DOCSLIB.ORG

Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Practicable, a Standard Permitting Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Stand- Source Category No Discharge of Pollutants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Practicable, a Standard Permitting Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Stand- Source Category No Discharge of Pollutants 33170 PROPOSED RULES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION which the Administrator determines to process employed and the sources of . AGENCY be achievable through application of the waste and waste waters in the opera- best available demonstrated control tion; and (2) the constituents of all ["40 CFR Part 421] technology, processes, operating meth- waste water. The constituents of the EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES ods, or other alternatives, including, waste waters which should be subject to where Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point practicable, a standard permitting effluent limitations guidelines and stand- Source Category no discharge of pollutants. ards of performance were identified. Section 306(b) (1) (B) of the Act re- The control and treatment technolo- Notice is hereby given that effluent quires the Administrator to propose gies existing within each segment were limitations guidelines for existing sources regulations establishing Federal stand- identified. This included an identifica- and standards of performance and pre- ards of performance for categories of tion of each distinct control and treat- treatment standards for new sources set new sources included in a list published ment technology, including both in- forth in tentative form below are pro- pursuant to section 306(b) (1) (A) of the plant and end-of-process technologies, posed by the Environmental Protection Act. The Administrator published in the whch are existent or capable of being Agency (EPA) for the bauxite refining FEDERAL REGISTER of January 16, 1973 designed for each segment. It also in- subcategory (Subpart A), the primary (38 FR 1624), a list of 27 source cate- cluded an identification of, In terms of aluminum smelting subcategory (Sub- gories, includinE the nonferrous metals the amount of constituents and the part B), and the secondary aluminum category. The regulations proposed chemical, physical, and biological char- smelting subcategory (Subpart C), of the herein set forth the standards of per- acteristics of pollutants, the effluent aluminum segment of" the nonferrous formance applicable to new sources for level resulting from the application of metals manufacturing category of point the bauxite refining subcategory (Sub- each of the technologies. The problems, sources pursuant to sections 301, 304 (b) part A), the primary aluminum smelt- limitations and reliability of each treat- and (c), 306(b) and 307(c) of the Fed- ing subcategory (Subpart B), and the ment and control technology were also eral Water Pollution Control Act, as secondary aluminum smelting subeate- identified. In addition, the non-water amended (33 U.S.C. 1251, 1311, 1314 (b) gory (Subpart C), of the nonferrous quality environmental impact, such as and (c), 1316(b) and 1317(c); 86 Stat. metals manufacturing category. the effects of the application of such 816 et seq.; P.L. 92-500) (the "Act"). Section 307(c) of the Act requires the technologies upon other pollution prob- (a) Legal authority. (1) Existing Administrator to promulgate pretreat- lems, including air, solid waste, noise point sources. Section 301(b) of the Act ment standards for new sources at the and radiation were identified. The en- requires the achievement by not later same time that standards of performance ergy requirements of each control and than July 1, 1977, of effluent limitations for new sources are promulgated pursu- treatment technology were determined for point sources, other than publicly ant to section 306. Sections 421.15, 421.25, as well as the cost of the application of owned treatment works, which require and 421.35, proposed below provide pre- the application of such technologies. the best practicable treatment standards for new sources The information, as outlined above, control technology currently available within the bauxite refining subcategory as defined by was then evaluated in order to determine the Administrator pursuant (Subpart A), the primary aluminum what levels of technology constitute the to section 304(b) of the Act. Section smelting subcategory (Subpart B), and "best practicable control technology 301(b) also requires the achievement by the secondary aluminum smelting sub- not later than July 1, 1983, currently available," the "best available of effluent category (Subpart C), of the nonferrous technology economically achievable" and limitations for point sources, other than metals category. publicly owned the "best available demonstrated con- treatment works, which Section 304(c) of the Act requires the trol technology, processes, operating require tfie application of best available Administrator to issue to the States and technology economically methods, or other alternatives." In iden- achievable appropriate water pollution control tifying such technologies, various factors which will result in reasonable further agencies information on the processes, progress toward the national goal of were considered. These included the procedures or operating methods which total cost Qf application of technology eliminating the discharge of all pol- result in the elimination or reduction of lutants, in relation to the effluent reduction bene- as determined in accordance the dischargelof pollutants to implement fits to be achieved from such application, with regulations issued by the Admin- standards of performance under section istrator pursuant to section 304(b) of the the age of equipment and facilities in- 306 of the Act. The Development Docu- volved, the process employed, the Act. ments referred to below