Physalis Peruviana L.) and Impact of Some Selected Safe Materials Against the Main Pests

Annals of Agricultural Science (2015) xxx(xx), xxx–xxx

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Survey of insects & mite associated Cape gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana L.) and impact of some selected safe materials against the main pests

A.F.E. Afsah

Plant Protection Research Institute, 7 Nadi El-Said Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Received 2 April 2015; accepted 28 April 2015

KEYWORDS Abstract All experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of Plant Protection Research Survey; Station at Qaha, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt, throughout two successive growing seasons (2012 Cape gooseberry; and 2013) on vegetative period. The results clearly indicated the presence of 36 species belonging Physalis peruviana L.; to 25 families under 10 orders. These insects and mites are as follows: Safe materials Insect species were clover leaf weevil, Phytonomus brunneipennis Boh.; clover root weevil, Sitona Lividipes Fahraeus; cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Huf.); green bug, Nezara viridula L.; Semillopers, Autographa gamma L.; tomato borer, Tuta absoluta Povolny; milkweed bug, Spilostethus pandurus Scop; white-spotted bug, Eysarcoris ventralis (Westwood); mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso; red bug, Scantius aegyptius (L.); cotton whiteﬂy, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.); pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris); cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover; potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas); green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer); cotton jassids, Empoasca lybica (de Berg); cotton thrips. Thrips Tabaci Lind; cotton seed bug, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa; adonis beetle, Hippodamia (Adonia) variegate (Goeze); Ladybird beetles, Coccinella spp. Linnaeus; Flower bug, Orius spp. Say; Aphid lion, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens); mantis, Mantis religiosa L.; Gosmlyce baeticus L.; cabbage worm, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus); spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisduval) and colorful butterﬂy, Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus). Mite species were the red spider mite, Tetranychus spp.; eriophyid mite (tomato russet mite), Aceria lycopersici (Wolffenstein); broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks); Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, Amblyseius gossypii EL-Badery, Stigmaeus rattus Gomaa and Rakha, Cunaxa spp.; the red spider mite, Tarsonemus spp. and Tydeus spp.

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The results showed that Aceria lycopersici proved to be the most abundant species followed by Bemisia tabaci and the Tetranychus spp. recorded with occurrence percent 87.15, 4.63 and 4.16% from grand mean total, respectively. Data showed that Solfan, KZ oil and Achook have suppressed effect on the individuals activity of the eriophyid mites, red spider mite and whiteﬂy compared with control. ª 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.

