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Tesi Finale Per CD Remerciements Je tiens tout d’abord à adresser mes plus sincères remerciements à mes deux directeurs de thèse, le professeur Alberto Ventura, exemple constant de vraie sagesse et de grande humanité, qui m’a dévoilé de nouveaux champs de savoir, et au professeur Mrad qui m’a accompagnée avec beaucoup de disponibilité et de gentillesse et envers lequel j’éprouve une profonde estime. Un remerciement spécial va au professeur Yadh Ben Achour qui a inspiré cette thèse, l’a vu naître et l’a encouragée. Il a su me montrer, avec des yeux neufs, un pays dans lequel je vivais depuis 15 ans, mais dont j’avais sous-estimé l'immense histoire et la richesse culturelle. Les mots ne sont pas suffisants pour exprimer la profonde admiration intellectuelle que je ressens à son égard. J'espère que lui rendre hommage en lui dédiant mon modeste travail représentera un signe tangible de ma reconnaissance et de ma considération. Au cours de mes recherches, de nombreux professeurs, intellectuels, hommes politiques ou simples « habitants des archives » m'ont guidée, conseillée, stimulée ; je ne pourrai pas tous les nommer, mais la mémoire de chacun d’eux vit dans chaque page de cette thèse, chaque phrase, chaque note. Un merci spécial aux nouveaux amis que ce parcours doctoral m'a permis de rencontrer, en Italie et en Tunisie, avec lesquels je partage la même soif de connaissances, le même émerveillement devant le monde qui nous entoure, l'histoire qui nous précède, le "ciel étoilé au-dessus de nous et la loi morale en nous”. Je remercie tout particulièrement Danielle Laguillon Hentati pour son soutien fondamental. 2 Merci à ma grande famille qui m’a accompagnée et soutenue tout au long de mes recherches. Une pensée particulière va à celui qui a vu cette thèse se concrétiser mais ne verra pas son achèvement. J'espère que, où qu’il se trouve, il est fier de moi. Enfin, un merci spécial à mon fils qui a enduré et compris depuis toutes ces années une mère parfois absente et toujours perdue dans ses livres. Je lui souhaite, étant italo-tunisien, de devenir un digne héritier de ces deux cultures merveilleuses et un représentant conscient de leur lien millénaire. 3 Table des matières Note de rédaction .................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................. 8 1. Généralités .................................................................................................... 8 2. Concept de base de l’étude ........................................................................ 11 3. Qu’ est-ce qu’une source de droit? ............................................................. 13 4. Qu’est -ce qu’une Constitution ? ................................................................ 16 5. Universalité des concepts juridiques ? ....................................................... 22 6. Droits universels et droits culturels ........................................................... 24 7. Droits de l’homme et néo-constitutionalisme, cadre de référence. ............ 28 8. Aperçu de la philosophie et de la pensée politique islamique. ................... 33 9. Religion et idéologie. .................................................................................. 46 10. Intérêt du sujet .......................................................................................... 50 11. Méthodologie ........................................................................................... 52 12. Problème herméneutique .......................................................................... 54 13. Problématiques du sujet ........................................................................... 57 14. Plan de la thèse ......................................................................................... 59 De la Umma à l’État constitutionnel. Fondements et sources de l’exception tunisienne. ................................................................. 63 1. Les origines des Constitutions tunisiennes ............................. 64 1.1 Époque médiévale et moderne. Aperçu historique. .................................. 64 a. Une convention juridique comme témoin de l’exception tunisienne .......... 74 b. L’école malékite en Tunisie ........................................................................ 77 c. La pensée d’Ibn Khaldoun: aux sources de la modernité ........................... 82 1.2 La période du réformisme. Quelle modernité ? Quel droit ? Dans quel État ?..... .............................................................................................. 89 4 a. Influences étrangères dans le développement de l’idée constitutionnelle et dans la réflexion sur la nature de l’État et du droit.. ............................... 110 b. Les fonctionnaires étrangers à la cour beylicale ............................ 116 c. Les voyages en Occident ................................................................. 125 d. Le Pacte fondamental de 1857 et la Constitution de 1861 ............. 134 2. L’époque du colonialisme ................................................................. 146 2.1 L’irruption d’une autre modernité. Protectorat, structure administrative et importation des institution juridiques. ...................................................... 146 2.2 Essai de cohabitation des droits. Naissance d’un droit « tunisien ». ...... 155 a. Le code Santillana .................................................................................... 160 b. Grammaire du droit, traduction et interprétation .................................... 165 3. Nationalisme et Bourguibisme ......................................................... 171 3.1 Naissance d’une Nation. D’une « poussière d’individus à une nation »…..…... ........................................................................................ 171 a. La naissance de la Citoyenneté ................................................................. 183 3.2 L’introduction de la Raison humaine dans le droit. La Constitutionde 1959 et le Code du Statut Personnel. ................................................................. 189 a. Développement et démocratie, nouveau défi, nouveau compromis .......... 201 Choix de l’État, choix de société dans la Constitution post- révolutionnaire ............................................................................. 211 1. La Révolution tunisienne ................................................................... 212 1.1 Histoire d’une Révolution. Antécédents. .............................................. 212 a. Problèmes sociaux, économiques et politiques ......................................... 218 1.2 Le souci constitutionnel. L’exception révolutionnaire ........................ 227 a. Le peuple créateur de son droit ? ............................................................. 236 2. Nouvelle Constitution et débat sur les principes fondamentaux de l’État et de la Société .............................................................................. 240 2.1 Les débats sur la nouvelle Constitution à l'Assemblée constituante. Arguments, références et justifications ..................................................... 240 a. Premiers projets de constitution ............................................................... 245 5 b . Article 1 vs article 2 ................................................................................. 252 2.2 Le débat sur la nouvelle Constitution en Tunisie dans la société civile………... .......................................................................................... 258 a. Analyse de deux recherches/enquêtes sur la religion et la vie civile . ...... 262 3. Le « compromis historique » sur le contenu de la Constitution... ............................................................................................................. 267 3.1 Quelle constitution, pour quel pays ? ........................................ 267 La recherche d’une nouvelle voie démocratique ................................ 271 3.2 Le compromis comme nouveau paradigme politique et philosophique….. ............................................................................. 278 Portée du compromis dans la société ................................................. 284 Conclusion : Tunisie comme pierre de touche ? ......................... 286 Annexes ……………………………………..,………………...285 Bibliographie …………………………………………………..447 6 Note de rédaction Les documents utilisés dans cette recherche sont des documents en langue française, anglaise ou italienne, rarement en arabe. J’ai traduit moi-même les extraits des textes qui ne sont pas en français. La traduction est signalée en bas de page, à côté des références bibliographiques en langue originale, avec l’abréviation TDA (traduction de l’auteur). Le système de transcription utilisé pour les mots en arabe est simplifié. J’ai gardé l’orthographe établie de mots arabes déjà usitée en français. Dans l’insertion des citations, j’ai respecté l’orthographe des mots arabes telle qu’elle apparaît dans le texte original. 7 La Tunisie n’existe pas. Tous les “Arabes” le savent…. La Tunisie n’existe pas. Elle ne doit pas exister. Car elle prouvera qu’il y a une possibilité… Kamel Daoud, Je rêve d’être tunisien Introduction 1. Généralités Le point de départ de ma recherche est la discussion actuelle, au sein de la société civile, politique et intellectuelle et arabo-musulmane, sur le sens et la valeur de l'État moderne, sur les bases et les sources du droit, sur la confrontation
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