE POLISH NEGOTIATIONS (SEPTEMBER 1814-FEB- RUARY 1815)- - - - - - - 164 -^II. THE ITALIAN AND GERMAN SETTLEMENTS (fEBRUARY- MARCH 1815)- - - - - - -182 -XIII GENERAL QUESTIONS (fEBRUARY-MARCH 1815) - - 201 • XIV THE SECOND PEACE OF PARIS (mARCH-NOVEMBER 1 8 1 5) 221 /xv THE HOLY ALLIANCE (SEPTEMBER 26, I815) - - 242 8-1 lXVI the failure of THE CONFERENCE system (18 1 8 2 2) 2J9 ) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA - - - - FrontiSpteCC 2 ALEXANDER I, EMPEROR OF RUSSIA - - FaCWgpage lO - - 3 FREDERICK WILLIAM III, KING OF PRUSSIA 20 4 FRANCIS I, EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA - - - - 36 5 PRINCE METTERNICH 42 6 VISCOUNT CASTLEREAGH - - - - - -126 7 PRINCE VON HARDENBERG I70 8 COUNT NESSELRODE 246 (All but the first of these portraits were painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence at the request of the Prince Regent They now hang m the Waterloo Gallery at Windsor Castle and are reproduced by graaous permission of His Majesty the King INTRODUCTION XIU warn us that the Zettgetsi also is subject to invisible muta- tions and delays How came it that the younger generation in Germany, who at the time of the Tugendbund and the War of Liberation, displayed so resurgent a spirit, should have been snuffed out so lastingly by die Carlsbad Decrees? How came it diat the partisan movement in Spam, which had manifested such heroic activity durmg the French in- vasion should thereafter have so surprismgly declined^ How came it that the Italian Ktsorgimento, which seemed so im- mment m the days of Murat and Lord Wilham Bentmck, should have been so long deferred? How came it that the general rismg so confidendy predicted in 1 820 should have been postponed till 1 848? These questions are not answeied by asctibmg the pause which ensued to the mgenuity of Mettermch or the potency of the Holy Alhance They can be explained only by die hidden mterplay of challenges and re- sponses, of energy and exhaustion, of enthusiasm and apathy, of youth and middle age ‘I am left with the impression’, wrote Gentz after attend- ing all the Conferences of his time, ‘that nobody is ever quite right all through ’ If he was referring to the accuracy of human prediction, then I agree widi his conclusion But if he was referring to the efficacy of moral prmciples, then I refuse to subscribe to so defeatist a doctrine I believe m fact that certain principles are absolute and must in the end prevail But I admit that their functiomng is obscure, that no smgle interpretation of the combinations of circumstance can ever be a vahd interpretation, and that if history can teach us anything it can teach us the folly of prophecy and die wisdom of patience H. N. SiSSINGHURST, September i, 1945 — I THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW [October i8-Decctnbet 1 8, 1812] The 29th Bulletin—Napoleon abandons hla army and rcmma to Pans—His journey with Caulaincourt through East Prussia and Poland—His arnval in Dresden He reaches the Tuileries at tnidmght on December i8—The Russian campaign might have proved dcasive—What would have happened if a Cossack patrol had noticed the ford at Studienka?—^If the Tsar had captured Napoleon, what sort of peace would have been made?—Estimate of the character and educa- tion of Alexander I—^The influence of La Harpe—His weakness as Commander in Chief durmg the 1812 campaign—^His consequent loss of popularity—Effect of these circumstances upon his subsequent policy and action—The balance of power as it existed m December i8iz (1) The 29tli Bulletin was issued from Molodetchno on Decem- ber 3, 1812 In It Napoleon confessed that ‘an atrocious calamity’ had befallen the Grande Armee and that his Rus- sian campaign had ended in disaster The Bulletin reached Pans on December 16 and was published on the following mormng (i) ^ Foreseemg the dismay which this news would occasion m France, Napoleon decided to leave the front and to return to his capital with aU speed Only his personal presence m the Tuileries could allay the consternation which the Bulletin was certain to provoke At Smogomi, on the mght of December 5, he abandoned his army and took the road to the west. He reached Pans at midmght on December 18 The details of that