Introduction controlling spider mites, aphids and scale insects; sulfur con- trols mites (particularly eriophyid mites by inhibiting respi- The genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) is originating from the ration) on a range of crop and Azadirachtin from neem Andes, with tropical global distribution, occurring from south- effects insects in a variety of different ways: as an anti- ern North America to South America (Silva and Agra, 2005). feedant, insect growth regulator and repellent properties, The majority of the species is wild, but some species are culti- uses Neem tree extracts and formulations are used for con- vated in countries such as Colombia, Mexico, China, Japan trol of whitefly, leaf miners and other pests. As anti-feedant and recently in Brazil. These countries has as main consumer sensitivity varies greatly between insects the overriding effi- market the European countries, mainly of fresh fruits, because cacy of neem insecticide use lies in its physiological toxic its fruits are used as food and also in pharmaceutical industry effects. It is now accepted that neem insecticides have a wide (Lorenzi and Matos, 2002; Thome and Osaki, 2010). Physalis margin of safety for both user and consumer. In addition to is casually eaten and occasionally sold in markets. Only this, Jennifer Mordue and Alasdair, 2000 stated that, the recently has the plant become an important crop; it has been neem tree has long been recognized for its unique properties widely introduced into cultivation in other tropical, subtropi- both against insects and in improving human health. cal and even temperate areas. It is grown in Egypt where it The Widespread use of synthetic compounds against pests is known locally as harankash or as is-sitt il-mistahiya (the has toxic effect on other non target organisms in both lower shy woman), a reference to the papery sheath. and higher trophic levels (Dejan et al., 2011). Consumers Physalis peruviana (physalis = bladder) have numerous worldwide are now strongly demanding agricultural products common name according to the country/or regions, as Cape grown with few or no chemicals. Many farmers are aware of gooseberry (South Africa), Inca berry, Aztec berry, golden the dangers of excessive chemicals and are now trying to berry, giant ground cherry, African ground cherry, Peruvian replace chemicals with safe or organic pesticides. In addition ground cherry, Peruvian cherry, pokpok (Madagascar), Cape gooseberry is consumed as a fresh food. Hence, we try (Hawaii), rasbhari (India), poha aguaymanto poha aguay- to sustainably protecting the Cape gooseberry plant, from manto (Peru), uvilla (Ecuador), uchuva (Colombia), haran- the main pests along the plant season using some safe kash (Egypt), amur en cage (France, French for love in a products. cage), and sometimes simply physalis (United Kingdom). Thus, this study aims for Survey of insects, mites, and asso- In addition to this, Physalis peruviana and Physalis angulata ciated natural enemies and impact study of certain selected safe (Linnaeus) are native to South America and in Brazil. P. angu- materials on the main pests on Cape gooseberry plants by safe lata is a species widely used in popular medicine as anti- materials such as Solfan, KZ-oil and Achook. coagulant, anti-leukemic, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, antiseptic, analgesic and treatment of dia- betes, among others (Chiang et al., 1992). Materials and methods Lopes et al. (2006) report that researches with several species of genus Physalis have considerable importance, reflecting Field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of its importance to the basic sciences such as Botany, Chemistry, Plant Protection Research Station at Qaha, Qalubia Pharmacology, Toxicology and Genetics. However, studies on Governorate, affiliated to Plant Protection Research insect pests associated with these plants are incipient (Maia Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, during two et al., 2009). USDA, 1997 listed 19 genes, belonging to 9 successive summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 for survey and Families on Physalis peruviana L. Therefore, knowledge and relative occurrence of insects, mites species attacking Cape identification of species that may cause damage the culture gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana L.), associated natural of Cape gooseberry are important to define efficient methods enemies and control of main pests. of control, since plants of Cape gooseberry tomato may be act- The experimental area in order to survey and relative occur- ing as a refuge for insects’ pest during the off-season. rence was 900 m2, and it is divided into three replicates, each In addition Sulfur element play a great role in plant replicate was 300 m2. Cape gooseberry was transplanted on metabolism and supplying it to the soil caused reduction 3rd and 7th of April and March in first and second seasons, in the soil pH, consequently enhance the solubility and respectively. The normal agricultural practices (irrigation and availability of many elements, Lai et al. (2000). Some inves- fertilization) were done with no pesticide applications. tigators found that, sulfur addition improved vegetables In addition the treated area was 600 m2; it is divided into growth and their yields (Saleep and Abdel-Ghani, 2000; twelve plots, each plot represents a replicate (50 m2) and each Elliott, 2003; Assmaa et al., 2004 and Kandil and Gad, treatment and control was represented by 3 replicates. The 2009). Mac Bean, 2012 showed that Petroleum oil use for experiment was designed in a complete randomized design.

Cape gooseberry was transplanted on 7th of March 2013. This Table 1 The tested materials. study clearly indicated the following points. Commercial Active Conc. Rate/100 l Survey name ingredient of water Solfan Sulfur 70%SC 200 cm Two methods of sampling were conducted which were Plant Achook Azadirachtin 0.15%EC 187.5 cm sample and sweeping net was used to determine the survey KZ oil Mineral oil 95%EC 1.5 l and relative occurrence Samples counting continued for 13 weeks from 28th March Plant sampling to 20th June 2013. These samples were taken regular weekly Samples of the plant leaves were taken after 7 days from trans- (before spray per inspection). 20 leaves from each plot were planting. 20 leaves from each replicate were randomly taken. randomly taken from plants. The collected samples were trans- The collected leave samples were transferred to the laboratory ferred to the laboratory in paper bags for inspections. Plant in paper bags for inspections. The upper and lower surfaces of samples were examined carefully by using binocular micro- each leaf were examined carefully by using binocular micro- scope and the number of eriophyid mite, whitefly and the com- scope and the number of insects, mites and natural enemies mon ride spider mite was counted and recorded. was counted and recorded, twenty plants from each replicate were examined to determine the infestation of cut worm. Statistical analyses of data These samples were taken regular weekly. Leave samples counting continued for 18 weeks as well as 20 fruits were taken All the obtained results were statistically analyzed according to randomly for ten weeks. completely randomized design by using SAS program Computer including F.-test (SAS Institute, 2003). Sweeping net To survey the flight insects infesting Cape gooseberry plants, a Results and discussion sweeping net as a method of sampling technique was used. Two rapid strokes of opposite directions were performed over Survey studies the vegetation for every two steps. The sweeping net technique was practiced after 7 days from transplanting. 60 strokes were Survey of insects and mites infest Cape gooseberry plants was performed in the two diameters of the experimental field (at conducted at Qaha, Qalubia Governorate. The survey demon- cross direction). This technique was carried out at weekly strated 36 species belonging to 25 Families and 10 Orders intervals. The collected flying insects in the net were killed in throughout the summer season (March to August). These cyanide jar in the field. include 4 chewing insects, 1 leaf and fruit borers insect, 15 The unknown Surveyed species (insects, mites and natural leaves sap sucking (12 insects and 3 mites), 1 fruits sap sucking enemies) were collected and preserved in vials containing insect, 2 miscellaneous feeding, 4 visitors insect and 9 preda- 70% ethanol and identified in Taxonomy Department in tors (5 insects and 4 mites). Plant Protection Research Institute. Surveyed species are listed and arranged in Table 2 according to their orders and families concerning their English and Relative occurrence scientific names, stage, site and period of occurrence.

