VALUE ADDED METAL EXTRACTION from RED MUD Department Of
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Eparation of the Purest Aluminum Chemicals
III. MINERAL COMMODITIES A. INDIVIDUAL MINERAL COMMODITY REVIEWS ALUMINA & ALUMINUM A. Commodity Summary Aluminum, the third most abundant element in the earth's crust, is usually combined with silicon and oxygen in rock. Rock that contains high concentrations of aluminum hydroxide minerals is called bauxite. Although bauxite, with rare exceptions, is the starting material for the production of aluminum, the industry generally refers to metallurgical grade alumina extracted from bauxite by the Bayer Process, as the ore. Aluminum is obtained by electrolysis of this purified ore.1 The United States is entirely dependent on foreign sources for metallurgical grade bauxite. Bauxite imports are shipped to domestic alumina plants, which produce smelter grade alumina for the primary metal industry. These alumina refineries are in Louisiana, Texas, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.2 The United States must also import alumina to supplement this domestic production. Approximately 95 percent of the total bauxite consumed in the United States during 1994 was for the production of alumina. Primary aluminum smelters received 88 percent of the alumina supply. Fifteen companies operate 23 primary aluminum reduction plants. In 1994, Montana, Oregon, and Washington accounted for 35 percent of the production; Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee combined to account for 20 percent; other states accounted for the remaining 45 percent. The United States is the world’s leading producer and the leading consumer of primary aluminum metal. Domestic consumption in 1994 was as follows: packaging, 30 percent; transportation, 26 percent; building, 17 percent; electrical, 9 percent; consumer durables, 8 percent; and other miscellaneous uses, 10 percent. -
Study on New Desilication Technology of High Silica Bauxite
2016 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering (SEEE 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-408-0 Study on New Desilication Technology of High Silica Bauxite Hai-yun XIE 1, Chao DING 1, Peng-fei ZHANG 1,2 , Lu-zheng CHEN 1, and Xiong-TONG 1 1Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China 2State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resource Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093, China Keywords: High silicon bauxite, Desilication, Gravity separation, Froth flotation. Abstract: There are abundant diasporic bauxite resource in China. The gravity separation and flotation process are utilized for treating this kind of ore. When the ore grinding fineness is -200 mesh 80%, the qualified bauxite concentrate can be obtained, and it contains Al 2O3 71.62%, SiO 2 8.94%, and its Al 2O3 recovery rate is 75.43%, A/S is 8.02.Compared with single flotation process, it can be reduced for the dosage flotation reagent and the cost of mineral processing. Introduction China's bauxite resources are rich, the amount of resources of 1.914 billion, ranking the fifth in the world, but more than 80% are medium and low grade ore, Aluminum silicon ratio (A/S) between 4 to 7 of the bauxite accounted for 59.5%. These minerals can not meet the basic conditions for the production of alumina by Bayer process. (A/S>8) [1]. The vast majority of China's bauxite belong to high-alumina, high-silicon, fine-grained embedded diaspore-type bauxite, so the bauxite is difficult to concentrate. -
FOILING the ALUMINUM INDUSTRY: a TOOLKIT for COMMUNITIES, ACTIVISTS, CONSUMERS, and WORKERS by International Rivers Network FOILING the ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
FOILING THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY: A TOOLKIT FOR COMMUNITIES, ACTIVISTS, CONSUMERS, AND WORKERS by International Rivers Network FOILING THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY: A TOOLKIT FOR COMMUNITIES, ACTIVISTS, CONSUMERS, AND WORKERS By Glenn Switkes Published by International Rivers Network, August 2005 Copyright © 2005 International Rivers Network 1847 Berkeley Way Berkeley, CA 94703 USA IRN gratefully acknowledges the support of The Overbrook Foundation, whose funding made this toolkit possible. Design by: Design Action Collective Graphic chart: Soft Horizons & Chartbot Foiling the Aluminum Industry Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY TODAY AND TOMORROW ................................................................3 FIRST STEP : ..............................................................................................................5 Stripping forests for bauxite ................................................................................5 Stripping the Amazon ..........................................................................................6 Bauxite mining brings violence against indigenous people ......................................8 SECOND STEP : ............................................................................................................9 Alumina refining—white powder and red mud ........................................................9 Jamaicans demand to know whether their water supplies -