secret journey have been preserved in the memoirs of Caulamcouit, Due de Vicence (2) In all the hbrary of Napoleomc hterature there are few passages which illustrate so forcibly the dominance which Napoleon’s gemus, insensitiveness and egoism exerased upon the minds and hearts of those who served him Caulamcoutt had no cause to love or trust his pitiless master He can have had ^ ^ee ‘Notes to the Scvetal Chaptets’ at end ofbook, p 278, 2 THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA [1812 little doubt that Napoleon had sought dehberately to im- plicate him 111 the murder of the Due d’Enghien m 1804 Although uinocent of anything worse than the violation of the neutiality of Baden, the stigma of this incident weighed upon Caulaincourt throughout his honourable life There is no doubt either that Napoleon, m selfish mischief, destroyed Caulaincouit’s domestic happmess by foibidding his marriage to Madame de Canisy for ten long years, only at Fontaine- bleau in 1 8 14, when he had already signed his abdication, did Napoleon accord the consent winch he was then powerless to withhold, with superb devotion, Caulaincourt ^ssed the hand of his fallen master m gratitude for this empty boon For ten long years had Caulamcoutt endured the per- versity of Napoleon’s temperament Havmg been Ambas- sador to Russia, havmg enjoyed the intimacy of the Tsar Alexander 1(5), Caulaincourt was fully aw’^are of Russian poh- tical and social conditions, of the menace of the Russian chmate, and of the strain of obstmacy which flowed like some dark current beneath the gentle ripples of the Tsar’s desire to please (4) Again and agam had he warned Napol- eon against the dangers of a Russian campaign ‘You have no knowledge of such thmgs,’ his master barked at him, ‘you have no judgment in pohtical affairs You are more Russian than you are French, you have been mesmerised by Alexander’s charm A smgle victory, and the Tsar wiU come creeping towards me as he did at Tilsit The great land- ’ owners will rise against hmi, I shall emancipate the serfs Thus did he reject all warnings And when they entered the Kremlm, and found the clocks there still ticking qmetly in the saloons, Napoleon turned in scorn upon his Master of the Horse ‘Well, My Lord Duke, what about this Russian climate of yours? It is imld as a September day at Fontamebleau ’ Caulamcourt bowed his head m silent apprehension Then foUowmd the honors of the retreat, the miiacle of the Beresma The corpses of those who durmg the advance had fallen at Borodmo or outside Smolensk still littered the iSiaJ THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW 3 snou hav“ fields beside die roadway—hummocked now by , mg die appearance m the dim light ‘of vast flocks of sheep’ From time to time Napoleon would leave his carnage and ease his numbed limbs by stamping along the frozen track, a staff cut from a larch tree in his hand The tattered stragglers from his army would stop and stare at his passage and then drop dead beside him on the road Then followed Smogorm and the mtimate drive across an uncertam Europe from Russia into France Caulamcourt tiavelled under his own name as Due de Vicence Napoleon appeared upon their passports as his secietary, under the name of Monsieur de Rayneval The Emperor’s tiavellmg carriage proved too heavy for the snow-bound road and the horses slipped and struggled on the ice On reaching Kowno Caulamcourt discovered an old covered sledge—a mere box on runners which had once been pamted red They abandoned the comfort of the travelling carriage, they abandoned the luggage, even Rus- tam the mameluke and the Emperor’s dressmg case were left behmd Unshaven and alone they pursued their journey day and mght across the snow At Tilsit they entered Prus- sian territory and the Emperor became afraid lest he might be recognised and seized, he cowered back mto the recesses of the sleigh, pullmg his fur cap down upon his eyes, mufflmg himself m the great green velvet bear-skin which he wore They cut across East Prussia mto Poland and on December lo they reached the Hotel d’Angleterre at Warsaw The Abbe de Pradt, the French Ambassador, was summoned to the
Recommended publications
  • A Scent of Eternity the Flower Painter JL Jensen

