An Efficient Execution Model for Dynamically Reconfigurable
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Load more
Recommended publications
-
US 2002/0066086 A1 Linden (43) Pub
US 2002O066086A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2002/0066086 A1 Linden (43) Pub. Date: May 30, 2002 (54) DYNAMIC RECOMPLER (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 717/145; 717/151 (76) Inventor: Randal N. Linden, Los Angeles, CA (57) ABSTRACT (US) A method for dynamic recompilation of Source Software Correspondence Address: instructions for execution by a target processor, which LU & LIU LLP considers not only the Specific Source instructions, but also 811 WEST SEVENTH STREET, SUITE 1100 the intent and purpose of the instructions, to translate and LOS ANGELES, CA 90017 (US) optimize a set of equivalent code for the target processor. The dynamic recompiler determines what the Source opera (21) Appl. No.: 09/755,542 tion code is trying to accomplish and the optimum way of Filed: Jan. 5, 2001 doing it at the target processor, in an “interpolative' and (22) context Sensitive fashion. The Source instructions are pro Related U.S. Application Data cessed in blocks of varying Sizes by the dynamic recompiler, which considers the instructions that come before and after (63) Non-provisional of provisional application No. a current instruction to determine the most efficient approach 60/175,008, filed on Jan. 7, 2000. out of Several available approaches for encoding the opera tion code for the target processor to perform the equivalent Publication Classification tasks Specified by the Source instructions. The dynamic compiler comprises a decoding Stage, an optimization Stage (51) Int. Cl. ................................................. G06F 9/45 and an encoding Stage. Patent Application Publication May 30, 2002 Sheet 1 of 3 US 2002/0066086 A1 Patent Application Publication May 30, 2002 Sheet 2 of 3 US 2002/0066086 A1 - \O, 2 Patent Application Publication May 30, 2002 Sheet 3 of 3 US 2002/0066086 A1 fo, 3 US 2002/0066086 A1 May 30, 2002 DYNAMIC RECOMPLER more target instructions to be executed in response to a given Source instruction. -
A Deep Dive Into the Interprocedural Optimization Infrastructure
Stes Bais [email protected] Kut el [email protected] Shi Oku [email protected] A Deep Dive into the Luf Cen Interprocedural [email protected] Hid Ue Optimization Infrastructure [email protected] Johs Dor [email protected] Outline ● What is IPO? Why is it? ● Introduction of IPO passes in LLVM ● Inlining ● Attributor What is IPO? What is IPO? ● Pass Kind in LLVM ○ Immutable pass Intraprocedural ○ Loop pass ○ Function pass ○ Call graph SCC pass ○ Module pass Interprocedural IPO considers more than one function at a time Call Graph ● Node : functions ● Edge : from caller to callee A void A() { B(); C(); } void B() { C(); } void C() { ... B C } Call Graph SCC ● SCC stands for “Strongly Connected Component” A D G H I B C E F Call Graph SCC ● SCC stands for “Strongly Connected Component” A D G H I B C E F Passes In LLVM IPO passes in LLVM ● Where ○ Almost all IPO passes are under llvm/lib/Transforms/IPO Categorization of IPO passes ● Inliner ○ AlwaysInliner, Inliner, InlineAdvisor, ... ● Propagation between caller and callee ○ Attributor, IP-SCCP, InferFunctionAttrs, ArgumentPromotion, DeadArgumentElimination, ... ● Linkage and Globals ○ GlobalDCE, GlobalOpt, GlobalSplit, ConstantMerge, ... ● Others ○ MergeFunction, OpenMPOpt, HotColdSplitting, Devirtualization... 13 Why is IPO? ● Inliner ○ Specialize the function with call site arguments ○ Expose local optimization opportunities ○ Save jumps, register stores/loads (calling convention) ○ Improve instruction locality ● Propagation between caller and callee ○ Other passes would benefit from the propagated information ● Linkage -
The LLVM Instruction Set and Compilation Strategy
The LLVM Instruction Set and Compilation Strategy Chris Lattner Vikram Adve University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign lattner,vadve ¡ @cs.uiuc.edu Abstract This document introduces the LLVM compiler infrastructure and instruction set, a simple approach that enables sophisticated code transformations at link time, runtime, and in the field. It is a pragmatic approach to compilation, interfering with programmers and tools as little as possible, while still retaining extensive high-level information from source-level compilers for later stages of an application’s lifetime. We describe the LLVM instruction set, the design of the LLVM system, and some of its key components. 1 Introduction Modern programming languages and software practices aim to support more reliable, flexible, and powerful software applications, increase programmer productivity, and provide higher level semantic information to the compiler. Un- fortunately, traditional approaches to compilation either fail to extract sufficient performance from the program (by not using interprocedural analysis or profile information) or interfere with the build process substantially (by requiring build scripts to be modified for either profiling or interprocedural optimization). Furthermore, they do not support optimization either at runtime or after an application has been installed at an end-user’s site, when the most relevant information about actual usage patterns would be available. The LLVM Compilation Strategy is designed to enable effective multi-stage optimization (at compile-time, link-time, runtime, and offline) and more effective profile-driven optimization, and to do so without changes to the traditional build process or programmer intervention. LLVM (Low Level Virtual Machine) is a compilation strategy that uses a low-level virtual instruction set with rich type information as a common code representation for all phases of compilation. -