This study clearly indicated the following points: (1) – % occur- Survey of insect pests rence of order relative to grand total mean, (2) – % occurrence of The chewing insects. The chewing insects were larvae of clover species relative to total mean numbers of its order, (3) – % occur- leaf weevil, adult of clover root weevil, semiloopers and larvae rence of species relative to grand total mean. of Cutworm. In respect to this, semiloopers, was seen as eggs only. Gomez and Forero, 1989 mentioned that cut worm attacks Physalis spp. Impact of certain selected safe materials on the main pests Leaf miner and fruit borer. With respect to this, tomato borer Follow-up survey of Cape gooseberry plants during 2012 attack Cape gooseberry plants caused borers for both leaves showed that, eriophyid mite (tomato russet mite) and whitefly and fruits, in addition to, both eggs and larva stages recorded. were the more dominance. In an attempt to suppress the pop- In similar result, EPPO, 1995 cleared that, one species of ulation of eriophyid mite, whitefly and the red spider mite dur- Gelechiidae (Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) attack Physalis ing the vegetative growth, some selected safe materials were spp. applied. The tested materials were tabulated in Table 1. The previous compounds and untreated plots (control) Leaf sap sucking insects. The insects are the adults of each were sprayed 12 times at seven days intervals, from 28th green bug, milkweed bug, white-spotted bug and red bug; cot- March to 13th June 2013. This tactic agrees with Sing et al., ton whitefly and mealybug surveyed as adult, nymph and eggs, 1974, studied the four spray applications of mineral oil emul- but in case of pea aphid, cotton aphid, potato aphid, green sion at intervals of 10 and 12 days. Also Haydar et al., 1992 peach aphid, cotton jassids and cotton thrips were represented studied the management of B. tabaci and TYLCV by inte- by adults and nymphs. The sap-sucking insects include 8 fam- grated approach in nursery and followed by five sprays ilies belonging to three following Orders: Hemiptera, Hostathion 40 Ec (triazophos) at ten days intervals. Homoptera and Thysanoptera. In a similar study, Metcalf

Please cite this article in press as: Afsah, A.F.E. Survey of insects & mite associated Cape gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana L.) and impact of some selected safe materials against the main pests. Ann. Agric. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2015.04.005 4 aeil gis h anpss n.Arc c.(2015), Sci. Agric. Ann. pests. main the against materials laect hsatcei rs s fa,AFE uvyo net ieascae aegoeer lns( plants gooseberry Cape associated mite & insects of Survey A.F.E. Afsah, as: press in article this cite Please Table 2 List of insects, mites and associated natural enemies on Cape gooseberry plants at Plant Protection Research Station at Qaha region, Qalubia Governorate, during two successive summer seasons 2012 and 2013. A – Pests A-1 – Insects Class Order Family English name Scientiﬁc name Site of occurrence Stages Period A-1-1 – Chewing insects Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Clover leaf weevil Phytonomus brunneipennis Boh. Leaves Larvae May Clover root weevil Sitona lividipes Fahraeus Sweeping net Adult May Lepidoptera Noctuidae Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Huf.) Plant Larvae March Semiloopers Autographa gamma L. Leaves Eggs March–June A-1-2 Leafminer and fruit borer Lepidoptera Gelechiidae Tomato borer Tuta absoluta Povolny Leaves + Fruit Larvae + eggs April–July A-1-3 Leaves sap sucking Insecta Hemiptera Pentatomidae Green bug Nezara viridula L. Sweeping net Adults May–June http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2015.04.005 Milkweed bug Spilostethus pandurus Scop Sweeping net Adults June Hemiptera Pentatomidae White-spotted bug Eysarcoris ventralis (west wood) Sweeping net Adults June Pseudococcidae Mealybug Planococcus citri Risso leaves Adults + Nymphs + Eggs April–July Pyrrhocoridae Red bug Scantius aegyptius (L.) Sweeping net Adults June Homoptera Aleyrodoidea Cotton whiteﬂy Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Leaves + Sweeping net Eggs + Nymphs + Adults March–August Aphididae Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) Leaves Adults + Nymphs March–May Cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover Leaves Adults + Nymphs April Potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) Leaves Adults April Green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) Leaves Adults + Nymphs March Cicadellidae Cotton jassids Empoasca lybica (de Berg) Leaves Adults + Nymphs May–June Thysanoptera Thripidae Cotton thrips Thrips tabaci Lind. Leaves Nymphs + Adult March–July A-1-5 – Fruit Sap Sucking pests Insecta Hemiptera Pentatomidae Cotton seed bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa Fruits Adults + Nymphs June–July A-2 – Mites