provide, pursu- en- ant gineering aspects of the application of Section 304(b) of the Act requires the to section 304(c) of the Act, infor- various types of control techniques, Administrator to publish regulations mation on such processes, procedures or process changes, non-water providing guidelines for effluent limita- operating methods. quality en- (b) vironmental impact (including energy tions setting forth the degree of effluent Summary and Basis of Proposed requirements) and other reductioh attainable through the appli- Effluent Limitations Guidelines for factors. cation of the best practicable control Existing Sources and Standards of Per- The data upon which the above an- technology currently available and the forinance and Pretreatment Standards alysis was performed included EPA per- for New Sources. mit applications, EPA sampling and in- degree of effluent reduction attainable spections, consultant reports, and indus- through the application of the best con- (1) General methodology. The effluent trol measures and practices try submissions. achievable limitations guidelines and standards of The pretreatment standards proposed including treatment techniques, process performance Piroposed herein were devel- and procedure innovations, operating herein are intended to be complementary oped in the following manner. The point to the pretreatment standards proposed methods and other alternatives. The reg- source category was first studied for the ulations proposed herein for existing sources under Part 128 of set forth effluent purpose of determining whether sepa- 40 CPR. The basis for such standards limitations guidelines, pursuant to sec- rate ;limitations and standards are ap- tion 304(b) of the Act, for the are set forth in the FDr.RAL REoIsTrn of bauxite propriate for different segments within July 19, 1973, (38 FR 19230.) The pro- refining subcategory (Subpart A), the the.category. This analysis included a primary aluminum smelting subcategory visions of Part 128 are equally applicable determination of whether differences in to sources which would constitute "new (Subpart B), and the secondary alumi- raw material used, product produced, num smelting subcategory (Subpart C), sources," under section 306 if they were manufacturing process employed, age, to discharge pollutants directly to navi- of the nonferrous metals manufacturing size, waste water constituents and other category. gable waters, except for § 128.133. That factors require development of separate section- provides a pretreatment stand- (2) New sources. Section 306 of the limitations and standards for different ard for "Incompatible pollutants" which Act requires the achievement by new segments of the point source category. sources of a Federal standard of per- The raw waste characteristics for each requires application of the "best practi- formance providing for the control of the such segment were then identified. This cable control tedhnology currently avail- discharge of pollutants which reflects included an analysis of (1) the source, able," subject to an adjustment for the greatest degree of effluent reduction flow and volume of water used in the amounts of pollutants removed by the FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 38, NO. 230-FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 1973 PROPOSED RULES 33171 publicly owned treatment works. Since dense than molten aluminum, and is kept and purifying aluminum-bearing scrap standards proposed molten In a carbon crucible kmown as a to produce an alloy of marketable speci- the pretreatment the secondary alu- herein apply to new sources, § 421.15, "celr" or "pot". The carbon crucible fications. Generally, below amend § 128.133 serves as the cathode, and a carbon minum Industry gathers scrap from a 421.25 and 421.35 the to require application of the standard block, or blocks, serves as the anode. number of sources and then uses new sources- rather Electrolysis decomposes the alumina aluminum contained in the scrap to pro- of performance for second- than the "best practicable" standard into aluminum and oxygen,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eparation of the Purest Aluminum Chemicals
    III. MINERAL COMMODITIES A. INDIVIDUAL MINERAL COMMODITY REVIEWS ALUMINA & ALUMINUM A. Commodity Summary Aluminum, the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, is usually combined with silicon and oxygen in rock. Rock that contains high concentrations of aluminum hydroxide minerals is called bauxite. Although bauxite, with rare exceptions, is the starting material for the production of aluminum, the industry generally refers to metallurgical grade alumina extracted from bauxite by the Bayer Process, as the ore. Aluminum is obtained by electrolysis of this purified ore.1 The United States is entirely dependent on foreign sources for metallurgical grade bauxite. Bauxite imports are shipped to domestic alumina plants, which produce smelter grade alumina for the primary metal industry. These alumina refineries are in Louisiana, Texas, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.2 The United States must also import alumina to supplement this domestic production. Approximately 95 percent of the total bauxite consumed in the United States during 1994 was for the production of alumina. Primary aluminum smelters received 88 percent of the alumina supply. Fifteen companies operate 23 primary aluminum reduction plants. In 1994, Montana, Oregon, and Washington accounted for 35 percent of the production; Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee combined to account for 20 percent; other states accounted for the remaining 45 percent. The United States is the world’s leading producer and the leading consumer of primary aluminum metal. Domestic consumption in 1994 was as follows: packaging, 30 percent; transportation, 26 percent; building, 17 percent; electrical, 9 percent; consumer durables, 8 percent; and other miscellaneous uses, 10 percent.