An Execution Model for Serverless Functions at the Edge
An Execution Model for Serverless Functions at the Edge Adam Hall Umakishore Ramachandran Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Atlanta, Georgia ach@gatech:edu rama@gatech:edu ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION Serverless computing platforms allow developers to host single- Enabling next generation technologies such as self-driving cars or purpose applications that automatically scale with demand. In con- smart cities via edge computing requires us to reconsider the way trast to traditional long-running applications on dedicated, virtu- we characterize and deploy the services supporting those technolo- alized, or container-based platforms, serverless applications are gies. Edge/fog environments consist of many micro data centers intended to be instantiated when called, execute a single function, spread throughout the edge of the network. This is in stark contrast and shut down when finished. State-of-the-art serverless platforms to the cloud, where we assume the notion of unlimited resources achieve these goals by creating a new container instance to host available in a few centralized data centers. These micro data center a function when it is called and destroying the container when it environments must support large numbers of Internet of Things completes. This design allows for cost and resource savings when (IoT) devices on limited hardware resources, processing the mas- hosting simple applications, such as those supporting IoT devices sive amounts of data those devices generate while providing quick at the edge of the network. However, the use of containers intro- decisions to inform their actions [44]. One solution to supporting duces some overhead which may be unsuitable for applications emerging technologies at the edge lies in serverless computing. -
A Dynamically Recompiling ARM Emulator POWERED
POWERED TACARM A Dynamically Recompiling ARM Emulator 3rd year project report 2000-2001 University of Warwick Written by David Sharp Supervised by Graham Martin 2 Abstract Dynamically recompiling from one machine code to another can be used to emulate modern microprocessors at realistic speeds. This report is a discussion of the techniques used in implementing a dynamically recompiling emulator of an ARM processor for use in an emulation of a complete computer system. Keywords Emulation, Dynamic Recompilation, Binary Translation, Just-In-Time compilation, Virtual Machine, Microprocessor Simulation, Intermediate Code, ARM. 3 Contents 1. Introduction 7 1.1. What is emulation? 7 1.2. Applications of emulation 7 1.3. Processor emulation techniques 9 1.4. This Project 13 2. Analysis 16 2.1. Introduction to the ARM 16 2.2. Identifying the problem 18 2.3. Getting started 20 2.4. The System Design 21 3. Disassembler 23 3.1. Purpose 23 3.2. ARM decoding 23 3.3. Design 24 4. Interpreter 26 4.1. Purpose 26 4.2. The problem with JIT 26 4.3. The HotSpotTM alternative 26 4.4. Quantifying the JIT problem 27 4.5. Faster decoding 28 4.6. Interfaces 29 4.7. The emulation loop 30 4.8. Implementation 31 4.9. Debugging 32 4.10. Compatibility 33 5. Recompilation 35 5.1. Overview 35 5.2. Methods of generating native code 35 5.3. The use of intermediate code 36 6. Armlets – An Intermediate Code 38 6.1. Purpose 38 6.2. The ‘explicit-implicit problem’ 38 6.3. Options 39 6.4. -
Handout – Dataflow Optimizations Assignment
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.035, Spring 2013 Handout – Dataflow Optimizations Assignment Tuesday, Mar 19 DUE: Thursday, Apr 4, 9:00 pm For this part of the project, you will add dataflow optimizations to your compiler. At the very least, you must implement global common subexpression elimination. The other optimizations listed below are optional. You may also wait until the next project to implement them if you are going to; there is no requirement to implement other dataflow optimizations in this project. We list them here as suggestions since past winners of the compiler derby typically implement each of these optimizations in some form. You are free to implement any other optimizations you wish. Note that you will be implementing register allocation for the next project, so you don’t need to concern yourself with it now. Global CSE (Common Subexpression Elimination): Identification and elimination of redun- dant expressions using the algorithm described in lecture (based on available-expression anal- ysis). See §8.3 and §13.1 of the Whale book, §10.6 and §10.7 in the Dragon book, and §17.2 in the Tiger book. Global Constant Propagation and Folding: Compile-time interpretation of expressions whose operands are compile time constants. See the algorithm described in §12.1 of the Whale book. Global Copy Propagation: Given a “copy” assignment like x = y , replace uses of x by y when legal (the use must be reached by only this def, and there must be no modification of y on any path from the def to the use). -
Toward IFVM Virtual Machine: a Model Driven IFML Interpretation
