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Polysiphonia Morrowii Harvey TÜRÜ ÜZERİNE TUZLULUĞUN ETKİLERİ

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Polysiphonia Morrowii Harvey TÜRÜ ÜZERİNE TUZLULUĞUN ETKİLERİ Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey TÜRÜ ÜZER İNE TUZLULU ĞUN ETK İLER İ Mihriban ÇET İN T.C. ULUDA Ğ ÜN İVERS İTES İ FEN B İLİMLER İ ENST İTÜSÜ Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey TÜRÜ ÜZER İNE TUZLULU ĞUN ETK İLER İ Mihriban ÇET İN Prof. Dr. Şükran DERE (Danı şman) YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ BİYOLOJ İ ANAB İLİM DALI BURSA-2014 U.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, tez yazım kurallarına uygun olarak hazırla- dı ğım bu tez çalışmasında; - tez içindeki bütün bilgi ve belgeleri akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde et- ti ğimi, - görsel, işitsel ve yazılı tüm bilgi ve sonuçları bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uy- gun olarak sunduğumu, - ba şkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda ilgili eserlere bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulundu ğumu, - atıfta bulundu ğum eserlerin tümünü kaynak olarak gösterdi ğimi, - kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapmadığımı, - ve bu tezin herhangi bir bölümünü bu üniversite veya ba şka bir üniversitede ba şka bir tez çalışması olarak sunmadığımı beyan ederim. 12/01/2014 Mihriban ÇET İN ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey TÜRÜ ÜZER İNE TUZLULU ĞUN ETK İLER İ Mihriban ÇET İN Uluda ğ Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı Danı şman: Prof. Dr. Şükran DERE Okyanusların artan sıcaklı ğının, yıllık döngü içerisinde buzların erken eriyip geç donmasına, artan ya ğışlara ve deniz suyunun tuzlulu ğunun azalmasına neden olaca ğı dü şünülmektedir. Deniz suyunun tuzlulu ğundaki de ğişimlerin, deniz yosunu komünitelerini etkilemesi beklenilmektedir. Bu çalı şmada deniz yosunlarının, tuzluluk de ğişimlerinden nasıl etkilenece ğini belirlemek amacıyla P. morrowii Harvey türü kullanılmı ştır. Deniz yosunu örnekleri, Gemlik Körfezi’ndeki Altınta ş istasyonundan Nisan 2013’te toplanıp laboratuvara getirilmi ş, di ğer de ğişkenler kontrol altında tutularak 4 farklı tuz deri şimine (‰10, ‰23, ‰33, ‰42) sahip ortamda 4 hafta boyunca kültüre alınmı ştır. Örneklerin toplam protein, klorofil-a, fikosiyanin, fikoeritrin, toplam fenol, toplam ya ğda ve suda çözünen antioksidan miktarları haftalık olarak ölçülürken, karbonik anhidraz aktivitesi ve toplam katı organik madde miktarları sadece son haftada belirlenmi ştir . P. morrowii türünün biyokimyasal özelliklerinin, tuzluluktan nasıl etkilendi ği belirlenmeye çalı şılmı ştır. Deney sonuçlarına göre genel olarak ‰33 tuz deri şimine sahip ortamdaki örneklerin; protein, fikosiyanin, toplam fenol, fikoeritrin, klorofil-a (‰42 hariç), suda çözünen antioksidan de ğerleri, di ğer uygulamalarda elde edilen de ğerlerden dü şük bulunmu ştur. ‰33 tuz deri şimine sahip ortamda yeti ştirilen P. morrowii türünün antioksidan özelli ğe sahip madde miktarlarının dü şük olması, bu türün ya şam alanının ‰33 tuz deri şimine sahip su ortamları olabilece ğini dü şündürmü ştür. P. morrowii türüne 2001 yıında Marzocchi ve ark. tarafından ilk kez Akdeniz’de rastlanmı ş olması türün Marmara’ya göre daha tuzlu bir ortamda ya şadı ğı fikrini do ğrulamaktadır. Toplam fenol, fikosiyanin, fikoeritrin, toplam protein, suda çözünen antioksidan de ğerleri ‰10, 23, 42 tuz deri şimlerinde; ya ğda çözünen antioksidan de ğerleri ‰10 tuz deri şimlerinde, daha yüksek seviyelerde saptanmı ştır. Yüksek antioksidan içerik, tuzlulu ğa tolerans ile ili şki göstermektedir. Klorofil-a de ğerleri ise dü şük tuz deri şimlerinde (‰10, ‰23) artı ş gösterirken ‰42 tuz deri şiminde azalma göstermi ştir. Di ğer yandan P. morrowii, yüksek tuz deri şimlerinde (‰33, ‰42) bünyesindeki toplam katı organik madde miktarını artırarak hücre içi yo ğunlu ğunu korumaya çalı şmı ştır. Türün karbonik anhidraz aktivitesi, tuzluluktan etkilenmi ş ve karbonik anhidraz de ğerleri, toplam katı organik madde miktarındaki de ğerlere benzerlik göstemi ştir. Yapılan çalı şma, P. morrowii türünün tuzluluk de ğişimlerinden etkilendi ğini göstermi ştir. Fakat P. morrowii çe şitli savunma stratejileri ile de ğişen tuzluluk ko şullarına uyum sa ğlayabilmi ş ve tuzlulu ğa toleranslı bir tür olarak belirlenmi ştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tuzluluk, Polysiphonia, Fenolik Bile şikler, Antioksidan 2014, ix+81 sayfa. i ABSTRACT MSc Thesis THE EFFECTS OF SALINITY ON Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey Mihriban ÇET İN Uludag University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Biology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Şükran DERE It is thought that the rise in temperature of oceans may cause the ice to melt early and to freze late in annual cycle, an increase in rainfall and a decrease in salinity of seawater. It is expected that the changes in salinity of sea water