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DESCRIPTIVE AND TYPOLOGICAL STUDY OF JARAWA Thesis submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Pramod Kumar under the supervision of Prof. Anvita Abbi & Prof. Bernard Comrie CENTRE FOR LINGUISTICS SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND CULTURE STUDIES JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY NEW DELHI – 110067 2012. Centre for Linguistics School of Language, Literature & Culture Studies lawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi-ll0067, India Dated: 2-0 . 0\ · '2.-011- CERTIFICATE This thesis titled "Descriptive & Typological Study of Jarawa" submitted by Mr. Pramod Kumar, Centre for Linguistics, School of Language, Literature, and Culture Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or in full, for any other degree or diploma of any University or Institution. ntis may be placed before the examiners for evaluation for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy . ~~ (PROF. ANVITA 1\B]31) (PROF. BERNARD COMRIE) SUPERVISOR JOINT-SUPERVISOR .! ew I, ~ , • > . I .. ' '" !_¢."7 PROF. FRANSON D. MANJALI CHAIRPERSON Tel: +91-11-26704199 Fax: +91- I 1-26741586 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE This thesis titled "Descriptive & Typological Study of Jarawa" submitted by me for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is an original work and has not been submitted so far in part or in full, for any other degree or diploma of any University or Institute. PRAMOD KUMAR Ph. D. student Centre for Linguistics SLL&CS/JNU i Acknowledgements In the completion of this thesis, I am indebted to a lot of people whom, I must acknowledge. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors Professors Anvita Abbi and Bernard Comrie. Without their support and encouragement this kind of work would not have been possible. They stood by me, offering me support and guidance at every step. From both my supervisors I learnt a lot about academics. From Professor Abbi in particular, I learnt a lot about every walk of life. More than a supervisor to me, she has been a mentor, and a constant source of inspiration and gentle encouragement. Thanks, Ma’am, for always being there for me. Second, I would like to express my gratitude to the Jarawa people for not only trusting me in all possible ways, but also teaching me their language and about themselves. They always supplied me new words for new objects, and corrected me whenever I mispronounced something. I really miss the people I met in the Andaman Islands. I am very sorry that I have not yet been able to fulfil their wish that I return to Andaman to meet them again. I am grateful to the Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI-EVA), Leipzig, Germany, for a doctoral fellowship and financial support for my Ph.D. I sincerely thank Claudia Büchel, Julia Cissewski, Brigett Packendoff, Patty Epps, Don Stilo, Orin Gensler, Juliette Blevins, Martin Haspelmath, Susane Michaelis, Eva Schultze- Berndt, Tom Güldemann, Christfried Naumann, Jan Wohlgemuth, Sven Grawunder, and Rocco Buchholz for their endless help and support during my stay at Leipzig. I am also thankful to the visiting scientists at MPI-EVA for the information I gathered from them, enriching my own academic calibre. i ii I express my thanks to Professor G. K. Chaddha, the then Vice-Chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), for his support. I wish to thank all my teachers at the Centre for Linguistics, Professors P. K. S. Pandey, Vaishna Narang, Franson D. Manjali, and Ayesha Kidwai, for introducing me linguistics. I sincerely thank the Anthropological Survey of India staff stationed at Port Blair, Mr. B. K. Ghosh (the then Head of Office), Mr. Samir Biswas, Mr. Bidyut Kumar Das, Mr. Umesh Kumar, and Mr. S. A. Bariq. They provided much needed support, both practical and moral, during my research in Andaman. I acknowledge the help and support of the library staff at JNU, New Delhi, and at MPI-EVA, Leipzig. My special thanks go to the library staff of MPI- EVA who helped me procure all the articles and books I ever needed for my research. I also take this opportunity to thank the staff at the Centre for Linguistics, JNU, Mr. S. S. Rawat, Naveen, and Bhagawati Madam for their support and encouragement. I express my sincere gratitude to Jyoti Iyer, a student of the Centre for Linguistics, JNU, who copy-edited the thesis and gave it its present form. I also thank Kamal Choudhary, and K. Krishnamurthy and his wife S. Devi, for the strength and encouragement they managed to give me even during the short span of our meeting in Leipzig. I express my gratitude to my friends Dinesh, Pawan, Subodh, Shashi Bage, and Sulo Da from my hometown, and Alok, Vinay, Sanjayji, Keshari, Bibek, Ramkrishna, Arwind and Debu from Delhi, who