    [Show full text]
  • FOILING the ALUMINUM INDUSTRY: a TOOLKIT for COMMUNITIES, ACTIVISTS, CONSUMERS, and WORKERS by International Rivers Network FOILING the ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
    FOILING THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY: A TOOLKIT FOR COMMUNITIES, ACTIVISTS, CONSUMERS, AND WORKERS by International Rivers Network FOILING THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY: A TOOLKIT FOR COMMUNITIES, ACTIVISTS, CONSUMERS, AND WORKERS By Glenn Switkes Published by International Rivers Network, August 2005 Copyright © 2005 International Rivers Network 1847 Berkeley Way Berkeley, CA 94703 USA IRN gratefully acknowledges the support of The Overbrook Foundation, whose funding made this toolkit possible. Design by: Design Action Collective Graphic chart: Soft Horizons & Chartbot Foiling the Aluminum Industry Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY TODAY AND TOMORROW ................................................................3 FIRST STEP : ..............................................................................................................5 Stripping forests for bauxite ................................................................................5 Stripping the Amazon ..........................................................................................6 Bauxite mining brings violence against indigenous people ......................................8 SECOND STEP : ............................................................................................................9 Alumina refining—white powder and red mud ........................................................9 Jamaicans demand to know whether their water supplies
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Recovery from Bauxite Tailings Red Mud by Thermal Reduction with Blast Furnace Sludge
    applied sciences Article Iron Recovery from Bauxite Tailings Red Mud by Thermal Reduction with Blast Furnace Sludge Davide Mombelli * , Silvia Barella , Andrea Gruttadauria and Carlo Mapelli Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 1, Milano 20156, Italy; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (C.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-02-2399-8660 Received: 26 September 2019; Accepted: 9 November 2019; Published: 15 November 2019 Abstract: More than 100 million tons of red mud were produced annually in the world over the short time range from 2011 to 2018. Red mud represents one of the metallurgical by-products more difficult to dispose of due to the high alkalinity (pH 10–13) and storage techniques issues. Up to now, economically viable commercial processes for the recovery and the reuse of these waste were not available. Due to the high content of iron oxide (30–60% wt.) red mud ranks as a potential raw material for the production of iron through a direct route. In this work, a novel process at the laboratory scale to produce iron sponge ( 1300 C) or cast iron (> 1300 C) using blast furnace ≤ ◦ ◦ sludge as a reducing agent is presented. Red mud-reducing agent mixes were reduced in a muffle furnace at 1200, 1300, and 1500 ◦C for 15 min. Pure graphite and blast furnace sludges were used as reducing agents with different equivalent carbon concentrations. The results confirmed the blast furnace sludge as a suitable reducing agent to recover the iron fraction contained in the red mud.