hslsperuviana Physalis Arachnida Acarina Tetranychidae The red spider mite Tetranychus spp. Leaves Adults + Nymphs March August Eriophyidae Eriophyid mite (tomato russet mite) Aceria lycopersici (Wolﬀenstein) Leaves Adults + Nymphs May–August Acarina Tarsonemidae Broad mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) Leaves Adults + Nymphs March–August

B – Natural enemies B-1– Insects . n mato oeslce safe selected some of impact and L.) Insecta Coleoptera Coccinellidae Adonis’ ladybird Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata Sweeping net Adults April–May Ladybird beetles Coccinella spp. Linnaeus Leaves + Sweeping net Adults + Larvae March–May Hemiptera Anthocoridae ﬂower bug Orius spp. Say leaves Adults + Nymphs May–July Neuroptera Chrysopidae Aphid lion Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) Leaves + Sweeping net Adults + Larvae + Eggs May–July Insecta Dictyoptera Mantidae Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus) Sweeping net Adult June

B-1-2 – Mites Afsah A.F.E. Arachnida Acarina Phytoseiidae Predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot Leaves Adults + Nymphs May–August Amlyseius gossypii EL-Badery Leaves Adults + Nymphs April–August Acarina Stigmaeidae Stigmaeus rattus Gomaa and Rakha Leaves Adults + Nymphs March–July Cunaxidae Cunaxa spp. Leaves Adults + Nymphs March–April Survey of insects & mite associated Cape gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana L.) 5

and Metcalf, 1993 mentioned that Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. (Family: Aleyrodidae) attack Physalis spp. CIE, 1979 stated that green peach aphid attack Physalis spp. Gomez and Forero, 1989 mentioned that potato aphid attack Physalis spp. With respect to this, species of Thripidae, in similar ﬁeld, Seal and Baranowski, 1994; Eppo, 1995 mentioned that Physalis spp. was attacked by one species of Thripidae (Thrips palmi Karny).

Fruit sap sucking insect. Adult and nymphs of cotton seed bug Oxycarenus hyalinipennis were found on Cap gooseberry fruits.

Survey of mite pests Sap-suckers mites were the nymphs and adults of the red spider mite and Broad mite attacked Cape gooseberry plants from March to August but eriophyid mite start from May to August. In Iraq, Redha and Hala, 2010 recorded that eriophyid mite abundance from March to August.

Survey of natural enemies Cape gooseberry plants were inhabited with 9 predators, com- Sweeping net Adults July Leaves Adults + Nymphs May–July prising 5 predaceous insects and 4 predaceous mites (Table 2). The predaceous insect stage of ladybird beetles and ﬂower bug were moving stages but aphid lion were mature and immature stages, while adonis’ Ladybird and mantis were adults. The predaceous mites include three families (Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae and Cunaxidae). The predaceous mite stage of

L. Sweeping net Adults June–July Phytoseiulus persimilis, Amblyseius gossypii, Stigmaeus rattus . Boisd. Sweeping net Adultsand May Cunaxa spp. was adults and nymphs. The value of the (Linnaeus) Sweeping net Adults May–July spp predatory phytoseiid and stigmaeid mites for controlling eriophyid mite populations has been well documented by several spp. Leaves Adults + Nymphs May–July authors (El-Laithy, 1999; Sany Soo and Paik, 1999; Abou- Awad et al., 2000). Abou-Awad et al., 2005 in Egypt men- Earias insulana Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus) Tarsonemus Tydeus Gosmlyce baeticus Pieris rapae tioned that phytoseiid and Stigmaeid population was noted from April or late May and reached its peak in late July and August in olive during the two successive seasons, respectively. Survey studies by Haneef and Sadanandan (2013) showed that, more than 1614 species of phytoseiid’s have been described in the world and the phytoseiid mites especially those belonging to genera Amblyseius have been considered as important predators of tetranychids, eriophyids, tarsonemids, thrips, whiteﬂies and so on.