Iron Recovery from Bauxite Tailings Red Mud by Thermal Reduction with Blast Furnace Sludge
applied sciences Article Iron Recovery from Bauxite Tailings Red Mud by Thermal Reduction with Blast Furnace Sludge Davide Mombelli * , Silvia Barella , Andrea Gruttadauria and Carlo Mapelli Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 1, Milano 20156, Italy; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (C.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-02-2399-8660 Received: 26 September 2019; Accepted: 9 November 2019; Published: 15 November 2019 Abstract: More than 100 million tons of red mud were produced annually in the world over the short time range from 2011 to 2018. Red mud represents one of the metallurgical by-products more difficult to dispose of due to the high alkalinity (pH 10–13) and storage techniques issues. Up to now, economically viable commercial processes for the recovery and the reuse of these waste were not available. Due to the high content of iron oxide (30–60% wt.) red mud ranks as a potential raw material for the production of iron through a direct route. In this work, a novel process at the laboratory scale to produce iron sponge ( 1300 C) or cast iron (> 1300 C) using blast furnace ≤ ◦ ◦ sludge as a reducing agent is presented. Red mud-reducing agent mixes were reduced in a muffle furnace at 1200, 1300, and 1500 ◦C for 15 min. Pure graphite and blast furnace sludges were used as reducing agents with different equivalent carbon concentrations. The results confirmed the blast furnace sludge as a suitable reducing agent to recover the iron fraction contained in the red mud. -
PRODUCTION and REFINING of METALS (Electrolytic C25); PRETREATMENT of RAW MATERIALS
C22B PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS (electrolytic C25); PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS Definition statement This subclass/group covers: Metallurgical or chemical processes for producing or recovering metals from metal compounds, ores, waste or scrap metal and for refining metal. Included in this subclass are processes drawn to: the production of metal by smelting, roasting or furnace method; the extraction of metal compounds from ore and concentrates by wet processes; electrochemical treatment of ores and metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys; apparatus thereof; preliminary treatment of ores, concentrates and scrap; general process for refining or remelting metals; apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals; obtaining specific metals; consolidating metalliferous charges or treating agents that are subsequently used in other processes of this subclass, by agglomerating, compacting, indurating or sintering. Relationship between large subject matter areas This subclass covers the treatment, e.g. decarburization, of metallferrous material for purposes of refining. C21C, C21D and C22F provide decarburization of metal for modifying the physical structure of ferrous and nonferrous metals or alloys, respectively. C22B also possesses groups for obtaining metals including obtaining metals by chemical processes, and obtaining metal compounds by metallurgical processes. Thus, for example, group C22B 11/00 covers the production of silver by reduction of ammoniacal silver oxide in solution, and group C22B 25/00 covers the -
Iron-Rich Bauxite and Bayer Red Muds Yingyi Zhang, Yuanhong Qi and Jiaxin Li
Chapter Aluminum Mineral Processing and Metallurgy: Iron-Rich Bauxite and Bayer Red Muds Yingyi Zhang, Yuanhong Qi and Jiaxin Li Abstract Bauxite is the main source for alumina production. With the rapid development of iron and steel industry and aluminum industry, high-quality iron ore and bauxite resources become increasingly tense. However, a lot of iron-rich bauxite and Bayer red mud resources have not been timely and effectively recycled, resulting in serious problems of environmental pollution and wastage of resources. The com- prehensive utilization of iron-rich bauxite and red mud is still a worldwide problem. The industrial stockpiling is not a fundamental way to solve the problems of iron- rich bauxite and red mud. As to the recovery of valuable metals from iron-rich bauxite and red mud, there are a lot of technical and cost problems, which are serious impediments to industrial development. Applying red mud as construction materials like cement, soil ameliorant applications face the problem of Na, Cr, As leaching into the environment. However, the high-temperature reduction, smelting and alkaline leaching process is a feasible method to recover iron and alumina from iron-rich bauxite and red mud. This chapter intends to provide the reader an overview on comprehensive utilization technology of the low-grade iron-rich bauxite and Bayer red mud sources. Keywords: bauxite, iron-rich bauxite, Bayer red mud, Bayer process, magnetic separation, reduction and smelting process 1. Introduction With 8.30%, aluminum is the third element in the earth’s crust after the oxygen and the silicon, and for that reason, aluminum minerals are abundant with more than 250 kinds. -
Recovery of Value Added Products from Red Mud and Foundry Bag