Toward IFVM Virtual Machine: A Model Driven IFML Interpretation Sara Gotti and Samir Mbarki MISC Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra, Morocco Keywords: Interaction Flow Modelling Language IFML, Model Execution, Unified Modeling Language (UML), IFML Execution, Model Driven Architecture MDA, Bytecode, Virtual Machine, Model Interpretation, Model Compilation, Platform Independent Model PIM, User Interfaces, Front End. Abstract: UML is the first international modeling language standardized since 1997. It aims at providing a standard way to visualize the design of a system, but it can't model the complex design of user interfaces and interactions. However, according to MDA approach, it is necessary to apply the concept of abstract models to user interfaces too. IFML is the OMG adopted (in March 2013) standard Interaction Flow Modeling Language designed for abstractly expressing the content, user interaction and control behaviour of the software applications front-end. IFML is a platform independent language, it has been designed with an executable semantic and it can be mapped easily into executable applications for various platforms and devices. In this article we present an approach to execute the IFML. We introduce a IFVM virtual machine which translate the IFML models into bytecode that will be interpreted by the java virtual machine. 1 INTRODUCTION a fundamental standard fUML (OMG, 2011), which is a subset of UML that contains the most relevant The software development has been affected by the part of class diagrams for modeling the data apparition of the MDA (OMG, 2015) approach. The structure and activity diagrams to specify system trend of the 21st century (BRAMBILLA et al., behavior; it contains all UML elements that are 2014) which has allowed developers to build their helpful for the execution of the models. -
A Brief History of Just-In-Time Compilation
A Brief History of Just-In-Time JOHN AYCOCK University of Calgary Software systems have been using “just-in-time” compilation (JIT) techniques since the 1960s. Broadly, JIT compilation includes any translation performed dynamically, after a program has started execution. We examine the motivation behind JIT compilation and constraints imposed on JIT compilation systems, and present a classification scheme for such systems. This classification emerges as we survey forty years of JIT work, from 1960–2000. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.3.4 [Programming Languages]: Processors; K.2 [History of Computing]: Software General Terms: Languages, Performance Additional Key Words and Phrases: Just-in-time compilation, dynamic compilation 1. INTRODUCTION into a form that is executable on a target platform. Those who cannot remember the past are con- What is translated? The scope and na- demned to repeat it. ture of programming languages that re- George Santayana, 1863–1952 [Bartlett 1992] quire translation into executable form covers a wide spectrum. Traditional pro- This oft-quoted line is all too applicable gramming languages like Ada, C, and in computer science. Ideas are generated, Java are included, as well as little lan- explored, set aside—only to be reinvented guages [Bentley 1988] such as regular years later. Such is the case with what expressions. is now called “just-in-time” (JIT) or dy- Traditionally, there are two approaches namic compilation, which refers to trans- to translation: compilation and interpreta- lation that occurs after a program begins tion. Compilation translates one language execution. into another—C to assembly language, for Strictly speaking, JIT compilation sys- example—with the implication that the tems (“JIT systems” for short) are com- translated form will be more amenable pletely unnecessary. -
A Parallel Program Execution Model Supporting Modular Software Construction
A Parallel Program Execution Model Supporting Modular Software Construction Jack B. Dennis Laboratory for Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A. [email protected] Abstract as a guide for computer system design—follows from basic requirements for supporting modular software construction. A watershed is near in the architecture of computer sys- The fundamental theme of this paper is: tems. There is overwhelming demand for systems that sup- port a universal format for computer programs and software The architecture of computer systems should components so users may benefit from their use on a wide reflect the requirements of the structure of pro- variety of computing platforms. At present this demand is grams. The programming interface provided being met by commodity microprocessors together with stan- should address software engineering issues, in dard operating system interfaces. However, current systems particular, the ability to practice the modular do not offer a standard API (application program interface) construction of software. for parallel programming, and the popular interfaces for parallel computing violate essential principles of modular The positions taken in this presentation are contrary to or component-based software construction. Moreover, mi- much conventional wisdom, so I have included a ques- croprocessor architecture is reaching the limit of what can tion/answer dialog at appropriate places to highlight points be done usefully within the framework of superscalar and of debate. We start with a discussion of the nature and VLIW processor models. The next step is to put several purpose of a program execution model. Our Parallelism processors (or the equivalent) on a single chip. -
1 Lecture 25