helped me in various ways. ii iii This kind of work could not have been done without the support and encouragement of my parents and family. I am very grateful to them. My special thanks go to my wife Pratibha Rani, and my son Pratyush Pranjal for their love, understanding and untiring faith in me. They not only spared me for the completion of my Ph.D., but were also deprived of time they needed with me. I sincerely acknowledge the help provided by Mr. Anoop Kumar Mondal (Tribal Welfare Officer, Kadamtalla) and his wife Ms Anjana Mallik during my stay in Kadamtalla. I also express my gratitude to other Aadi Andaman Janjati Vikas Samiti (AAJVS) Field Staff, Debrat Kumar Mandal alias Dippu (and his family members), Bibhuti Biswas, Bhajan Biswas alias Uncle, Swapan Hawldar, Late Vinay Kumar Tete, Lokanath, Ramesh Madhu alias Rana, Prashant Saha, and Balram Yadav. I thank them for never letting me feel that I was away from home. I wish to thank the local people of Kadamtalla for their support during my stay, especially Mr. Panchanand Prasad, Mr. Om Prakash Prasad, Mrs. Nirmala Devi, and Ms. Jyoti Kumari. The greatest and foremost problem in even beginning of my research was to get permission to visit the Jarawa Reserve for the collection of linguistic data. I am indebted to the Government of India, in particular the Ministry of Home Affairs and Tribal Affairs, and the Andaman administration, for their constant defence of my research permit. They deserve a special mention. I thank Mr. N. Gopalaswamy (then Principal Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs), Mr. Jalali (then Joint Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs), Mrs. Aindri Anurag, (then Director, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Ministry of Home Affairs), Mr. Rajiv Kumar (then Joint Secretary, Ministry of Tribal Affairs), Mr. B. S. Karmawphlang, (then Director, Andaman & Nicobar, Ministry of Tribal Affairs), Mr. Gyanesh Bharati (then Deputy Commissioner, Andaman Islands, iii iv at Port Blair), Mr. S. A. Awaradhi (then Director, Directorate of Tribal Welfare, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, at Port Blair), and Mr. Acchelal Singh (then Research Officer, Directorate of Tribal Welfare, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair). It is not only in the reckoning of names, but in the success of my work that I express my utmost thanks to all those I have acknowledged here. Pramod Kumar PLACE: New Delhi DATE: 20th January, 2012 iv v Table of Contents Acknowledgements i-iv Abbreviations xiii-xiv Tables and Figures xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Landscape 3 1.2 Demography 5 1.3 History of Islands 7 1.3.1 Pre-colonial Period (till 1775) 8 1.3.2 Colonial Period (1776 – 1947) 9 1.3.3 Independence and After (1947 – 1997) 13 1.3.4 Post-1997 Period (1998 – till date) 14 1.4 Inhabitants of the islands 15 1.4.1 Great Andamanese 16 1.4.2 Onge 18 1.4.3 Jarawa 18 1.4.4 Sentinalese 20 1.4.5 Jangil 21 1.5 The Jarawa people 21 1.5.1 Social structure and customs 21 1.5.2 Tools and Artefacts 24 1.6 Previous studies 26 1.6.1 Nair (1974) 26 1.6.2 Rajasingh & Ranganathan (2000) 27 1.6.3 Senkuttuvam (2000) 27 v vi 1.6.4 Sreenathan (2001) 28 1.6.5 Rajasingh (2002) 28 1.6.6 Abbi (2006) 29 1.6.7 Blevins (2007) 29 1.7 Present Study and its Methodology 30 1.7.1 Present Study 30 1.7.2 Methodology 30 1.7.2.1 Selection of consultants 31 1.7.2.2 The selection of the area 31 1.7.2.3 Tools for the study 32 1.7.2.3.1 The questionnaire 32 1.7.2.3.2 Systematic observation 33 1.7.2.4 Field Procedure 33 1.7.3 Limitations of the study 34 1.8 Organization of the present work 35 Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology 2.0 Introduction 36 2.1 Sounds and Phonemes 37 2.2 Phonemic Contrasts 39 2.2.1 Vowels 40 2.2.1.1 Qualitative Contrasts 41 2.2.1.2 Quantitative Contrasts 44 2.2.2 Consonants 45 2.2.2.1 Plosives and Retroflex 46 2.2.2.2 Nasals 54 2.2.2.3 Fricatives 55 2.2.2.4 Trill, Flap and Laterals 58 2.2.2.5 Approximants 58 vi vii 2.3 Phonemic distribution 59 2.3.1 At syllable level 59 2.3.1.1 Consonants 60 2.3.2 At word level 62 2.3.2.1 Vowels 62 2.3.2.2 Consonants 63 2.4 Syllabic Structure 65 2.5 Syllabification 66 2.6 Word Structure 66 2.7 Morphophonemic 69 2.7.1 mi vs ma 69 2.7.2 Reduced Forms 71 2.8 Conclusion 72 Chapter 3 Morphology 3.0 Introduction 73 3.1 Morpheme/ word 73 3.2 Word class 75 3.3 Noun Morphology: Nouns and Noun Phrases 76 3.3.1 Pronouns 76 3.3.1.1 Personal pronouns 76 3.3.1.1.1 Morphological nature of personal pronouns 80 3.3.1.2 Demonstrative pronoun 85 3.3.1.3 Interrogative pronoun 86 3.3.2 Nouns and noun classification 86 3.3.2.1 Gender 94 3.3.2.2 Number 95 3.3.2.3 Case marking 96 3.3.3 Possession 96 vii viii 3.3.3.1 Inalienable possession 97 3.3.3.2 Alienable
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