RECOVERY OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM RED MUD AND FOUNDRY BAG-HOUSE DUST by Keegan Hammond i A thesis submitted to the Faculty and the Board of Trustees of the Colorado School of Mines in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Metallurgical and Materials Engineering). Golden, Colorado Date ______________ Signed: ____________________________ Keegan Hammond Signed: ____________________________ Dr. Brajendra Mishra Thesis Advisor Golden, Colorado Date ______________ Signed: ____________________________ Dr. Chester VanTyne Interim Department Head Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ii ABSTRACT “Waste is wasted if you waste it, otherwise it is a resource. Resource is wasted if you ignore it and do not conserve it with holistic best practices and reduce societal costs. Resource is for the transformation of people and society.”1 Red mud is a worldwide problem with reserves in the hundreds of millions of tons and tens of millions of tons being added annually. Currently there is not an effective way to deal with this byproduct of the Bayer Process, the primary means of refining bauxite ore in order to provide alumina. This alumina is then treated by electrolysis using the Hall-Héroult process to produce elemental aluminum. The resulting mud is a mixture of solid and metallic oxides, and has proven to be a great disposal problem. This disposal problem is compounded by the fact that the typical bauxite processing plant produces up to three times as much red mud as alumina. Current practice of disposal is to store red mud in retention ponds until an economical fix can be discovered. -
Effect of Red Mud Content on Strength and Efflorescence in Pavement Using Alkali-Activated Slag Cement
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials DOI 10.1186/s40069-018-0258-3 ISSN 1976-0485 / eISSN 2234-1315 Effect of Red Mud Content on Strength and Efflorescence in Pavement using Alkali-Activated Slag Cement Kim Hyeok-Jung1), Suk-Pyo Kang2),* , and Gyeong-Cheol Choe3) (Received September 28, 2017, Accepted February 6, 2018) Abstract: Efflorescence which severely occurs in alkali-activated slag cement can cause reduction of strength and durability due to calcium leaching. In the work, efflorescence characteristics in pavement containing red mud which can be affected by strong alkaline were investigated through various tests such as compressive strength, porosity, absorption, efflorescence area, alkali leaching content, and properties of the efflorescence compound. The compressive strength of pavement was evaluated to be higher over 15.0 MPa in all cases regardless of replacement ratio of red-mud and binder type, which can provide a reasonable strength for walking and bike lanes. The pavement with red mud was applicable to parking lots only when the replacement ratio of red-mud is within 10%. The efflorescence area increased with a higher replacement ratio of red mud and its propagation appeared though the efflorescence was removed through evaporation of moisture. However, the area of efflorescence gradually decreased with the repetition of the test. Keywords: pavement, alkali-activated slag cement, red mud, efflorescence, compaction. 1. Introduction 2017; Kang 2016). Another effort for utilizing red mud as an activator has been made for alkali slag red mud cement in With increasing significance of human-friendly environ- the construction industry, which is so called clinker-free ment and sustainability, eco-friendly pavement materials cement (Gonga and Yang 2000; Pan et al. -
Natural Radioactivity in Egyptian and Industrially Used Australian Bauxites and Its Tailing Red Mud
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY IN EGYPTIAN AND INDUSTRIALLY USED AUSTRALIAN BAUXITES AND ITS TAILING RED MUD. N. ffiRAHIEM ' XA9953147 National Center for Nuclear Safety & Radiation Control, AEA, Cairo, Egypt T. ABD EL MAKSOUD ,B.EL EZABY , A.NADA, H.ABU ZEID . Physics Department,Women's College, Ain Shams University, Cario, Egypt Abstract Red mud is produced in considerable masses as a waste product in the production of aluminum from bauxite. It may be used for industrial or agricultural purposes. According to it's genesis by weathering and sedimentation bauxites contain high concentrations of uranium and thorium. Three Egyptian bauxites , Australian industry used buaxite and its red mud tailing were analyzed by a high resolution gamma spectrometer, with a hyper pure germanium detector. The three Egyptian bauxites show high concentrations in uranium series, and around 120 Bq kg"1 for uranium -235. K-40 concentrations for these samples ranged from 289 to 575 Bq kg"1. Thorium series concentrations show lower values. The industrially used bauxite shows very low concentrations for all radioactive nuclides. Its tailing red mud as a low level radioactive waste LLRW, shows low concentrations for uranium - series, thorium - series and also 40K, so it is recommended to be used in industrial and agricultural purposes, which is not permissible for the normal red mud. Introduction Laterites vary widely in composition, but most contain aluminum hydroxides and iron hydroxides and oxides, mixed with a little residual quartz. A rare variety called bauxite is almost pure hydrous aluminum oxide AI2O3 nH^O, and hence valuable as an ore of aluminum production. [1]. -
Fundamental Study of Red Mud Based Fluxes for Desulphurization and Dephosphorization of Hot Metal