Survey of miscellaneous feeding mites The survey revealed the presence of one mite order i.e. Acarina and including two families, Tarsonemidae and Tydeidae. The ﬁrst family was represented by Tarsonemus spp. and the other family involves Tydeus spp. (Table 2).

Survey of visitor insects – NoctuidaeNymphalidae Colorful The butter spiny ﬂy bollworm Tydeidae Pieridae Cabbage worm Data in Table 2 show that, the visitor insects species are represented by order Lepidoptera. This order includes four families of Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Noctuidae and Nymphalidae. It is worthy to mention that, each one of the four mentioned families has one species as data tabulated in Table 2. – Acarina Tarsonemidae Tarsonemid mite Relative occurrence

Data in Table 3 represent % occurrence of collection individ- C – Miscellaneous feeding D – Visitors Insecta Lepidoptera Lycaenidae The long-tailed blue uals on Cape gooseberry plants during summer plantation by

Table 3 % Occurrence of collection individuals by plant samples and sweeping-net on Cape gooseberry plant at Plant protection Research Station at Qaha region, Qalubia Governorate, during two successive seasons 2012 and 2013. Orders Mean numbers/Plant samples collection Orders Mean numbers of Sweeping –net collection/sample 2012 2013 Total % % 2012 2013 Total % % Occ.a Occ.b Occ.a Occ.b Or.Coleoptera Or.Coleoptera Coccinella spp. 0.06 1.72 1.78 96.74 0.033 Coccinella spp. 0.78 0.89 1.67 78.774 15.97 P. brunneipennis 0.00 0.06 0.06 3.26 0.001 Hippodamia (Adonia) 0.39 0 0.39 18.40 3.73 variegata Total numbers 1.84 Sitona (Sitona) lividipes 0.06 0 0.06 2.8302 0.57 Occurrence % 0.03 Total mean numbers 2.12 100 Or.Hemiptera Occurrence % 20.268 Orius spp. Say 1.39 0.89 2.28 42.30 0.042 Or.Hemiptera Oxycarenus hylalinipennis Costa 0.00 0.61 0.61 11.32 0.011 Eysarcoris ventralis 0 0.17 0.17 8.0189 1.63 Planococcus-citri Risso 2.06 0.44 2.50 46.38 0.046 Nezara viridula 0.33 1.33 1.66 78.30 15.87 Total 5.39 100.00 Spilostethus pandurus 0 0.17 0.17 7.83 1.63 Occurrence % 0.10 Scantius aegyptius 0 0.17 0.17 7.83 1.63 Or.Homoptera Total mean numbers 2.17 Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) 146.22 103.83 250.05 98.56 4.63 Occurrence % 20.746 A. pisum (Harris) 0.50 0.33 0.83 0.33 0.015 Or.Homoptera Aphis gossypii (Glover) 0.17 1.72 1.89 0.74 0.035 Bemisia tabaci 1.39 1.5 2.89 100 27.63 M.euphorbiae(Thomas) 0.00 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.001 Total mean numbers 2.89 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) 0.00 0.44 0.44 0.17 0.008 Occurrence % 27.629 E. lybica (de Berg) 0.00 0.44 0.44 0.17 0.008 Or.Lepidoptera 2 Total 253.71 Earias insulana 0.06 0 0.06 2.11 0.57 Occurrence % 4.70 Gosmlyce baeticus 0.44 1.67 2.11 74.296 20.17 Or.Lepidoptera 2 Pieris rapae 0.22 0.17 0.39 13.732 3.73 Agrotis ipsilon 0.00 2.89 2.89 59.10 0.054 Vanessa cardui 0.11 0.17 0.28 9.86 2.68 Autographa gamma L. 0.06 0.11 0.17 3.48 0.003 Total mean numbers 2.84 100 Tuta absoluta 0.89 0.94 1.83 37.42 0.034 Occurrence % 27.151 Total mean numbers 4.89 Or.: Dictyoptera Occurrence % 0.09 Mantis religiosa 0 0.33 0.33 100 3.15 Or.Thysanoptera 4 Total 0.33 Thrips tabaci Lind. 75.06 23.22 98.28 100.00 1.820 Occurrence % 3.1549 Total 98.28 Or.Neuroptera 0.00 Occurrence % 1.82 Chrysoperla carnea 0 0.11 0.11 100 1.05 Or.Neuroptera Total mean numbers 0.11 Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) 0.39 0.50 0.89 100.00 0.016 Occurrence % 1.0516 Total 0.89 cc c Occurrence % 0.02 cccc Or.Acari cccc Aceria lycopersici (Wolﬀenstein) 1929.94 2776.67 4706.61 95.44 87.15 cccc Tetranychus spp. 175.22 49.56 224.78 4.56 4.16 cccc Total 4931.39 cccc Occurrence % 91.30 cccc Or.Acarina cccc Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias- 27.00 0.00 27.00 91.87 0.500 cccc Henriot Amblyseius gossypii i 1.72 0.67 2.39 8.13 0.044 cccc Total 29.39 cccc Occurrence % 0.54 cccc Or.Acarina cccc Stigmaeus rattus 0.00 3.11 3.11 4.17 0.058 cccc Cunaxa spp. 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.23 0.003 cccc Polyphagotarsonemus latus 8.06 37.11 45.17 60.54 0.84 c ccc c (Banks) Tarsonemus spp. 1.72 22.22 23.94 32.09 0.44 c ccc c Tydeus spp. 2.22 0.00 2.22 2.98 0.041 c ccc c Total mean numbers 74.61 c ccc c Occurrence % 1.38 c ccc c Grand total 5400.39 ccc10.46 c a Indicated that relative occurrence of the species from the total numbers of individuals in the same order. b Indicated that relative occurrence of the species from the grand total numbers of all individuals. c Indicated that the arthropod species was not recorded during the two seasons of investigation.