I. Goals of This Lecture Lecture 25 • Beyond static compilation • Example of a complete system Dynamic Compilation • Use of data flow techniques in a new context • Experimental approach I. Motivation & Background II. Overview III. Compilation Policy IV. Partial Method Compilation V. Partial Dead Code Elimination VI. Escape Analysis VII. Results “Partial Method Compilation Using Dynamic Profile Information”, John Whaley, OOPSLA 01 (Slide content courtesy of John Whaley & Monica Lam.) Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon Todd C. Mowry 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 1 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 2 Todd C. Mowry Static/Dynamic High-Level/Binary • Compiler: high-level à binary, static • Binary translator: Binary-binary; mostly dynamic • Interpreter: high-level, emulate, dynamic – Run “as-is” – Software migration • Dynamic compilation: high-level à binary, dynamic (x86 à alpha, sun, transmeta; 68000 à powerPC à x86) – machine-independent, dynamic loading – Virtualization (make hardware virtualizable) – cross-module optimization – Dynamic optimization (Dynamo Rio) – specialize program using runtime information – Security (execute out of code in a cache that is “protected”) • without profiling Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 3 Todd C. Mowry 15-745: Dynamic Compilation 4 Todd C. Mowry 1 Closed-world vs. Open-world II. Overview of Dynamic Compilation • Closed-world assumption (most static compilers) • Interpretation/Compilation policy decisions – all code is available a priori for analysis and compilation. – Choosing what and how to compile • Open-world assumption (most dynamic compilers) • Collecting runtime information – code is not available – Instrumentation – arbitrary code can be loaded at run time. – Sampling • Open-world assumption precludes many optimization opportunities. • Exploiting runtime information – Solution: Optimistically assume the best case, but provide a way out – frequently-executed code paths if necessary. -
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages
Dynamic Extension of Typed Functional Languages Don Stewart PhD Dissertation School of Computer Science and Engineering University of New South Wales 2010 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Manuel M. T. Chakravarty Co-supervisor: Dr. Gabriele Keller Abstract We present a solution to the problem of dynamic extension in statically typed functional languages with type erasure. The presented solution re- tains the benefits of static checking, including type safety, aggressive op- timizations, and native code compilation of components, while allowing extensibility of programs at runtime. Our approach is based on a framework for dynamic extension in a stat- ically typed setting, combining dynamic linking, runtime type checking, first class modules and code hot swapping. We show that this framework is sufficient to allow a broad class of dynamic extension capabilities in any statically typed functional language with type erasure semantics. Uniquely, we employ the full compile-time type system to perform run- time type checking of dynamic components, and emphasize the use of na- tive code extension to ensure that the performance benefits of static typing are retained in a dynamic environment. We also develop the concept of fully dynamic software architectures, where the static core is minimal and all code is hot swappable. Benefits of the approach include hot swappable code and sophisticated application extension via embedded domain specific languages. We instantiate the concepts of the framework via a full implementation in the Haskell programming language: providing rich mechanisms for dy- namic linking, loading, hot swapping, and runtime type checking in Haskell for the first time. We demonstrate the feasibility of this architecture through a number of novel applications: an extensible text editor; a plugin-based network chat bot; a simulator for polymer chemistry; and xmonad, an ex- tensible window manager. -
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages; Course Lecture Notes
Comparative Studies of Programming Languages, COMP6411 Lecture Notes, Revision 1.9 Joey Paquet Serguei A. Mokhov (Eds.) August 5, 2010 arXiv:1007.2123v6 [cs.PL] 4 Aug 2010 2 Preface Lecture notes for the Comparative Studies of Programming Languages course, COMP6411, taught at the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada. These notes include a compiled book of primarily related articles from the Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia [24], as well as Comparative Programming Languages book [7] and other resources, including our own. The original notes were compiled by Dr. Paquet [14] 3 4 Contents 1 Brief History and Genealogy of Programming Languages 7 1.1 Introduction . 7 1.1.1 Subreferences . 7 1.2 History . 7 1.2.1 Pre-computer era . 7 1.2.2 Subreferences . 8 1.2.3 Early computer era . 8 1.2.4 Subreferences . 8 1.2.5 Modern/Structured programming languages . 9 1.3 References . 19 2 Programming Paradigms 21 2.1 Introduction . 21 2.2 History . 21 2.2.1 Low-level: binary, assembly . 21 2.2.2 Procedural programming . 22 2.2.3 Object-oriented programming . 23 2.2.4 Declarative programming . 27 3 Program Evaluation 33 3.1 Program analysis and translation phases . 33 3.1.1 Front end . 33 3.1.2 Back end . 34 3.2 Compilation vs. interpretation . 34 3.2.1 Compilation . 34 3.2.2 Interpretation . 36 3.2.3 Subreferences . 37 3.3 Type System . 38 3.3.1 Type checking . 38 3.4 Memory management .