would affect communities of seaweeds. In this study, P. morrowii Harvey species was used in order to determine how seaweeds are affected by change in salinity of sea water. The seaweed samples were collected from Altıntas station in Gemlik Gulf and transported to the laboratory in April, 2013. The seaweeds were cultured for four weeks four different salt concentrations (10‰, 23‰, 33‰, 42‰) with other variables held constant. While the amounts of total protein, chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, total phenol, total water and oil soluble antioxidant were measured on weekly basis; activity of carbonic anhydrase and total solid organic matter was determined at the last week of the experiment. It has been tried to be determined how the biochemical characteristics of P. morrowii were affected by salinity. According to experiment results, total protein, phycocyanin, total phenol, phycoerythrin, chlorophyll-a (excluding 42‰) and water soluble antioxidant of the samples in the medium at 33‰ salinity were generally found to be lower than the levels obtained in other application. It has been thought that the living space of P. morrowii species may have 33‰ salinity because the antioxidant substance amounts of P. morowii species which were grown in the medium with 33‰ salinity was low. The first encounter with P. morrowii species in Mediterranean Sea in 2001 by Marzocchi and his friends confirms that this species inhabits a saltier environment than Marmara Sea. Total phenol, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, total protein and water soluble antioxidant levels were higher in 10‰, 23‰, 42‰ salt concentrations, wheras oil soluble antioxidant levels were higher in 10‰ salt concentrations. High antioxidant content is in relation with tolerance for salinity. The values of chlorophyll-a increased in low salt concentrations (10‰, 23‰) while it showed a decrease in 42‰ salt concentrations. On the other hand, P. morrowii tried to protect its intracellular density in high salt concentrations (33‰, 42‰) by increasing the amount of total solid organic matter in its structure. Carbonic anhydrase activity of the species was affected by salinity and showed a similar trend with that of total solid organic matter values. This study shows that P. morrowii species is affected by the changes in salinity. However, P. morowii is determined as a species which is tolerant to salinity because of its adaptation to changing salt concentrations with various defence mechanisms. Key words: Salinity, Polysiphonia, Phenolic compounds, Antioxidant 2014, ix+81 pages. ii TE ŞEKKÜR Tez çalı şmalarım süresince yakın ilgi ve deste ğini esirgemeyen, duygu ve dü şüncelerimi özenle dinleyip de ğerli fikirleriyle beni yönlendiren kıymetli tez danı şmanım Prof. Dr. Şükran DERE’ye , Tez konusunun seçilmesinde, metotların oturtulmasında ve kimyasal maddelerin temin edilmesinde yardımcı olan, deneysel çalı şmalarım sırasında tecrübelerini benimle payla şıp eme ğini ve zamanını harcayan, manevi olarak varlı ğı ile bana güç veren de ğerli hocam Ar ş. Gör. Dr. Gamze YILDIZ’a, Tezimin yazılması, de ğerlendirilmesi sırasında kendisinden çok kısa sürede çok şey öğrendi ğim, yardımlarını unutmayaca ğım de ğerli hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Egemen DERE’ye, Tez örne ğimin te şhisinde bana her türlü yardımda bulunan Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde görev yapmakta olan sayın Doç Dr. Hüseyin ERDU ĞAN’a ve kıymetli arkada şım Ali Rahmi Fırat’a, Arazi çalı şmalarım sırasında örneklerin toplanmasına katkıda bulunan Uluda ğ Üniversitesi Sualtı Toplulu ğu (USAT) üyelerine, Ömürleri boyunca bizim için çalı şıp bize tüm mutlulukları tattırmaya çalı şan, maddi ve manevi olarak ömrüm boyunca yanımda olup varlıklarıyla bana güç veren anneme ve babama, Bilgisayar ve ingilizce ile ilgili sorunlarımda bana yardımcı olan canım karde şim Şeref ÖZEN’e ve de ğerli arkada şım Ar ş. Gör. Mehmet SARIMAHMUT’a, Ara ştırmalarım ve i ş hayatım sırasında beni anlayı şla kar şılayıp bana destek olan, tezimin edebí ve biçimsel açıdan de ğerlendirilmesine katkıda bulunan de ğerli e şim Bünyamin ÇET İN’e, Son olarak da hayattaki varlı ğıyla bana güç ve mutluluk veren kızım Zeynep Tanem ÇET İN’e, sonsuz te şekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Mihriban ÇET İN 12/01/2014 iii İÇİNDEK İLER Sayfa ÖZET...................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ii TE ŞEKKÜR ........................................................................................................... iii SİMGE ve KISALTMALAR D İZİNİ .................................................................... vi ŞEK İLLER D İZİNİ ................................................................................................ viii ÇİZELGELER D İZİNİ ......................................................................................... ix 1. GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................
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