Please cite this article in press as: Afsah, A.F.E. Survey of insects & mite associated Cape gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana L.) and impact of some selected safe materials against the main pests. Ann. Agric. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2015.04.005 Survey of insects & mite associated Cape gooseberry plants (Physalis peruviana L.) 7 plant samples and sweeping-net collection. Data in Table 3 lycopersid was the most abundant species in both of two grow- have the following: (1) – % occurrence of order relative to ing seasons. Redha and Hala, 2010 found that, eriophyid mite grand total numbers, (2) – % occurrence of species relative is considered to be one of the important pests on olive shrub to total numbers of its order, (3) – % occurrence of species rel- and trees in Iraq. Aceria lycopersid recorded 87.15% occur- ative to grand total numbers. rence to grand total followed by Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus spp. gave 4.63% and 4.16%, respectively. The Plant samples collection other species were surveyed characterized by low % occurrence % Occurrence of each order relative to grand total numbers. that ranged between 1.82 and 0.001%. With respect to this, plant samples collection, Table 3 showed the % occurrence of order relative to grand total numbers col- Sweeping-net collection lection. The collection orders can be arranged in descending % Occurrence of order relative to grand total numbers. The % order as the following: Acarina, Homoptera, Thysanoptera, occurrence of order relative to grand total numbers was Prostigmata, Acarina, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera arranged descending order as the following: and Neuroptera. The values of % occurrence of previous Homoptera (27.63), Lepidoptera (27.15), Hemiptera (20.75), orders are expressed as 91.30, 4.70, 1.82,1.38, 0.54, 0.10, Coleoptera (20.27), Dictyoptera (3.15) and Neuroptera 0.09, 0.03 and 0.02, respectively. (1.05), respectively.