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery of Value Added Products from Red Mud and Foundry Bag
    RECOVERY OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM RED MUD AND FOUNDRY BAG-HOUSE DUST by Keegan Hammond i A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering). Golden, Colorado Date ______________ Signed: ____________________________ Keegan Hammond Signed: ____________________________ Dr. Brajendra Mishra Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date ______________ Signed: ____________________________ Dr. Chester VanTyne Interim Department Head Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ii ABSTRACT “Waste is wasted if you waste it, otherwise it is a resource. Resource is wasted if you ignore it and do not conserve it with holistic best practices and reduce societal costs. Resource is for the transformation of people and society.”1 Red mud is a worldwide problem with reserves in the hundreds of millions of tons and tens of millions of tons being added annually. Currently there is not an effective way to deal with this byproduct of the Bayer Process, the primary means of refining bauxite ore in order to provide alumina. This alumina is then treated by electrolysis using the Hall-Héroult process to produce elemental aluminum. The resulting mud is a mixture of solid and metallic oxides, and has proven to be a great disposal problem. This disposal problem is compounded by the fact that the typical bauxite processing plant produces up to three times as much red mud as alumina. Current practice of disposal is to store red mud in retention ponds until an economical fix can be discovered.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Red Mud Content on Strength and Efflorescence in Pavement Using Alkali-Activated Slag Cement
    International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials DOI 10.1186/s40069-018-0258-3 ISSN 1976-0485 / eISSN 2234-1315 Effect of Red Mud Content on Strength and Efflorescence in Pavement using Alkali-Activated Slag Cement Kim Hyeok-Jung1), Suk-Pyo Kang2),* , and Gyeong-Cheol Choe3) (Received September 28, 2017, Accepted February 6, 2018) Abstract: Efflorescence which severely occurs in alkali-activated slag cement can cause reduction of strength and durability due to calcium leaching. In the work, efflorescence characteristics in pavement containing red mud which can be affected by strong alkaline were investigated through various tests such as compressive strength, porosity, absorption, efflorescence area, alkali leaching content, and properties of the efflorescence compound. The compressive strength of pavement was evaluated to be higher over 15.0 MPa in all cases regardless of replacement ratio of red-mud and binder type, which can provide a reasonable strength for walking and bike lanes. The pavement with red mud was applicable to parking lots only when the replacement ratio of red-mud is within 10%. The efflorescence area increased with a higher replacement ratio of red mud and its propagation appeared though the efflorescence was removed through evaporation of moisture. However, the area of efflorescence gradually decreased with the repetition of the test. Keywords: pavement, alkali-activated slag cement, red mud, efflorescence, compaction. 1. Introduction 2017; Kang 2016). Another effort for utilizing red mud as an activator has been made for alkali slag red mud cement in With increasing significance of human-friendly environ- the construction industry, which is so called clinker-free ment and sustainability, eco-friendly pavement materials cement (Gonga and Yang 2000; Pan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Radioactivity in Egyptian and Industrially Used Australian Bauxites and Its Tailing Red Mud
    NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN EGYPTIAN AND INDUSTRIALLY USED AUSTRALIAN BAUXITES AND ITS TAILING RED MUD. N. ffiRAHIEM ' XA9953147 National Center for Nuclear Safety & Radiation Control, AEA, Cairo, Egypt T. ABD EL MAKSOUD ,B.EL EZABY , A.NADA, H.ABU ZEID . Physics Department,Women's College, Ain Shams University, Cario, Egypt Abstract Red mud is produced in considerable masses as a waste product in the production of aluminum from bauxite. It may be used for industrial or agricultural purposes. According to it's genesis by weathering and sedimentation bauxites contain high concentrations of uranium and thorium. Three Egyptian bauxites , Australian industry used buaxite and its red mud tailing were analyzed by a high resolution gamma spectrometer, with a hyper pure germanium detector. The three Egyptian bauxites show high concentrations in uranium series, and around 120 Bq kg"1 for uranium -235. K-40 concentrations for these samples ranged from 289 to 575 Bq kg"1. Thorium series concentrations show lower values. The industrially used bauxite shows very low concentrations for all radioactive nuclides. Its tailing red mud as a low level radioactive waste LLRW, shows low concentrations for uranium - series, thorium - series and also 40K, so it is recommended to be used in industrial and agricultural purposes, which is not permissible for the normal red mud. Introduction Laterites vary widely in composition, but most contain aluminum hydroxides and iron hydroxides and oxides, mixed with a little residual quartz. A rare variety called bauxite is almost pure hydrous aluminum oxide AI2O3 nH^O, and hence valuable as an ore of aluminum production. [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamental Study of Red Mud Based Fluxes for Desulphurization and Dephosphorization of Hot Metal
    FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF RED MUD BASED FLUXES FOR DESULPHURIZATION AND DEPHOSPHORIZATION OF HOT METAL by Abdolkarim Danaei B.Sc. Isfahan University of Technology, Iran, 1985 M.Sc. Sharif University of Technology, Iran, 1993 A dissertation presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Program of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2015 © Abdolkarim Danaei, 2015 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION FOR SUBMISSION OF ELECTRONIC DISSERTATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this dissertation. This is a true copy of the dissertation, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this dissertation to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this dissertation by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my dissertation may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF RED MUD BASED FLUXES FOR DESULPHURIZATION AND DEPHOSPHORIZATION OF HOT METAL Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Abdolkarim Danaei B.Sc. Isfahan University of Technology, Iran M.Sc. Sharif University of Technology, Iran Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Ryerson University Bauxite residue, also known as red mud, is generated during alumina production and is an abundant industrial waste material. Continuously increasing environmental concerns, together with scarcity of traditional mineral resources, have created a thrust to re-use the material. Red mud contains significant amounts of iron oxide and sodium hydroxide, hence a highly basic (pH > 10) slurry.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Capture and Storage Realising the Potential? Energy Materials Availability Handbook Introduction
    A handbook by the Technology and Policy Assessment theme of the UK Energy Research Centre Carbon Capture and Storage Realising the potential? Energy Materials Availability Handbook Introduction Welcome to the Energy Materials Availability Handbook (EMAH), a brief guide to some of the materials that are critical components in low carbon energy technologies. In recent years concern has grown regarding the availability of a host of materials critical to the development and manufacturing of low carbon technologies. In this handbook we examine 10 materials or material groups, presenting the pertinent facts regarding their production, resources, and other issues surrounding their availability. Three pages of summary are devoted to each material or material group. A ‘how to use’ guide is provided on the following pages. The UK Energy Research Centre, which is funded by Research Councils UK, carries out world-class research into sustainable future energy systems. It is the hub of UK energy research and the gateway between the UK and the international energy research communities. Our interdisciplinary, whole systems research informs UK policy development and research strategy. Follow us on Twitter @UKERCHQ Authors Jamie Speirs Bill Gross Rob Gross Yassine Houari Selection of Materials Concern over the availability of low carbon materials is increasing, with numerous materials highlighted throughout the debate. Identifying which materials are most important is therefore a complex and potentially subjective process. To select the 10 materials presented here we first systematically reviewed the literature on materials criticality assessment, focusing on materials with particular relevance to low-carbon energy technologies. We then normalised the results of these assessments.
    [Show full text]
  • A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY A Partial Glossary of Spanish Geological Terms Exclusive of Most Cognates by Keith R. Long Open-File Report 91-0579 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1991 Preface In recent years, almost all countries in Latin America have adopted democratic political systems and liberal economic policies. The resulting favorable investment climate has spurred a new wave of North American investment in Latin American mineral resources and has improved cooperation between geoscience organizations on both continents. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has responded to the new situation through cooperative mineral resource investigations with a number of countries in Latin America. These activities are now being coordinated by the USGS's Center for Inter-American Mineral Resource Investigations (CIMRI), recently established in Tucson, Arizona. In the course of CIMRI's work, we have found a need for a compilation of Spanish geological and mining terminology that goes beyond the few Spanish-English geological dictionaries available. Even geologists who are fluent in Spanish often encounter local terminology oijerga that is unfamiliar. These terms, which have grown out of five centuries of mining tradition in Latin America, and frequently draw on native languages, usually cannot be found in standard dictionaries. There are, of course, many geological terms which can be recognized even by geologists who speak little or no Spanish.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Letter to the Swedish Government
