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Biology and Evolutionary History of the Facultative Parasitic Nematode Halicephalobus Gingivalis

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Biology and Evolutionary History of the Facultative Parasitic Nematode Halicephalobus Gingivalis BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE FACULTATIVE PARASITIC NEMATODE HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH PAMELA FONDERIE Please refer to this work as: Fonderie P. (2013). Biology and evolutionary history of the facultative parasitic nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis. A multidisciplinary approach. PhD dissertation, Ghent University. ISBN: 978-94-6197-129-6 BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE FACULTATIVE PARASITIC NEMATODE HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH Biologie en evolutionaire geschiedenis van de facultatief parasitaire nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis. Een multidisciplinaire benadering. PAMELA FONDERIE Promoters: Prof. dr. Wim Bert Prof. dr. Tom Moens Academic year 2012-2013 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements to obtain the degree of Doctor in Sciences – Biology Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het bekomen van de graad van doctor in de Wetenschappen - Biologie PROMOTERS: Prof. dr. Wim Bert (Ghent University) Prof. dr. Tom Moens (Ghent University) MEMBERS OF THE READING COMMITTEE: Prof. dr. Walter Sudhaus (Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) Prof. dr. Etiènne Geraert (Ghent University) Prof. dr. Gunther van Loon (Ghent University) MEMBERS OF THE EXAMINATION COMMITTEE: Prof. dr. Dominique Adriaens (chairman, Ghent University) Prof. dr. Wim Bert (secretary, promoter, Ghent University) Prof. dr. Tom Moens (promoter, Ghent University) Prof. dr. Walter Sudhaus (Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) Prof. dr. Etiènne Geraert (Ghent University) Prof. dr. Gunther van Loon (Ghent University) dr. Sofie Derycke (Ghent University) PUBLIC DEFENCE: Friday, June 28th 2013 at 5 pm Ghent University Auditorium 3, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my dad. You are dearly missed. ∞ “The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and science.” Albert Einstein Table of Contents DANKWOORD SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. i SAMENVATTING ........................................................................................................................................ vi CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE OF THE THESIS .................................. 1 PARASITISM IN THE PHYLUM NEMATODA ................................................................................................ 2 NEMATODES AS EQUINE PARASITES ........................................................................................................ 5 ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN EQUINE PARASITIC NEMATODES .................................................................. 7 NEMATODES AS FACULTATIVE PARASITES OF MAMMALS ............................................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH ORGANISM .......................................................................................... 9 THE GENUS HALICEPHALOBUS ........................................................................................................... 9 HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS .......................................................................................................... 11 RESEARCH AIMS ................................................................................................................................. 20 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS ...................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER II SEARCHING FOR A NEEDLE IN A HAYSTACK: FIRST RECORD OF HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS IN BELGIUM ............. 23 PART I FIRST RECORD OF FREE-LIVING HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS IN BELGIUM .......................................... 24 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 24 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 25 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................. 25 SAMPLING ................................................................................................................................... 25 SAMPLE ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 25 NEMATODE IDENTIFICATION ............................................................................................................ 26 CULTURE OF THE NEMATODES ......................................................................................................... 26 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 28 FIRST SAMPLING – SOIL AND MANURE HEAPS ..................................................................................... 28 SECOND SAMPLING – FRESH DUNG FROM STABLES .............................................................................. 28 THIRD SAMPLING – RECTAL FAECAL SAMPLE ....................................................................................... 29 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 31 ADDITIONAL ISOLATES ........................................................................................................................ 31 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 32 PART II MAXILLARY GRANULOMATOUS INFECTION CAUSED BY HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS IN A CONNEMARA MARE ............................... 33 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 33 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 34 CASE REPORT .................................................................................................................................... 35 CASE HISTORY ............................................................................................................................... 35 CLINICAL EXAMINATION .................................................................................................................. 36 NECROPSY ................................................................................................................................... 36 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 39 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER III ANTHELMINTIC TOLERANCE IN FREE-LIVING AND FACULTATIVE PARASITIC ISOLATES OF HALICEPHALOBUS GINGIVALIS .... 43 ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... 44 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 45 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................. 46 MAINTAINING CULTURES ................................................................................................................ 46 ANTHELMINTIC DRUGS ................................................................................................................... 47 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP .................................................................................................................... 47 EFFECT OF PRE-EXPOSURE ON ANTHELMINTIC TOLERANCE .................................................................... 49 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 49 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 50 THIABENDAZOLE (TBZ) .................................................................................................................. 50 IVERMECTIN (IVM) ....................................................................................................................... 52 RECOVERY CAPACITY AFTER DRUG TREATMENT ................................................................................... 53 INFLUENCE OF PRE-EXPOSURE ON ANTHELMINTIC TOLERANCE ............................................................... 54 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 55 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................... 55 TOLERANCE VERSUS RESISTANCE ...................................................................................................... 56 HALICEPHALOBUS AS A MODEL ORGANISM......................................................................................... 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................
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