% Occurrence of species relative to total numbers of its order. It % Occurrence of species relative to total numbers of its order. It is obvious that, orders Thysanoptera, and Neuroptera are rep- is obvious that, orders Homoptera, Dictyoptera and resented by only one species. The species were Thrips tabaci |Neuroptera are represented by only one species. The species and Chrysoperla camea, respectively. On the other hand, some were Bemisia tabaci, Mantis religiosa and Chrysoperla carnea orders recorded one species was the most dominance, as the (Table 3). On the other hand, some orders recorded one species following species occupied the majority of % occurrence of were more dominant, i.e. Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and its order, i.e., Coccinella spp. (96.74), Bemisa tabaci (98.56), Lepidoptera. Also data in Table 3 indicated that, the following Aceria lycopersici (95.44) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (91.87). species belonging to order Hemiptera gave % occurrence The % occurrence of species of orders Hemiptera, were 78.30, 8.02, 7.83 and 7.83 for Nezara viridula, Lepidoptera and Acarina recorded varying values. The mem- Eysarcoris ventrolis, Spilostethus pondurus and Scantius bers of order Hemiptera (Planococcus citri, Orius spp. and aegyptius, respectively. With respect to this, in order Oxycarenous hyalinipennis recorded % occurrence were Coleoptera, % occurrence recorded 78.77, 18.40 and 2.83 for 46.38, 42.30 and 11.32, respectively). Coccinella spp., Hippodamia (Adonia) and Sitona lividipes, In Order Lepidoptera, the following species: Agrotis ipsilon, respectively. But order lepidoptera gave % occurrence, 74.30, Tuta absoluta and Autographa gamma, their % occurrence rel- 13.73, 9.86 and 2.11 for the following species, Gosmlyce bae- ative to total numbers of its order recorded 59.10, 37.42 and tieus, Pieris rapae, Vanessa cardui and Earias insulana, 3.48, respectively. respectively. In case Order Acarina, % occurrence of species Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Trsonomus spp., Stigmaeus rattus, % Occurrence percentage of species relative to grand total Tydeus spp. and Cunaxa spp. recorded 60.54, 32.09, 4.17, 2.98 numbers. The Bemisia tabaci, Gosmlyce baeticus, Coccinelle and 0.23, respectively. spp. and Nezara viridula were the abundance collection by sweeping-net, where their % occurrence recorded 27.63, % Occurrence of species relative to grand total numbers. The 20.17, 15.97 and 15.87, respectively. The remainder species results in Table 3 obviously demonstrate that, Aceria have varied values that ranged between 3.73% and 0.57%.

Table 4 Effect of three safe materials on the appearance and population density of main pests infesting Cape gooseberry leaves throughout growing season of 2013. Inspection dates Mean numbers of pests/20 leaves A. Lycopersici Tetranychus spp. Immature stages of Bemisia tabaci Untreated Solfan KZ-oil Achook Untreated Solfan KZ-oil Achook Untreated Solfan KZ-oil Achook 28/03/13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.33 0.67 0.67 53.33 34.67 71.33 44.00 04/04/13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.33 28.00 36.00 56.67 11/04/13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 0.67 0.67 2.00 71.00 58.00 5.33 38.67 18/04/13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 1.33 1.33 27.67 34.67 14.00 28.00 25/04/13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.00 1.33 2.67 3.33 61.00 60.67 22.00 16.67 02/05/13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.33 61.33 4.00 5.33 29.33 09/05/13 1.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 31.00 10.67 16.00 20.67 16/05/13 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 39.67 27.33 14.67 30.67 23/05/13 403.00 0.00 0.00 2.67 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.00 31.33 18.67 28.67 30/05/13 466.00 0.00 8.67 78.67 5.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.00 12.00 6.00 30.00 06/06/13 2583.00 2.67 6.67 221.33 27.00 2.67 0.00 0.67 25.67 37.33 4.67 26.00 13/06/13 2982.00 78.67 93.33 776.67 9.00 0.00 0.00 1.33 22.00 38.67 7.33 14.67 20/06/13 6534.67 50.67 12.67 2292 44.00 0.00 0.00 12.00 8.00 26.67 2.00 22.00

Table 5 Effect of three safe materials on the average numbers/20 leaves of main pests on Cape gooseberry plants during season, 2013. Materials A. lycopersici Tetranychus spp. Immature stages of Bemisia tabaci Eggs Pupa stages Immature stages Solfan 18.86 C 0.61 C 14.55 C 16.22 B 30.78 B KZ oil 17.33 D 0.56 C 7.50 D 5.17 D 12.67 C Achook 481 B 1.83 B 16.22 B 12.28 C 28.50 B Control 1854.29 A 8.61 A 21.22 A 23.00 A 44.22 A F.test ** ** ** ** ** Lsd 0.372 0.326 0.747 2.564 3.051 Mean in each Column not followed by the same letter are signiﬁcantly different (P < 0.05). ** Highly signiﬁcant.