    A Scent of Eternity the Flower Painter JL Jensen

    A scent of eternity The flower painter J.L. Jensen January 21 – August 12, 2018 J.L. Jensen, Opstilling med blomster og frugt, 1836 Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Oldenburg Blossom-Jensen comes to Nivaa The Nivaagaard Collection opened its doors to a grand exhibition featuring the works of J.L. Jensen (1800-1856), often referred to as ‘Blossom-Jensen’. Jensen was the leading flower painter of the Danish Golden Age. He devoted his entire life and career to depicting lavish bouquets in glowing colours as well as vivid displays of fruits, even though flower painting was traditionally a genre that was looked down on and generally something that female amateur painters occupied themselves with. The exhibition was the first in recent times to feature Blossom-Jensen and the biggest one ever dedicated to the artist. Jensen worked within the international still life (nature morte in French; stilleben in German) tradition, which focuses on paintings of static subjects such as an arrangement of inanimate materials, typically flowers, fruits, food and dead animals. The Danish artist painted all of these, but he is most renowned for his beautiful paintings of flowers in Greek vases, baskets and wreaths lying on a sill or growing on the forest floor. In addition to these are his works of pieces of fruit and his rare kitchen and hunting works, as well as the hitherto unknown porcelain that he – as the head painter at the Royal Porcelain Factory – decorated for King Frederick VI of Denmark’s two daughters. What particularly characterises Jensen’s works is his painstakingly detailed depiction of each flower, piece of fruit or animal and his well-balanced and harmonic compositions, where light flows into the bouquets so that each flower, leaf, bud or stalk is clearly and logically rendered.
  • In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire

    In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire

    ANTHONY CROSS In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of The Russian Empire (1613-1917) OpenBook Publishers To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/268 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) Anthony Cross http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Anthony Cross The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Cross, Anthony, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917), Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042 Please see the list of illustrations for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations).
  • Die Hermannsschlacht

    Die Hermannsschlacht

    WWWW ^W^H^I INTRODUCTION AND NOTES TO KLEIST'S DIE HERMANNSSCHLACHT BY FRANCES EMELINE GILKERSON, A. B. '03. THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1904 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Q^/iß^Mt St^uljIcI^ bZL^/teAsC^ ENTITLED IS APPROVED BY ME AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF 4 PREFACE. This volume has been prepared to meet the demand for an .edition of Kleist' s "Die Hermannsschlacht" with English Introduction and Notes. It is designed for advanced classes, capable of reading and understanding the play as literature. As a fairly good reading knowledge of the language is taken forgranted, few grammatical passages are explained. The Introduction is intended to give such historical, biographi- cal and critical material as will prepare the student for the most profitable and appreciative reading of the play. It has been said that Kleist is one of those poets whose work cannot be fully under- stood without a knowledge of their lives. But this is perhaps less true of "Die Hermannsschlacht" than of some of Kleist' s other works. For an intelligent understanding of this drama an intimate knowledge of the condition of Germany in the early part of the Nineteenth Century is even more essential than a knowledge of the poet's life. The Notes contain such suggestions regarding classical, geo- graphical, and vague allusions as are deemed necessary or advisable for understanding this great historical drama.
  • Art from the Ancient Mediterranean and Europe Before 1850

    Art from the Ancient Mediterranean and Europe Before 1850

    Art from the Ancient Mediterranean and Europe before 1850 Gallery 15 QUESTIONS? Contact us at [email protected] ACKLAND ART MUSEUM The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 101 S. Columbia Street Chapel Hill, NC 27514 Phone: 919-966-5736 MUSEUM HOURS Wed - Sat 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. Sun 1 p.m. - 5 p.m. 2nd Fridays 10 a.m. – 9 p.m. Closed Mondays & Tuesdays. Closed July 4th, Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve Christmas Day, & New Year’s Day. 1 Domenichino Italian, 1581 – 1641 Landscape with Fishermen, Hunters, and Washerwomen, c. 1604 oil on canvas Ackland Fund, 66.18.1 About the Art • Italian art criticism of this period describes the concept of “variety,” in which paintings include multiple kinds of everything. Here we see people of all ages, nude and clothed, performing varied activities in numerous poses, all in a setting that includes different bodies of water, types of architecture, land forms, and animals. • Wealthy Roman patrons liked landscapes like this one, combining natural and human-made elements in an orderly structure. Rather than emphasizing the vast distance between foreground and horizon with a sweeping view, Domenichino placed boundaries between the foreground (the shoreline), middle ground (architecture), and distance. Viewers can then experience the scene’s depth in a more measured way. • For many years, scholars thought this was a copy of a painting by Domenichino, but recently it has been argued that it is an original. The argument is based on careful comparison of many of the picture’s stylistic characteristics, and on the presence of so many figures in complex poses.
  • The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe

    The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe

    The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon had finally been defeated in 1815, the European monarchs breathed a huge sigh of relief. After all, the French Revolution and the development it had triggered had dominated European politics for more than a quarter of a century. Napoleon had not always been a passionate advocate of the French Revolution, yet his con- quest and occupation of Europe had contributed substantially to the spread of its ideas – liberty, equality, and fra- 5 ternity – all over the continent. Having defeated Napoleon, the monarchs of Europe were eager to ensure the restoration of peace and order. They were particularly anxious about the legacy of the ideas of the revolution, and therefore the governments of Europe were determined to follow policies that provided stability and squelch any kind of political turmoil. The Congress of Vienna, a conference of diplomats from all over Europe, tried to settle political and territ- 10 orial questions that had arisen from the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress began in 1814 when Napoleon was still exiled on Elba. In the beginning, delegates could not agree on any solutions which helped Napoleon re-establish his rule in France after his return from exile. However, after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the Congress of Vienna took up its work again. The countries that had made the most vital contributions to defeat Napoleon were Russia, Great Britain, 15 Prussia, and Austria. Their representatives at the Congress were Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Lord Castlereagh – foreign secretary of Great Britain – King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Prince Klemens von Metternich* – chief minister of Austria and chairman of the conference.
  • Congress of Vienna Vs. Treaty of Versailles

    Congress of Vienna Vs. Treaty of Versailles

    Assignment: Congress of Vienna vs. Treaty of Versailles (Chart and LEQ.) Both the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles came after devastating conflicts in Europe, but both were approached quite drastically. Answer the below prompt: It has been a common part of European history to witness the execution of violent conflict and the resolution thereof through mutually agreed upon peace treaties, be it through negotiation or force. Prior to the Great War, the Napoleonic Wars had been one of the most devastating series of conflicts that the continent had witnessed, at least in terms of the destabilization it resulted in of the previously standing European powers. This conflict was resolved with the exile of Napoleon for the second time and the Congress of Vienna, intended to properly establish a stable, long-lasting balance of European power among the continent’s states. It was this balance of power that was agreed upon that the Great War was fought over. The Great War was similarly resolved by a treaty, and much like the treaty that ended the Napoleonic Wars, the Treaty of Versailles was negotiated between a wholly victorious and wholly defeated party/parties. When comparing these two peace treaties, it is apt to compare the degree of success that they attained. Looking at the Congress of Vienna, it is apparent that it saw comparatively greater success in attaining its goals when considering it against the Treaty of Versailles. The resulting peace of the Congress of Vienna was relatively unbroken, with no great European wars occurring, only small conflicts and revolutions.
  • Centralantikvariatet •