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 23.XII.2008 C(2008) 8997 PUBLIC VERSION WORKING LANGUAGE This document is made available for information purposes only. Subject: N 143/2008 – Slovak Republic ZSNP a.s. Sir, 1. PROCEDURE By letter dated 18 March 2008, registered on the same day (A/5354), the Slovak authorities notified to the Commission of the above mentioned individual ad hoc aid measure, in accordance with Article 88 (3) of the EC Treaty. The Commission asked for additional information by letters of 22 April 2008 (D/51615), 11 July 2008 (D/52763) and 19 September 2008 (D/53604). The Slovak authorities submitted the requested information by letters of 14 May 2008, registered on the same day (A/8922), 6 August 2008, registered on the same day (A/16455), 31 October 2008, registered on the same day (A/23014), 18 November 2008, registered on the same day (A/ 24606) and on 18 December 2008, registered on the same day (A/27397). 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE MEASURE 2.1 Objective The primary objective of the notified ad hoc aid measure is the remediation of an industrial site contaminated by the production of primary aluminium from bauxite ore through isolation of a mud disposal site in order to avoid seepage of rain waters through disposal site and creation of alkaline waters with pH 13.5. More specifically, the aid measure is aimed at: Commission européenne, B-1049 Bruxelles / Europese Commissie, B-1049 Brussel - Belgium. Telephone: (32-2) 299 11 11. - eliminating risks of contamination of the adjacent lands, surface and underground water by alkaline water; - significant decrease of infiltration of rain water into the mud disposal site, - ensuring the stability of mud disposal site (prevention from landfall and erosion); - eliminating dust emissions; - increase in landscape aesthetic level of the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Reductive Smelting of Red Mud for Iron Recovery
    Chemie Ingenieur Research Article 1535 Technik Reductive Smelting of Red Mud for Iron Recovery Frank Kaußen*, and Bernd Friedrich DOI: 10.1002/cite.201500067 The reductive smelting of red mud is calculated and investigated regarding the necessary amount of reduction agents and the final composition of the pig iron phase and the mineral (slag) phase as products of the process. Liquidus temperatures of slags with three different compositions are calculated during the reduction process and in dependency of the remaining sodium content in the slag. All calculations were done with FactSage and the results are confirmed by smelting experi- ments in a lab scale electric arc furnace. Keywords: Bauxite residue, Carbothermic reduction, Iron recovery, Red mud Received: June 02, 2015; revised: August 10, 2015; accepted: August 31, 2015 1 Introduction Table 1. Composition of different red muds and composition of the raw material used in the experiments. Red mud is the so-called bauxite residue after the solid- Component Average Red mud After After re-leaching liquid separation from alkaline high pressure leaching of [wt %] red mud Lu¨nen re-leaching with CaO (CaO/ aluminum bearing bauxite ore. Depending on the composi- (Germany) SiO2 ~ 0.5) tion of the primary mineral deposit, 4 – 7 t bauxite are nec- essary to gain 2 t alumina in order to produce 1 t aluminum Fe2O3 30 – 50 29.5 35.5 34.7 [1]. The leaching process is very selective on the extraction Al2O3 10 – 20 27 18.3 17.7 of aluminum and gallium and the undissolved minerals SiO 5 – 20 13.1 14.9 15 remain in the residue.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Measures of Air Pollution Control in the Iron and Steel Industry
    COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Technical measures of air pollution control in the iron and steel industry Reports and information on research work subsidized by the ECSC as at June 1968 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Technical measures of air pollution control in the iron and steel industry Reports and information on research work subsidized by the ECSC as at June 1968 Prepared by Kurt Guthmann and Gerhard Will CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 7 1. Introduction 1.1 Sources of air pollution in the iron and steel industry 9 1.2 ECSC activity in the field of air pollution control 13 1.3 Research and information groups ' 13 2. Dust and gas measurement 15 2.0 Scope and problems 15 2.1 Comparison and improvement of existing measuring instruments and methods and development of new ones ". 16 2.11 Comparison of sampling instruments and methods (Study PS 150) 16 2.12 Development of a portable dust-measuring instrument with a large air sample capacity (Study PS 139) 16 2.13 Micropore membranes (Study PS 10) 18 2.14 Research on the development of a simple method for determining free S1O2 content (Study PS 37) 18 2.15 Establishment of an international microscopic counting standard (Study PS 135) 18 2.16 Experimental electro-acoustic particle-size measurement (Study PS 141) 20 2.17 Establishing the source of dusts (Study PS 35) 22 2.18 Development of dust-measurement recording instruments (Studies PS 15 and PS 138) ... 22 2.2 Measurements of the dustiness of working areas 24 2.21 Dust survey in German steelworks (Study PS 20) 25 2.22 Dust survey in Italian steelworks (Studies PS 11 and 12) 25 2.23 Dust survey in Luxembourg steelworks (Studies PS 49 and PS 144) 26 2.24 Dust survey in Dutch foundries (Study PS 17) 27 2.3 Research on dust and gas emissions and their ground level concentration 27 2.31 Research on fluorine —and SO2 —containing waste gases discharged by steelworks (Study PS 129) 27 2.32 Detection and removal of fluorine in waste gases (Study PS 149) 28 3.
    [Show full text]