Impact of certain selected safe materials on the main pests Acknowledgments

Data in Table 4 show, the efficiency of Solfan, KZ oil and The writer wishes to express his deep thanks to Dr. Aziza, M. Achook on the population of eriophyid mite (tomato russet EL-Gantiry prof. of Peircing & Sucking Insect Re. Depart; Dr. mite), besides the control. In general, Data clearly indicate Halawa, A.M. prof. of Fruit Acarology Re. Depart and all that, changes in pest counts refer to difference in efficiency members of insect collection Re. Depart in Plant Protection of tested materials. The spray applications of tested materi- Research Institute, for classification of these insects and mites. als cause postponement of the appearance and minimize the population of eriophyid mite for about 4, 3 and 2 weeks for References Solfan, KZ oil and Achook, respectively, compared with control. In contrast, the tested materials did not cause post- Abbassy, M.A., Omar, H.I., Yones, Walaa A., 2007. Development of ponement of the appearance of the whitefly individuals, but IPM techniques for control of leafminer, Liromyza trifolii caused minimizing the population of whitefly compared with (Burgess) on common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Egypt J. Agric. untreated as shown in Table 4. Results showed that, the Res. 86 (4), 1305–1315. tested materials had adverse effect on individual activities Abd-Allah, A.A.A., Hashem, H.H.A., 2003. Field evaluation of two of the red spider mite. The Solfan and Achook caused the unconventional compounds compared with common insecticide absence of the red spider mite individuals when compared used on some piercing sucking pests infesting certain solanaceous with untreated from 9th to 30th of May, while KZ-oil pro- vegetables crops. Egypt J. Appl. Sci. 18 (11B), 621–633. tects the vegetative growth from 9th of May to the end of Abou-Awad, B.A., El-Sawaf, B.M., Redaan, A.S., Abdel-Khalek, growing season. A.A., 2000. Environmental management and biological aspects of two eriophyid fig mites in Egypt: Aceria ficus and Rhyncophytoptus Table 5, indicates the effect of three tested materials against ficifoliae. Acarologia 40, 419–429. the population of eriophyid mite, whitefly and the red spider Abou-Awad, Metwally, A.M., Al-Azzazy, M.M., 2005. Environmental mite. KZ oil against both eggs and pupae recorded the lowest management and biological aspects of two eriophyid olive mites in population 7.5 eggs and 5.17 pupae/20 leaves, respectively. Egypt: Aceria oleae and Tegolophus hassani. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 112 This harmony with Bachatly et al., 1995 mentioned that, KZ (3), 287–303. oil treatment caused the least infested by eggs and nymph of Assmaa, M.R., Hafeez, Magda M., Ahmed, A.A., 2004. Response of Bemisia tabaci. Also, Mona and Homam (2012) used mineral pea plant to the sulphur addition with organic and inorganic oil against cotton and watermelon aphid on cucumber plants; nitrogen fertilizer. Egypt J. Appl. Sci. 19 (2), 245–261. they found that, mineral oil caused reduction in aphid Bachatly, M.A., Hegab, M.F.A., Hussain, A.E., 1995. Control of population. cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), aphids and associated virus diseases on squash plants by row covers, a pyrethroid and a mineral Duncan analysis, showed insignificant differences between oil referring to the yield. Al-Azhar J. Agric. Res. 22, 197–216. Solfan and Ashook against summation of both eggs and Chiang, H.C., Jaw, S.M., Chen, C.F., 1992. Inhibitory effects of pupa of whitefly, were categorized at the same group. With physalin B and physalin F on various human leukemia cells respect to this, Eriophyid mites KZ oil recorded the lowest in vitro. Anticancer Res. 12 (4), 1155–1162, PMid:1503404. population. Duncan analysis categorized the tested materials CIE, 1979. Distribution maps of pests. Number 45, Myzus persicae. in separated groups as KZ oil < Solfan < Ashook, but the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, UK. mean populations of eriophyid in case of KZ are close to Dejan, M., Pantelija, P., Slobodon, M., 2011. Acaricides-biological Solfan. Abbassy et al., 2007 used botanical insecticides profiles, effects and uses in modern crop protection. In: Stoytcheva, Azadirachtin against Liriomyza trifolii on bean Phaseolus Margarita (Ed.), Pesticides-Formulations, Effects, Fate, ISBN:978- vulgaris. Also Abd-Allah and Hashem (2003) used 953-307-532-7. El-Laithy, A.Y.M., 1999. Population abundance and spatial distribu- Azadirachtin against Bemisia tabaci, Nezara viridula L. and tion of eriophyid mites and associated predatory mites inhabiting Empoasca lybica. olive seedlings. Phytophaga 9, 93–102. Data in Table 5 show that, Solfan and KZ oil recorded high Elliott, T., 2003. Effect of wheat straw and alfalfa amendments in crop efficiency and are categorized at the same level against fertilization. Ann. Agric. Sci. Moshtohor 12, 5–13. Tetranychus spp., while Achook was arranged in separate EPPO, 1995. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection group. Organization Reporting Service No. 6, Paris, France, 24 pp.

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