    Centralantikvariatet •

    • CENTRALANTIKVARIATET • Centralantikvariatet +46-8 411 91 36 Österlånggatan 53 [email protected] Freemasonry SE-111 31 Stockholm www.centralant.se 1 ANDERSON, James. The Constitutions of Freemasons 1723: Reproduced in Facsimile from the Original Edition: With an Introduction by Lionel Vibert I. C. T. (Retd), Past Master of the Lodge of the Quatuor Coronati. London, Bernard Quaritch Ltd, 1923. 4to. lii,+ (10),+ 91,+ (1) pp.+ plate. Uncut, in publ. cloth spine with blue paper boards, pasted label on front board. Book plate of ”IX Frimurar- Provinsens bibliotek” and with its paper label on front board. 1600:- Fine facsimile reprint of the important first constitution and history of the freema- sons by the Scottish writer and minister James Anderson (ca 1680–1739). 2 BÈGUE-CLAVEL, F.-T. Histoire pit- toresque de la Franc-Maçonnerie et des sociétés secrètes ancienne et mo- dernes par F.-T. B.-Clavel. Illustrée de 25 belles gravures sur acier. Trosième édition revue avec soin et augmentée de faits et de documents nouveaux. Paris, Pagnere éditeur, 1844. 8vo. Engr. front,+ (4),+ IV,+ 407,+ (1) pp.+ 24 engr. plates. Severe foxing, less on plates. Worn publ. black calf, gilt spine and boards with gilt masonic symbols and gilt frame. Owner’s signature by Dahlfelt dated Stockholm 1850 and ”St. Nicolaus Visby”. 1500:- Wolfstieg 3813, with erroneous pagination. Kloss 2875. Third edition, the first was published in 1842. The fine illustrations are engraved by Monnin after Seigneurgens and shows episodes from the freemasonic history as well as stages of a masonic ca- reer. 3 (BEYERLÉ, Jean-Pierre-Louis.) Essai sur la Franc-Maçonnerie, ou du But essentiel & fondamental de la F∴ M∴; de la possibilité & de la nécessité de la réunion des différens systêmes ou branches de la M∴; du régime conve- nable à ces systêmes réunis, & des loix Maç∴ 1-2.
  • The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to Create a Balance of Power, Preserve Peace, and Preve

    The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to Create a Balance of Power, Preserve Peace, and Preve

    The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to create a balance of power, preserve peace, and prevent imperialism. Five superpowers organized the conference: Russia (represented by Czar Alexander I), Prussia (Prince Hardenberg), England (Lord Castlereagh and Wellesley Duke of Wellington), France (Talleyrand), and Austria (Metternich); the less powerful nations formed alliances. Talleyrand was a hero for France, keeping a little status for France despite the desire by the other nations to punish France for the destruction it had caused. • Actions taken: o France returned territories taken over by Napoleon o Holland/Netherlands formed out of two smaller Dutch Republics o Norway and Sweden merged o Switzerland became neutral o Russia dominates Finland and Poland o Prussia takes over Saxony and other Germanic principalities o Austria expanded o England gains colonies and maritime power o France restored to the legitimate government of the Bourbons o Spain organized under Ferdinand o Slave trade outlawed • The “balance of power” among the superpowers prevented any of them from imperialist domination. For example, a bid by Prussia and Russia to absorb Poland and Saxony between the two of them was vetoed by England, France, and Austria; it would have made Prussia and Russia much too powerful. • Reacting to 25 years of violence, and hoping to prevent a repeat, they had to combat the attitudes of the Revolution. Humans and society are not perfectible, and sudden change is harmful. One had to respect tradition, because it represents the accumulated wisdom of reason and experience, and to be cautious when making changes. Stable governments change slowly over time to adapt to new circumstances, but do not make sudden revolutionary changes.
  • Congress of Vienna

    Congress of Vienna

    Mini Guide Congress of Vienna Boston Invitational Model United Nations XVI February 10-12, 2017 // bosmun.org MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA + Congress of Vienna Start Date: November 1st, 1814 Following Napoleon's defeat and his renouncement of the throne in September of 1814, the state of Europe has been in much disarray over the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. In an attempt to restructure and reorganize the powers of Europe, a congress has been called in Vienna, Germany. While most European states plan on making an appearance at the congress, there seems to be a clear alliance already forming between the nations of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain by nature of the Treaty of Chaumont.1 Together these four powers have deemed themselves instrumental in the defeat of Napoleon. And while they have reached out to countries such as Sweden and Poland, the four view themselves as the strongest powers to be present at the Congress of Vienna and as such are attempting to maintain the ultimate control and decision making of the conference. As the conference delegates begin to convene, opinions over the procedures of how the congress will abide by are coming into conflict. While Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain deemed themselves the countries in control of the conference, representatives of France and other nations of weaker political position, are denying this as a possibility.2 Proceedings have been delayed as a result, but the date is now November 1st, 1814 and the 1 “Treaty of Chaumont” https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Chaumont 2 “Congress of Vienna” https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Vienna PAGE 2 MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA congress is set to convene and begin debate.
  • The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and Its Impact for the Congress of Vienna and Viceversa