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF RED MUD BASED FLUXES FOR DESULPHURIZATION AND DEPHOSPHORIZATION OF HOT METAL by Abdolkarim Danaei B.Sc. Isfahan University of Technology, Iran, 1985 M.Sc. Sharif University of Technology, Iran, 1993 A dissertation presented to Ryerson University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Program of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2015 © Abdolkarim Danaei, 2015 AUTHOR’S DECLARATION FOR SUBMISSION OF ELECTRONIC DISSERTATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this dissertation. This is a true copy of the dissertation, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I authorize Ryerson University to lend this dissertation to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Ryerson University to reproduce this dissertation by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I understand that my dissertation may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF RED MUD BASED FLUXES FOR DESULPHURIZATION AND DEPHOSPHORIZATION OF HOT METAL Doctor of Philosophy, 2015 Abdolkarim Danaei B.Sc. Isfahan University of Technology, Iran M.Sc. Sharif University of Technology, Iran Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Ryerson University Bauxite residue, also known as red mud, is generated during alumina production and is an abundant industrial waste material. Continuously increasing environmental concerns, together with scarcity of traditional mineral resources, have created a thrust to re-use the material. Red mud contains significant amounts of iron oxide and sodium hydroxide, hence a highly basic (pH > 10) slurry. -
Extraction of Aluminium from Coal Fly Ash Using a Two-Step Acid Leach Process
EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM FROM COAL FLY ASH USING A TWO-STEP ACID LEACH PROCESS Alan Shemi A dissertation submitted to the faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Extraction of Aluminium from CFA Alan Shemi DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation is my own unaided work. It is being submitted to the degree of Master of Science in Engineering to the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other University. ---------------------------------- Alan Shemi 14th Day of May 2013 Page ii Extraction of Aluminium from CFA Alan Shemi ABSTRACT Hydrometallurgical extraction technologies provide a process route for resource recovery of valuable metals from both primary as well as secondary resources. In this study, the possibility of treating coal fly ash (CFA), a residue formed as a result of coal combustion in coal-fired power plants, was investigated. Eskom CFA contains significant amounts of alumina typically, 26-31%, in two dissimilar phases, namely amorphous and crystalline mullite, which may be processed separately. Due to its high silica content, however, CFA cannot be treated through the Bayer process route. Therefore, a leach-sinter-leach process was formulated that employed a two-step acid leach technique to extract alumina from CFA using sulphuric acid. In the preliminary test work, the effect of parameters on CFA leaching characteristics was investigated. From the experimental results, appropriate factor levels were found to be 6M acid concentration, 6 hours leaching time, 75°C temperature and 1:4 solid to liquid ratio. -
Carbon Capture and Storage Realising the Potential? Energy Materials Availability Handbook Introduction
A handbook by the Technology and Policy Assessment theme of the UK Energy Research Centre Carbon Capture and Storage Realising the potential? Energy Materials Availability Handbook Introduction Welcome to the Energy Materials Availability Handbook (EMAH), a brief guide to some of the materials that are critical components in low carbon energy technologies. In recent years concern has grown regarding the availability of a host of materials critical to the development and manufacturing of low carbon technologies. In this handbook we examine 10 materials or material groups, presenting the pertinent facts regarding their production, resources, and other issues surrounding their availability. Three pages of summary are devoted to each material or material group. A ‘how to use’ guide is provided on the following pages. The UK Energy Research Centre, which is funded by Research Councils UK, carries out world-class research into sustainable future energy systems. It is the hub of UK energy research and the gateway between the UK and the international energy research communities. Our interdisciplinary, whole systems research informs UK policy development and research strategy. Follow us on Twitter @UKERCHQ Authors Jamie Speirs Bill Gross Rob Gross Yassine Houari Selection of Materials Concern over the availability of low carbon materials is increasing, with numerous materials highlighted throughout the debate. Identifying which materials are most important is therefore a complex and potentially subjective process. To select the 10 materials presented here we first systematically reviewed the literature on materials criticality assessment, focusing on materials with particular relevance to low-carbon energy technologies. We then normalised the results of these assessments.