    The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and Its Impact for the Congress of Vienna and Viceversa

    1 The Congress of Vienna 1814-15: Making Peace After Global War, February5-7, 2015. European Institute at Columbia University, NYC The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and its impact for the Congress of Vienna and viceversa. Christian Cwik (University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago) The outbreak of the coalition wars (1792-1815) impacted the European colonies on a global level. In Iberoamerica and the Caribbean there was a spread of revolutions and the cry for the abolition of slavery. For many in Europe there was the view that “The revolution in the Americas is the revolution in Europe”. This was a serious fear among the victorious conservative elites during the Congress of Vienna. Revolutions in the Americas had not one but many faces: the call for independence, republicanism, democracy, liberalism, social utopianism and the abolition of slavery as well as the fight for universal franchise, property and many other fundamental changes. In the aftermath of the success of the thirteen British North American colonies in their fight for independence from London, other revolutionary changes had taken place on the North American main. American revolutionaries such as Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, Arthur Lee, and Thomas Jefferson, and French revolutionaries such as Louis Philippe, Comte de Ségur and the Marquis de Lafayette who had fought for the American cause spread the “virus of revolution” to France. Among the supporters also were revolutionaries from South America such as José Maria España and Francisco de Miranda, who spread the “virus” to Iberoamerica and the Caribbean. The repercussions were feared by many European statesmen, who devoted considerable attention to the issue and initiated a separate domain of exploration of the “South American Matter” during the Congress.
  • The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770

    The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770

    FCPS World II SOL Standards: WHII 6e, 8a and 8b The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770-1850 C.E.) You Mean the Revolution Was More than a Bunch of Heads Being Chopped Off? Causes and Events of the French Revolution By the late 1700s, France was on the edge of revolution. The French people were inspired by both the American Revolution and the Enlightenment ideas. The country was struggling due to debt, famine, and inequality. The lower class, known as the third estate, was being taxed unfairly and felt they deserved equal say in the government. On July 14, 1789, a group of angry peasants looking for weapons began the French Revolution by Storming the Bastille, an old prison. The third estate went on to take over the government and made major changes to France. Their goal was to get rid of the old system of monarchy and nobles and establish democracy. Revolutionaries, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, arrested and executed King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. This began a time known as the Reign of Terror during which those who opposed the Revolution were executed with the guillotine. Over 15,000 people died during the Reign of Terror. While the Revolution did not achieve all of its goals of liberty and equality for all, it did succeed in encouraging secularism, nationalism and democracy. The Third Estate carrying the king, nobles and Catholic Church on its back Napoleon’s Rise and Fall Source: http://www.mrallsophistory.com/revision/the-origins-of-the-french-revolution.html The French people grew tired of the revolution’s violence.
  • Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France

    Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France

    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2017 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France Seth J. Browner Trinity College, Hartford Connecticut, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Browner, Seth J., "Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the future of France". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2017. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/621 Visionaries in opposition: Napoleon, Talleyrand, and the Future of France Seth Browner History Senior Thesis Professor Kathleen Kete Spring, 2017 2 Introduction: Two men and France in the balance It was January 28, 1809. Napoleon Bonaparte, crowned Emperor of the French in 1804, returned to Paris. Napoleon spent most of his time as emperor away, fighting various wars. But, frightful words had reached his ears that impelled him to return to France. He was told that Joseph Fouché, the Minister of Police, and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, had held a meeting behind his back. The fact alone that Fouché and Talleyrand were meeting was curious. They loathed each other. Fouché and Talleyrand had launched public attacks against each other for years. When Napoleon heard these two were trying to reach a reconciliation, he greeted it with suspicion immediately. He called Fouché and Talleyrand to his office along with three other high-ranking members of the government. Napoleon reminded Fouché and Talleyrand that they swore an oath of allegiance when the coup of 18 Brumaire was staged in 1799.